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Crowder CM, Merlie JP. Studies of acetylcholine receptor subunit gene expression: chromatin structural changes during myogenesis. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 138:52-70. [PMID: 3058434 DOI: 10.1002/9780470513675.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Myogenesis proceeds stepwise from pluripotential stem cell to differentiated myotube. The precise number of transitions that occur along the developmental pathway remains to be determined. We examined the myogenic pathway as modelled by mouse mesodermal stem cell and muscle cell lines for stage-specific alterations in the chromatin structure of the acetylcholine receptor delta and gamma subunit genes. We reasoned that such an analysis would allow us to observe either the primary events in the activation of these muscle-specific genes or processes secondary to the binding of muscle-specific regulatory proteins. We probed chromatin structure with DNase I (deoxyribonuclease I) and precisely mapped to the 5' ends of the delta and gamma genes DNase I hypersensitive (DH) sites whose induction is unique to each myogenic stage. Putative mesodermal stem cells have the simplest pattern of DH sites with no sites near the 5' ends of the delta and gamma genes, whereas differentiated myotubes express the most complex pattern; the myoblast pattern is intermediate and of two types. In muscle cell lines where differentiation must be induced the myoblasts have a simple pattern (one more site than stem cells); in muscle lines where differentiation is spontaneous the myoblasts express a complex pattern of DH sites (one less site than myotubes). Inducible myoblasts seem to be arrested in an earlier step in the myogenic pathway than spontaneously differentiating myoblasts. Thus, myogenic activation of acetylcholine receptor subunit genes appears to be a stepwise process that can be detected by chromatin structural changes specific to four distinct stages of muscle development: stem cell, early myoblast, late myoblast, and differentiated myotube.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Crowder
- Department of Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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2
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Ivakine EA, Fox CJ, Paterson AD, Mortin-Toth SM, Canty A, Walton DS, Aleksa K, Ito S, Danska JS. Sex-Specific Effect of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes 4 on Regulation of Diabetes Pathogenesis in the Nonobese Diabetic Mouse. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:7129-40. [PMID: 15905556 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.7129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Many human autoimmune diseases are more frequent in females than males, and their clinical severity is affected by sex hormone levels. A strong female bias is also observed in the NOD mouse model of type I diabetes (T1D). In both NOD mice and humans, T1D displays complex polygenic inheritance and T cell-mediated autoimmune pathogenesis. The identities of many of the insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd) loci, their influence on specific stages of autoimmune pathogenesis, and sex-specific effects of Idd loci in the NOD model are not well understood. To address these questions, we analyzed cyclophosphamide-accelerated T1D (CY-T1D) that causes disease with high and similar frequencies in male and female NOD mice, but not in diabetes-resistant animals, including the nonobese diabetes-resistant (NOR) strain. In this study we show by genetic linkage analysis of (NOD x NOR) x NOD backcross mice that progression to severe islet inflammation after CY treatment was controlled by the Idd4 and Idd9 loci. Congenic strains on both the NOD and NOR backgrounds confirmed the roles of Idd4 and Idd9 in CY-T1D susceptibility and revealed the contribution of a third locus, Idd5. Importantly, we show that the three loci acted at distinct stages of islet inflammation and disease progression. Among these three loci, Idd4 alleles alone displayed striking sex-specific behavior in CY-accelerated disease. Additional studies will be required to address the question of whether a sex-specific effect of Idd4, observed in this study, is also present in the spontaneous model of the disease with striking female bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgueni A Ivakine
- Program in Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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3
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Rump A, Kasper G, Hayes C, Wen G, Starke H, Liehr T, Lehmann R, Lagemann D, Rosenthal A. Complex Arrangement of Genes within a 220-kb Region of Double-Duplicated DNA on Human 2q37.1. Genomics 2001; 73:50-5. [PMID: 11352565 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2000.6504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gene duplication events are followed by divergence of initially identical gene copies, due to the subsequent accumulation of mutations. These mutations tend to be degenerative and may lead to either nonfunctionalization or subfunctionalization of the gene copies. Here we report the molecular characterization of a 220-kb genomic DNA fragment from human 2q37.1, in which a double duplication and a partial triplication event has taken place. As a result, this region contains four copies of alkaline phosphatase (P), four copies of the ECEL1 gene (X), two copies of a newly identified gene (N), and two copies of a cholinergic receptor subunit (R), in the order N-P-X-P-X-P-X-N-P-X-R-R. While three of the four ECEL1 copies, one copy of the phosphatase gene and one copy of the newly identified gene have lost their function, three phosphatase gene copies and the two receptor subunits are still functionally active and thus may provide an example for subfunctionalization of duplicated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rump
- Department of Genome Analysis, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Jena, 07745, Germany.
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4
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Fox CJ, Paterson AD, Mortin-Toth SM, Danska JS. Two genetic loci regulate T cell-dependent islet inflammation and drive autoimmune diabetes pathogenesis. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67:67-81. [PMID: 10848492 PMCID: PMC1287103 DOI: 10.1086/302995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/1999] [Accepted: 05/08/2000] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a polygenic disease caused by progressive autoimmune infiltration (insulitis) of the pancreatic islets of Langerhan, culminating in the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. Genome scans of families with diabetes suggest that multiple loci make incremental contributions to disease susceptibility. However, only the IDDM1 locus is well characterized, at a molecular and functional level, as alleleic variants of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II HLA-DQB1, DRB1, and DPB1 genes that mediate antigen presentation to T cells. In the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model, the Idd1 locus was shown to be the orthologous MHC gene I-Ab. Inheritance of susceptibility alleles at IDDM1/Idd1 is insufficient for disease development in humans and NOD mice. However, the identities and functions of the remaining diabetes loci (Idd2-Idd19 in NOD mice) are largely undefined. A crucial limitation in previous genetic linkage studies of this disease has been reliance on a single complex phenotype-diabetes that displays low penetrance and is of limited utility for high-resolution genetic mapping. Using the NOD model, we have identified an early step in diabetes pathogenesis that behaves as a highly penetrant trait. We report that NOD-derived alleles at both the Idd5 and Idd13 loci regulate a T lymphocyte-dependent progression from a benign to a destructive stage of insulitis. Human chromosomal regions orthologous to the Idd5 and -13 intervals are also linked to diabetes risk, suggesting that conserved genes encoded at these loci are central regulators of disease pathogenesis. These data are the first to reveal a role for individual non-MHC Idd loci in a specific, critical step in diabetes pathogenesis-T cell recruitment to islet lesions driving destructive inflammation. Importantly, identification of intermediate phenotypes in complex disease pathogenesis provides the tools required to progress toward gene identification at these loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Fox
- Program in Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Girard-Santosuosso O, Lantier I, Millet N, Mouline C, Guillot JF, Protais J, Colin P, Beaumont C, Lantier F. BamHI RFLP at the chicken ACRG locus. Anim Genet 1996; 27:375. [PMID: 8930089 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1996.tb00988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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6
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Girard-Santosuosso O, Lantier I, Millet N, Mouline C, Guillot JF, Protais J, Colin P, Beaumont C, Lantier F. PvuII PCR polymorphism at the chicken VIL locus. Anim Genet 1996; 27:375-6. [PMID: 8930090 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1996.tb00989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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7
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Szpirer C, Molné M, Antonacci R, Jenkins NA, Finelli P, Szpirer J, Riviere M, Rocchi M, Gilbert DJ, Copeland NG. The genes encoding the glutamate receptor subunits KA1 and KA2 (GRIK4 and GRIK5) are located on separate chromosomes in human, mouse, and rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:11849-53. [PMID: 7527545 PMCID: PMC45333 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.25.11849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The chromosomal localization of the human and rat genes encoding the kainate-preferring glutamate receptor subunits KA1 and KA2 (GRIK4 and GRIK5, respectively) was determined by Southern analysis of rat x mouse and human x mouse somatic cell hybrid panels and by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The localization of the mouse genes (Grik4 and Grik5) was established by interspecific backcross mapping. GRIK4 and GRIK5 are located on separate chromosomes (Chrs) in all species. GRIK4 mapped to human Chr 11q22.3, mouse Chr 9, and rat Chr 8. GRIK5 mapped to human Chr 19q13.2, mouse Chr 7, and rat Chr 1. The genes encoding the (R,S)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA)-preferring subunit GluR4, or GluRD (GRIA4), the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), the D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2), and the Thy-1 cell surface antigen (THY1) have all been previously mapped to the human Chr 11q22 region. The mapping of the human GRIK4 and GRIK5 genes confirms and extends the relationship between human Chr 11 and mouse Chr 9 and also human Chr 19 and mouse Chr 7. GRIK4 is the fifth gene shared by human Chr 11 and rat Chr 8, whereas GRIK5 is 1 out of the 12 genes that are located on both human Chr 19 and rat Chr 1. Our data extend the conserved synteny established between certain human, mouse, and rat Chrs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19
- Female
- Humans
- Hybrid Cells
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Kainic Acid/metabolism
- Macromolecular Substances
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muridae
- Rats
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics
- Receptors, Glutamate/genetics
- Receptors, Glutamate/metabolism
- Species Specificity
- Thy-1 Antigens/genetics
- alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- C Szpirer
- Departement de Biologie Moleculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rhode-St.-Genese, Belgium
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8
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Dosik JK, Barton CH, Holiday DL, Krall MM, Blackwell JM, Mock BA. An Nramp-related sequence maps to mouse chromosome 17. Mamm Genome 1994; 5:458-60. [PMID: 7919662 DOI: 10.1007/bf00357010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J K Dosik
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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9
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Baxter AG, Hamilton F, Mandel TE, Augustine C, Cooke A, Morahan G. Genetic basis for diabetes resistance in NOD/Wehi mice. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH SOCIETY FOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY AND IMMUNOGENETICS 1993; 20:409-17. [PMID: 9098409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.1993.tb00160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The basis for diabetes resistance in low diabetes incidence NOD/Wehi mice was examined in a breeding study. NOD/Wehi mice were crossed with high diabetes incidence NOD/Lt mice producing F1 hybrid mice which expressed a low incidence of diabetes. To distinguish between genetic and environmental causes for diabetes resistance, these F1 mice were backcrossed to NOD/Lt mice resulting in BC1 hybrid mice which expressed an intermediate incidence of diabetes. Similar results were obtained by examining the severity of insulitis in the hybrid mice. As both the incidence of diabetes and severity of insulitis in the hybrid mice were consistent with a single dominant gene mediating diabetes resistance, an attempt to localize this gene was made. Although over 140 loci which display polymorphism amongst inbred strains were typed in both parental lines, only a single locus, D8Mit9, was found to differ. As heterozygotes at D8Mit9 were not over represented amongst 45 diabetic BC1 hybrid mice examined, it was concluded that a resistance gene was not linked to this locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Baxter
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
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10
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Berberich C, Dürr I, Koenen M, Witzemann V. Two adjacent E box elements and a M-CAT box are involved in the muscle-specific regulation of the rat acetylcholine receptor beta subunit gene. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 216:395-404. [PMID: 7916688 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated and analysed the 5' flanking region of the rat acetylcholine receptor (AChR) beta subunit gene and determined regulatory elements that confer muscle specificity. Deletion mapping revealed a minimal TATA-box-less promoter region containing an initiator motif. An 85-bp fragment has been shown to promote high muscle-specific expression of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter construct upon transfection in primary muscle cells. This sequence can be functionally dissected in a basal muscle-specific promoter element carrying a M-CAT box that is flanked at the 5' end by an enhancer element with two binding sites for myogenic factors. Point mutations in the M-CAT box cause the loss of transcriptional activity of the basal promoter fragment. The enhancer activity depends on the presence of both E boxes that cooperate in a synergistic fashion. We therefore conclude that the control of muscle-specific and developmental expression of the rat AChR beta subunit gene requires both regulatory elements, the M-CAT box and two adjacent E boxes, located in close proximity to each other. Cotransfection experiments in NIH3T3 cells demonstrate that the rat AChR beta subunit gene can be transactivated by myogenic factors displaying a preference for myogenin, as well as MRF4 and myf5 compared to a clearly weaker responsiveness to MyoD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Berberich
- Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Abteilung Zellphysiologie, Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Santos J, Cole Y, Pellicer A. Phylogenetic relationships among laboratory and wild-origin Mus musculus strains on the basis of genomic DNA RFLPs. Mamm Genome 1993; 4:485-92. [PMID: 7906967 DOI: 10.1007/bf00364782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Genetic distance measures between the laboratory mouse strains C57BL/6J and RF/J and the wild-origin Mus musculus mouse strains CAST/Ei, MOLF/Ei, POSCH I, and CZECH II were estimated by allelic patterns revealed by RFLP analysis. These results suggest phylogenetic relationships indicating that the mouse strains related to the subspecies M.m. domesticus (RF/J, POSCH I and C57BL/6J) are more closely related to the CAST/Ei strain (derived from M.m. castaneus) than to the strains CZECH II (M.m. musculus) and MOLF/Ei (M.m. molossinus). Furthermore, the hybrid strain C57BL/6J is more closely related to POSCH I (M.m. poschiavinus) than to RF/J as calculated by the method distance measures of Cavalli-Sforza and Edwards (Evolution 21,550, 1967), Nei's minimum (Am. Natural. 106,283, 1972) and unbiased minimum (Genetics 89,583, 1978), Edwards (Biometrics 27,873, 1971; Genetic Distance, p. 41, 1974) and Rogers modified (1986).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Santos
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016
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12
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Ladinsky H. Acetylcholine receptors: drugs and molecular genetics. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1993; 98:103-11. [PMID: 8248497 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)62386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Ladinsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Italia, Milan
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13
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Nadeau JH, Davisson MT, Doolittle DP, Grant P, Hillyard AL, Kosowsky MR, Roderick TH. Comparative map for mice and humans. Mamm Genome 1992; 3:480-536. [PMID: 1392257 DOI: 10.1007/bf00778825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J H Nadeau
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609
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14
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Anand R, Lindstrom J. Chromosomal localization of seven neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit genes in humans. Genomics 1992; 13:962-7. [PMID: 1505988 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(92)90008-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have determined the chromosomal location of seven human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit genes by genomic Southern analysis of hamster/human somatic cell hybrid DNAs. The beta 2 subunit gene was localized to human chromosome 1, the alpha 2 and beta 3 subunit genes were localized to human chromosome 8, the alpha 3, alpha 5, and beta 4 subunit genes were localized to human chromosome 15, and the alpha 4 subunit gene was localized to human chromosome 20. Mapping of the beta 2 subunit gene to chromosome 1 establishes a syntenic group with the amylase gene locus on human chromosome 1 and mouse chromosome 3, while mapping of the alpha 3 subunit gene to chromosome 15 confirms the existence of a syntenic group with the mannose phosphate isomerase gene locus on human chromosome 15 and mouse chromosome 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Anand
- David Mahoney Institute of Neurological Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6074
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15
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Prody CA, Merlie JP. The 5'-flanking region of the mouse muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor beta subunit gene promotes expression in cultured muscle cells and is activated by MRF4, myogenin and myoD. Nucleic Acids Res 1992; 20:2367-72. [PMID: 1317551 PMCID: PMC312355 DOI: 10.1093/nar/20.9.2367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) in vertebrate striated muscle is regulated both during development by nerve-evoked muscle activity and by local factors released or associated with the nerve ending. The expression pattern of AChR is achieved by coordinate regulation of four embryonic subunit mRNAs, alpha, beta, gamma and delta. We have taken the approach of identifying the similarities and differences among cis-acting regulatory elements of AChR genes to gain a better understanding of these mechanisms. Thus, to begin to define DNA sequences necessary for the transcriptional regulation of the mouse beta AChR gene, we have analyzed its 5'-flanking region. Primer extension and RNAase protection analyses showed that transcription initiates at one major and two minor sites, all of which are close to the translational initiation site. Using plasmids in which segments of the 5'-flanking region were linked to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene, we have demonstrated that 150 bp of the 5'-flanking region is active in C2 myotubes but not C2 myoblasts or NIH3T3 fibroblasts. This region contains a putative binding site for myoD, and when linked to CAT was transactivated by the muscle regulatory factors myoD, myogenin, and MRF4. Thus, a 150 bp sequence of the beta-subunit gene contains information necessary for developmental specificity and responsiveness to myogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Prody
- Washington University Medical School, Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, St Louis, MO 63110
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16
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Degli-Esposti MA, Dallas PB, Dawkins RL. Neuromuscular function and polymorphism of the acetylcholine receptor gamma gene. Muscle Nerve 1992; 15:543-9. [PMID: 1350063 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880150503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Examination of inbred and wild mice has shown that the gene coding for the acetylcholine receptor gamma subunit is polymorphic and the polymorphism correlates with differences in neuromuscular function tested by two different methods. Polymorphism of the AChR gamma gene was demonstrated after digestion of genomic DNA with Pstl and Xbal. These two restriction enzymes demonstrated RFLP patterns specific for C57Bl/6J (PSXS) and C3H/HeJ (PRXR) mice, respectively. Examination of F1 (C3H/HeJ x C57Bl/6J) and F2 hybrid populations, and other murine inbred strains, showed the inheritance and strain specificity of the RFLPs. Testing wild mice demonstrated that the PSXS form of the AChR gamma gene is the most common in the wild. The AChR gamma and AChR delta subunits are closely linked and carried on the same chromosome as several contractile proteins. Because these genes are essential for correct neuromuscular development and activity, we investigated the possibility that the observed AChR gamma polymorphisms mark a haplotype which correlates with variations in neuromuscular function. Analysis of exercise times showed a correlation between AChR gamma polymorphism and neuromuscular function. To our knowledge, this is the first description of AChR polymorphism cosegregating with variations in neuromuscular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Degli-Esposti
- Department of Immunology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Nadeau
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609
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18
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Lukas RJ, Bencherif M. Heterogeneity and regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1992; 34:25-131. [PMID: 1587717 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R J Lukas
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona 85013
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Buchberg
- Jefferson Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107-5541
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Siracusa
- Jefferson Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107-5541
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21
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22
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Epstein DJ, Malo D, Vekemans M, Gros P. Molecular characterization of a deletion encompassing the splotch mutation on mouse chromosome 1. Genomics 1991; 10:89-93. [PMID: 2045114 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90488-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have used a set of markers newly assigned to the proximal portion of mouse chromosome 1 to characterize the chromosomal segment deleted in the splotch-retarded (Spr) mouse mutant. Among nine markers tested in the heterozygote Spr/+mouse, we have identified four genes, Vil, Des, Inha, and Akp-3, which map within the Spr deletion. The closest distal marker to the deletion is the Acrg gene, with the distal deletion breakpoint mapping within the 0.8-cM segment separating Akp-3 and Acrg. The most proximal gene to the Spr deletion is Tp1. The proximal deletion breakpoint maps within the 0.8-cM segment separating Tp1 and Vil. The minimum size of the Spr deletion would therefore be limited to 14 cM, the genetic distance between Vil and Akp-3. The maximum size of the Spr deletion is estimated to be 16 cM, the genetic distance between Tp1 and Acrg.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Epstein
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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23
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Nadeau JH, Davisson MT, Doolittle DP, Grant P, Hillyard AL, Kosowsky M, Roderick TH. Comparative map for mice and humans. Mamm Genome 1991; 1 Spec No:S461-515. [PMID: 1799811 DOI: 10.1007/bf00656504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J H Nadeau
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
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24
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Keir WJ, Kozak CA, Chakraborti A, Deitrich RA, Sikela JM. The cDNA sequence and chromosomal location of the murine GABAA alpha 1 receptor gene. Genomics 1991; 9:390-5. [PMID: 1848528 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90272-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The murine GABAA/benzodiazepine (GABAA/BZ) receptor alpha 1 subunit cDNA has been isolated from a BALB/c mouse brain library and sequenced. The cDNA is 2665 nucleotides long with an open reading frame of 455 amino acids. It shows significant homology to the GABAA receptor alpha 1 subunit cDNA sequences of other species. Excluding deletions, the murine GABAA alpha 1 receptor exhibits 96% nucleotide and 100% amino acid sequence homology to the rat alpha 1 receptor cDNA and over 91% nucleotide and 98% amino acid sequence homology to the bovine and human alpha 1 receptor cDNAs in the protein coding region. This murine cDNA was used to locate the alpha 1 receptor subunit gene, Gabra-1, to murine Chromosome 11 between Il-3 and Rel. This assignment extends proximally the segment of mouse Chromosome 11 with known homology to human chromosome 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Keir
- Department of Pharmacology, Alcohol Research Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver
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25
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Eng CM, Kozak CA, Beaudet AL, Zoghbi HY. Mapping of multiple subunits of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor to chromosome 15 in man and chromosome 9 in mouse. Genomics 1991; 9:278-82. [PMID: 2004777 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90253-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The alpha 3, alpha 5, and beta 4 genes (human gene symbols CHRNA3, CHRNA5, and CHRNB4 respectively; mouse gene symbols Acra-3, Acra-5, and Acrb-4, respectively) are members of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene family and are clustered within a 68-kb segment of the rat genome (Boulter et al., 1990, J. Biol. Chem. 265:4472). By somatic cell hybrid analysis, three cDNAs corresponding to these genes were used to map the homologous loci to human chromosome 15 and to mouse chromosome 9. Linkage analysis using CEPH pedigrees showed that the CHRNA5 gene was closely linked to the following chromosome 15 loci: D15S46, D15S52, D15S28, D15S34, and D15S35. Using interspecies crosses in mice, the Acra-5 gene was found closely linked to the Mpi-1 locus. The mapping of these members of a neurotransmitter receptor gene family may facilitate the identification of relationships between the neurotransmitter receptors and murine or human phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Eng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Buchberg
- Jefferson Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, PA 19107-5541
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27
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Siracusa
- Jefferson Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, PA 19107-5541
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Nadeau
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Nadeau
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
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31
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Copeland NG, Silan CM, Kingsley DM, Jenkins NA, Cannizzaro LA, Croce CM, Huebner K, Sims JE. Chromosomal location of murine and human IL-1 receptor genes. Genomics 1991; 9:44-50. [PMID: 1672292 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90219-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The gene for the type I interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor has been mapped in both mouse and human. In the human genome, a combination of segregation analysis of rodent-human hybrid cells and chromosomal in situ hybridization has placed the gene on the long arm of chromosome 2, at band 2q12. This is near the reported map position of the loci for IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta (2q13----2q21). The murine gene has been mapped by analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms in interspecific backcrosses to the centromeric end of chromosome 1, in a region that is syntenic to a portion of human chromosome 2. The murine Il-1r1 gene has thus been separated from the IL-1 genes, which lie on murine chromosome 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Copeland
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland 21701
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32
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33
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Schurr E, Skamene E, Morgan K, Chu ML, Gros P. Mapping of Col3a1 and Col6a3 to proximal murine chromosome 1 identifies conserved linkage of structural protein genes between murine chromosome 1 and human chromosome 2q. Genomics 1990; 8:477-86. [PMID: 1981051 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(90)90034-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the degree of synteny between the long arm (q) of human chromosome 2 and the proximal portion of mouse chromosome 1. To define the limits of synteny, we have determined whether mouse homologs of seven human genes mapping to chromosome 2q cosegregated with anchor loci on mouse chromosome 1. The loci investigated were NEB/Neb, ELN/Eln, COL3A1/Col3a1, CRYG/Len-2, FN1/Fn-1, VIL/Vil, and COL6A3/Col6a3. Ren-1,2 and Acrg were included as two proximal mouse chromosome 1 anchor loci. The segregation of restriction fragment length polymorphisms at these loci was analyzed in the progeny of Mus spretus x C57BL/6J hybrids backcrossed to the C57BL/6J inbred strain. We found that five of the structural protein loci and the two anchor loci form a linkage group on proximal murine chromosome 1. The proposed gene order of this group of linked markers is centromere - Col3a1 - Len-2-Fn-1-Vil-Acrg-Col6a3-Ren1,2. Neb and Eln are linked neither to each other nor to any other marker on proximal mouse chromosome 1. Therefore, the mouse loci Col3a1 and Col6a3 are identified as flanking markers of the linkage group of structural protein loci. The estimated genetic map distances are Col3a1-13.3 cM-Len-2-3.4 cM-Fn-1-3.8 cM-Vil-9.6 cM-Acrg-2.1 cM-Col6a3-18.3 cM-Ren1,2. The available map information for human chromosome 2q markers and mouse chromosome 1 markers presented here tentatively identifies Col3a1 and Col6a3 as the border markers that define the limits of the syntenic chromosome segment. The order of mouse genes on chromosome 1 and their human homologs on chromosome 2q also appears to be conserved, suggesting that mapping of murine genes on the conserved segment may be useful to predict gene order in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schurr
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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34
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Sawruk E, Udri C, Betz H, Schmitt B. SBD, a novel structural subunit of the Drosophila nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, shares its genomic localization with two alpha-subunits. FEBS Lett 1990; 273:177-81. [PMID: 2121539 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)81078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) display marked heterogeneity in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Here we describe the structure of a cDNA from Drosophila melanogaster which encodes a novel nAChR beta-type subunit (SBD or beta 2). The deduced amino acid sequence of SBD displays remarkable similarity to the Drosophila alpha-subunits, ALS and SAD, while homology to the Drosophila beta-subunit ARD is less pronounced. The temporal expression of sbd transcripts during Drosophila development is similar to that of other nAChR subunit mRNAs, with high levels being found during late embryonic and late pupal stages. In embryos, sbd and als transcripts are localized in the central nervous system. The sbd gene maps cytogenetically in proximity to the als and sad genes at position 96A of chromosome 3R, suggesting the existence of a nAChR gene cluster in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sawruk
- ZMBH, Universität Heidelberg, FRG
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35
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Couturier S, Erkman L, Valera S, Rungger D, Bertrand S, Boulter J, Ballivet M, Bertrand D. Alpha 5, alpha 3, and non-alpha 3. Three clustered avian genes encoding neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-related subunits. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)38201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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36
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Cockcroft VB, Osguthorpe DJ, Barnard EA, Friday AE, Lunt GG. Ligand-gated ion channels. Homology and diversity. Mol Neurobiol 1990; 4:129-69. [PMID: 1725701 DOI: 10.1007/bf02780338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Biological Evolution
- Consensus Sequence
- GABA-A Receptor Antagonists
- Humans
- Ion Channel Gating/drug effects
- Ion Channel Gating/physiology
- Ion Channels/drug effects
- Ion Channels/genetics
- Ion Channels/physiology
- Ligands
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family
- Nicotinic Antagonists
- Protein Conformation
- Receptors, GABA-A/drug effects
- Receptors, GABA-A/genetics
- Receptors, GABA-A/physiology
- Receptors, Glycine
- Receptors, Neurotransmitter/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Neurotransmitter/drug effects
- Receptors, Neurotransmitter/genetics
- Receptors, Neurotransmitter/physiology
- Receptors, Nicotinic/drug effects
- Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics
- Receptors, Nicotinic/physiology
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Signal Transduction
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37
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Beeson D, Jeremiah S, West LF, Povey S, Newsom-Davis J. Assignment of the human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes: the alpha and delta subunit genes to chromosome 2 and the beta subunit gene to chromosome 17. Ann Hum Genet 1990; 54:199-208. [PMID: 2221824 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1990.tb00378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The chromosomal assignments of the genes coding for the alpha, beta and delta subunits of the human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor have been determined from a panel of somatic cell hybrids and by direct in situ hybridization. The results localize CHRNA to 2q24-2q32. CHRNB to 17p11-17p12, and CHRND to chromosome 2q33-2qter.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Beeson
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford
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38
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Bessis A, Simon-Chazottes D, Devillers-Thiéry A, Guénet JL, Changeux JP. Chromosomal localization of the mouse genes coding for alpha 2, alpha 3, alpha 4 and beta 2 subunits of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. FEBS Lett 1990; 264:48-52. [PMID: 2338144 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)80761-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The chromosomal localization of four neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit genes was performed by following the mendelian segregation of their corresponding alleles in backcrosses involving the mouse species Mus spretus and the laboratory strains C57BL/6 or BALB/c. A similar analysis previously performed with muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits revealed that the genes coding for the alpha and beta subunits are respectively located on chromosome 2 and 11, whereas the gamma and delta subunit coding genes are linked and located on mouse chromosome 1. In this study, we show that the genes coding for the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha 2, alpha 3 and beta 2 subunits are dispersed on three different mouse chromosomes, viz. 14, 9 and 3 respectively. Moreover, the alpha 4 subunit gene is located on chromosome 2 but is not genetically linked to the alpha 1 subunit gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bessis
- UA CNRS D1284, Département des Biotechnologies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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39
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Mock B, Krall M, Blackwell J, O'Brien A, Schurr E, Gros P, Skamene E, Potter M. A genetic map of mouse chromosome 1 near the Lsh-Ity-Bcg disease resistance locus. Genomics 1990; 7:57-64. [PMID: 1970800 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(90)90518-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Isozyme and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses of backcross progeny, recombinant inbred strains, and congenic strains of mice positioned eight genetic markers with respect to the Lsh-Ity-Bcg disease resistance locus. Allelic isoforms of Idh-1 and Pep-3 and RFLPs detected by Southern hybridization for Myl-1, Cryg, Vil, Achrg, bcl-2, and Ren-1,2, between BALB/cAnPt and DBA/2NPt mice, were utilized to examine the cosegregation of these markers with the Lsh-Ity-Bcg resistance phenotype in 103 backcross progeny. An additional 47 backcross progeny from a cross between C57BL/10ScSn and B10.L-Lshr/s mice were examined for the cosegregation of Myl-1 and Vil RFLPs with Lsh phenotypic differences. Similarly, BXD recombinant inbred strains were typed for RFLPs upon hybridization with Vil and Achrg. Recombination frequencies generated in the different test systems were statistically similar, and villin (Vil) was identified as the molecular marker closest (1.7 +/- 0.8 cM) to the Lsh-Ity-Bcg locus. Two other DNA sequences, nebulin (Neb) and an anonymous DNA fragment (D2S3), which map to a region of human chromosome 2q that is homologous to proximal mouse chromosome 1, were not closely linked to the Lsh-Ity-Bcg locus. This multipoint linkage analysis of chromosome 1 surrounding the Lsh-Ity-Bcg locus provides a basis for the eventual isolation of the disease gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mock
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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40
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Li ZL, Mattei MG, Mattei JF, Paulin D. Assignment of the mouse desmin gene to chromosome 1 band C3. Genet Res (Camb) 1990; 55:101-5. [PMID: 2370005 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672300025337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosomal localization of the mouse gene coding for desmin, one of the muscle-specific intermediate filament subunits, was determined by in situ hybridization using a specific 3H-labelled DNA probe. There is only one copy of the desmin gene and it is located on chromosome 1 in the band C3. This result adds an eleventh locus to a conserved gene cluster and confirms the partial homology that exists between the long arm of human chromosome 2 and chromosome 1 of the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z L Li
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Différenciation de l'Université Paris
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41
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Boulter J, O'Shea-Greenfield A, Duvoisin RM, Connolly JG, Wada E, Jensen A, Gardner PD, Ballivet M, Deneris ES, McKinnon D. Alpha 3, alpha 5, and beta 4: three members of the rat neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-related gene family form a gene cluster. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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42
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Siracusa LD, Silan CM, Justice MJ, Mercer JA, Bauskin AR, Ben-Neriah Y, Duboule D, Hastie ND, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA. A molecular genetic linkage map of mouse chromosome 2. Genomics 1990; 6:491-504. [PMID: 1970329 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(90)90479-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Interspecific backcross mice were used to create a molecular genetic linkage map of chromosome 2. Genomic DNAs from N2 progeny were subjected to Southern blot analysis using molecular probes that identified the Abl, Acra, Ass, C5, Cas-1, Fshb, Gcg, Hox-5.1, Jgf-1, Kras-3, Ltk, Pax-1, Prn-p, and Spna-2 loci; these loci were added to the 11 loci previously mapped to the distal region of chromosome 2 in the same interspecific backcross to generate a composite multilocus linkage map. Several loci mapped near, and may be the same as, known mutations. Comparisons between the mouse and the human genomes indicate that mouse chromosome 2 contains regions homologous to at least six human chromosomes. Mouse models for human diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Siracusa
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research Facility, Maryland 21701
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43
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Buckle VJ, Fujita N, Ryder-Cook AS, Derry JM, Barnard PJ, Lebo RV, Schofield PR, Seeburg PH, Bateson AN, Darlison MG. Chromosomal localization of GABAA receptor subunit genes: relationship to human genetic disease. Neuron 1989; 3:647-54. [PMID: 2561974 DOI: 10.1016/0896-6273(89)90275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization of GABAA receptor probes to human chromosomes in situ and to DNA from sorted human chromosomes has localized the genes encoding a beta subunit and three isoforms of the alpha subunit. The alpha 2 and beta genes are both located on chromosome 4 in bands p12-p13 and may be adjacent. The alpha 1 gene is on chromosome 5 (bands q34-q35) and the alpha 3 gene is on the X chromosome. The alpha 3 locus was mapped also on the mouse X chromosome using genetic break-point analysis in an interspecies pedigree. The combined results locate the human alpha 3 gene within band Xq28, in a location that makes it a candidate gene for the X-linked form of manic depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Buckle
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, England
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44
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Joint meeting of the Association FranGaise des Pharmacologistes and the Nederlandse Vereniging voor Farmacologie. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.1989.tb00680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Barton DE, Yang-Feng TL, Mason AJ, Seeburg PH, Francke U. Mapping of genes for inhibin subunits alpha, beta A, and beta B on human and mouse chromosomes and studies of jsd mice. Genomics 1989; 5:91-9. [PMID: 2767687 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(89)90091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Inhibin (INH) is a gonadal glycoprotein hormone that regulates pituitary FSH secretion and may also play a role in the regulation of androgen biosynthesis. There are two forms of inhibin that strongly inhibit pituitary FSH secretion. These share the same alpha subunit that is covalently linked to one of two distinct beta subunits (beta A or beta B). However, dimers of two beta subunits are potent stimulators of FSH synthesis and release in vitro. The beta subunits share extensive sequence similarity with transforming growth factor beta. Recently isolated cDNAs for all three inhibin subunits have been used to map their cognate loci on human and mouse chromosomes by Southern blot analysis of somatic cell hybrid DNAs and by in situ hybridization. INH alpha and INH beta B genes were assigned to human chromosome 2, regions q33----qter and cen----q13, respectively, and to mouse chromosome 1. The INH beta A locus was mapped to human chromosome 7p15----p14 and mouse chromosome 13. The region of mouse chromosome 1 that carries other genes known to have homologs on human chromosome 2q includes the jsd locus (for juvenile spermatogonial depletion). Adult jsd/jsd mice have elevated levels of serum FSH and their testes are devoid of spermatogonial cells. The possibility that the mutation in jsd involves the INH alpha or INH beta B gene was investigated by Southern blotting of DNA from jsd/jsd mice, and no major deletions or rearrangements were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Barton
- Department of Human Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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46
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Crosby JL, Phillips SJ, Nadeau JH. The cardiac actin locus (Actc-1) is not on mouse chromosome 17 but is linked to beta 2-microglobulin on chromosome 2. Genomics 1989; 5:19-23. [PMID: 2570027 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(89)90081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A restriction fragment variant and recombinant inbred strains were used to show that the cardiac actin locus (Actc-1) is closely linked to beta 2-microglobulin (B2m) and several other loci on chromosome 2 of the mouse. Close linkage of Actc-1 and B2m in both man and mouse provides another example of a chromosomal segment that has been conserved since the divergence of the lineages leading to these two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Crosby
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609
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47
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Stepwise activation of the mouse acetylcholine receptor delta- and gamma-subunit genes in clonal cell lines. Mol Cell Biol 1989. [PMID: 3244354 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.8.12.5257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We used the DNase I-hypersensitive sites around the mouse acetylcholine receptor delta-subunit gene as a guide toward the cloning and sequencing of delta and gamma transcriptional regulatory regions and as a means to assess chromatin structural activation of the delta- and gamma-subunit genes during myogenesis. Genomic cloning of hypersensitive sites downstream of the delta-subunit gene revealed the presence of the gamma-subunit gene approximately 5 kilobases away; the hypersensitive sites mapped to the 5' end of the gamma-subunit gene. Sequence comparison of restriction fragments containing hypersensitive sites in analogous locations at the 5' ends of the delta- and gamma-subunit genes uncovered little overall homology between the two genomic fragments; however, an 11- of 13-base-pair match between the two sequences was found. Homologs to this sequence were also found to be present in the upstream regions of the chicken alpha- and mouse beta-subunit genes. By RNase protection and primer extension analyses, the delta-subunit gene transcription start site was mapped to 56 base pairs upstream of the initiator ATG codon. Clonal cell lines with various potentials to differentiate to the skeletal muscle phenotype were examined for their hypersensitive site pattern within the delta-gamma locus. Only remote hypersensitive sites flanking the locus appear in pluripotential mesodermal cells. A cell line of determined but inducible myoblasts expressed only one more intergenic site, while in permissively differentiating myoblasts hypersensitive sites were already present at the 5' ends of the delta and gamma genes prior to differentiation. Terminal differentiation resulted in an identical pattern of hypersensitive sites in all muscle cell lines examined so far, with an intergenic site near the gamma-subunit gene being the only site specific to the differentiated muscle phenotype.
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48
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Buonanno A, Mudd J, Merlie JP. Isolation and characterization of the β and ε subunit genes of mouse muscle acetylcholine receptor. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)83278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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49
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Searle AG, Peters J, Lyon MF, Hall JG, Evans EP, Edwards JH, Buckle VJ. Chromosome maps of man and mouse. IV. Ann Hum Genet 1989; 53:89-140. [PMID: 2688541 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1989.tb01777.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Current knowledge of man-mouse genetic homology is presented in the form of chromosomal displays, tables and a grid, which show locations of the 322 loci now assigned to chromosomes in both species, as well as 12 DNA segments not yet associated with gene loci. At least 50 conserved autosomal segments with two or more loci have been identified, twelve of which are over 20 cM long in the mouse, as well as five conserved segments on the X chromosome. All human and mouse chromosomes now have conserved regions; human 17 still shows the least evidence of rearrangement, with a single long conserved segment which apparently spans the centromere. The loci include 102 which are known to be associated with human hereditary disease; these are listed separately. Human parental effects which may well be the result of genomic imprinting are reviewed and the location of the factors concerned displayed in relation to mouse chromosomal regions which have been implicated in imprinting phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Searle
- MRC Radiobiology Unit, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
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50
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Goldman D, Tamai K. Coordinate regulation of RNAs encoding two isoforms of the rat muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor beta-subunit. Nucleic Acids Res 1989; 17:3049-56. [PMID: 2726451 PMCID: PMC317712 DOI: 10.1093/nar/17.8.3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAchR) mediates communication between nerve and skeletal muscle. The properties, levels and distribution of these receptors change during development of the neuromuscular junction. These changes may be due, in part, to expression of different gene products. We are using nuclease protection experiments and cDNA cloning to identify the RNA transcripts that encode nAchRs in rat muscle. This analysis has identified two beta-subunit mRNAs. Complementary DNAs corresponding to these two RNAs have been isolated from a rat skeletal muscle cDNA library. Based on nucleotide sequence analysis, these RNAs differ by 9 bases in their 5' coding sequence. The levels of both mRNAs change similarly during muscle development and upon denervation of adult skeletal muscle. These two beta-subunit-RNAs probably result from the use of different exon/intron splice sites in the beta-subunit gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Goldman
- Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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