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Fine C. Fairly Criticized, or Politicized? Conflicts in the Neuroscience of Sex Differences in the Human Brain. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:a039115. [PMID: 34872970 PMCID: PMC9341467 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a039115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of sex differences in the human brain take place on politically sensitive terrain. While some scholars express concern that gendered biases and stereotypes remain embedded in scientific research, others are alarmed about the politicization of science. To help better understand these debates, this review sets out three kinds of conflicts that can arise in the neuroscience of sex differences: academic freedom versus gender equality; frameworks, background assumptions, and dominant methodologies; and inductive risk and social values. The boundaries between fair criticism and politicization are explored for each kind of conflict, pointing to ways in which the academic community can facilitate fair criticism while protecting against politicization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordelia Fine
- History & Philosophy of Science Programme, School of Historical & Philosophical Studies, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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2
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Campos LA. Pandora's pandemic
The Andromeda Strain
Robert Wise, director
Universal Pictures, 1971. 131 minutes. Science 2021. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abg0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Andromeda Strain's
oft-invoked fictional outbreak continues to offer context for considering possible futures
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. Campos
- The reviewer is secretary of the History of Science Society and regents' lecturer in the Department of History, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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3
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Kalidasan V, Theva Das K. Is Malaysia Ready for Human Gene Editing: A Regulatory, Biosafety and Biosecurity Perspective. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:649203. [PMID: 33777918 PMCID: PMC7992004 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.649203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene editing platforms have revolutionized the field of genetics with a direct impact on the public health system. Although there are apparent benefits, it is often accompanied by public debates over its uncertainties and risks. In the Malaysian context, modern biotechnology has raised questions about how to best govern gene editing in regulations, biosafety, and biosecurity. Even though standards and guidelines on stem cell and cell-based therapies have been developed, there are no appropriate legal frameworks available for gene editing yet. Nevertheless, biosafety regulations were established to balance promoting biotechnology and protecting against their potential environmental and human health risks. There is also a need to address the potential of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) as bioweapons. Numerous frameworks from several international organizations may provide valuable input in formulating documents on gene editing. By establishing comprehensive guidelines, legal policies, and standards to tackle the challenges and risks associated with gene editing, Malaysia can successfully apply this modern technology in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kumitaa Theva Das
- Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
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4
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Dewell S, Benzies K, Ginn C. Precision Health and Nursing: Seeing the Familiar in the Foreign. Can J Nurs Res 2020; 52:199-208. [DOI: 10.1177/0844562120945159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision health is the integration of personal genomic data with biological, environmental, behavioral, and other information relevant to the care of a patient. Genetics and genomics are essential components of precision health. Genetics is the study of the effects of individual genes, and genomics is the study of all the components of the genome and interactions between genes, environmental factors, and other psychosocial and cultural factors. Knowledge about the role of genetics and genomics on health outcomes has increased substantially since the completion of the human genome project in 2003. Insights about genetics and genomics obtained from bench science are now having positive clinical implications on patient health outcomes. Nurses have the potential to make distinct contributions to precision health due to their unique role in the health care system. In this article, we discuss gaps in the development of precision health in nursing and how nursing can expand the definition of precision health to actualize its potential. Precision health plays a role in nursing practice. Understanding this connection positions nurses to incorporate genetic and genomic knowledge into their nursing practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dewell
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Carla Ginn
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Canada
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5
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Rose KM, Howell EL, Scheufele DA, Brossard D, Xenos MA, Shapira P, Youtie J, Kwon S. The Values of Synthetic Biology: Researcher Views of Their Field and Participation in Public Engagement. Bioscience 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biy077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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6
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Synthetic Biology between Self-Regulation and Public Discourse: Ethical Issues and the Many Roles of the Ethicist. Camb Q Healthc Ethics 2017; 26:246-256. [PMID: 28361722 DOI: 10.1017/s0963180116000840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses the roles of ethicists in the governance of synthetic biology. I am particularly concerned with the idea of self-regulation of bioscience and its relationship to public discourse about ethical issues in bioscience. I will look at the role of philosophical ethicists at different levels and loci, from the "embedded ethicist" in the laboratory or research project, to ethicists' impact on policy and public discourse. In a democratic society, the development of governance frameworks for emerging technologies, such as synthetic biology, needs to be guided by a well-informed public discourse. In the case of synthetic biology, the public discourse has to go further than merely considering technical issues of biosafety and biosecurity, or risk management, to consider more philosophical issues concerning the meaning and value of "life" between the natural and the synthetic. I argue that ethicists have moral expertise to bring to the public arena, which consists not only in guiding the debate but also in evaluating arguments and moral positions and making normative judgments. When ethicists make normative claims or moral judgments, they must be transparent about their theoretical positions and basic moral standpoints.
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7
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Dankel DJ, Roland KL, Fisher M, Brenneman K, Delgado A, Santander J, Baek CH, Clark-Curtiss J, Strand R, Curtiss R. Making Common Sense of Vaccines: An Example of Discussing the Recombinant Attenuated Salmonella Vaccine with the Public. NANOETHICS 2014; 8:179-185. [PMID: 25152775 PMCID: PMC4129221 DOI: 10.1007/s11569-014-0198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have iterated that the future of synthetic biology and biotechnology lies in novel consumer applications of crossing biology with engineering. However, if the new biology's future is to be sustainable, early and serious efforts must be made towards social sustainability. Therefore, the crux of new applications of synthetic biology and biotechnology is public understanding and acceptance. The RASVaccine is a novel recombinant design not found in nature that re-engineers a common bacteria (Salmonella) to produce a strong immune response in humans. Synthesis of the RASVaccine has the potential to improve public health as an inexpensive, non-injectable product. But how can scientists move forward to create a dialogue of creating a 'common sense' of this new technology in order to promote social sustainability? This paper delves into public issues raised around these novel technologies and uses the RASVaccine as an example of meeting the public with a common sense of its possibilities and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy J. Dankel
- The Centre for the Study of the Science and the Humanities, University of Bergen, Allégaten 34, Post Box 7805, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kenneth L. Roland
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA
| | - Michael Fisher
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA
| | - Karen Brenneman
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA
| | - Ana Delgado
- The Centre for the Study of the Science and the Humanities, University of Bergen, Allégaten 34, Post Box 7805, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Javier Santander
- Nucleus for Microbiology and Immunity, Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics and The School of Life Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Chile and Arizona State University, Camino la Piramide 5750, Huechuraba, 8580745 Chile
| | - Chang-Ho Baek
- Synthetic Biology R&D, Bioscience Division, Life Science Solutions Group (LSG), Thermo Fisher Scientific, 5791 Van Allen Way, Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA
| | - Josephine Clark-Curtiss
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA
| | - Roger Strand
- The Centre for the Study of the Science and the Humanities, University of Bergen, Allégaten 34, Post Box 7805, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Roy Curtiss
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA
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8
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Protecting society. Biological security and dual-use dilemma in the life sciences--status quo and options for the future. EMBO Rep 2012; 14:25-30. [PMID: 23229584 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2012.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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9
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Weisenfeld U. Corporate Social Responsibility in Innovation: Insights from two Cases of Syngenta's Activities in Genetically Modified Organisms. CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION MANAGEMENT 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8691.2012.00643.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Duttagupta C. Ethical perspectives: An integral part of biotechnology teaching. J Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Hindmarsh R, Gottweis H. Recombinant regulation: the Asilomar legacy 30 years on. SCIENCE AS CULTURE 2005; 14:299-307. [PMID: 16619466 DOI: 10.1080/09505430500368949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hindmarsh
- Australian School of Environmental Studies, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, 4111, Australia.
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12
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Prainsack B, Firestine O. Genetically modified survival: red and green biotechnology in Israel. SCIENCE AS CULTURE 2005; 14:355-72. [PMID: 16619470 DOI: 10.1080/09505430500369111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Prainsack
- Department of Political Science, University of Vienna, Universitaetsstrasse 7, A-1010 Wein, Austria.
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Murphy TF. Ethical justifications for moratoriums on vanguard scientific research. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2005; 5:51-2; discussion W14-6. [PMID: 16282115 DOI: 10.1080/15265160500320387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
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Abstract
The strategy described in the present paper offers details about the possibility for Brazil to play a more substantial role in the gene revolution. If successfully applied, the powerful science-based technology currently available in Brazil can contribute to extend the benefits of the gene revolution to the poorest countries, very much like the Green Revolution did in the past, thereby reducing the hunger syndrome which claimed the lives of millions of people in some Asian countries, particularly Pakistan and India, decades ago. In his visit to Brazil in February 2004, Norman Borlaug had the opportunity to witness the success of Brazilian agriculture. At a Conference held at ESALQ - Superior School of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, he stated that the 21st century revolution will come from Brazil in the area of agriculture. He also said that reducing hunger is essential for the world to achieve socioeconomic stability. A central question remains unanswered: who will fund this revolution? The FAO 2003-2004 Annual Report listed the barriers preventing the gene revolution from reaching the poorest countries: inadequate regulatory procedures-Intellectual Property Rights and Biosafety, poorly functioning seed delivering systems and weak domestic plant breeding capacity; all are discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A B de Castro
- Centro Universitário de Brasília, UniCeub, SEPN 707/907, Reitoria, 70790-075 Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Sharp
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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16
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Bratspies RM. Consuming (f)ears of corn: public health and biopharming. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LAW & MEDICINE 2004; 30:371-404. [PMID: 15382759 DOI: 10.1177/009885880403000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
I’m convinced that physical containment is overrated and, while reassuring to the psyche, is hardly the line of defense one would like to put the greatest reliance upon.So what you have to keep asking yourself is: Suppose the worst happens, what are the consequences?
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Cohen-Haguenauer O, Rosenthal F, Gänsbacher B, Bolhuis R, Dorsch-Häsler K, Eshhar Z, Gahrton G, Hokland P, Melani C, Rankin E, Thielemans K, Vile R, Zwierzina H, Cichutek K. Opinion paper on the current status of the regulation of gene therapy in Europe. Hum Gene Ther 2002; 13:2085-110. [PMID: 12490003 DOI: 10.1089/10430340260395938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Spehar
- Third-year student, California Western School of Law; Member of the student staff of Biotechnology Law Report
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