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Reeve M, Kanai M, Graham D, Karjalainen J, Luo S, Kolosov N, Adams C, Ritari J, Karczewski K, Kiiskinen T, Fuller Z, Mehtonen J, Kurki M, Khan Z, Partanen J, McCarthy M, Artomov M, Tuomi T, Pirinen M, Kero J, Xavier R, Daly M, Ripatti S, Gen F. Autoimmune hypothyroidism GWAS reveals independent autoimmune and thyroid-specific contributions and an inverse relation with cancer risk. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4626646. [PMID: 39041034 PMCID: PMC11261955 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4626646/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The high prevalence of autoimmune hypothyroidism (AIHT) - more than 5% in human populations - provides a unique opportunity to unlock the most complete picture to date of genetic loci that underlie systemic and organ-specific autoimmunity. Using a meta-analysis of 81,718 AIHT cases in FinnGen and the UK Biobank, we dissect associations along axes of thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity. This largest-to-date scan of hypothyroidism identifies 418 independent associations (p < 5×10- 8), more than half of which have not previously been documented in thyroid disease. In 48 of these, a protein-coding variant is the lead SNP or is highly correlated (r2 > 0.95) with the lead SNP at the locus, including low-frequency coding variants at LAG3, ZAP70, TG, TNFSF11, IRF3, S1PR4, HABP2, ZNF429 as well as established variants at ADCY7, IFIH1 and TYK2. The variants at LAG3 (P67T), ZAP70 (T155M), and TG (Q655X) are highly enriched in Finland and functional experiments in T-cells demonstrate that the ZAP70:T155M allele reduces T-cell activation. By employing a large-scale scan of non-thyroid autoimmunity and a published meta-analysis of TSH levels, we use a Bayesian classifier to dissect the associated loci into distinct groupings and from this estimate, a significant proportion are involved in systemic (i.e., general to multiple autoimmune conditions) autoimmunity (34%) and another subset in thyroid-specific dysfunction (17%). By comparing these association results further to other common disease endpoints, we identify a noteworthy overlap with skin cancer, with 10% of AIHT loci showing a consistent but opposite pattern of association where alleles that increase the risk of hypothyroidism have protective effects for skin cancer. The association results, including genes encoding checkpoint inhibitors and other genes affecting protein levels of PD1, bolster the causal role of natural variation in autoimmunity influencing cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Reeve
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FiMM)
| | | | | | - Juha Karjalainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki
| | - Shuang Luo
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jukka Kero
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku
| | | | | | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki
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2
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Weiss A. Peeking Into the Black Box of T Cell Receptor Signaling. Annu Rev Immunol 2024; 42:1-20. [PMID: 37788477 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-090222-112028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
I have spent more than the last 40 years at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), studying T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. I was blessed with supportive mentors, an exceptionally talented group of trainees, and wonderful collaborators and colleagues during my journey who have enabled me to make significant contributions to our understanding of how the TCR initiates signaling. TCR signaling events contribute to T cell development as well as to mature T cell activation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Weiss
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
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3
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Mustafa A, Ahmed RHA, Eltayeb HH, Elsadeg M, Salih OAMM, Erwa NHH. Rare Biallelic Variants Affecting the Interdomain B Region of Zeta-Chain Associated Protein Kinase 70 (ZAP70) Protein in a Sudanese Patient: Case Report. Int Med Case Rep J 2024; 17:565-571. [PMID: 38836069 PMCID: PMC11149648 DOI: 10.2147/imcrj.s451600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction A class of disorders known as inborn errors of immunity (IEI) is defined by a compromised or missing immune response, which increases the vulnerability to infections, immunological dysregulation, and cancer. Severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCIDs), affecting both T and B-cell function are rare but often severe diseases. In this report, we describe a 10-month-old SCID patient from Sudan with disseminated BCG infection. Case Presentation A 10-month-old boy whose parents were first degree relatives, presented with a six-month history of repeated chest infections and fever. Physical examination revealed a very ill-looking boy with respiratory distress dependent on oxygen, had slight abdominal distention and hepatomegaly. Investigations revealed positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for M. tuberculosis complex infection and low CD4+ and CD8+ cells. Genetic testing showed compound heterozygosity in trans for two variants in the Zeta-chain Associated Protein Kinase 70 (ZAP70) gene associated with autosomal recessive SCID. The patient was started on BCG-related infection treatment, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) replacement and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis with an excellent response and the patient responded well to the treatment. Conclusion SCIDs are rare, and early management is crucial. In this case, a diagnosis of ZAP70 deficiency was based on next-generation sequencing and inhouse bioinformatic computational analysis of the ZAP70 gene, highlighting the importance of genetic testing in the workup of immunodeficiencies in low resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamin Mustafa
- Al-Neelain University, Faculty of Medicine, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | | | - Malaz Elsadeg
- Faculty of Medicine, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan
| | - Omaima Abdel Majeed Mohamed Salih
- Departments of Pediatrics and Child Health, Tropical and Infectious Diseases Consultant, Clinical Immunologist, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan
| | - Nahla H H Erwa
- Clinical Immunology Consultant, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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4
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Zhou J, Qian M, Jiang N, Wu J, Feng X, Yu M, Min Q, Xu H, Yang Y, Yang Q, Zhou F, Shao L, Zhu H, Yang Y, Wang JY, Ruan Q, Zhang W. A Novel Homozygous RHOH Variant Associated with T Cell Dysfunction and Recurrent Opportunistic Infections. J Clin Immunol 2024; 44:131. [PMID: 38775840 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-024-01735-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
RHOH, an atypical small GTPase predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells, plays a vital role in immune function. A deficiency in RHOH has been linked to epidermodysplasia verruciformis, lung disease, Burkitt lymphoma and T cell defects. Here, we report a novel germline homozygous RHOH c.245G > A (p.Cys82Tyr) variant in a 21-year-old male suffering from recurrent, invasive, opportunistic infections affecting the lungs, eyes, and brain. His sister also succumbed to a lung infection during early adulthood. The patient exhibited a persistent decrease in CD4+ T, B, and NK cell counts, and hypoimmunoglobulinemia. The patient's T cell showed impaired activation upon in vitro TCR stimulation. In Jurkat T cells transduced with RHOHC82Y, a similar reduction in activation marker CD69 up-regulation was observed. Furthermore, the C82Y variant showed reduced RHOH protein expression and impaired interaction with the TCR signaling molecule ZAP70. Together, these data suggest that the newly identified autosomal-recessive RHOH variant is associated with T cell dysfunction and recurrent opportunistic infections, functioning as a hypomorph by disrupting ZAP70-mediated TCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 M. Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Mengqing Qian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 M. Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 M. Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, SKLG, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Sci-Tech Inno Center for Infection & Immunity, Shanghai, 200052, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 M. Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xiaoqian Feng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Room 921, West #13 building, 130 Dong'an road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Meiping Yu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Min
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoxin Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 M. Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yixuan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 M. Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Qingluan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 M. Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Feiran Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 M. Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Lingyun Shao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 M. Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Haoxiang Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 M. Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatic Diseases, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, 650034, China
| | - Ji-Yang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Room 921, West #13 building, 130 Dong'an road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Sci-Tech Inno Center for Infection & Immunity, Shanghai, 200052, China.
| | - Qiaoling Ruan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 M. Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 M. Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Shanghai Sci-Tech Inno Center for Infection & Immunity, Shanghai, 200052, China
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5
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Dinges SS, Amini K, Notarangelo LD, Delmonte OM. Primary and secondary defects of the thymus. Immunol Rev 2024; 322:178-211. [PMID: 38228406 PMCID: PMC10950553 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The thymus is the primary site of T-cell development, enabling generation, and selection of a diverse repertoire of T cells that recognize non-self, whilst remaining tolerant to self- antigens. Severe congenital disorders of thymic development (athymia) can be fatal if left untreated due to infections, and thymic tissue implantation is the only cure. While newborn screening for severe combined immune deficiency has allowed improved detection at birth of congenital athymia, thymic disorders acquired later in life are still underrecognized and assessing the quality of thymic function in such conditions remains a challenge. The thymus is sensitive to injury elicited from a variety of endogenous and exogenous factors, and its self-renewal capacity decreases with age. Secondary and age-related forms of thymic dysfunction may lead to an increased risk of infections, malignancy, and autoimmunity. Promising results have been obtained in preclinical models and clinical trials upon administration of soluble factors promoting thymic regeneration, but to date no therapy is approved for clinical use. In this review we provide a background on thymus development, function, and age-related involution. We discuss disease mechanisms, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches for primary and secondary thymic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S. Dinges
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kayla Amini
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Luigi D. Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ottavia M. Delmonte
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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6
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Lui VG, Hoenig M, Cabrera-Martinez B, Baxter RM, Garcia-Perez JE, Bailey O, Acharya A, Lundquist K, Capera J, Matusewicz P, Hartl FA, D’Abramo M, Alba J, Jacobsen EM, Niewolik D, Lorenz M, Pannicke U, Schulz AS, Debatin KM, Schamel WW, Minguet S, Gumbart JC, Dustin ML, Cambier JC, Schwarz K, Hsieh EW. A partial human LCK defect causes a T cell immunodeficiency with intestinal inflammation. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20230927. [PMID: 37962568 PMCID: PMC10644909 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) is essential for T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-mediated signal transduction. Here, we report two siblings homozygous for a novel LCK variant (c.1318C>T; P440S) characterized by T cell lymphopenia with skewed memory phenotype, infant-onset recurrent infections, failure to thrive, and protracted diarrhea. The patients' T cells show residual TCR signal transduction and proliferation following anti-CD3/CD28 and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation. We demonstrate in mouse models that complete (Lck-/-) versus partial (LckP440S/P440S) loss-of-function LCK causes disease with differing phenotypes. While both Lck-/- and LckP440S/P440S mice exhibit arrested thymic T cell development and profound T cell lymphopenia, only LckP440S/P440S mice show residual T cell proliferation, cytokine production, and intestinal inflammation. Furthermore, the intestinal disease in the LckP440S/P440S mice is prevented by CD4+ T cell depletion or regulatory T cell transfer. These findings demonstrate that P440S LCK spares sufficient T cell function to allow the maturation of some conventional T cells but not regulatory T cells-leading to intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor G. Lui
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Manfred Hoenig
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Berenice Cabrera-Martinez
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ryan M. Baxter
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Josselyn E. Garcia-Perez
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Olivia Bailey
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Atanu Acharya
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- BioInspired Syracuse and Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Karl Lundquist
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jesusa Capera
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Matusewicz
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frederike A. Hartl
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco D’Abramo
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Josephine Alba
- Department of Biology, Université de Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Doris Niewolik
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Myriam Lorenz
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pannicke
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ansgar S. Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang W. Schamel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susana Minguet
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - James C. Gumbart
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John C. Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Klaus Schwarz
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Wuerttemberg-Hessen, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elena W.Y. Hsieh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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7
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Benavides N, White JC, Sanmillan ML, Thomas M, Le T, Caywood E, Giraudo CG. Novel Compound Heterozygous ZAP70 R37G A507T Mutations in Infant with Severe Immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol 2023; 44:27. [PMID: 38129328 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01608-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Zeta-chain associated protein kinase 70 kDa (ZAP70) combined immunodeficiency (CID) is an autosomal recessive severe immunodeficiency that is characterized by abnormal T-cell receptor signaling. Children with the disorder typically present during the first year of life with diarrhea, failure to thrive, and recurrent bacterial, viral, or opportunistic infections. To date, the only potential cure is hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). The majority of described mutations causing disease occur in the homozygous state, though heterozygotes are reported without a clear understanding as to how the individual mutations interact to cause disease. This case describes an infant with novel ZAP-70 deficiency mutations involving the SH2 and kinase domains cured with allogeneic HSCT utilizing a reduced-intensity conditioning regimen and graft manipulation. We then were able to further elucidate the molecular signaling alterations imparted by these mutations that lead to altered immune function. In order to examine the effect of these novel compound ZAP70 heterozygous mutations on T cells, Jurkat CD4+ T cells were transfected with either wild type, or with individual ZAP70 R37G and A507T mutant constructs. Downstream TCR signaling events and protein localization results link these novel mutations to the expected immunological outcome as seen in the patient's primary cells. This study further characterizes mutations in the ZAP70 gene as combined immunodeficiency and the clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Benavides
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Jason C White
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Nemours Children's Hospital Delaware, Wilmington, USA
| | - Maria L Sanmillan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Morgan Thomas
- Department of Genetics, Nemours Children's Hospital Delaware, Wilmington, USA
| | - Trong Le
- Department of Allergy/Immunology, Nemours Children's Hospital Delaware, Wilmington, USA
| | - Emi Caywood
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Nemours Children's Hospital Delaware, Wilmington, USA
| | - Claudio G Giraudo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.
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8
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Fernández-Aguilar LM, Vico-Barranco I, Arbulo-Echevarria MM, Aguado E. A Story of Kinases and Adaptors: The Role of Lck, ZAP-70 and LAT in Switch Panel Governing T-Cell Development and Activation. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1163. [PMID: 37759563 PMCID: PMC10525366 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Specific antigen recognition is one of the immune system's features that allows it to mount intense yet controlled responses to an infinity of potential threats. T cells play a relevant role in the host defense and the clearance of pathogens by means of the specific recognition of peptide antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and, to do so, they are equipped with a clonally distributed antigen receptor called the T-cell receptor (TCR). Upon the specific engagement of the TCR, multiple intracellular signals are triggered, which lead to the activation, proliferation and differentiation of T lymphocytes into effector cells. In addition, this signaling cascade also operates during T-cell development, allowing for the generation of cells that can be helpful in the defense against threats, as well as preventing the generation of autoreactive cells. Early TCR signals include phosphorylation events in which the tyrosine kinases Lck and ZAP70 are involved. The sequential activation of these kinases leads to the phosphorylation of the transmembrane adaptor LAT, which constitutes a signaling hub for the generation of a signalosome, finally resulting in T-cell activation. These early signals play a relevant role in triggering the development, activation, proliferation and apoptosis of T cells, and the negative regulation of these signals is key to avoid aberrant processes that could generate inappropriate cellular responses and disease. In this review, we will examine and discuss the roles of the tyrosine kinases Lck and ZAP70 and the membrane adaptor LAT in these cellular processes.
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Grants
- PY20_01297 Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades, Junta de Andalucía, Spain
- PID2020-113943RB-I00 Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain
- PR2022-037 University of Cádiz
- PAIDI2020/DOC_01433 Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades, Junta de Andalucía, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M. Fernández-Aguilar
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain; (L.M.F.-A.); (I.V.-B.); (M.M.A.-E.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), University of Cadiz, 11002 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Vico-Barranco
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain; (L.M.F.-A.); (I.V.-B.); (M.M.A.-E.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), University of Cadiz, 11002 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Mikel M. Arbulo-Echevarria
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain; (L.M.F.-A.); (I.V.-B.); (M.M.A.-E.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), University of Cadiz, 11002 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Enrique Aguado
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain; (L.M.F.-A.); (I.V.-B.); (M.M.A.-E.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), University of Cadiz, 11002 Cadiz, Spain
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9
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Liu C, Raab M, Gui Y, Rudd CE. Multi-functional adaptor SKAP1: regulator of integrin activation, the stop-signal, and the proliferation of T cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1192838. [PMID: 37325633 PMCID: PMC10264576 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1192838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell activation is a complex process involving a network of kinases and downstream molecular scaffolds or adaptors that integrate surface signals with effector functions. One key immune-specific adaptor is Src kinase-associated phosphoprotein 1 (SKAP1), which is also known as src kinase-associated protein of 55 kDa (SKAP55). This mini-review explains how SKAP1 plays multiple roles in regulating integrin activation, the "stop-signal", and the optimization of the cell cycling of proliferating T cells through interactions with various mediators, including the Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1). Ongoing research on SKAP1 and its binding partners will likely provide important insights into the regulation of immune function and have implications for the development of new treatments for disease states such as cancer and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Faculté de Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Immunology-Oncology, Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Monika Raab
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yirui Gui
- Faculté de Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Immunology-Oncology, Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Christopher E. Rudd
- Faculté de Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Immunology-Oncology, Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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10
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Mongellaz C, Vicente R, Noroski LM, Noraz N, Courgnaud V, Chinen J, Faria E, Zimmermann VS, Taylor N. Combined immunodeficiency caused by pathogenic variants in the ZAP70 C-terminal SH2 domain. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1155883. [PMID: 37313400 PMCID: PMC10258307 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1155883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction ZAP-70, a protein tyrosine kinase recruited to the T cell receptor (TCR), initiates a TCR signaling cascade upon antigen stimulation. Mutations in the ZAP70 gene cause a combined immunodeficiency characterized by low or absent CD8+ T cells and nonfunctional CD4+ T cells. Most deleterious missense ZAP70 mutations in patients are located in the kinase domain but the impact of mutations in the SH2 domains, regulating ZAP-70 recruitment to the TCR, are not well understood. Methods Genetic analyses were performed on four patients with CD8 lymphopenia and a high resolution melting screening for ZAP70 mutations was developed. The impact of SH2 domain mutations was evaluated by biochemical and functional analyses as well as by protein modeling. Results and discussion Genetic characterization of an infant who presented with pneumocystis pneumonia, mycobacterial infection, and an absence of CD8 T cells revealed a novel homozygous mutation in the C-terminal SH2 domain (SH2-C) of the ZAP70 gene (c.C343T, p.R170C). A distantly related second patient was found to be compound heterozygous for the R170C variant and a 13bp deletion in the ZAP70 kinase domain. While the R170C mutant was highly expressed, there was an absence of TCR-induced proliferation, associated with significantly attenuated TCR-induced ZAP-70 phosphorylation and a lack of binding of ZAP-70 to TCR-ζ. Moreover, a homozygous ZAP-70 R192W variant was identified in 2 siblings with combined immunodeficiency and CD8 lymphopenia, confirming the pathogenicity of this mutation. Structural modeling of this region revealed the critical nature of the arginines at positions 170 and 192, in concert with R190, forming a binding pocket for the phosphorylated TCR-ζ chain. Deleterious mutations in the SH2-C domain result in attenuated ZAP-70 function and clinical manifestations of immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Mongellaz
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | - Rita Vicente
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | - Lenora M. Noroski
- Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology Section, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nelly Noraz
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Courgnaud
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | - Javier Chinen
- Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology Section, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Emilia Faria
- Immunoallergy Department, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Valérie S. Zimmermann
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | - Naomi Taylor
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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11
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Anto NP, Arya AK, Muraleedharan A, Shaik J, Nath PR, Livneh E, Sun Z, Braiman A, Isakov N. Cyclophilin A associates with and regulates the activity of ZAP70 in TCR/CD3-stimulated T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 80:7. [PMID: 36495335 PMCID: PMC11072327 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04657-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ZAP70 protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) couples stimulated T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) to their downstream signal transduction pathways and is sine qua non for T cell activation and differentiation. TCR engagement leads to activation-induced post-translational modifications of ZAP70, predominantly by kinases, which modulate its conformation, leading to activation of its catalytic domain. Here, we demonstrate that ZAP70 in TCR/CD3-activated mouse spleen and thymus cells, as well as human Jurkat T cells, is regulated by the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase), cyclophilin A (CypA) and that this regulation is abrogated by cyclosporin A (CsA), a CypA inhibitor. We found that TCR crosslinking promoted a rapid and transient, Lck-dependent association of CypA with the interdomain B region, at the ZAP70 regulatory domain. CsA inhibited CypA binding to ZAP70 and prevented the colocalization of CypA and ZAP70 at the cell membrane. In addition, imaging analyses of antigen-specific T cells stimulated by MHC-restricted antigen-fed antigen-presenting cells revealed the recruitment of ZAP70-bound CypA to the immunological synapse. Enzymatically active CypA downregulated the catalytic activity of ZAP70 in vitro, an effect that was reversed by CsA in TCR/CD3-activated normal T cells but not in CypA-deficient T cells, and further confirmed in vivo by FRET-based studies. We suggest that CypA plays a role in determining the activity of ZAP70 in TCR-engaged T cells and impact on T cell activation by intervening with the activity of multiple downstream effector molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Ponnoor Anto
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Awadhesh Kumar Arya
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Amitha Muraleedharan
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Jakeer Shaik
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Pulak Ranjan Nath
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Clinical and Translational Immunology Unit, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1857, USA
| | - Etta Livneh
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Zuoming Sun
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Alex Braiman
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Noah Isakov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel.
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12
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Chong G, MacKerell AD. Spatial requirements for ITAM signaling in an intracellular natural killer cell model membrane. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130221. [PMID: 35933027 PMCID: PMC9420803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
FcγRIIIa-FcεRIγ complexes, upon stimulation by antibodies, cluster to initiate intracellular signaling and activate natural killer (NK) cells. Intracellular signaling involves Lck phosphorylation of ITAMs of each monomer of a FcεRIγ homodimer in a FcγRIIIa-FcεRIγ complex and subsequent binding of two phosphotyrosines (pY) in tandem by a Syk family kinase. However, how FcR clustering triggers ITAM signaling is not resolved. Molecular modeling and dynamics (MD) simulations are applied to generate ensembles of structures of the FcγRIIIa and FcεRIγ homodimeric cytoplasmic tails of FcγRIIIa-FcεRIγ complexes based on the transmembrane helices and cytoplasmic tails spaced 120, 80, and 50 Å apart to model different extents of clustering. Site-identification by ligand competitive saturation method with Monte Carlo sampling (SILCS-MC) is used to model how Lck could phosphorylate a diversity of ITAM conformations. At 80 Å separation between FcγRIIIa-FcεRIγ complexes, Lck can perform multiple phosphorylations on individual and multiple ITAMs across complexes, including potential sequential phosphorylation events. Syk may then potentially bind the two pYs within a single ITAM in tandem in isolated FcγRIIIa-FcεRIγ complexes, as observed in CD3ε and ζ chains of T cell receptors by the Syk family kinase ZAP-70. In addition, at 50 Å separation between complexes, unique to natural killer cells over T cells, Syk could potentially bind in tandem to pYs in different ITAMs across FcγRIIIa-FcεRIγ complexes. Thus, we predict that an ensemble of spatial orientations of the ITAMS of FcγRIIIa-FcεRIγ complexes that occur upon clustering lead to ITAM phosphorylation by Lck and subsequent Syk activity thereby facilitating downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene Chong
- Computer Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Alexander D MacKerell
- Computer Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
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13
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Pala F, Notarangelo LD, Bosticardo M. Inborn errors of immunity associated with defects of thymic development. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2022; 33:e13832. [PMID: 36003043 PMCID: PMC11077434 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The main function of the thymus is to support the establishment of a wide repertoire of T lymphocytes capable of eliminating foreign pathogens, yet tolerant to self-antigens. Thymocyte development in the thymus is dependent on the interaction with thymic stromal cells, a complex mixture of cells comprising thymic epithelial cells (TEC), mesenchymal and endothelial cells. The exchange of signals between stromal cells and thymocytes is referred to as "thymic cross-talk". Genetic defects affecting either side of this interaction result in defects in thymic development that ultimately lead to a decreased output of T lymphocytes to the periphery. In the present review, we aim at providing a summary of inborn errors of immunity (IEI) characterized by T-cell lymphopenia due to defects of the thymic stroma, or to hematopoietic-intrinsic defects of T-cell development, with a special focus on recently discovered disorders. Additionally, we review the novel diagnostic tools developed to discover and study new genetic causes of IEI due to defects in thymic development. Finally, we discuss therapeutic approaches to correct thymic defects that are currently available, in addition to potential novel therapies that could be applied in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pala
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marita Bosticardo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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14
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Damen H, Tebid C, Viens M, Roy DC, Dave VP. Negative Regulation of Zap70 by Lck Forms the Mechanistic Basis of Differential Expression in CD4 and CD8 T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:935367. [PMID: 35860252 PMCID: PMC9289233 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.935367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lck and Zap70, two non-receptor tyrosine kinases, play a crucial role in the regulation of membrane proximal TCR signaling critical for thymic selection, CD4/CD8 lineage choice and mature T cell function. Signal initiation upon TCR/CD3 and peptide/MHC interaction induces Lck-mediated phosphorylation of CD3 ITAMs. This is necessary for Zap70 recruitment and its phosphorylation by Lck leading to full Zap70 activation. In its native state Zap70 maintains a closed conformation creating an auto-inhibitory loop, which is relieved by Lck-mediated phosphorylation of Y315/Y319. Zap70 is differentially expressed in thymic subsets and mature T cells with CD8 T cells expressing the highest amount compared to CD4 T cells. However, the mechanistic basis of differential Zap70 expression in thymic subsets and mature T cells is not well understood. Here, we show that Zap70 is degraded relatively faster in DP and mature CD4 T cells compared to CD8 T cells, and inversely correlated with relative level of activated Zap70. Importantly, we found that Zap70 expression is negatively regulated by Lck activity: augmented Lck activity resulting in severe diminution in total Zap70. Moreover, Lck-mediated phosphorylation of Y315/Y319 was essential for Zap70 degradation. Together, these data shed light on the underlying mechanism of Lck-mediated differential modulation of Zap70 expression in thymic subsets and mature T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Damen
- Institute for Hematology-Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Tebid
- Institute for Hematology-Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Melissa Viens
- Institute for Hematology-Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Denis-Claude Roy
- Institute for Hematology-Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Denis-Claude Roy, ; Vibhuti P. Dave,
| | - Vibhuti P. Dave
- Institute for Hematology-Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Denis-Claude Roy, ; Vibhuti P. Dave,
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15
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Vaseghi-Shanjani M, Snow AL, Margolis DJ, Latrous M, Milner JD, Turvey SE, Biggs CM. Atopy as Immune Dysregulation: Offender Genes and Targets. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2022; 10:1737-1756. [PMID: 35680527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Allergic diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders resulting from exaggerated type 2 inflammation. Although typically viewed as polygenic multifactorial disorders caused by the interaction of several genes with the environment, we have come to appreciate that allergic diseases can also be caused by monogenic variants affecting the immune system and the skin epithelial barrier. Through a myriad of genetic association studies and high-throughput sequencing tools, many monogenic and polygenic culprits of allergic diseases have been described. Identifying the genetic causes of atopy has shaped our understanding of how these conditions occur and how they may be treated and even prevented. Precision diagnostic tools and therapies that address the specific molecular pathways implicated in allergic inflammation provide exciting opportunities to improve our care for patients across the field of allergy and immunology. Here, we highlight offender genes implicated in polygenic and monogenic allergic diseases and list targeted therapeutic approaches that address these disrupted pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Vaseghi-Shanjani
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew L Snow
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md
| | - David J Margolis
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Meriem Latrous
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Catherine M Biggs
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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16
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Gangopadhyay K, Roy S, Sen Gupta S, Chandradasan A, Chowdhury S, Das R. Regulating the discriminatory response to antigen by T-cell receptor. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:BSR20212012. [PMID: 35260878 PMCID: PMC8965820 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-mediated immune response constitutes a robust host defense mechanism to eliminate pathogens and oncogenic cells. T cells play a central role in such a defense mechanism and creating memories to prevent any potential infection. T cell recognizes foreign antigen by its surface receptors when presented through antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and calibrates its cellular response by a network of intracellular signaling events. Activation of T-cell receptor (TCR) leads to changes in gene expression and metabolic networks regulating cell development, proliferation, and migration. TCR does not possess any catalytic activity, and the signaling initiates with the colocalization of several enzymes and scaffold proteins. Deregulation of T cell signaling is often linked to autoimmune disorders like severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. The TCR remarkably distinguishes the minor difference between self and non-self antigen through a kinetic proofreading mechanism. The output of TCR signaling is determined by the half-life of the receptor antigen complex and the time taken to recruit and activate the downstream enzymes. A longer half-life of a non-self antigen receptor complex could initiate downstream signaling by activating associated enzymes. Whereas, the short-lived, self-peptide receptor complex disassembles before the downstream enzymes are activated. Activation of TCR rewires the cellular metabolic response to aerobic glycolysis from oxidative phosphorylation. How does the early event in the TCR signaling cross-talk with the cellular metabolism is an open question. In this review, we have discussed the recent developments in understanding the regulation of TCR signaling, and then we reviewed the emerging role of metabolism in regulating T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustav Gangopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Swarnendu Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Soumee Sen Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Athira C. Chandradasan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Subhankar Chowdhury
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Rahul Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
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17
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Latour S. Inherited immunodeficiencies associated with proximal and distal defects in T cell receptor signaling and co-signaling. Biomed J 2022; 45:321-333. [PMID: 35091087 PMCID: PMC9250091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Latour
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, Inserm UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.
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18
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Li QQ, Zhang HH, Dai SX. New Insights and Advances in Pathogenesis and Treatment of Very Early Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:714054. [PMID: 35299671 PMCID: PMC8921506 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.714054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Very early onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEO-IBD) is characterized by multifactorial chronic recurrent intestinal inflammation. Compared with elderly patients, those with VEO-IBD have a more serious condition, not responsive to conventional treatments, with a poor prognosis. Recent studies found that genetic and immunologic abnormalities are closely related to VEO-IBD. Intestinal immune homeostasis monogenic defects (IIHMDs) are changed through various mechanisms. Recent studies have also revealed that abnormalities in genes and immune molecular mechanisms are closely related to VEO-IBD. IIHMDs change through various mechanisms. Epigenetic factors can mediate the interaction between the environment and genome, and genetic factors and immune molecules may be involved in the pathogenesis of the environment and gut microbiota. These discoveries will provide new directions and ideas for the treatment of VEO-IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Qi Li
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Hong Zhang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Xue Dai
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, National Key Clinical Specialty, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Ashouri JF, Lo W, Nguyen TTT, Shen L, Weiss A. ZAP70, too little, too much can lead to autoimmunity*. Immunol Rev 2021; 307:145-160. [PMID: 34923645 PMCID: PMC8986586 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Establishing both central and peripheral tolerance requires the appropriate TCR signaling strength to discriminate self‐ from agonist‐peptide bound to self MHC molecules. ZAP70, a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, directly interacts with the TCR complex and plays a central and requisite role in TCR signaling in both thymocytes and peripheral T cells. By studying ZAP70 hypomorphic mutations in mice and humans with a spectrum of hypoactive or hyperactive activities, we have gained insights into mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance. Interestingly, both hypoactive and hyperactive ZAP70 can lead to the development of autoimmune diseases, albeit through distinct mechanisms. Immature thymocytes and mature T cells rely on normal ZAP70 function to complete their development in the thymus and to modulate T cell responses in the periphery. Hypoactive ZAP70 function compromises key developmental checkpoints required to establish central tolerance, allowing thymocytes with potentially self‐reactive TCRs a greater chance to escape negative selection. Such ‘forbidden clones’ may escape into the periphery and may pose a greater risk for autoimmune disease development since they may not engage negative regulatory mechanisms as effectively. Hyperactive ZAP70 enhances thymic negative selection but some thymocytes will, nonetheless, escape negative selection and have greater sensitivity to weak and self‐ligands. Such cells must be controlled by mechanisms involved in anergy, expansion of Tregs, and upregulation of inhibitory receptors or signaling molecules. However, such potentially autoreactive cells may still be able to escape control by peripheral negative regulatory constraints. Consistent with findings in Zap70 mutants, the signaling defects in at least one ZAP70 substrate, LAT, can also lead to autoimmune disease. By dissecting the similarities and differences among mouse models of patient disease or mutations in ZAP70 that affect TCR signaling strength, we have gained insights into how perturbed ZAP70 function can lead to autoimmunity. Because of our work and that of others on ZAP70, it is likely that perturbations in other molecules affecting TCR signaling strength will be identified that also overcome tolerance mechanisms and cause autoimmunity. Delineating these molecular pathways could lead to the development of much needed new therapeutic targets in these complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith F. Ashouri
- Department of Medicine Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Wan‐Lin Lo
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology Department of Pathology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Trang T. T. Nguyen
- Department of Medicine Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Lin Shen
- Department of Medicine Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Department of Medicine Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
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20
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Kent A, Longino NV, Christians A, Davila E. Naturally Occurring Genetic Alterations in Proximal TCR Signaling and Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:658611. [PMID: 34012443 PMCID: PMC8126620 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.658611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell-based immunotherapies including genetically engineered T cells, adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and immune checkpoint blockade highlight the impressive anti-tumor effects of T cells. These successes have provided new hope to many cancer patients with otherwise poor prognoses. However, only a fraction of patients demonstrates durable responses to these forms of therapies and many develop significant immune-mediated toxicity. These heterogeneous clinical responses suggest that underlying nuances in T cell genetics, phenotypes, and activation states likely modulate the therapeutic impact of these approaches. To better characterize known genetic variations that may impact T cell function, we 1) review the function of early T cell receptor-specific signaling mediators, 2) offer a synopsis of known mutations and genetic alterations within the associated molecules, 3) discuss the link between these mutations and human disease and 4) review therapeutic strategies under development or in clinical testing that target each of these molecules for enhancing anti-tumor T cell activity. Finally, we discuss novel engineering approaches that could be designed based on our understanding of the function of these molecules in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kent
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Natalie V. Longino
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Allison Christians
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Eduardo Davila
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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21
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Su FY, Huang SC, Wei PC, Hsu PH, Li JP, Su LW, Hsieh YL, Hu CM, Hsu JL, Yang CY, Chung CY, Shew JY, Lan JL, Sytwu HK, Lee EYH, Lee WH. Redox sensor NPGPx restrains ZAP70 activity and modulates T cell homeostasis. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 165:368-384. [PMID: 33460768 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidences implicate the contribution of ROS to T cell activation and signaling. The tyrosine kinase, ζ-chain-associated protein of 70 kDa (ZAP70), is essential for T cell development and activation. However, it remains elusive whether a direct redox regulation affects ZAP70 activity upon TCR stimulation. Here, we show that deficiency of non-selenocysteine containing phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (NPGPx), a redox sensor, results in T cell hyperproliferation and elevated cytokine productions. T cell-specific NPGPx-knockout mice reveal enhanced T-dependent humoral responses and are susceptible to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Through proteomic approaches, ZAP70 is identified as the key interacting protein of NPGPx through disulfide bonding. NPGPx is activated by ROS generated from TCR stimulation, and modulates ZAP70 activity through redox switching to reduce ZAP70 recruitment to TCR/CD3 complex in membrane lipid raft, therefore subduing TCR responses. These results reveal a delicate redox mechanism that NPGPx serves as a modulator to curb ZAP70 functions in maintaining T cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yi Su
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Pei-Chi Wei
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pang-Hung Hsu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Pi Li
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology and Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wen Su
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Lin Hsieh
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Mei Hu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jye-Lin Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Drug Development Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Chen-Yen Chung
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Yuh Shew
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Joung-Liang Lan
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology and Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Eva Y-Hp Lee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Wen-Hwa Lee
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Drug Development Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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22
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Shen L, Matloubian M, Kadlecek TA, Weiss A. A disease-associated mutation that weakens ZAP70 autoinhibition enhances responses to weak and self-ligands. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/668/eabc4479. [PMID: 33531381 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abc4479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic kinase ZAP70 is critical for T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling. The R360P mutation in ZAP70 is responsible for an early-onset familial autoimmune syndrome. The structural location and biochemical signaling effects of the R360P mutation are consistent with weakening of the autoinhibitory conformation of ZAP70. Mice with a ZAP70 R360P mutation and polyclonal TCR repertoires exhibited relatively normal T cell development but showed evidence of increased signaling. In addition, the R360P mutation resulted in enhanced follicular helper T cell expansion after LCMV infection. To eliminate the possibility of a TCR repertoire shift, the OTI transgenic TCR was introduced into R360P mice, which resulted in enhanced T cell responses to weaker stimuli, including weak agonists and a self-peptide. These observations suggest that disruption of ZAP70 autoinhibition by the R360P mutation enables increased mature T cell sensitivity to self-antigens that would normally be ignored by wild-type T cells, a mechanism that may contribute to the break of tolerance in human patients with R360P mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shen
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mehrdad Matloubian
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Theresa A Kadlecek
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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23
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Ling E, Broides A, Ling G, Shubinsky G, Hadad N, Nahum A, Simon AJ, Lev A, Somech R. A novel zeta-associated protein 70 homozygous mutation causing combined immunodeficiency presenting as neonatal autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Immunol Res 2021; 69:100-106. [PMID: 33484432 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09172-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Biallelic mutations in the zeta-associated protein 70 (ZAP70) gene cause combined immunodeficiency (CID). Neonatal screening for severe CID in Israel is implemented since 2015. We report on clinical, flow cytometry, and genetic data of an unusual ZAP70 deficiency patient. A 10-week-old Bedouin female presented with severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) negative packed cell therapy was given without improvement; indexes of hemolysis worsened. At this time, thrombocytopenia was noted. The patient was treated with single dose of 1 g/kg intravenous immunoglobulin with rapid resolution of hemolysis. Serum immunoglobulin concentrations were normal; flow cytometry revealed severe CD8 lymphocytopenia. Lymphocyte proliferation test demonstrated reduced response to concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin. Gated T cells were negative for intracellular ZAP70. A genetic analysis revealed a missense homozygous c.1388C > T (p.A463V) mutation, confirming the diagnosis of ZAP70 deficiency. She later on developed urinary tract infection due to ESBL producing E. coli treated with amikacin and severe CMV infection that partially responded to ganciclovir therapy and at 7 months of age, she successfully underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Neonatal screening by T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) for SCID was normal, yet very low TRECs were recorded at the time of CID diagnosis. Normal neonatal screening for SCID does not rule out the diagnosis of CID due to ZAP70 deficiency. This type of CID can present with autoimmunity as the sole initial manifestation of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Ling
- Department of Pediatrics B and Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic, Soroka University Medical Center, Rager Avenue, Beer Sheva, Israel. .,Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
| | - Arnon Broides
- Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,Pediatric Immunology Clinic, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Galina Ling
- Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit and Pediatric Ambulatory Service, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - George Shubinsky
- Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,Flow Cytometry Unit, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Nurit Hadad
- Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel.,Infectious Disease Laboratory, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amit Nahum
- Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,Pediatric Immunology Clinic, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Amos J Simon
- Pediatric Immunology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Atar Lev
- Pediatric Immunology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Raz Somech
- Pediatric Immunology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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24
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Host genetics and infectious disease: new tools, insights and translational opportunities. Nat Rev Genet 2020; 22:137-153. [PMID: 33277640 PMCID: PMC7716795 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-020-00297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how human genetics influence infectious disease susceptibility offers the opportunity for new insights into pathogenesis, potential drug targets, risk stratification, response to therapy and vaccination. As new infectious diseases continue to emerge, together with growing levels of antimicrobial resistance and an increasing awareness of substantial differences between populations in genetic associations, the need for such work is expanding. In this Review, we illustrate how our understanding of the host–pathogen relationship is advancing through holistic approaches, describing current strategies to investigate the role of host genetic variation in established and emerging infections, including COVID-19, the need for wider application to diverse global populations mirroring the burden of disease, the impact of pathogen and vector genetic diversity and a broad array of immune and inflammation phenotypes that can be mapped as traits in health and disease. Insights from study of inborn errors of immunity and multi-omics profiling together with developments in analytical methods are further advancing our knowledge of this important area. Infectious diseases are an ever-present global threat. In this Review, Kwok, Mentzer and Knight discuss our latest understanding of how human genetics influence susceptibility to disease. Furthermore, they discuss emerging progress in the interplay between host and pathogen genetics, molecular responses to infection and vaccination, and opportunities to bring these aspects together for rapid responses to emerging diseases such as COVID-19.
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25
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Sharifinejad N, Jamee M, Zaki-Dizaji M, Lo B, Shaghaghi M, Mohammadi H, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Shaghaghi S, Yazdani R, Abolhassani H, Aghamohammadi A, Azizi G. Clinical, Immunological, and Genetic Features in 49 Patients With ZAP-70 Deficiency: A Systematic Review. Front Immunol 2020; 11:831. [PMID: 32431715 PMCID: PMC7214800 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Zeta-Chain Associated Protein Kinase 70 kDa (ZAP-70) deficiency is a rare combined immunodeficiency (CID) caused by recessive homozygous/compound heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the ZAP70 gene. Patients with ZAP-70 deficiency present with a variety of clinical manifestations, particularly recurrent respiratory infections and cutaneous involvements. Therefore, a systematic review of ZAP-70 deficiency is helpful to achieve a comprehensive view of this disease. Methods: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases for all reported ZAP-70 deficient patients and screened against the described eligibility criteria. A total of 49 ZAP-70 deficient patients were identified from 33 articles. For all patients, demographic, clinical, immunologic, and molecular data were collected. Results: ZAP-70 deficient patients have been reported in the literature with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations including recurrent respiratory infections (81.8%), cutaneous involvement (57.9%), lymphoproliferation (32.4%), autoimmunity (19.4%), enteropathy (18.4%), and increased risk of malignancies (8.1%). The predominant immunologic phenotype was low CD8+ T cell counts (97.9%). Immunologic profiling showed defective antibody production (57%) and decreased lymphocyte responses to mitogenic stimuli such as phytohemagglutinin (PHA) (95%). Mutations of the ZAP70 gene were located throughout the gene, and there was no mutational hotspot. However, most of the mutations were located in the kinase domain. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) was applied as the major curative treatment in 25 (51%) of the patients, 18 patients survived transplantation, while two patients died and three required a second transplant in order to achieve full remission. Conclusion: Newborns with consanguineous parents, positive family history of CID, and low CD8+ T cell counts should be considered for ZAP-70 deficiency screening, since early diagnosis and treatment with HSCT can lead to a more favorable outcome. Based on the current evidence, there is no genotype-phenotype correlation in ZAP-70 deficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niusha Sharifinejad
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Alborz Office of USERN, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Jamee
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Alborz Office of USERN, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Majid Zaki-Dizaji
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bernice Lo
- Sidra Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammadreza Shaghaghi
- Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shiva Shaghaghi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Yazdani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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26
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Takeuchi Y, Hirota K, Sakaguchi S. Impaired T cell receptor signaling and development of T cell-mediated autoimmune arthritis. Immunol Rev 2020; 294:164-176. [PMID: 31944330 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of the genes encoding T-cell receptor (TCR)-proximal signaling molecules, such as ZAP-70, can be causative of immunological diseases ranging from T-cell immunodeficiency to T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease. For example, SKG mice, which carry a hypomorphic point mutation of the Zap-70 gene, spontaneously develop T-cell-mediated autoimmune arthritis immunopathologically similar to human rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The Zap-70 mutation alters the sensitivity of developing T cells to thymic positive/negative selection by self-peptides/MHC complexes, shifting self-reactive TCR repertoire to include a dominant arthritogenic specificity and also affecting thymic development and function of autoimmune suppressive regulatory T (Treg) cells. Polyclonal self-reactive T cells, including potentially arthritogenic T cells, thus produced by the thymus recognize self-peptide/MHC complexes on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the periphery and stimulate them to produce cytokines including IL-6 to drive the arthritogenic T cells to differentiate into arthritogenic T-helper 17 (Th17) cells. Insufficient Treg suppression or activation of APCs via microbial and other environmental stimuli evokes arthritis by activating granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-secreting effector Th17 cells, mediating chronic bone-destructive joint inflammation by activating myeloid cells, innate lymphoid cells, and synoviocytes in the joint. These findings obtained from the study of SKG mouse arthritis are instrumental in understanding how arthritogenic T cells are produced, become activated, and differentiate into effector T cells mediating arthritis, and may help devising therapeutic measures targeting autoimmune pathogenic Th17 cells or autoimmune-suppressing Treg cells to treat and prevent RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Integrative Biological Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiji Hirota
- Laboratory of Integrative Biological Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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27
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Xie J, Han X, Zhao C, Canonigo-Balancio AJ, Yates JR, Li Y, Lillemeier BF, Altman A. Phosphotyrosine-dependent interaction between the kinases PKCθ and Zap70 promotes proximal TCR signaling. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/577/eaar3349. [PMID: 30992398 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aar3349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C-θ (PKCθ) is an important component of proximal T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. We previously identified the amino-terminal C2 domain of PKCθ as a phosphotyrosine (pTyr)-binding domain. Using a mutant form of PKCθ that cannot bind pTyr (PKCθHR2A), we showed that pTyr binding by PKCθ was required for TCR-induced T cell activation, proliferation, and TH2 cell differentiation but not for T cell development. Using tandem mass spectrometry and coimmunoprecipitation, we identified the kinase ζ-associated protein kinase of 70 kDa (Zap70) as a binding partner of the PKCθ pTyr-binding pocket. Tyr126 of Zap70 directly bound to PKCθ, and the interdomain B residues Tyr315 and Tyr319 were indirectly required for binding to PKCθ, reflecting their role in promoting the open conformation of Zap70. PKCθHR2A-expressing CD4+ T cells displayed defects not only in known PKCθ-dependent signaling events, such as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation and TH2 cell differentiation, but also in full activation of Zap70 itself and in the activating phosphorylation of linker of activation of T cells (LAT) and phospholipase C-γ1 (PLCγ1), signaling proteins that are traditionally considered to be activated independently of PKC. These findings demonstrate that PKCθ plays an important role in a positive feedback regulatory loop that modulates TCR-proximal signaling and, moreover, provide a mechanistic explanation for earlier reports that documented an important role for PKCθ in T cell Ca2+ signaling. This PKCθ-Zap70 interaction could potentially serve as a promising and highly selective immunosuppressive drug target in autoimmunity and organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiji Xie
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xuemei Han
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chensi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | | | - John R Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yingqiu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Björn F Lillemeier
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis & Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amnon Altman
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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28
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Castagnoli R, Delmonte OM, Calzoni E, Notarangelo LD. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:295. [PMID: 31440487 PMCID: PMC6694735 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PID) are disorders that for the most part result from mutations in genes involved in immune host defense and immunoregulation. These conditions are characterized by various combinations of recurrent infections, autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation, inflammatory manifestations, atopy, and malignancy. Most PID are due to genetic defects that are intrinsic to hematopoietic cells. Therefore, replacement of mutant cells by healthy donor hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) represents a rational therapeutic approach. Full or partial ablation of the recipient's marrow with chemotherapy is often used to allow stable engraftment of donor-derived HSCs, and serotherapy may be added to the conditioning regimen to reduce the risks of graft rejection and graft versus host disease (GVHD). Initially, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) was attempted in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) as the only available curative treatment. It was a challenging procedure, associated with elevated rates of morbidity and mortality. Overtime, outcome of HSCT for PID has significantly improved due to availability of high-resolution HLA typing, increased use of alternative donors and new stem cell sources, development of less toxic, reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens, and cellular engineering techniques for graft manipulation. Early identification of infants affected by SCID, prior to infectious complication, through newborn screening (NBS) programs and prompt genetic diagnosis with Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) techniques, have also ameliorated the outcome of HSCT. In addition, HSCT has been applied to treat a broader range of PID, including disorders of immune dysregulation. Yet, the broad spectrum of clinical and immunological phenotypes associated with PID makes it difficult to define a universal transplant regimen. As such, integration of knowledge between immunologists and transplant specialists is necessary for the development of innovative transplant protocols and to monitor their results during follow-up. Despite the improved outcome observed after HSCT, patients with severe forms of PID still face significant challenges of short and long-term transplant-related complications. To address this issue, novel HSCT strategies are being implemented aiming to improve both survival and long-term quality of life. This article will discuss the current status and latest developments in HSCT for PID, and present data regarding approach and outcome of HSCT in recently described PID, including disorders associated with immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Castagnoli
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ottavia Maria Delmonte
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Enrica Calzoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, A. Nocivelli Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Daniele Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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29
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Pazmandi J, Kalinichenko A, Ardy RC, Boztug K. Early-onset inflammatory bowel disease as a model disease to identify key regulators of immune homeostasis mechanisms. Immunol Rev 2019; 287:162-185. [PMID: 30565237 PMCID: PMC7379380 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rare, monogenetic diseases present unique models to dissect gene functions and biological pathways, concomitantly enhancing our understanding of the etiology of complex (and often more common) traits. Although inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a generally prototypic complex disease, it can also manifest in an early-onset, monogenic fashion, often following Mendelian modes of inheritance. Recent advances in genomic technologies have spurred the identification of genetic defects underlying rare, very early-onset IBD (VEO-IBD) as a disease subgroup driven by strong genetic influence, pinpointing key players in the delicate homeostasis of the immune system in the gut and illustrating the intimate relationships between bowel inflammation, systemic immune dysregulation, and primary immunodeficiency with increased susceptibility to infections. As for other human diseases, it is likely that adult-onset diseases may represent complex diseases integrating the effects of host genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers. Comparison of adult-onset IBD and VEO-IBD thus provides beautiful models to investigate the relationship between monogenic and multifactorial/polygenic diseases. This review discusses the present and novel findings regarding monogenic IBD as well as key questions and future directions of IBD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Pazmandi
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed DiseasesViennaAustria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Artem Kalinichenko
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed DiseasesViennaAustria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Rico Chandra Ardy
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed DiseasesViennaAustria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Kaan Boztug
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed DiseasesViennaAustria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of PediatricsSt. Anna Kinderspital and Children's Cancer Research InstituteMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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30
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Mace EM, Orange JS. Emerging insights into human health and NK cell biology from the study of NK cell deficiencies. Immunol Rev 2019; 287:202-225. [PMID: 30565241 PMCID: PMC6310041 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human NK cells are innate immune effectors that play a critical roles in the control of viral infection and malignancy. The importance of their homeostasis and function can be demonstrated by the study of patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs), which are part of the family of diseases known as inborn defects of immunity. While NK cells are affected in many PIDs in ways that may contribute to a patient's clinical phenotype, a small number of PIDs have an NK cell abnormality as their major immunological defect. These PIDs can be collectively referred to as NK cell deficiency (NKD) disorders and include effects upon NK cell numbers, subsets, and/or functions. The clinical impact of NKD can be severe including fatal viral infection, with particular susceptibility to herpesviral infections, such as cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster virus, and Epstein-Barr virus. While NKD is rare, studies of these diseases are important for defining specific requirements for human NK cell development and homeostasis. New themes in NK cell biology are emerging through the study of both known and novel NKD, particularly those affecting cell cycle and DNA damage repair, as well as broader PIDs having substantive impact upon NK cells. In addition, the discovery of NKD that affects other innate lymphoid cell (ILC) subsets opens new doors for better understanding the relationship between conventional NK cells and other ILC subsets. Here, we describe the biology underlying human NKD, particularly in the context of new insights into innate immune cell function, including a discussion of recently described NKD with accompanying effects on ILC subsets. Given the impact of these disorders upon human immunity with a common focus upon NK cells, the unifying message of a critical role for NK cells in human host defense singularly emerges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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31
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Rissone A, Burgess SM. Rare Genetic Blood Disease Modeling in Zebrafish. Front Genet 2018; 9:348. [PMID: 30233640 PMCID: PMC6127601 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis results in the correct formation of all the different blood cell types. In mammals, it starts from specific hematopoietic stem and precursor cells residing in the bone marrow. Mature blood cells are responsible for supplying oxygen to every cell of the organism and for the protection against pathogens. Therefore, inherited or de novo genetic mutations affecting blood cell formation or the regulation of their activity are responsible for numerous diseases including anemia, immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, hyper- or hypo-inflammation, and cancer. By definition, an animal disease model is an analogous version of a specific clinical condition developed by researchers to gain information about its pathophysiology. Among all the model species used in comparative medicine, mice continue to be the most common and accepted model for biomedical research. However, because of the complexity of human diseases and the intrinsic differences between humans and other species, the use of several models (possibly in distinct species) can often be more helpful and informative than the use of a single model. In recent decades, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become increasingly popular among researchers, because it represents an inexpensive alternative compared to mammalian models, such as mice. Numerous advantages make it an excellent animal model to be used in genetic studies and in particular in modeling human blood diseases. Comparing zebrafish hematopoiesis to mammals, it is highly conserved with few, significant differences. In addition, the zebrafish model has a high-quality, complete genomic sequence available that shows a high level of evolutionary conservation with the human genome, empowering genetic and genomic approaches. Moreover, the external fertilization, the high fecundity and the transparency of their embryos facilitate rapid, in vivo analysis of phenotypes. In addition, the ability to manipulate its genome using the last genome editing technologies, provides powerful tools for developing new disease models and understanding the pathophysiology of human disorders. This review provides an overview of the different approaches and techniques that can be used to model genetic diseases in zebrafish, discussing how this animal model has contributed to the understanding of genetic diseases, with a specific focus on the blood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Rissone
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Shawn M Burgess
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron B. Au-Yeung
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Neel H. Shah
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Lin Shen
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA;,
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA;,
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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33
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Abstract
![]()
T cells
expressing tumor-specific T cell receptors are promising cancer therapeutic
agents, but safety control switches are needed to manage potential
side effects arising from overactivity. Here, we present the first
dual small molecule-gated ZAP70 signaling switch for the regulation
of T cell activity. We show that when an analogue-sensitive ZAP70
allele is fused to the engineered ligand binding domain of the estrogen
receptor, ERT2, its activity can be upregulated to an extent
by a metabolite of an FDA-approved tamoxifen, 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen,
and downregulated by an ATP analogue, 3-MB-PP1. The strength of early
T cell signaling can also be modulated by varying the concentrations
of activator and inhibitor, and the switch exhibits temporal control
on the time scale of minutes. Interestingly, the switch has the ability
to control CD69 and calcium levels in T cells but has limited capabilities
in the regulation of downstream cytokine release, suggesting further
investigation is needed before it can be implemented in adoptive T
cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. L. Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Wilson W. Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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34
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Milner JD. TCR Signaling Abnormalities in Human Th2-Associated Atopic Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:719. [PMID: 29713322 PMCID: PMC5911486 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of naïve CD4 T cells with weak T cell receptor agonists even in the absence of T helper-skewing cytokines can result in IL-4 production which can drive a Th2 response. Evidence for the in vivo consequences of such a phenomenon can be found in a number of mouse models and, importantly, a series of monogenic human diseases associated with significant atopy which are caused by mutations in the T cell receptor signaling cascade. Such diseases can help understand how Th2 responses evolve in humans, and potentially provide insight into therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Milner
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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35
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Abstract
Proper regulation of the immune system is required for protection against pathogens and preventing autoimmune disorders. Inborn errors of the immune system due to inherited or de novo germline mutations can lead to the loss of protective immunity, aberrant immune homeostasis, and the development of autoimmune disease, or combinations of these. Forward genetic screens involving clinical material from patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) can vary in severity from life-threatening disease affecting multiple cell types and organs to relatively mild disease with susceptibility to a limited range of pathogens or mild autoimmune conditions. As central mediators of innate and adaptive immune responses, T cells are critical orchestrators and effectors of the immune response. As such, several PIDs result from loss of or altered T cell function. PID-associated functional defects range from complete absence of T cell development to uncontrolled effector cell activation. Furthermore, the gene products of known PID causal genes are involved in diverse molecular pathways ranging from T cell receptor signaling to regulators of protein glycosylation. Identification of the molecular and biochemical cause of PIDs can not only guide the course of treatment for patients, but also inform our understanding of the basic biology behind T cell function. In this chapter, we review PIDs with known genetic causes that intrinsically affect T cell function with particular focus on perturbations of biochemical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Comrie
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael J Lenardo
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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36
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Lyons JJ, Milner JD. Primary atopic disorders. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1009-1022. [PMID: 29549114 PMCID: PMC5881472 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20172306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Important insights from monogenic disorders into the immunopathogenesis of allergic diseases and reactions are discussed. Monogenic disorders have provided fundamental insights into human immunity and the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. The pathways identified as critical in the development of atopy range from focal defects in immune cells and epithelial barrier function to global changes in metabolism. A major goal of studying heritable single-gene disorders that lead to severe clinical allergic diseases is to identify fundamental pathways leading to hypersensitivity that can be targeted to provide novel therapeutic strategies for patients with allergic diseases, syndromic and nonsyndromic alike. Here, we review known single-gene disorders leading to severe allergic phenotypes in humans, discuss how the revealed pathways fit within our current understanding of the atopic diathesis, and propose how some pathways might be targeted for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Lyons
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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37
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Pai SY, Notarangelo LD. Congenital Disorders of Lymphocyte Function. Hematology 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35762-3.00051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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38
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Pugh JL, Nemat-Gorgani N, Norman PJ, Guethlein LA, Parham P. Human NK Cells Downregulate Zap70 and Syk in Response to Prolonged Activation or DNA Damage. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:1146-1158. [PMID: 29263215 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The extent of NK cell activity during the innate immune response affects downstream immune functions and, ultimately, the outcome of infectious or malignant disease. However, the mechanisms that terminate human NK cell responses have yet to be defined. When activation receptors expressed on NK cell surfaces bind to ligands on diseased cells, they initiate a signal that is propagated by a number of intracellular kinases, including Zap70 and Syk, eventually leading to NK cell activation. We assayed Zap70 and Syk content in NK cells from healthy human donors and identified a subset of NK cells with unusually low levels of these two kinases. We found that this Zap70lowSyklow subset consisted of NK cells expressing a range of surface markers, including CD56hi and CD56low NK cells. Upon in vitro stimulation with target cells, Zap70lowSyklow NK cells failed to produce IFN-γ and lysed target cells at one third the capacity of Zap70hiSykhi NK cells. We determined two independent in vitro conditions that induce the Zap70lowSyklow phenotype in NK cells: continuous stimulation with activation beads and DNA damage. The expression of inhibitory receptors, including NKG2A and inhibitory killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs), was negatively correlated with the Zap70lowSyklow phenotype. Moreover, expression of multiple KIRs reduced the likelihood of Zap70 downregulation during continuous activation, regardless of whether NK cells had been educated through KIR-HLA interactions in vivo. Our findings show that human NK cells are able to terminate their functional activity without the aid of other immune cells through the downregulation of activation kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Pugh
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Neda Nemat-Gorgani
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Paul J Norman
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Lisbeth A Guethlein
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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39
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Rahman MA, Thomas R. The SKG model of spondyloarthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2017; 31:895-909. [DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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40
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Wu CY, Tsai YY, Chen SY, Lin YP, Shin JW, Wu CC, Yang BC. Interaction of Zap70 and CXCR4 receptor at lamellipodia that determines the directionality during Jurkat T cells chemotaxis. Mol Immunol 2017; 90:245-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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41
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Llamas-Guillén BA, Pastor N, López-Herrera G, González-Serrano ME, Valenzuela-Vázquez L, Bravo-Adame ME, Villanueva-Cabello TM, Gaytán P, Yañez J, Martinez-Duncker I, Ruiz-Fernández M, Veillette A, Espinosa-Padilla SE, Cruz-Munoz ME. Two novel mutations in ZAP70 gene that result in human immunodeficiency. Clin Immunol 2017; 183:278-284. [PMID: 28912049 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Pastor
- Cell Dynamics Research Center-IICBA, Autonomous University of Morelos State, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Gaytán
- Biotechnology Institute, Autonomous National University of México, Mexico
| | - Jorge Yañez
- Biotechnology Institute, Autonomous National University of México, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Mario Ernesto Cruz-Munoz
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Morelos State, Mexico; Diagnostic and Molecular Medicine Unit "Dr. Ruy Pérez Tamayo", Morelos Children Hospital, Mexico.
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42
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Marczynke M, Gröger K, Seitz O. Selective Binders of the Tandem Src Homology 2 Domains in Syk and Zap70 Protein Kinases by DNA-Programmed Spatial Screening. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2384-2392. [PMID: 28767218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Syk family of tyrosine kinases arrange Src homology 2 (SH2) domains in tandem to allow the firm binding of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based interaction motifs (ITAMs). While the advantages provided by the bivalency enhanced interactions are evident, the impact on binding specificity is less-clear. For example, the spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and the ζ-chain-associated protein kinase (ZAP-70) recognize the consensus sequence pYXXI/L(X)6-8 pYXXI/L with near-identical nanomolar affinity. The nondiscriminatory recognition, on the one hand, poses a specificity challenge for the design of subtype selective protein binders and, on the other hand, raises the question as to how differential activation of Syk and ZAP-70 is ensured when both kinases are co-expressed. Herein, we identified the criteria for the design of binders that specifically address either the Syk or the Zap-70 tSH2 domain. Our approach is based on DNA-programmed spatial screening. Tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides containing the pYXXI/L motif were attached to oligonucleotides and aligned in tandem on a DNA template by means of nucleic acid hybridization. The distance between the pYXXI/L motifs and the orientation of strands were varied. The exploration exposed remarkably different recognition characteristics. While Syk tSH2 has a rather broad substrate scope, ZAP-70 tSH2 required a proximal arrangement of the phosphotyrosine ligands in defined strand orientation. The spatial screen led to the design of mutually selective, DNA-free binders, which discriminate Zap-70 and Syk tSH2 by 1 order of magnitude in affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Marczynke
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Gröger
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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43
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Chinn IK, Sanders RP, Stray-Pedersen A, Coban-Akdemir ZH, Kim VHD, Dadi H, Roifman CM, Quigg T, Lupski JR, Orange JS, Hanson IC. Novel Combined Immune Deficiency and Radiation Sensitivity Blended Phenotype in an Adult with Biallelic Variations in ZAP70 and RNF168. Front Immunol 2017; 8:576. [PMID: 28603521 PMCID: PMC5445153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of high-throughput genomic sequencing techniques, novel genetic etiologies are being uncovered for previously unexplained Mendelian phenotypes, and the underlying genetic architecture of disease is being unraveled. Although most of these “mendelizing” disease traits represent phenotypes caused by single-gene defects, a percentage of patients have blended phenotypes caused by pathogenic variants in multiple genes. We describe an adult patient with susceptibility to bacterial, herpesviral, and fungal infections. Immunologic defects included CD8+ T cell lymphopenia, decreased T cell proliferative responses to mitogens, hypogammaglobulinemia, and radiation sensitivity. Whole-exome sequencing revealed compound heterozygous variants in ZAP70. Biallelic mutations in ZAP70 are known to produce a spectrum of immune deficiency that includes the T cell abnormalities observed in this patient. Analyses for variants in genes associated with radiation sensitivity identified the presence of a homozygous RNF168 variant of unknown significance. RNF168 deficiency causes radiosensitivity, immunodeficiency, dysmorphic features, and learning difficulties syndrome and may account for the radiation sensitivity. Thus, the patient was found to have a novel blended phenotype associated with multilocus genomic variation: i.e., separate and distinct genetic defects. These findings further illustrate the clinical utility of applying genomic testing in patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan K Chinn
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Section of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert P Sanders
- Texas Transplant Institute, Methodist Hospital, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Asbjørg Stray-Pedersen
- Norwegian National Unit for Newborn Screening, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zeynep H Coban-Akdemir
- Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vy Hong-Diep Kim
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Harjit Dadi
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Canadian Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency, The Jeffrey Model Research Laboratory for the Diagnosis of Primary Immunodeficiency, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chaim M Roifman
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Canadian Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency, The Jeffrey Model Research Laboratory for the Diagnosis of Primary Immunodeficiency, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Troy Quigg
- Texas Transplant Institute, Methodist Hospital, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Section of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - I Celine Hanson
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Section of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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44
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Intrathymic injection of hematopoietic progenitor cells establishes functional T cell development in a mouse model of severe combined immunodeficiency. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:109. [PMID: 28511686 PMCID: PMC5432974 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0478-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even though hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can be curative in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency, there is a need for additional strategies boosting T cell immunity in individuals suffering from genetic disorders of lymphoid development. Here we show that image-guided intrathymic injection of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in NOD-scid IL2rγnull mice is feasible and facilitates the generation of functional T cells conferring protective immunity. METHODS Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells were isolated from the bone marrow of healthy C57BL/6 mice (wild-type, Luciferase+, CD45.1+) and injected intravenously or intrathymically into both male and female, young or aged NOD-scid IL2rγnull recipients. The in vivo fate of injected cells was analyzed by bioluminescence imaging and flow cytometry of thymus- and spleen-derived T cell populations. In addition to T cell reconstitution, we evaluated mice for evidence of immune dysregulation based on diabetes development and graft-versus-host disease. T cell immunity following intrathymic injection of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in NOD-scid IL2rγnull mice was assessed in a B cell lymphoma model. RESULTS Despite the small size of the thymic remnant in NOD-scid IL2rγnull mice, we were able to accomplish precise intrathymic delivery of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells by ultrasound-guided injection. Thymic reconstitution following intrathymic injection of healthy allogeneic hematopoietic cells was most effective in young male recipients, indicating that even in the setting of severe immunodeficiency, sex and age are important variables for thymic function. Allogeneic T cells generated in intrathymically injected NOD-scid IL2rγnull mice displayed anti-lymphoma activity in vivo, but we found no evidence for severe auto/alloreactivity in T cell-producing NOD-scid IL2rγnull mice, suggesting that immune dysregulation is not a major concern. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that intrathymic injection of donor hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells is a safe and effective strategy to establish protective T cell immunity in a mouse model of severe combined immunodeficiency.
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45
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Morpholino-based correction of hypomorphic ZAP70 mutation in an adult with combined immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139:1688-1692.e10. [PMID: 28216435 PMCID: PMC7126384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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46
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Liu Q, Wang YP, Liu Q, Zhao Q, Chen XM, Xue XH, Zhou LN, Ding Y, Tang XM, Zhao XD, Zhang ZY. Novel compound heterozygous mutations in ZAP70 in a Chinese patient with leaky severe combined immunodeficiency disorder. Immunogenetics 2017; 69:199-209. [PMID: 28124082 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-017-0971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the complete lack of tyrosine kinase ZAP70 function results in combined immunodeficiency (CID), with abnormal thymic development and defective T cell receptor (TCR) signaling of peripheral T cells, characterized by the selective absence of CD8+ T cells. So far, 15 unique ZAP70 mutations have been identified in approximately 20 patients with CID, with variable clinical presentations. Herein, we report the first case from China of novel compound heterozygous mutations in ZAP70 (c.598-599delCT, p.L200fsX28; c.847 C>T, R283H). The patient suffered from early-onset and recurrent infections, but showed normal growth and development without signs of failure to thrive, thus presenting as leaky SCID. The patient also had clinical manifestations of autoimmunity, such as eczematous skin lesion, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and intractable diarrhea, suggesting compromised T cell tolerogenic functions. Residual ZAP70 expression was identified. Immunological analysis revealed the selective absence of CD8+ T cells in the periphery and the presence of CD4+ T cells that failed to respond to phytohemagglutinin. Stimulation with lectin from pokeweed mitogen also failed to stimulate B cell proliferation in the patient. The frequency of Tfhs and Tregs in the patient was lower compared with the normal reference. Compared with the age-matched healthy control, the level of IL-17 was higher and the levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-21 were lower. Infants with selected CD8 deficiency and severe autoimmune disorders or exaggerated inflammation should be screened for ZAP70 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Research Center for Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Yan-Ping Wang
- Research Center for Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Research Center for Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Research Center for Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xue-Mei Chen
- Research Center for Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xiu-Hong Xue
- Research Center for Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Li-Na Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Yuan Ding
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xue-Mei Tang
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhao
- Research Center for Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Zhang
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.
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Ghisdal L, Baron C, Lebranchu Y, Viklický O, Konarikova A, Naesens M, Kuypers D, Dinic M, Alamartine E, Touchard G, Antoine T, Essig M, Rerolle JP, Merville P, Taupin JL, Le Meur Y, Grall‐Jezequel A, Glowacki F, Noël C, Legendre C, Anglicheau D, Broeders N, Coppieters W, Docampo E, Georges M, Ajarchouh Z, Massart A, Racapé J, Abramowicz D, Abramowicz M. Genome-Wide Association Study of Acute Renal Graft Rejection. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:201-209. [PMID: 27272414 PMCID: PMC5215306 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Acute renal rejection is a major risk factor for chronic allograft dysfunction and long-term graft loss. We performed a genome-wide association study to detect loci associated with biopsy-proven acute T cell-mediated rejection occurring in the first year after renal transplantation. In a discovery cohort of 4127 European renal allograft recipients transplanted in eight European centers, we used a DNA pooling approach to compare 275 cases and 503 controls. In an independent replication cohort of 2765 patients transplanted in two European countries, we identified 313 cases and 531 controls, in whom we genotyped individually the most significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the discovery cohort. In the discovery cohort, we found five candidate loci tagged by a number of contiguous SNPs (more than five) that was never reached in iterative in silico permutations of our experimental data. In the replication cohort, two loci remained significantly associated with acute rejection in both univariate and multivariate analysis. One locus encompasses PTPRO, coding for a receptor-type tyrosine kinase essential for B cell receptor signaling. The other locus involves ciliary gene CCDC67, in line with the emerging concept of a shared building design between the immune synapse and the primary cilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Ghisdal
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, and TransplantationHôpital Erasme (Université Libre de Bruxelles)BrusselsBelgium,Present address: Department of NephrologyCentre Hospitalier EpiCURABaudourBelgium
| | - C. Baron
- Department of NephrologyCentre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de ToursToursFrance
| | - Y. Lebranchu
- Department of NephrologyCentre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de ToursToursFrance
| | - O. Viklický
- Department of NephrologyTransplant CentreInstitute for Clinical and Experimental MedicinePragueCzech Republic
| | - A. Konarikova
- Department of NephrologyTransplant CentreInstitute for Clinical and Experimental MedicinePragueCzech Republic
| | - M. Naesens
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyKU LeuvenUniversity of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium,Department of NephrologyUniversity Hospitals LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - D. Kuypers
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyKU LeuvenUniversity of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium,Department of NephrologyUniversity Hospitals LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - M. Dinic
- Department of NephrologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint‐EtienneSaint‐EtienneFrance
| | - E. Alamartine
- Department of NephrologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint‐EtienneSaint‐EtienneFrance
| | - G. Touchard
- Department of NephrologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de PoitiersPoitiersFrance
| | - T. Antoine
- Department of NephrologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de PoitiersPoitiersFrance
| | - M. Essig
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, TransplantationCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges and INSERM UMR 850 (Université de Limoges)LimogesFrance
| | - J. P. Rerolle
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, TransplantationCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges and INSERM UMR 850 (Université de Limoges)LimogesFrance
| | - P. Merville
- Department of NephrologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - J. L. Taupin
- Department of Immunology and HistocompatibilityHôpital Saint‐LouisParisFrance
| | - Y. Le Meur
- Department of NephrologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire la Cavale blancheBrestFrance
| | - A. Grall‐Jezequel
- Department of NephrologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire la Cavale blancheBrestFrance
| | - F. Glowacki
- Department of NephrologyCentre Régional Hospitalier Universitaire de LilleLilleFrance
| | - C. Noël
- Department of NephrologyCentre Régional Hospitalier Universitaire de LilleLilleFrance
| | - C. Legendre
- Department of Renal TransplantationUniversité Paris Descartes and Hôpital NeckerAssistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de ParisParisFrance
| | - D. Anglicheau
- Department of Renal TransplantationUniversité Paris Descartes and Hôpital NeckerAssistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de ParisParisFrance
| | - N. Broeders
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, and TransplantationHôpital Erasme (Université Libre de Bruxelles)BrusselsBelgium
| | - W. Coppieters
- Unit of Animal GenomicsGroupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée‐Research (GIGA‐R)University of LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - E. Docampo
- Unit of Animal GenomicsGroupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée‐Research (GIGA‐R)University of LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - M. Georges
- Unit of Animal GenomicsGroupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée‐Research (GIGA‐R)University of LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - Z. Ajarchouh
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Molecular and Human biology (IRIBHM)Université Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - A. Massart
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, and TransplantationHôpital Erasme (Université Libre de Bruxelles)BrusselsBelgium,Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Molecular and Human biology (IRIBHM)Université Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - J. Racapé
- Centre of EpidemiologyBiostatistic and Clinical ResearchSchool of Public Health (Université Libre de Bruxelles)BrusselsBelgium
| | - D. Abramowicz
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, and TransplantationHôpital Erasme (Université Libre de Bruxelles)BrusselsBelgium,Department of NephrologyAntwerp University HospitalAntwerpenBelgium
| | - M. Abramowicz
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Molecular and Human biology (IRIBHM)Université Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium,Medical Genetics DepartmentHôpital Erasme (Université Libre de Bruxelles)BrusselsBelgium
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T Cell Immune Deficiency in zap70 Mutant Zebrafish. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:2868-2876. [PMID: 27601584 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00281-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ZAP70 [zeta-chain (TCR)-associated protein kinase, 70-kDa], is required for T cell activation. ZAP70 deficiencies in humans and null mutations in mice lead to severe combined immune deficiency. Here, we describe a zap70 loss-of-function mutation in zebrafish (zap70 y442 ) that was created using transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs). In contrast to what has been reported for morphant zebrafish, zap70 y442 homozygous mutant zebrafish displayed normal development of blood and lymphatic vasculature. Hematopoietic cell development was also largely unaffected in mutant larvae. However, mutant fish had reduced lck:GFP + thymic T cells by 5 days postfertilization that persisted into adult stages. Morphological analysis, RNA sequencing, and single-cell gene expression profiling of whole kidney marrow cells of adult fish revealed complete loss of mature T cells in zap70 y442 mutant animals. T cell immune deficiency was confirmed through transplantation of unmatched normal and malignant donor cells into zap70 y442 mutant zebrafish, with T cell loss being sufficient for robust allogeneic cell engraftment. zap70 mutant zebrafish show remarkable conservation of immune cell dysfunction as found in mice and humans and will serve as a valuable model to study zap70 immune deficiency.
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Shirkani A, Shahrooei M, Azizi G, Rokni-Zadeh H, Abolhassani H, Farrokhi S, Frans G, Bossuyt X, Aghamohammadi A. Novel Mutation of ZAP-70-related Combined Immunodeficiency: First Case from the National Iranian Registry and Review of the Literature. Immunol Invest 2016; 46:70-79. [DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2016.1214962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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