1
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Drummond GWB, Takeshita WM, de Castro GM, Dos Santos JN, Cury PR, Renno ACM, Ribeiro DA. Could fluoride be considered a genotoxic chemical agent in vivo? A systematic review with meta-analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:1328-1341. [PMID: 36994717 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2194616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to perform systematic review (SR) to investigate the scientific literature regarding the genotoxicity effects of fluoride exposure (FE). The search of databases used for this study was PubMed/Medline, SCOPUS and Web of Science. The quality of included studies was assessed using the EPHPP (Effective Public Health Practice Project). A total of 20 potentially relevant studies were selected for evaluating the genotoxicity induced by fluoride. Few studies have revealed that FE induces genotoxicity. A total of 14 studies demonstrated negative results whereas 6 studies did not. After reviewing the twenty studies, 1 was classified as weak, 10 were considered moderate and 9 were considered strong, according to the EPHPP. Taken together, it has been established that genotoxicity of fluoride is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Wagner Branda Drummond
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilton Mitsunari Takeshita
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Monteiro de Castro
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Claudia Muniz Renno
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
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2
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Marchetti F, Cardoso R, Chen CL, Douglas GR, Elloway J, Escobar PA, Harper T, Heflich RH, Kidd D, Lynch AM, Myers MB, Parsons BL, Salk JJ, Settivari RS, Smith-Roe SL, Witt KL, Yauk CL, Young R, Zhang S, Minocherhomji S. Error-corrected next generation sequencing - Promises and challenges for genotoxicity and cancer risk assessment. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2023; 792:108466. [PMID: 37643677 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2023.108466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Error-corrected Next Generation Sequencing (ecNGS) is rapidly emerging as a valuable, highly sensitive and accurate method for detecting and characterizing mutations in any cell type, tissue or organism from which DNA can be isolated. Recent mutagenicity and carcinogenicity studies have used ecNGS to quantify drug-/chemical-induced mutations and mutational spectra associated with cancer risk. ecNGS has potential applications in genotoxicity assessment as a new readout for traditional models, for mutagenesis studies in 3D organotypic cultures, and for detecting off-target effects of gene editing tools. Additionally, early data suggest that ecNGS can measure clonal expansion of mutations as a mechanism-agnostic early marker of carcinogenic potential and can evaluate mutational load directly in human biomonitoring studies. In this review, we discuss promising applications, challenges, limitations, and key data initiatives needed to enable regulatory testing and adoption of ecNGS - including for advancing safety assessment, augmenting weight-of-evidence for mutagenicity and carcinogenicity mechanisms, identifying early biomarkers of cancer risk, and managing human health risk from chemical exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Connie L Chen
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
| | | | - Joanne Elloway
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Tod Harper
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Robert H Heflich
- US Food and Drug Administration/National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Darren Kidd
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | | | - Meagan B Myers
- US Food and Drug Administration/National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Barbara L Parsons
- US Food and Drug Administration/National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kristine L Witt
- NIEHS, Division of the National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Robert Young
- MilliporeSigma, Rockville, MD, USA; Current: Consultant, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Sheroy Minocherhomji
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA; Current: Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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3
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A weight of evidence review of the genotoxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO2). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 136:105263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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4
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Liao C, Wang X, Zhou X, Wang D, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Wu X, Chen Y, Tan Y, Dai X, Jing P, Pang J, Xiao X, Liu J, Liao X, Zhang S. Dietary Antioxidant-Constructed Nanodrugs Can High-Efficiently Kill Cancer Cells while Protecting Noncancer Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:49508-49520. [PMID: 36315104 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite great advances, the development of cancer drugs that can efficiently kill cancer cells while protecting noncancer cells has not been achieved. By using only dietary antioxidants vitamin C (VC) and (R)-(+)-lipoic acid (LA), we herein develop a nanodrug VC@cLAV featuring the above function. After entering cells, cLAV dissociates into LA and DHLA (dihydrolipoic acid, reduced form of LA) and releases VC and DHA (dehydroascorbate, oxidized form of VC). In cancer cells, the two redox pairs recycle each other and dramatically promote the intracellular reactive oxygen species production to kill cancer cells at low doses comparable to cytotoxic drugs. Oppositely in noncancer cells, the LA/DHLA and VC/DHA pairs exert anti-oxidant action to actively protect the organism by preventing the normal cells from oxidative stress and repairing cells suffering from oxidative stress. When compared with the first-line cytotoxic drug, VC@cLAV displayed superior therapeutic outcomes yet without side effects in diverse tumor models including patient-derived xenograft (PDX). This drug with efficient cancer cell killing and noncancer cell protection represents a new cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Liao
- College of Biomedical Engineering and National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu610064, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Xueying Zhou
- College of Biomedical Engineering and National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu610064, China
| | - Dequan Wang
- Chengdu Seventh People's Hospital and Chengdu Cancer Hospital, 12 Middle Street, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Ziyin Zhang
- Chengdu Seventh People's Hospital and Chengdu Cancer Hospital, 12 Middle Street, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610065China
| | - Xiao Wu
- College of Biomedical Engineering and National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu610064, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Biomedical Engineering and National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu610064, China
- Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guiyang, Guizhou550025, China
| | - Yifeng Tan
- College of Biomedical Engineering and National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu610064, China
| | - Xin Dai
- College of Biomedical Engineering and National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu610064, China
- Zunyi Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Pingan Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi56300, China
| | - Pei Jing
- College of Biomedical Engineering and National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu610064, China
- Department of Pharmacy of the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou646000, China
| | - Jie Pang
- College of Biomedical Engineering and National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu610064, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- College of Biomedical Engineering and National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu610064, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Xiaoming Liao
- College of Biomedical Engineering and National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu610064, China
| | - Shiyong Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering and National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu610064, China
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5
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Api A, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton G, Cancellieri M, Chon H, Dagli M, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer A, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler D, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning T, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz T, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes I, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y. Update to RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2,4-dimethylbenzyl acetate, CAS Registry Number 62346-96-7. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 165 Suppl 1:113180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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6
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Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y. Update to RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, eugenol, CAS Registry Number 97-53-0. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 163 Suppl 1:113027. [PMID: 35439588 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE-20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - J Buschmann
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - M A Cancellieri
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M Date
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - W Dekant
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Kumar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I Lee
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - H Moustakas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member of Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - D Selechnik
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - F Siddiqi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Editor-in-Chief, Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
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7
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Api A, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton G, Cancellieri M, Chon H, Dagli M, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer A, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler D, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning T, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz T, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes I, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y. Update to RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, benzyl acetate, CAS Registry Number 140-11-4. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 167 Suppl 1:113186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Cancellieri MA, Chon H, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, menthol, CAS Registry Number 89-78-1. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 163 Suppl 1:112927. [PMID: 35318088 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE-20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - M A Cancellieri
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - H Chon
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo CEP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M Date
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - W Dekant
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Kumar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I Lee
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - H Moustakas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member of Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - D Selechnik
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - F Siddiqi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
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9
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 3-phenylpropyl acetate, CAS Registry Number 122-72-5. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 163 Suppl 1:113055. [PMID: 35460830 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Therefore, the phenethyl formate MOE for the fertility endpoint can be calculated by dividing the phenethyl alcohol NOAEL in mg/kg/day by the total systemic exposure to phenethyl formate, 1000/0.00062 or 1612903.
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10
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Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, phenethyl acetate, CAS Registry Number 103-45-7. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 161 Suppl 1:112875. [PMID: 35189310 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE, 20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - J Buschmann
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - M A Cancellieri
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M Date
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - W Dekant
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Kumar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I Lee
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - H Moustakas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member of Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr, Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - D Selechnik
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - F Siddiqi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Editor-in-Chief, Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
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11
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Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, CAS Registry Number 7786-61-0. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 161 Suppl 1:112872. [PMID: 35183652 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Member Expert Panel, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member Expert Panel, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE, 20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Member Expert Panel, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - J Buschmann
- Member Expert Panel, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - M A Cancellieri
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member Expert Panel, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M Date
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - W Dekant
- Member Expert Panel, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Member Expert Panel, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Kumar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I Lee
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member Expert Panel, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - H Moustakas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member of Expert Panel, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member Expert Panel, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN 37996- 4500, USA
| | - D Selechnik
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - F Siddiqi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member Expert Panel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Member Expert Panel, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Editor-in-Chief, Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
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12
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Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate administered in feed to Sprague Dawley (Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD) rats. NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES 2021:NTP-TR-601. [PMID: 35073286 PMCID: PMC8996106 DOI: 10.22427/ntp-tr-601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a member of the phthalate ester chemical class that occurs commonly in the environment and to which humans are widely exposed. Lifetime exposure to DEHP is likely to occur, including during the in utero and early postnatal windows of development. To date, no carcinogenicity assessments of DEHP have used a lifetime exposure paradigm that includes the perinatal period (gestation and lactation). The National Toxicology Program (NTP) tested the hypothesis that exposure during the perinatal period would alter the DEHP carcinogenic response quantitatively (more neoplasms) or qualitatively (different neoplasm types). Two chronic carcinogenicity assessments of DEHP were conducted in which Sprague Dawley (Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD) rats were exposed to dosed feed containing 0, 300, 1,000, 3,000, or 10,000 ppm DEHP for 2 years using different exposure paradigms. In Study 1, groups of 45 F0 time-mated females were provided dosed feed beginning on gestation day (GD) 6 through lactation. On postnatal day (PND) 21, groups of 50 F1 rats per sex continued on the study and were provided dosed feed containing the same DEHP concentration as their respective dam for 2 years. In Study 2, groups of 50 rats per sex, aged 6 to 7 weeks at study start, were provided dosed feed containing DEHP for 2 years. (Abstract Abridged).
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Patlewicz G, Dean JL, Gibbons CF, Judson RS, Keshava N, Vegosen L, Martin TM, Pradeep P, Simha A, Warren SH, Gwinn MR, DeMarini DM. Integrating publicly available information to screen potential candidates for chemical prioritization under the Toxic Substances Control Act: A proof of concept case study using genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. COMPUTATIONAL TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 20:1-100185. [PMID: 35128218 PMCID: PMC8809402 DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2021.100185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) became law in the U.S. in 1976 and was amended in 2016. The amended law requires the U.S. EPA to perform risk-based evaluations of existing chemicals. Here, we developed a tiered approach to screen potential candidates based on their genotoxicity and carcinogenicity information to inform the selection of candidate chemicals for prioritization under TSCA. The approach was underpinned by a large database of carcinogenicity and genotoxicity information that had been compiled from various public sources. Carcinogenicity data included weight-of-evidence human carcinogenicity evaluations and animal cancer data. Genotoxicity data included bacterial gene mutation data from the Salmonella (Ames) and Escherichia coli WP2 assays and chromosomal mutation (clastogenicity) data. Additionally, Ames and clastogenicity outcomes were predicted using the alert schemes within the OECD QSAR Toolbox and the Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (TEST). The evaluation workflows for carcinogenicity and genotoxicity were developed along with associated scoring schemes to make an overall outcome determination. For this case study, two sets of chemicals, the TSCA Active Inventory non-confidential portion list available on the EPA CompTox Chemicals Dashboard (33,364 chemicals, 'TSCA Active List') and a representative proof-of-concept (POC) set of 238 chemicals were profiled through the two workflows to make determinations of carcinogenicity and genotoxicity potential. Of the 33,364 substances on the 'TSCA Active List', overall calls could be made for 20,371 substances. Here 46.67%% (9507) of substances were non-genotoxic, 0.5% (103) were scored as inconclusive, 43.93% (8949) were predicted genotoxic and 8.9% (1812) were genotoxic. Overall calls for genotoxicity could be made for 225 of the 238 POC chemicals. Of these, 40.44% (91) were non-genotoxic, 2.67% (6) were inconclusive, 6.22% (14) were predicted genotoxic, and 50.67% (114) genotoxic. The approach shows promise as a means to identify potential candidates for prioritization from a genotoxicity and carcinogenicity perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Patlewicz
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffry L. Dean
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Catherine F. Gibbons
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Richard S. Judson
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nagalakshmi Keshava
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Leora Vegosen
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Todd M. Martin
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Prachi Pradeep
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Anita Simha
- ORAU, contractor to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through the National Student Services Contract, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah H. Warren
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maureen R. Gwinn
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - David M. DeMarini
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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14
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Benigni R. In silico assessment of genotoxicity. Combinations of sensitive structural alerts minimize false negative predictions for all genotoxicity endpoints and can single out chemicals for which experimentation can be avoided. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 126:105042. [PMID: 34506881 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Genotoxicity assessment of chemicals has a crucial role in most regulations. Due to labor, time, cost, and animal welfare issues, attention is being given to (Q)SAR methods. A strategic application of alternative methods is to first use a sequence of conservative (very sensitive) (Q)SARs and/or in vitro models to arrive at the conclusion that no further testing is necessary for negatives, and to use mechanistically based, Weight-Of-Evidence approach to evaluate the chemicals showing positive results. The ICH M7 guideline to detect DNA-reactive impurities in drugs follows these lines (recommending solely (Q)SAR in step 1). However, ICH M7 focuses only on Ames test. Here a large database of more than 6000 chemicals positive in at least one endpoint (in vitro gene mutations or chromosomal aberrations, in vivo micronucleus, aneugenicity) were analyzed with structural alerts implemented in the OECD QSAR Toolbox, resulting in maximum 3% false negatives. These promising results indicate that it may be possible to extend the approach to the whole range of genotoxicity endpoints required by regulations. Since structural alerts may generate false positives, cautious follow-up of positives is recommended (with e.g., statistically based QSARs, read across of similar chemicals, expert judgement, and experimentation when necessary).
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15
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Bessaire T, Stroheker T, Eriksen B, Mujahid C, Hammel YA, Varela J, Delatour T, Panchaud A, Mottier P, Stadler RH. Analysis of ethylene oxide in ice creams manufactured with contaminated carob bean gum (E410). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:2116-2127. [PMID: 34477495 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1970242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Residues of ethylene oxide (EO), a banned fumigant in the EU, were found at amounts above the maximum residue limit (MRL) in carob (locust) bean gum (additive E410). The pesticide entered the food chain via stabiliser blends that are used as minor ingredients in the manufacture of ice cream. Consequently, all products that contained the non-compliant ingredient were withdrawn or recalled in several countries across the EU, in most cases irrespective of whether the pesticide residue was detectable or not in the final product. This is the first report of a reliable method to determine EO and its metabolite/marker compound 2-chloroethanol (2-CE), either together or independently in ice cream, with a limit of quantification at 0.01 mg EO/kg and recovery in the range of 87-104% across the levels investigated (0.01, 0.02 and 0.06 mg EO/kg). The method applies QuEChERS extraction and isotope dilution gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) confirmed the specificity of low mass ions. Data on the stability of EO and 2-CE under thermal conditions revealed that 2-CE is relatively stable in an ice cream matrix (ca. 80% recovery of spiked material). Importantly, this study also demonstrates that not EO, but 2-CE is the predominant analyte detected in the contaminated samples, which is new information of significance in terms of the overall risk assessment of EO in foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bessaire
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Stroheker
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bjorn Eriksen
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Mujahid
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yves-Alexis Hammel
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jesus Varela
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Delatour
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Panchaud
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Mottier
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard H Stadler
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Toxicity studies of Aspergillus fumigatus administered by inhalation to B6C3F1/N mice (revised). TOXICITY REPORT SERIES 2021:NTP-TOX-100. [PMID: 34283822 PMCID: PMC8436148 DOI: 10.22427/ntp-tox-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a thermotolerant, soil-borne fungal species that is ubiquitous in the environment. Mold was nominated to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) by a private individual due to suspected adverse health effects associated with personal exposure in indoor and occupational settings. A. fumigatus is of particular concern in the biowaste industry as the species can contaminate self-heating compost piles. Because of this potential for personal and occupational exposure and the lack of available toxicity data, toxicity studies were conducted in which male and female B6C3F1/N mice were exposed to A. fumigatus conidia (spores) two times a week for 3 months. All in-life procedures, including inhalation exposure, test article preparation, and hematology analysis, were completed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH, Morgantown, WV). Battelle (Columbus, OH) conducted terminal necropsies, measured terminal body and organ weights, and evaluated gross lesions on-site at NIOSH. Tissue processing and histopathology were completed at Battelle. Grocott's methenamine silver (GMS) staining was performed at NIOSH. Genetic toxicology studies on mouse peripheral blood erythrocytes were conducted by Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC (Research Triangle Park, NC). (Abstract Abridged).
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17
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Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol, CAS Registry Number 93-51-6. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 153 Suppl 1:112363. [PMID: 34182042 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Member Expert Panel, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member Expert Panel, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE, 20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Member Expert Panel, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - J Buschmann
- Member Expert Panel, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - M A Cancellieri
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member Expert Panel, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M Date
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - W Dekant
- Member Expert Panel, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Member Expert Panel, Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Kumar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I Lee
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member Expert Panel, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - H Moustakas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member of Expert Panel, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member Expert Panel, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - D Selechnik
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - F Siddiqi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member Expert Panel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Member Expert Panel, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Editor-in-Chief, Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
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18
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Nagy K, Argaw Tessema R, Szász I, Smeirat T, Al Rajo A, Ádám B. Micronucleus Formation Induced by Glyphosate and Glyphosate-Based Herbicides in Human Peripheral White Blood Cells. Front Public Health 2021; 9:639143. [PMID: 34109144 PMCID: PMC8180907 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.639143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most commonly used herbicide around the world, which led to its accumulation in the environment and consequent ubiquitous human exposure. Glyphosate is marketed in numerous glyphosate-based herbicide formulations (GBHs) that include co-formulants to enhance herbicidal effect of the active ingredient, but are declared as inert substances. However, these other ingredients can have biologic activity on their own and may interact with the glyphosate in synergistic toxicity. In this study, we focused to compare the cytogenetic effect of the active ingredient glyphosate and three marketed GBHs (Roundup Mega, Fozat 480, and Glyfos) by investigating cytotoxicity with fluorescent co-labeling and WST-1 cell viability assay as well as genotoxicity with cytokinesis block micronucleus assay in isolated human mononuclear white blood cells. Glyphosate had no notable cytotoxic activity over the tested concentration range (0-10,000 μM), whereas all the selected GBHs induced significant cell death from 1,000 μM regardless of metabolic activation (S9). Micronucleus (MN) formation induced by glyphosate and its formulations at sub-cytotoxic concentrations (0-100 μM) exhibited a diverse pattern. Glyphosate caused statistically significant increase of MN frequency at the highest concentration (100 μM) after 20-h exposure. Contrarily, Roundup Mega exerted a significant genotoxic effect at 100 μM both after 4- and 20-h exposures; moreover, Glyfos and Fozat 480 also resulted in a statistically significant increase of MN frequency from the concentration of 10 μM after 4-h and 20-h treatment, respectively. The presence of S9 had no effect on MN formation induced by either glyphosate or GBHs. The differences observed in the cytotoxic and genotoxic pattern between the active principle and formulations confirm the previous concept that the presence of co-formulants in the formulations or the interaction of them with the active ingredient is responsible for the increased toxicity of herbicide products, and draw attention to the fact that GBHs are still currently in use, the toxicity of which rivals that of POEA-containing formulations (e.g., Glyfos) already banned in Europe. Hence, it is advisable to subject them to further comprehensive toxicological screening to assess the true health risks of exposed individuals, and to reconsider their free availability to any users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Károly Nagy
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Roba Argaw Tessema
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Szász
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamara Smeirat
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Alaa Al Rajo
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Balázs Ádám
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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19
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Younes M, Aquilina G, Castle L, Engel K, Fowler P, Frutos Fernandez MJ, Fürst P, Gundert‐Remy U, Gürtler R, Husøy T, Manco M, Mennes W, Moldeus P, Passamonti S, Shah R, Waalkens‐Berendsen I, Wölfle D, Corsini E, Cubadda F, De Groot D, FitzGerald R, Gunnare S, Gutleb AC, Mast J, Mortensen A, Oomen A, Piersma A, Plichta V, Ulbrich B, Van Loveren H, Benford D, Bignami M, Bolognesi C, Crebelli R, Dusinska M, Marcon F, Nielsen E, Schlatter J, Vleminckx C, Barmaz S, Carfí M, Civitella C, Giarola A, Rincon AM, Serafimova R, Smeraldi C, Tarazona J, Tard A, Wright M. Safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E171) as a food additive. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06585. [PMID: 33976718 PMCID: PMC8101360 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present opinion deals with an updated safety assessment of the food additive titanium dioxide (E 171) based on new relevant scientific evidence considered by the Panel to be reliable, including data obtained with TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and data from an extended one-generation reproductive toxicity (EOGRT) study. Less than 50% of constituent particles by number in E 171 have a minimum external dimension < 100 nm. In addition, the Panel noted that constituent particles < 30 nm amounted to less than 1% of particles by number. The Panel therefore considered that studies with TiO2 NPs < 30 nm were of limited relevance to the safety assessment of E 171. The Panel concluded that although gastrointestinal absorption of TiO2 particles is low, they may accumulate in the body. Studies on general and organ toxicity did not indicate adverse effects with either E 171 up to a dose of 1,000 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day or with TiO2 NPs (> 30 nm) up to the highest dose tested of 100 mg/kg bw per day. No effects on reproductive and developmental toxicity were observed up to a dose of 1,000 mg E 171/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested in the EOGRT study. However, observations of potential immunotoxicity and inflammation with E 171 and potential neurotoxicity with TiO2 NPs, together with the potential induction of aberrant crypt foci with E 171, may indicate adverse effects. With respect to genotoxicity, the Panel concluded that TiO2 particles have the potential to induce DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damage, but not gene mutations. No clear correlation was observed between the physico-chemical properties of TiO2 particles and the outcome of either in vitro or in vivo genotoxicity assays. A concern for genotoxicity of TiO2 particles that may be present in E 171 could therefore not be ruled out. Several modes of action for the genotoxicity may operate in parallel and the relative contributions of different molecular mechanisms elicited by TiO2 particles are not known. There was uncertainty as to whether a threshold mode of action could be assumed. In addition, a cut-off value for TiO2 particle size with respect to genotoxicity could not be identified. No appropriately designed study was available to investigate the potential carcinogenic effects of TiO2 NPs. Based on all the evidence available, a concern for genotoxicity could not be ruled out, and given the many uncertainties, the Panel concluded that E 171 can no longer be considered as safe when used as a food additive.
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20
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Toxicity studies of trimethylsilyldiazomethane administered by nose-only inhalation to Sprague Dawley (Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD) rats and B6C3F1/N mice. TOXICITY REPORT SERIES 2021:NTP-TOX-101. [PMID: 33819212 PMCID: PMC8126982 DOI: 10.22427/ntp-tox-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMSD) is a methylating reagent widely used in organic chemistry. TMSD is structurally related to the compound diazomethane, which is a known lethal respiratory toxicant in humans and in animal models. TMSD is less reactive (with lower explosive potential) than diazomethane and is considered a safer, less toxic alternative. Few toxicity data are available to support this claim, however, and TMSD is readily available commercially from chemical suppliers. Concern over the inhalation toxicity of TMSD originates from reports of the death of two chemists resulting from lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome following exposure to TMSD in the workplace. Other concerns include the known inhalation toxicity of diazomethane and the absence of inhalation toxicity data for TMSD. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) conducted this study to evaluate the acute inhalation toxicity of TMSD in vivo.(Abstract Abridged).
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21
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Manivannan B, Massalha N, Halahlih F, Eltzov E, Nguyen TH, Sabbah I, Borisover M. Water toxicity evaluations: Comparing genetically modified bioluminescent bacteria and CHO cells as biomonitoring tools. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 203:110984. [PMID: 32888605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of water for drinking and agriculture requires knowledge of its toxicity. In this study, we compared the use of genetically modified bioluminescent (GMB) bacteria whose luminescence increases in the presence of toxicants and Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells for the characterization of the toxicity of water samples collected from a lake and streams, hydroponic and aquaponic farms, and a wastewater treatment plant. GMB bacteria were used to probe genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species-induced effects in the whole water samples. Unlike GMB bacteria, the use of CHO cells requires XAD resin-based pre-concentration of toxic material present in water samples for the subsequent cytotoxicity assay. In addition to the examination of the toxicity of the water from the different sources, the GMB bacteria were also used to test the XAD extracts diluted to the concentrations causing 50% growth inhibition of the CHO cells. The two biomonitoring tools provided different results when they were used to test the above-mentioned diluted XAD extracts. A pre-concentration procedure based on adsorption by XAD resins with subsequent elution was not sufficient to represent the material responsible for the toxicity of the whole water samples toward the GMB bacteria. Therefore, the use of XAD resin extracts may lead to major underestimates of the toxicity of water samples. Although the toxicity findings obtained using the GMB bacteria and CHO cells may not correlate with each another, the GMB bacteria assay did provide a mechanism-specific biomonitoring tool to probe the toxicity of water samples without a need for the pre-concentration step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvaneshwari Manivannan
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Israel.
| | - Nedal Massalha
- The Institute of Applied Research, The Galilee Society, P.O. Box 437, Shefa-Amr, Israel; Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Management, Faculty of Management, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Ave., Mount Carmel, Haifa, 3498838, Israel.
| | - Fares Halahlih
- The Institute of Applied Research, The Galilee Society, P.O. Box 437, Shefa-Amr, Israel.
| | - Evgeni Eltzov
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Israel.
| | - Thanh H Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.
| | - Isam Sabbah
- The Institute of Applied Research, The Galilee Society, P.O. Box 437, Shefa-Amr, Israel; Prof. Ephraim Katzir Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Braude College, Karmiel, Israel.
| | - Mikhail Borisover
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Israel.
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22
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Liu F, Hu J, Chang L, Jiang Y. In vitro anti-mycobacterial activity of novel benzo(c)thiophene-1,3-dione: A novel scaffold against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microb Pathog 2020; 148:104466. [PMID: 32871256 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) an infectious disease with very high mortality claims approximately 1.5 million lives and infects 2 billion people annually. The present study evaluated anti-tuberculosis activity of benzo(c)thiophene-1,3-dione against Mycobacterial tuberculosis H37RV in vitro and in vivo in tuberculosis mice model. The MIC of benzo(c)thiophene-1,3-dione, rifampicin and isoniazid were found to be 4.0, 2.0 and 1.0 μg/ml, respectively. Benzo(c)thiophene-1,3-dione showed MIC in the range of 8-14 μg/ml against four drug-resistant isolates of M. tuberculosis and MBC 14 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37RV. Interaction of benzo(c)thiophene-1,3-dione with rifampicin led to 2-fold increase in anti-TB activity whereas with isoniazid improvement showed 4-fold enhancement. Fractional inhibitor concentration index suggested additive interaction with rifampicin and synergism with isoniazid. Treatment with benzo(c)thiophene-1,3-dione at 1X MIC indicated bacteriostatic activity whereas at 2X, 4X and 4X MIC doses significant reduction in M. tuberculosis load was observed. The benzo(c)thiophene-1,3-dione administration to mice at doses of 5000 and 1000 mg/kg caused no changes in behaviour nor any death. Benzo(c)thiophene-1,3-dione treatment of tuberculosis mice model effectively inhibited pulmonary CFU compared to model group. Data obtained from MTT assay showed negligible cytotoxicity of benzo(c)thiophene-1,3-dione against CMMT, MB 157, CL-S1, normal breast cells in 5-320 μg/ml concentration range. Thus, benzo(c)thiophene-1,3-dione exhibits promising anti-mycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RV and other drug resistant strains. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis mice model benzo(c)thiophene-1,3-dione significantly suppressed bacterial load and showed synergism with isoniazid. Therefore, benzo(c)thiophene-1,3-dione has potential to be evaluated further for development of anti-tuberculosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Brith Defects of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jinliang Hu
- Institute of Health Policy & Hospital Management, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China; West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Li Chang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Brith Defects of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yongmei Jiang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Brith Defects of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
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23
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Rosenkranz HS, Matthews EJ, Klopman G. Relationships between Cellular Toxicity, the Maximum Tolerated Dose, Lipophilicity and Electrophilicity. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299202000407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Results on cellular toxicity and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) for rats and mice were available for approximately 175 chemicals tested by the US National Toxicology Program. Additionally, the computed log P (log octanol-water partition coefficient) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy values, a measure of electrophilicity were also available for most of these chemicals. Analysis of the chemicals on the basis of their physical and quantum chemical properties and their toxic effects on cultured cells and rodents showed that: 1) as a group, the more toxic chemicals showed a trend towards higher LUMO energies (i.e. less electrophilic); 2) cytotoxic chemicals exhibited increased lipophilicity; and 3) cytotoxic chemicals were associated with increased systemic toxicity (as measured by the MTD). None of these relationships was expressed in a significant linear fashion as a function of the concentration at which the chemicals exhibited cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert S. Rosenkranz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Edwin J. Matthews
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food, Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), 200 C Street SW, Washington, DC 20204, USA
| | - Gilles Klopman
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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24
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, phenylethyl anthranilate, CAS Registry Number 133-18-6. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111470. [PMID: 32640364 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The existing information supports the use of this material as described in this safety assessment. Phenylethyl anthranilate was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, developmental and reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data from phenylethyl anthranilate and the read-across analog cinnamyl anthranilate (CAS # 87-29-6) show that phenylethyl anthranilate is not expected to be genotoxic. The skin sensitization endpoint was completed using the DST for non-reactive materials (900 μg/cm2); exposure is below the DST. The reproductive and local respiratory toxicity endpoints were evaluated using the TTC for a Cramer Class II material, and the exposure to phenylethyl anthranilate is below the TTC (0.009 mg/kg/day and 0.47 mg/day, respectively). Data on read-across analogs phenethyl alcohol (CAS # 60-12-8) and anthranilic acid (CAS # 118-92-3) provide a calculated MOE >100 for the repeated dose and developmental toxicity endpoints. The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on UV spectra; phenylethyl anthranilate is not expected to be phototoxic/photoallergenic. The environmental endpoints were evaluated; phenylethyl anthranilate was found not to be PBT as per the IFRA Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use in Europe and North America (i.e., PEC/PNEC), are <1.
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25
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Ho KT, Konovets IM, Terletskaya AV, Milyukin MV, Lyashenko AV, Shitikova LI, Shevchuk LI, Afanasyev SA, Krot YG, Zorina-Sakharova KY, Goncharuk VV, Skrynnyk MM, Cashman MA, Burgess RM. Contaminants, mutagenicity and toxicity in the surface waters of Kyiv, Ukraine. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 155:111153. [PMID: 32469773 PMCID: PMC8684704 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Kyiv is Ukraine's capital and largest city. Home to 3 million people, this area has a rich history of agriculture and industry. The Dnieper River is Ukraine's largest river and it passes through the center of Kyiv. Little information on emerging and legacy compounds or their toxicity in the Dnieper River exists. For this investigation, water was sampled for PAHs, PCBs, metals and emerging contaminants including pharmaceuticals and personal care products. The effects of surface waters in the Dnieper were evaluated using the Ames, chronic and acute daphnia, and a ciliate (Colpoda stennii) assays. Concentrations of legacy and emerging contaminants were found in seven stations near the municipal water treatment plant (MWTP) and receiving waters. The MWTP appeared to remove some of the emerging contaminants, however the legacy compounds (PCBs and PAHs) were not affected by the MWTP and appeared to be more wide-spread indicating a number of sources to the Dnieper River. Acute and chronic toxicity were associated with the influent and effluent of the MWTP, however mutagenicity was noted in surface waters throughout the Dnieper River including upstream of the MWTP. This study provides the first snapshot of possible human health and ecological risks associated with surface waters of the Dnieper. More research on seasonal changes and sources of toxicity, mutagenicity and contaminants would aid in completing a more comprehensive risk assessment of surface waters of the Dnieper River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay T Ho
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling -Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA.
| | - Igor M Konovets
- Institute of Hydrobiology, National Academy of Science, 12 Geroyiv Stalingrada Prospect, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Anna V Terletskaya
- Institute of Colloidal Chemistry and Chemistry of Water, National Academy of Sciences, 42 Vernadsky Boulavard, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Mykhailo V Milyukin
- Institute of Colloidal Chemistry and Chemistry of Water, National Academy of Sciences, 42 Vernadsky Boulavard, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Artem V Lyashenko
- Institute of Hydrobiology, National Academy of Science, 12 Geroyiv Stalingrada Prospect, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Larisa I Shitikova
- State Body Ukrainian I.I. Mechnikov Research Anti-Plague Institute, Ministry of Health of Ukraine, 2/4 Tserkovna Street, Odesa, Ukraine
| | - Lyudmila I Shevchuk
- State Body Ukrainian I.I. Mechnikov Research Anti-Plague Institute, Ministry of Health of Ukraine, 2/4 Tserkovna Street, Odesa, Ukraine
| | - Sergey A Afanasyev
- Institute of Hydrobiology, National Academy of Science, 12 Geroyiv Stalingrada Prospect, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yurii G Krot
- Institute of Hydrobiology, National Academy of Science, 12 Geroyiv Stalingrada Prospect, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Vladislav V Goncharuk
- Institute of Colloidal Chemistry and Chemistry of Water, National Academy of Sciences, 42 Vernadsky Boulavard, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Maksym M Skrynnyk
- Institute of Colloidal Chemistry and Chemistry of Water, National Academy of Sciences, 42 Vernadsky Boulavard, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Michaela A Cashman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling -Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA; Department of Geosciences, University of Rhode Island, 330 Woodward Hall, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Robert M Burgess
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling -Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
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26
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Schoeny R, Cross KP, DeMarini DM, Elespuru R, Hakura A, Levy DD, Williams RV, Zeiger E, Escobar PA, Howe JR, Kato M, Lott J, Moore MM, Simon S, Stankowski LF, Sugiyama KI, van der Leede BJM. Revisiting the bacterial mutagenicity assays: Report by a workgroup of the International Workshops on Genotoxicity Testing (IWGT). MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2020; 849:503137. [PMID: 32087853 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The International Workshop on Genotoxicity Testing (IWGT) meets every four years to obtain consensus on unresolved issues associated with genotoxicity testing. At the 2017 IWGT meeting in Tokyo, four sub-groups addressed issues associated with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Test Guideline TG471, which describes the use of bacterial reverse-mutation tests. The strains sub-group analyzed test data from >10,000 chemicals, tested additional chemicals, and concluded that some strains listed in TG471 are unnecessary because they detected fewer mutagens than other strains that the guideline describes as equivalent. Thus, they concluded that a smaller panel of strains would suffice to detect most mutagens. The laboratory proficiency sub-group recommended (a) establishing strain cell banks, (b) developing bacterial growth protocols that optimize assay sensitivity, and (c) testing "proficiency compounds" to gain assay experience and establish historical positive and control databases. The sub-group on criteria for assay evaluation recommended that laboratories (a) track positive and negative control data; (b) develop acceptability criteria for positive and negative controls; (c) optimize dose-spacing and the number of analyzable doses when there is evidence of toxicity; (d) use a combination of three criteria to evaluate results: a dose-related increase in revertants, a clear increase in revertants in at least one dose relative to the concurrent negative control, and at least one dose that produced an increase in revertants above control limits established by the laboratory from historical negative controls; and (e) establish experimental designs to resolve unclear results. The in silico sub-group summarized in silico utility as a tool in genotoxicity assessment but made no specific recommendations for TG471. Thus, the workgroup identified issues that could be addressed if TG471 is revised. The companion papers (a) provide evidence-based approaches, (b) recommend priorities, and (c) give examples of clearly defined terms to support revision of TG471.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Schoeny
- Rita Schoeny, LLC, Washington, DC 20002, United States.
| | - Kevin P Cross
- Leadscope, Inc., 1393 Dublin Road, Columbus, OH 43215, United States
| | - David M DeMarini
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Rosalie Elespuru
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Atsushi Hakura
- Tsukuba Drug Safety, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan
| | - Dan D Levy
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD 20740 United States
| | | | - Errol Zeiger
- Errol Zeiger Consulting, 800 Indian Springs Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States
| | | | | | - Masayuki Kato
- CMIC Pharma Science Co., Ltd., Hokuto, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Jasmin Lott
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co., KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Martha M Moore
- Ramboll US Corporation Little Rock, AR 72223, United States
| | - Stephanie Simon
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straβe 250, Darmstadt, 64293, Germany
| | - Leon F Stankowski
- Charles River Laboratories - Skokie, LLC, 8025 Lamon Ave., Skokie, IL 60077, United States
| | - Kei-Ichi Sugiyama
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
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27
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Lu N, Yang Y, Liu J, Li J, Ouyang B, Xia J, Du Y. Sophoradiol inhibits the growth of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro and murine models of tuberculosis. Microb Pathog 2020; 141:103971. [PMID: 31923558 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.103971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a devastating disease responsible for approximately 1.5 million deaths annually especially in developing countries. Although there is recommended and standard treatment for tuberculosis but the non-adherence of the patients to the lengthy treatment, adverse effects of the drugs and the emergence of multi-drug resistant strains hurdles the management of this devastating disease. This study examined the anti-mycobacterial activity of a plant derived triterpenoid, sophoradiol, against the drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and also in murine model of tuberculosis. The results showed that sophoradiol exhibits remarkable activity against the H37RV strain with an MIC of 8.5 μg/mL. The MIC of sophoradiol against the drug resistant strains of M. tuberculosis (CX1 to CX5) ranged from 9 to 16 μg/mL. Additionally, sophoradiol exhibited a bactericidal activity against H37RV strain with MBC equal to 2X MIC. Drug interaction studies showed that sophoradiol exhibits additive interaction with isoniazid and synergistic interaction with rifampicin. In the mice model of tuberculosis, sophoradiol also exhibited remarkable efficacy. Finally, cytotoxicity assays showed that sophoradiol exhibits negligible toxicity against the normal human breast cell lines. Taken together, it is concluded that sophoradiol may prove beneficial lead molecule for the management of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihong Lu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Kunming Third People's Hospital, Kunmin, Yunnan, 650041, China
| | - Yongrui Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Kunming Third People's Hospital, Kunmin, Yunnan, 650041, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Kunming Third People's Hospital, Kunmin, Yunnan, 650041, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Kunming Third People's Hospital, Kunmin, Yunnan, 650041, China
| | - Bing Ouyang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Kunming Third People's Hospital, Kunmin, Yunnan, 650041, China
| | - Jiawei Xia
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Kunming Third People's Hospital, Kunmin, Yunnan, 650041, China
| | - Yingrong Du
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Kunming Third People's Hospital, Kunmin, Yunnan, 650041, China.
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Smith CJ, Perfetti TA. High-dose exposure to synthetic chemicals, hormones, or homeostatic substances in experimental animals or humans can induce artefactual pathology. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847320940557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) provides the highest probability of a positive result in a toxicology bioassay. The assumption underlying the MTD in animal bioassays is that adverse effects at very high doses are qualitatively the same as those occurring at low doses. In contrast with the MTD, the optimal top dose in a toxicology animal study is the highest dose that does not produce a pathological end point that presents no risk at lower doses, for example, the dose below which cytotoxicity induces tumors in the absence of genotoxicity or other carcinogenic mechanisms. Normal concentrations or biological activity levels of many substances necessary for normal physiological function induce pathology when found at high levels. For example, the demonstration that ingestion of abnormally high levels of certain dietary fats can cause or exacerbate atherosclerosis in relevant animal models like rhesus macaques does not demonstrate that normal levels of these fats should be considered as toxic. Excessive estrogenic stimulation is associated with breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancers. This does not imply that normal age-appropriate levels of estrogen are toxic. Normal wound healing is associated with transforming growth factors beta 1 and 2. Excessive stimulation of fibroblasts by these growth factors results in hypertrophic scarring and keloid formation. An understanding of the mode of action of a test substance can facilitate the selection of dose levels much higher than those expected to be experienced by humans, but not beyond a dose level at which pathology is an experimental artefact of the high-dose level.
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Cohen SM, Eisenbrand G, Fukushima S, Gooderham NJ, Guengerich FP, Hecht SS, Rietjens IMCM, Bastaki M, Davidsen JM, Harman CL, McGowen MM, Taylor SV. FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Mint, buchu, dill and caraway derived flavoring ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 135:110870. [PMID: 31604112 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) initiated a re-evaluation of the safety of over 250 natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavor ingredients. NFC flavor materials include a variety of essential oils and botanical extracts. The re-evaluation of NFCs is conducted based on a constituent-based procedure outlined in 2005 and updated in 2018 that evaluates the safety of NFCs for their intended use as flavor ingredients. This procedure is applied in the re-evaluation of the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status of NFCs with constituent profiles that are dominated by alicyclic ketones such as menthone and carvone, secondary alcohols such as menthol and carveol, and related compounds. The FEMA Expert Panel affirmed the GRAS status of Peppermint Oil (FEMA 2848), Spearmint Oil (FEMA 3032), Spearmint Extract (FEMA 3031), Cornmint Oil (FEMA 4219), Erospicata Oil (FEMA 4777), Curly Mint Oil (FEMA 4778), Pennyroyal Oil (FEMA 2839), Buchu Leaves Oil (FEMA 2169), Caraway Oil (FEMA 2238) and Dill Oil (FEMA 2383) and determined FEMA GRAS status for Buchu Leaves Extract (FEMA 4923), Peppermint Oil, Terpeneless (FEMA 4924) and Spearmint Oil, Terpeneless (FEMA 4925).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Cohen
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Dept. of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-3135, USA
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Food Chemistry & Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Shoji Fukushima
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Nigel J Gooderham
- Dept. of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center and Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, MMC 806, 420 Delaware St., S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Bastaki
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Jeanne M Davidsen
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Christie L Harman
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Margaret M McGowen
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Sean V Taylor
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA.
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Malekmohammad K, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Sardari S, Sewell RDE. Toxicological effects ofMentha x piperita(peppermint): a review. TOXIN REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2019.1647545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Khojasteh Malekmohammad
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Samira Sardari
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Robert D. E. Sewell
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Thielmann J, Muranyi P. Review on the chemical composition of Litsea cubeba essential oils and the bioactivity of its major constituents citral and limonene. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2019.1611671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Thielmann
- Retention of Food Quality, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, German
- Chair of food packaging technology, Technical University of Munich TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - P. Muranyi
- Chair of food packaging technology, Technical University of Munich TUM, Munich, Germany
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32
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Zeiger E. The test that changed the world: The Ames test and the regulation of chemicals. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 841:43-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Smith CJ, Perfetti TA. An approximated one-quarter of IARC Group 3 (unclassifiable) chemicals fit more appropriately into IARC Group 4 (probably not carcinogenic). TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847319840645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carr J Smith
- Albemarle Corporation, Mobile, AL, USA
- Department of Nurse Anesthesia, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Edler L, Ittrich C. Biostatistical Methods for the Validation of Alternative Methods for In Vitro Toxicity Testing. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 31 Suppl 1:5-41. [PMID: 15595899 DOI: 10.1177/026119290303101s02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Statistical methods for the validation of toxicological in vitro test assays are developed and applied. Validation is performed either in comparison with in vivo assays or in comparison with other in vitro assays of established validity. Biostatistical methods are presented which are of potential use and benefit for the validation of alternative methods for the risk assessment of chemicals, providing at least an equivalent level of protection through in vitro toxicity testing to that obtained through the use of current in vivo methods. Characteristic indices are developed and determined. Qualitative outcomes are characterised by the rates of false-positive and false-negative predictions, sensitivity and specificity, and predictive values. Quantitative outcomes are characterised by regression coefficients derived from predictive models. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) technique, applicable when a continuum of cut-off values is considered, is discussed in detail, in relation to its use for statistical modelling and statistical inference. The methods presented are examined for their use for the proof of safety and for toxicity detection and testing. We emphasise that the final validation of toxicity testing is human toxicity, and that the in vivo test itself is only a predictor with an inherent uncertainty. Therefore, the validation of the in vitro test has to account for the vagueness and uncertainty of the "gold standard" in vivo test. We address model selection and model validation, and a four-step scheme is proposed for the conduct of validation studies. Gaps and research needs are formulated to improve the validation of alternative methods for in vitro toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Edler
- Biostatistics Unit, C060, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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35
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Smith CJ, Perfetti TA, King JA. Rodent 2-year cancer bioassays and in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity tests insufficiently predict risk or model development of human carcinomas. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847319849648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carr J Smith
- Albemarle Corporation, Mobile, AL, USA
- Department of Nurse Anesthesia, Florida State University, Panama City, FL, USA
| | | | - Judy A King
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
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Bronchioloalveolar lung tumors induced in “mice only” by non-genotoxic chemicals are not useful for quantitative assessment of pulmonary adenocarcinoma risk in humans. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847318816617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemicals classified as known human carcinogens by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) show a low level of concordance between rodents and humans for induction of pulmonary carcinoma. Rats and mice exposed via inhalation for 2 years show a low level of concordance in both tumor development and organ site location. In 2-year inhalation studies using rats and mice, when pulmonary tumors are seen in only male or female mice or both, but not in either sex of rat, there is a high probability that the murine pulmonary tumor has been produced via Clara cell or club cell (CC) metabolism of the inhaled chemical to a cytotoxic metabolite. Cytotoxicity-induced mitogenesis increases mutagenesis via amplification of the background mutation rate. If the chemical being tested is also negative in the Ames Salmonella mutagenicity assay, and only mouse pulmonary tumors are induced, the probability that this pulmonary tumor is not relevant to human lung cancer risk goes even higher. Mice have a larger percentage of CCs in their distal airways than rats, and a much larger percentage than in humans. The CCs of mice have a much higher concentration of metabolic enzymes capable of metabolizing xenobiotics than CCs in either rats or humans. A principal threat to validity of extrapolating from the murine model lies in the unique capacity of murine CCs to metabolize a significant spectrum of xenobiotics which in turn produces toxicants not seen in rat or human pulmonary pathophysiology.
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37
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Schisler MR, Gollapudi BB, Moore MM. Evaluation of U. S. National Toxicology Program (NTP) mouse lymphoma assay data using International Workshop on Genotoxicity Tests (IWGT) and the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) criteria. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:829-841. [PMID: 30357906 DOI: 10.1002/em.22250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The forward gene mutation mouse lymphoma assay (MLA) is widely used, as part of a regulatory test battery, to identify the genotoxic potential of chemicals. It identifies mutagens capable of inducing a variety of genetic events. During the 1980s and early 1990s, the U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP) developed a publicly available database (https://tools.niehs.nih.gov/cebs3/ui/) of MLA results. This database is used to define the mutagenic potential of chemicals, to develop structure-activity relationships (SAR), and to draw correlations to animal carcinogenicity findings. New criteria for MLA conduct and data interpretation were subsequently developed by the International Workshop for Genotoxicity Testing (IWGT) and the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). These recommendations are included in a new OECD Test Guideline (TG490). It is essential that early experimental data be re-examined and classified according to the current criteria to build a curated database to better inform chemical-specific evaluations and SAR models. We re-evaluated more than 1900 experiments representing 342 chemicals against the newly defined acceptance criteria for background mutant frequency (MF), cloning efficiency (CE), positive control values (modified for this evaluation due to lack of colony sizing), appropriate dose selection, and data consistency. Only 17% of the evaluated experiments met all acceptance criteria used in this re-evaluation. Results from 211 chemicals were determined to be uninterpretable, 92 were positive, and 39 equivocal. The authors could not classify any responses as negative because colony sizing was not performed for any of these experiments and it is clear, based on many experiment with unacceptably low background and positive control MFs, that mutant colony recovery was often suboptimal. This re-evaluation provides a curated database for the MLA. A similar curation should be done for other widely used genetic toxicology assays, but will be more difficult for certain assays (e.g., in vitro chromosomal aberrations) because important parameters such as level of cytotoxicity were often not evaluated/reported. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:829-841, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B B Gollapudi
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Health Sciences, Alexandria, Virginia
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38
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Winkler HC, Notter T, Meyer U, Naegeli H. Critical review of the safety assessment of titanium dioxide additives in food. J Nanobiotechnology 2018; 16:51. [PMID: 29859103 PMCID: PMC5984422 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterial engineering provides an important technological advance that offers substantial benefits for applications not only in the production and processing, but also in the packaging and storage of food. An expanding commercialization of nanomaterials as part of the modern diet will substantially increase their oral intake worldwide. While the risk of particle inhalation received much attention, gaps of knowledge exist regarding possible adverse health effects due to gastrointestinal exposure. This problem is highlighted by pigment-grade titanium dioxide (TiO2), which confers a white color and increased opacity with an optimal particle diameter of 200-300 nm. However, size distribution analyses showed that batches of food-grade TiO2 always comprise a nano-sized fraction as inevitable byproduct of the manufacturing processes. Submicron-sized TiO2 particles, in Europe listed as E 171, are widely used as a food additive although the relevant risk assessment has never been satisfactorily completed. For example, it is not possible to derive a safe daily intake of TiO2 from the available long-term feeding studies in rodents. Also, the use of TiO2 particles in the food sector leads to highest exposures in children, but only few studies address the vulnerability of this particular age group. Extrapolation of animal studies to humans is also problematic due to knowledge gaps as to local gastrointestinal effects of TiO2 particles, primarily on the mucosa and the gut-associated lymphoid system. Tissue distributions after oral administration of TiO2 differ from other exposure routes, thus limiting the relevance of data obtained from inhalation or parenteral injections. Such difficulties and uncertainties emerging in the retrospective assessment of TiO2 particles exemplify the need for a fit-to-purpose data requirement for the future evaluation of novel nano-sized or submicron-sized particles added deliberately to food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Christian Winkler
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tina Notter
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Meyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Naegeli
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Smith CJ, Perfetti TA. The “false-positive” conundrum in the NTP 2-year rodent cancer study database. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847318772839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1990, Ames and Gold described a conundrum of “too many carcinogens” among chemicals tested in rodent bioassays. Their proposed nongenotoxic carcinogenic mechanism was amplification of the background mutation rate via cytotoxicity induced by high doses of the test chemicals, thereby leading to increases in reparative cellular proliferation rates. Recently, we have statistically and mechanistically analyzed the entire 594-study (470 final reports) NTP 2-year rodent cancer database to better understand the conundrum posed by Ames and Gold. Our analysis provides several lines of evidence that support the contention of Ames and Gold. First, across different routes of administration, relatively phylogenetically similar rats and mice are nonetheless discordant for the development of tumors at similar organ sites. Tumor site concordance across sex within species is higher than tumor site concordance across species. Second, many chemicals negative in the Ames test nonetheless induce tumors in either rats or mice. Third, 11 out of 58 chemicals tested by the inhalation route induce lung tumors in mice and not rats, are negative in the Ames test, and exhibit hyperplasia. In 2017, Tomasetti et al. provided evidence for the clinical relevance in humans of the Ames and Gold mechanism regarding amplification of the background mutation rate by demonstrating that the majority of human tumors result from accumulated mutations due to DNA replication errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carr J. Smith
- Department of Nurse Anesthesia, Florida State University, Panama City, FL, USA
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Prantl EM, Kramer M, Schmidt CK, Knauer M, Gartiser S, Shuliakevich A, Milas J, Glatt H, Meinl W, Hollert H. Comparison of in vitro test systems using bacterial and mammalian cells for genotoxicity assessment within the "health-related indication value (HRIV) concept. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:3996-4010. [PMID: 27928753 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8166-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In numerous cases, the German health-related indication value (HRIV) concept has proved its practicability for the assessment of drinking water relevant trace substances (Umweltbundesamt 2003). The HRIV is based on the toxicological profile of a substance. An open point of the HRIV concept has been the assignment of standardized test procedures to be used for the assessment. The level of the HRIV is at its lowest as soon as the genotoxicity of the substance is detected. As a single test on its own, it is not sufficient enough to assess the human toxicological relevance of a genotoxic effect or exclude it in the case of a negative result; a reasonable test battery was required, technically oriented towards the already harmonized international, hierarchical evaluation for toxicological assessment of chemicals. Therefore, an important aim of this project was to define a strategy for the genotoxicological assessment of anthropogenic trace substances. The basic test battery for genotoxicity of micropollutants in drinking water needs to fulfill several requirements. Although quick test results are needed for the determination of HRIV, a high degree of transferability to human genotoxicity should be ensured. Therefore, an in vitro genotoxicity test battery consisting of the Ames fluctuation test with two tester strains (ISO 11350), the umu test and the micronucleus test, or from the Ames test with five tester strains (OECD 471) and the micronucleus test is proposed. On the basis of selected test substances, it could be shown that the test battery leads to positive, indifferent, and negative results. Given indifferent results, the health authority and the water supplier must assume that it is a genotoxic substance. Genetically modified tester strains are being sensitive to different chemical classes by expression of selected mammalian key enzymes for example nitroreductase, acetyltransferase, and glutathione-S-transferase. These strains may provide valuable additional information and may give a first indication of the mechanism of action. To check this hypothesis, various additional strains expressing specific human-relevant enzymes were investigated. It could be shown that the additional use of genetically modified tester strains can enhance the detectable substance spectrum with the bacterial genotoxicological standard procedures or increase the sensitivity. The additional use provides orienting information at this level as a lot of data can be obtained quite quickly and with little effort. These indications of the mechanism of action should be however verified with a test system that uses mammalian cells, better human cells, to check their actual relevance. The selection of appropriate additional tester strains has to be defined from case to case depending on the molecular structure and also still requires some major expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Prantl
- Water Laboratory, RheinEnergie AG, Parkgürtel 24, 50823, Köln, Germany.
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Meike Kramer
- Water Laboratory, RheinEnergie AG, Parkgürtel 24, 50823, Köln, Germany
| | - Carsten K Schmidt
- Water Laboratory, RheinEnergie AG, Parkgürtel 24, 50823, Köln, Germany
| | - Martina Knauer
- Hydrotox GmbH, Bötzinger Straße 29, 79111, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Stefan Gartiser
- Hydrotox GmbH, Bötzinger Straße 29, 79111, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Aliaksandra Shuliakevich
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julia Milas
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hansruedi Glatt
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Walter Meinl
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Guan D, Fan K, Spence I, Matthews S. Combining machine learning models of in vitro and in vivo bioassays improves rat carcinogenicity prediction. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 94:8-15. [PMID: 29337192 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In vitro genotoxicity bioassays are cost-efficient methods of assessing potential carcinogens. However, many genotoxicity bioassays are inappropriate for detecting chemicals eliciting non-genotoxic mechanisms, such as tumour promotion, this necessitates the use of in vivo rodent carcinogenicity (IVRC) assays. In silico IVRC modelling could potentially address the low throughput and high cost of this assay. We aimed to develop and combine computational QSAR models of novel bioassays for the prediction of IVRC results and compare with existing software. QSAR models were generated from existing Ames (n = 6512), Syrian Hamster Embryonic (SHE, n = 410), ISSCAN rodent carcinogenicity (ISC, n = 834) and GreenScreen GADD45a-GFP (n = 1415) chemical datasets. These models mapped the molecular descriptors of each compound to their respective assay result using machine learning algorithms (adaboost, k-Nearest Neighbours, C.45 Decision Tree, Multilayer Perceptron, Random Forest). The best performing models were combined with k-Nearest Neighbours to create a cascade model for IVRC prediction. High QSAR model performance was observed from ten time 10-fold cross-validation with above 80% accuracy and 0.85 AUC for each assay dataset. The cascade model predicted rat carcinogenicity with 69.3% accuracy and 0.700 AUC. This study demonstrates the novelty of a combined approach for IVRC prediction, with higher performance than existing software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davy Guan
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Kevin Fan
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian Spence
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Slade Matthews
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Australia.
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Smith CJ, Perfetti TA. Tumor site concordance and genetic toxicology test correlations in NTP 2-year gavage, drinking water, dermal, and intraperitoneal injection studies. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847317751147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The National Toxicology Program has conducted 594, 2-year studies exposing various strains of rats and mice via different routes of exposure. In the current study, we analyze the results from 108 chemicals tested in 106, 2-year studies conducted by exposing F334/N rats and B6C3F1 mice via gavage. An additional 18, 2-year gavage studies have been conducted in Osborne–Mendel rats and B6C3F1 mice on 19 different chemicals. We analyze the results from 23 chemicals tested in 21, 2-year studies conducted by exposing F334/N rats and B6C3F1 mice via drinking water; 18 chemicals tested in 18, 2-year studies conducted by exposing F334/N rats and B6C3F1 mice via dermal application; and 11 chemicals tested in 11, 2-year studies conducted by exposing F334/N rats and B6C3F1 mice via intraperitoneal injection. The results from these 174 studies are analyzed and discussed separately. The neoplasticity of each chemical was analyzed for tumor incidence by species–sex category, tumor site concordance across species, and tumor site concordance across sex within species. When available the Ames Salmonella mutagenicity assay results, and any results from a test for genotoxicity other than the Ames test, were correlated with the neoplasticity results. Tumor site concordance across sex within species is generally higher than tumor site concordance across species. In addition, the high degree of variability of Ames test results suggests that historical Ames test data are less reliable than recent results conducted under good laboratory practices and employing Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development protocols relevant to the physicochemical characteristics of the test chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carr J Smith
- Department of Nurse Anesthesia, Florida State University, Panama City, Florida, USA
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Smith CJ, Perfetti TA, Ko GM, Garg R. Ames mutagenicity, structural alerts of carcinogenicity, Hansch QSAR parameters (ClogP, CMR, MgVol), tumor site concordance/multiplicity, and tumorigenicity rank in NTP 2-year rodent studies. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847318759327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its inception in 1976, the National Toxicology Program (NTP) has conducted 594 2-year studies on rats and mice by a number of routes of administration including inhalation, feed, drinking water, dermal, and intraperitoneal injection. Of these studies, the results on 470 chemicals were of adequate technical quality to be incorporated into final technical reports. In this study, the 470 chemicals were categorized from 1 to 48 by the level of “clear” neoplastic evidence in male and female rats, and in male and female mice, and given an ordinal rank from 1 to 135 following additional considerations regarding tumor site concordance and tumor multiplicity. The resultant tumorigenicity category score and ordinal rank score were examined for associations with results in the Ames Salmonella mutagenicity assay; presence or absence of structural alerts of carcinogenicity; and three Hansch Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) parameters, namely, calculated base 10 logarithm of the octanol–water partition coefficient (ClogP), calculated molar refractivity (CMR), and McGowan molecular volume (MgVol). Smaller molecular volumes were found to be associated with higher levels of tumorigenicity. Whereas lower rather than higher levels of lipophilicity were found to be associated with higher levels of tumorigenicity. Positive Ames test results were positively correlated with overall tumorigenicity and with possession of structural alerts. Since larger organic molecules have more chemical reaction centers, it was not surprising that higher ClogP values were positively correlated with the number of structural alerts. The results from this study demonstrate the ability to devise rational rules for relative tumorigenicity that correlate, in biologically plausible ways, with known parameters of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carr J Smith
- Department of Nurse Anesthesia, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | | | - Gene M Ko
- Electromagnetic Systems Group, General Atomics, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rajni Garg
- Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, Wahler J. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment benzyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate, CAS Registry Number 2094-69-1. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 115 Suppl 1:S96-S106. [PMID: 29288762 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA.
| | - D Belsito
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D Browne
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo SE-20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 58109, USA
| | - J Buschmann
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - M L Dagli
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M Date
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - W Dekant
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - M Francis
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - S La Cava
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
| | - D O'Brien
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - R Parakhia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - A Patel
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member of RIFM Expert Panel, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN 37996-4500, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, PO Box 245050, Tucson, AZ 85724-5050, USA
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - E H Theophilus
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - A K Tiethof
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - S Tsang
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - J Wahler
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
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45
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Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, Wahler J. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment 2,4-dimethylbenzyl acetate, CAS Registry Number 62346-96-7. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 115 Suppl 1:S80-S89. [PMID: 29246505 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA.
| | - D Belsito
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D Browne
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE 20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 58109, USA
| | - J Buschmann
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - M L Dagli
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M Date
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - W Dekant
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - M Francis
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - S La Cava
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
| | - D O'Brien
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - R Parakhia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - A Patel
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member of RIFM Expert Panel, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN 37996- 4500, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ 85724-5050, USA
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - E H Theophilus
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - A K Tiethof
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Editor-in-Chief, Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - S Tsang
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - J Wahler
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
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Smith CJ, Perfetti TA. Tumor site concordance and genetic toxicology test correlations in NTP 2-year feed studies. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847317739942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents an analysis of species, sex concordance in tumorigenicity among National Toxicology Program (NTP) chemicals tested for carcinogenicity by feed. It includes mutagenicity and other genetic toxicology test results, as well as Log P values. A total of 213 chemicals were tested in 212 2-year studies by exposing F334/N rats and B6C3F1 mice in their feed. Twenty-two of the 213 chemicals tested were clearly neoplastic in male and female rats and mice. Thirteen of these 22 chemicals were positive in at least one Ames test representing a prediction accuracy of 59.1%. Seventy-six of 213 chemicals tested were not neoplastic in either rodent species. Of the 22 ubiquitously neoplastic chemicals, 14 were concordant for developing tumors at the same anatomical site both across species and across sex within species. Of the 22 ubiquitously neoplastic chemicals, none were concordant for developing tumors at the same anatomical site across species, but not across sex within species. The neoplastic response to chemicals administered in feed displays more concordance within either male or female rats, or male and female mice, than between male rats and male mice, or female rats and female mice. In the NTP feed studies, negative Ames test results are more predictive of neoplastic responses than positive Ames test results. Log P values for the chemicals that produced tumors in male and female rats and mice were compared to chemicals that did not produce tumors. A statistical comparison between these Log P values showed no relationship between Log P values and neoplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carr J Smith
- Department of Nurse Anesthesia, Florida State University, Panama City, FL, USA
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47
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Silano V, Bolognesi C, Castle L, Chipman K, Cravedi JP, Engel KH, Fowler P, Franz R, Grob K, Gürtler R, Husøy T, Kärenlampi S, Milana MR, Pfaff K, Riviere G, Srinivasan J, Tavares Poças MDF, Tlustos C, Wölfle D, Zorn H, Benigni R, Binderup ML, Brimer L, Marcon F, Marzin D, Mosesso P, Mulder G, Oskarsson A, Svendsen C, Anastassiadou M, Carfì M, Saarma S, Mennes W. Safety of ethyl acrylate to be used as flavouring. EFSA J 2017; 15:e05012. [PMID: 32625331 PMCID: PMC7010172 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing Aids (CEF Panel) was requested by the European Commission according to Art. 29 1(a) of the Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 to carry out a review of existing literature on the safety of ethyl acrylate [FL-no: 09.037] when used as a flavouring substance. Ethyl acrylate [FL-no: 09.037] was evaluated in 2010 by EFSA in FGE.71 as a flavouring substance, based on the 2006 JECFA evaluation. The Panel concluded that ethyl acrylate was of no safety concern at estimated level of intake as flavouring substance based on the Maximised Survey-Derived Daily Intake (MSDI) approach. The Panel has evaluated the new literature available and any previous assessments performed by JECFA (2006) and EFSA (2010). Moreover, new data on the use levels of ethyl acrylate as flavouring substance have been provided. For use as flavouring substance, the chronic dietary exposure estimated using the added portions exposure technique (APET), is calculated to be 3,545 μg/person per day for a 60-kg adult and 2,233 μg/person per day for a 15-kg 3-year-old child. Exposure from food contact materials may be up to 6,000 μg/person per day. The Panel considered that based on the available data, which covers all relevant genetic endpoints (i.e. gene mutations, structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations) there is no concern with respect to genotoxicity of ethyl acrylate. The Panel evaluated the available carcinogenicity studies conducted in rats and mice and agreed with the NTP evaluation (1998) concluding that the forestomach squamous cell papilloma and carcinoma observed in rodents were not relevant to humans. Additionally, there was no evidence of systemic toxicity in short-term and subchronic toxicity studies. Therefore, the Panel concluded that there is no safety concern for the use of ethyl acrylate as a flavouring substance, under the intended conditions of use.
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Effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on newly synthesized phenothiazine derivative-CPTA dye and its applications as dye sensitized solar cell. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.08.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Umbuzeiro GDA, Heringa M, Zeiger E. In Vitro Genotoxicity Testing: Significance and Use in Environmental Monitoring. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 157:59-80. [PMID: 27631084 DOI: 10.1007/10_2015_5018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
There is ongoing concern about the consequences of mutations in humans and biota arising from environmental exposures to industrial and other chemicals. Genetic toxicity tests have been used to analyze chemicals, foods, drugs, and environmental matrices such as air, water, soil, and wastewaters. This is because the mutagenicity of a substance is highly correlated with its carcinogenicity. However, no less important are the germ cell mutations, because the adverse outcome is related not only to an individual but also to population levels. For environmental analysis the most common choices are in vitro assays, and among them the most widely used is the Ames test (Salmonella/microsome assay). There are several protocols and methodological approaches to be applied when environmental samples are tested and these are discussed in this chapter, along with the meaning and relevance of the obtained responses. Two case studies illustrate the utility of in vitro mutagenicity tests such as the Ames test. It is clear that, although it is not possible to use the outcome of the test directly in risk assessment, the application of the assays provides a great opportunity to monitor the exposure of humans and biota to mutagenic substances for the purpose of reducing or quantifying that exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minne Heringa
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Errol Zeiger
- Errol Zeiger Consulting, 800 Indian Springs Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
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50
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Advanced Approaches to Model Xenobiotic Metabolism in Bacterial Genotoxicology In Vitro. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 27619490 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
During the past 30 years there has been considerable progress in the development of bacterial test systems for use in genotoxicity testing by the stable introduction of expression vectors (cDNAs) coding for xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes into bacterial cells. The development not only provides insights into the mechanisms of bioactivation of xenobiotic compounds but also evaluates the roles of enzymes involved in metabolic activation or inactivation in chemical carcinogenesis. This review describes recent advances in bacterial genotoxicity assays and their future prospects, with a focus on the development and application of genetically engineering bacterial cells to incorporate some of the enzymatic activities involved in the bio-activation process of xenobiotics. Various genes have been introduced into bacterial umu tester strains encoding enzymes for genotoxic bioactivation, including bacterial nitroreductase and O-acetyltransferase, human cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, rat glutathione S-transferases, and human N-acetyltransferases and sulfotransferases. Their application has provided new tools for genotoxicity assays and for studying the role of biotransformation in chemical carcinogenesis in humans.
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