1
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Morgunov A, Tran HK, Meitei OR, Chien YC, Van Voorhis T. MP2-Based Composite Extrapolation Schemes Can Predict Core-Ionization Energies for First-Row Elements with Coupled-Cluster Level Accuracy. J Phys Chem A 2024. [PMID: 39121455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2024]
Abstract
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measures core-electron binding energies (CEBEs) to reveal element-specific insights into the chemical environment and bonding. Accurate theoretical CEBE prediction aids XPS interpretation but requires proper modeling of orbital relaxation and electron correlation upon core-ionization. This work systematically investigates basis set selection for extrapolation to the complete basis set limit of CEBEs from ΔMP2 and ΔCC energies across 94 K-edges in diverse organic molecules. We demonstrate that an alternative composite scheme using ΔMP2 in a large basis corrected by ΔCC-ΔMP2 difference in a small basis can quantitatively recover optimally extrapolated ΔCC CEBEs within 0.02 eV. Unlike ΔCC, MP2 calculations do not suffer from convergence issues and are computationally cheaper, and thus, the composite ΔMP2/ΔCC scheme balances accuracy and cost, overcoming limitations of solely using either method. We conclude by providing a comprehensive analysis of the choice of small and large basis sets for the composite schemes and provide practical recommendations for highly accurate (within 0.10-0.15 eV MAE) ab initio prediction of XPS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Morgunov
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Henry K Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Oinam Romesh Meitei
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yu-Che Chien
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Troy Van Voorhis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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2
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Ge G, Zhang JR, Wang SY, Wei M, Ji Y, Duan S, Ueda K, Hua W. Mapping Hydrogen Positions along the Proton Transfer Pathway in an Organic Crystal by Computational X-ray Spectra. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:6051-6061. [PMID: 38819966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Understanding proton transfer (PT) dynamics in condensed phases is crucial in chemistry. We computed a 2D map of N 1s X-ray photoelectron/absorption spectroscopy (XPS/XAS) for an organic donor-acceptor salt crystal against two varying N-H distances to track proton motions. Our results provide a continuous spectroscopic mapping of O-H···N↔O-··· H+-N processes via hydrogen bonds at both nitrogens, demonstrating the sensitivity of N 1s transient XPS/XAS to hydrogen positions and PT. By reducing the O-H length at N1 by only 0.2 Å, we achieved excellent theory-experiment agreement in both XPS and XAS. Our study highlights the challenge in refining proton positions in experimental crystal structures by periodic geometry optimizations and proposes an alternative scaled snapshot protocol as a more effective approach. This work provides valuable insights into X-ray spectra for correlated PT dynamics in complex crystals, benefiting future experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyan Ge
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, School of Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094 Nanjing, China
| | - Jun-Rong Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, School of Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094 Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng-Yu Wang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, School of Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094 Nanjing, China
| | - Minrui Wei
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, School of Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094 Nanjing, China
| | - Yongfei Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Sai Duan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kiyoshi Ueda
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Weijie Hua
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, School of Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094 Nanjing, China
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3
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Leone SR. Reinvented: An Attosecond Chemist. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2024; 75:1-19. [PMID: 38012050 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-083122-011610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Attosecond science requires a substantial rethinking of how to make measurements on very short timescales; how to acquire the necessary equipment, technology, and personnel; and how to build a set of laboratories for such experiments. This entails a rejuvenation of the author in many respects, in the laboratory itself, with regard to students and postdocs, and in generating funding for research. It also brings up questions of what it means to do attosecond science, and the discovery of the power of X-ray spectroscopy itself, which complements the short timescales addressed. The lessons learned, expressed in the meanderings of this autobiographical article, may be of benefit to others who try to reinvent themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Leone
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA;
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4
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Jaiswal VK, Montorsi F, Aleotti F, Segatta F, Keefer D, Mukamel S, Nenov A, Conti I, Garavelli M. Ultrafast photochemistry and electron-diffraction spectra in n → (3s) Rydberg excited cyclobutanone resolved at the multireference perturbative level. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:164316. [PMID: 38686819 DOI: 10.1063/5.0203624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
We study the ultrafast time evolution of cyclobutanone excited to the singlet n → Rydberg state through non-adiabatic surface-hopping simulationsperformed at extended multi-state complete active space second-order perturbation (XMS-CASPT2) level of theory. These dynamics predict relaxation to the ground-state with a timescale of 822 ± 45 fs with minimal involvement of the triplets. The major relaxation path to the ground-state involves a three-state degeneracy region and leads to a variety of fragmented photoproducts. We simulate the resulting time-resolved electron-diffraction spectra, which track the relaxation of the excited state and the formation of various photoproducts in the ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Jaiswal
- Dipartimento di Chimica industriale "Toso Montanari," Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - F Montorsi
- Dipartimento di Chimica industriale "Toso Montanari," Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - F Aleotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica industriale "Toso Montanari," Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - F Segatta
- Dipartimento di Chimica industriale "Toso Montanari," Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniel Keefer
- Molecular Spectroscopy Department, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - A Nenov
- Dipartimento di Chimica industriale "Toso Montanari," Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - I Conti
- Dipartimento di Chimica industriale "Toso Montanari," Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - M Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica industriale "Toso Montanari," Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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5
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Mayer D, Lever F, Gühr M. Time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy of nucleobases and their thionated analogs. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:275-290. [PMID: 38174615 DOI: 10.1111/php.13903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The photoinduced relaxation dynamics of nucleobases and their thionated analogs have been investigated extensively over the past decades motivated by their crucial role in organisms and their application in medical and biochemical research and treatment. Most of these studies focused on the spectroscopy of valence electrons and fragmentation. The advent of ultrashort x-ray laser sources such as free-electron lasers, however, opens new opportunities for studying the ultrafast molecular relaxation dynamics utilizing the site- and element-selectivity of x-rays. In this review, we want to summarize ultrafast experiments on thymine and 2-thiouracil performed at free-electron lasers. We performed time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the oxygen K-edge after UV excitation of thymine. In addition, we investigated the excited state dynamics of 2-tUra via x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at sulfur. For these methods, we show a strong sensitivity to the electronic state or charge distribution, respectively. We also performed time-resolved Auger-Meitner spectroscopy, which shows spectral shifts associated with internuclear distances close to the probed site. We discuss the complementary aspects of time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy techniques compared to optical and UV spectroscopy for the investigation of ultrafast relaxation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Mayer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabiano Lever
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Gühr
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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6
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Xu J, Carney TE, Zhou R, Shepard C, Kanai Y. Real-Time Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory for Simulating Nonequilibrium Electron Dynamics. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5011-5029. [PMID: 38362887 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The explicit real-time propagation approach for time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT) has increasingly become a popular first-principles computational method for modeling various time-dependent electronic properties of complex chemical systems. In this Perspective, we provide a nontechnical discussion of how this first-principles simulation approach has been used to gain novel physical insights into nonequilibrium electron dynamics phenomena in recent years. Following a concise overview of the RT-TDDFT methodology from a practical standpoint, we discuss our recent studies on the electronic stopping of DNA in water and the Floquet topological phase as examples. Our discussion focuses on how RT-TDDFT simulations played a unique role in deriving new scientific understandings. We then discuss existing challenges and some new advances at the frontier of RT-TDDFT method development for studying increasingly complex dynamic phenomena and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Thomas E Carney
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ruiyi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Christopher Shepard
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yosuke Kanai
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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7
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Garner SM, Haugen EA, Leone SR, Neuscamman E. Spin Coupling Effect on Geometry-Dependent X-Ray Absorption of Diradicals. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2387-2397. [PMID: 38235992 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate the influence of diradical electron spin coupling on the time-resolved X-ray absorption spectra of the photochemical ring opening of furanone. We predict geometry-dependent carbon K-edge signals involving transitions from core orbitals to both singly and unoccupied molecular orbitals. The most obvious features of the ring opening come from the carbon atom directly involved in the bond breaking through its transition to both the newly formed singly occupied and the available lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (SOMO and LUMO, respectively). In addition to this primary feature, the singlet spin coupling of four unpaired electrons that arises in the core-to-LUMO states creates additional geometry dependence in some spectral features with both oscillator strengths and relative excitation energies varying observably as a function of the ring opening. We attribute this behavior to a spin-occupancy-induced selection rule, which occurs when singlet spin coupling is enforced in the diradical state. Notably, one of these geometry-sensitive core-to-LUMO transitions excites core electrons from a backbone carbon not involved in the bond breaking, providing a novel nonlocal X-ray probe of chemical dynamics arising from electron spin coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Garner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eric A Haugen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stephen R Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eric Neuscamman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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8
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Arias-Martinez JE, Wu H, Head-Gordon M. Generalization of One-Center Nonorthogonal Configuration Interaction Singles to Open-Shell Singlet Reference States: Theory and Application to Valence-Core Pump-Probe States in Acetylacetone. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:752-766. [PMID: 38164934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
We formulate a one-center nonorthogonal configuration interaction singles (1C-NOCIS) theory for the computation of core excited states of an initial singlet state with two unpaired electrons. This model, which we refer to as 1C-NOCIS two-electron open-shell (2eOS), is appropriate for computing the K-edge near-edge X-ray absorption spectra (NEXAS) of the valence excited states of closed-shell molecules relevant to pump-probe time-resolved (TR) NEXAS experiments. With the inclusion of core-hole relaxation effects and explicit spin adaptation, 1C-NOCIS 2eOS requires mild shifts to match experiment, is free of artifacts due to spin contamination, and can capture the high-energy region of the spectrum beyond the transitions into the singly occupied molecular orbitals (SOMOs). Calculations on water and thymine illustrate the different key features of excited-state NEXAS, namely, the core-to-SOMO transitions as well as shifts and spin-splittings in the transitions analogous to those of the ground state. Simulations of the TR-NEXAS of acetylacetone after excitation to its π → π* singlet excited state at the carbon K-edge, an experiment carried out recently, showcase the ability of 1C-NOCIS 2eOS to efficiently simulate NEXAS based on nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan E Arias-Martinez
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hamlin Wu
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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9
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Hait D, Martínez TJ. Predicting the X-ray Absorption Spectrum of Ozone with Single Configuration State Functions. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:873-881. [PMID: 38175153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) of biradicaloid species are often thought to represent a challenge to theoretical methods. This has led to the testing of recently developed multireference techniques on the XAS of ozone, but reproduction of the experimental spectral profile has proven difficult. We utilize a minimal model consisting of a single configuration state function (CSF) per excited state to model core-level excitations of ozone, with the orbitals of each CSF optimized using the restricted open-shell Kohn-Sham (ROKS) method. This protocol leads to semiquantitative agreement with experimental XAS. In fact, we find that low-lying core-hole excited states in biradicaloids can be approximated with individual CSFs, despite the presence of multireference character in the ground state. We also report that the 1s → π* and 1s → σ* transitions have quite distinct widths for O3. This reveals the importance of sampling over a representative range of geometries from the vibrational ground state for properly assessing the accuracy of electronic structure methods against experiments instead of the popular procedure of uniformly broadening stick spectra at the equilibrium geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptarka Hait
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Todd J Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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10
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Gong X, Zhang W, Lu P, Ni H, Wu J. Probing and Steering Attosecond Electron Motion Using Tailored Ultrafast Laser Fields. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:401-412. [PMID: 38181198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
An ultrafast intense laser field is one of the most important tools to observe and manipulate electronic and nuclear dynamics with subcycle precision in highly nonlinear light-matter interactions, which provides access to attosecond chemistry and physics. In this review, we briefly summarize the protocol of attosecond chronoscopy and its application in probing the attosecond photoemission dynamics from atoms and molecules. We also review the control schemes of attosecond electron motion in atoms and molecules as well as molecular bond formation and cleavage with the assistance of tailored femtosecond laser fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Peifen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Hongcheng Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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11
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Garratt D, Matthews M, Marangos J. Toward ultrafast soft x-ray spectroscopy of organic photovoltaic devices. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2024; 11:010901. [PMID: 38250136 PMCID: PMC10799687 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Novel ultrafast x-ray sources based on high harmonic generation and at x-ray free electron lasers are opening up new opportunities to resolve complex ultrafast processes in condensed phase systems with exceptional temporal resolution and atomic site specificity. In this perspective, we present techniques for resolving charge localization, transfer, and separation processes in organic semiconductors and organic photovoltaic devices with time-resolved soft x-ray spectroscopy. We review recent results in ultrafast soft x-ray spectroscopy of these systems and discuss routes to overcome the technical challenges in performing time-resolved x-ray experiments on photosensitive materials with poor thermal conductivity and low pump intensity thresholds for nonlinear effects.
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12
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Hamatani S, Kitagawa D, Kobatake S. Diarylethene Photoswitches Undergoing 6π Azaelectrocyclic Reaction: Disrotatory Thermal Cycloreversion of the Closed-Ring Isomer. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8277-8280. [PMID: 37676689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Gaining insight into the dynamics of electrocyclic reactions is very important from both fundamental and application perspectives. In this study, we developed novel diarylethene photoswitches that undergo 6π azaelectrocyclic reaction. We found that they exhibit fast thermally reversible type (T-type) photochromism, in contrast to the fact that common diarylethenes exhibit photochemically reversible type (P-type) photochromism. The quantum chemical calculations revealed that the fast T-type photochromism originates from the unprecedented disrotatory thermal cycloreversion of the closed-ring isomer. Our results provide useful information not only for the dynamics of the 6π azaelectrocyclic reaction but also for the further development of diarylethene photoswitches utilizing the 6π azaelectrocyclic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Hamatani
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Seiya Kobatake
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
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13
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Kurta RP, van Driel TB, Dohn AO, Berberich TB, Nelson S, Zaluzhnyy IA, Mukharamova N, Lapkin D, Zederkof DB, Seaberg M, Pedersen KS, Kjær KS, Rippy GI, Biasin E, Møller KB, Gelisio L, Haldrup K, Vartanyants IA, Nielsen MM. Exploring fingerprints of ultrafast structural dynamics in molecular solutions with an X-ray laser. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:23417-23434. [PMID: 37486006 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01257c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
We apply ultrashort X-ray laser pulses to track optically excited structural dynamics of [Ir2(dimen)4]2+ molecules in solution. In our exploratory study we determine angular correlations in the scattered X-rays, which comprise a complex fingerprint of the ultrafast dynamics. Model-assisted analysis of the experimental correlation data allows us to elucidate various aspects of the photoinduced changes in the excited molecular ensembles. We unambiguously identify that in our experiment the photoinduced transition dipole moments in [Ir2(dimen)4]2+ molecules are oriented perpendicular to the Ir-Ir bond. The analysis also shows that the ground state conformer of [Ir2(dimen)4]2+ with a larger Ir-Ir distance is mostly responsible for the formation of the excited state. We also reveal that the ensemble of solute molecules can be characterized with a substantial structural heterogeneity due to solvent influence. The proposed X-ray correlation approach offers an alternative path for studies of ultrafast structural dynamics of molecular ensembles in the liquid and gas phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan P Kurta
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, D-22869 Schenefeld, Germany.
| | - Tim B van Driel
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Asmus O Dohn
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
- Science Institute and Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Iceland VR-III, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Silke Nelson
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Ivan A Zaluzhnyy
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Dmitry Lapkin
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Diana B Zederkof
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Matthew Seaberg
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Kasper S Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kasper S Kjær
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Geoffery Ian Rippy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Elisa Biasin
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Klaus B Møller
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Luca Gelisio
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristoffer Haldrup
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Ivan A Vartanyants
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin M Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
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14
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Calegari F, Martin F. Open questions in attochemistry. Commun Chem 2023; 6:184. [PMID: 37666969 PMCID: PMC10477171 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00989-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Calegari
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Fernando Martin
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Janesko BG. Core-Projected Hybrids Fix Systematic Errors in Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Predicted Core-Electron Excitations. J Chem Theory Comput 2023. [PMID: 37437304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Linear response time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) is widely applied to valence, Rydberg, and charge-transfer excitations but, in its current form, makes large errors for core-electron excitations. This work demonstrates that the admixture of nonlocal exact exchange in atomic core regions significantly improves TDDFT-predicted core excitations. Exact exchange admixture is accomplished using projected hybrid density functional theory [ J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2023, 19, 837-847]. Scalar relativistic TDDFT calculations using core-projected B3LYP accurately model core excitations of second-period elements C-F and third-period elements Si-Cl, without sacrificing performance for the relative shifts of core excitation energies. Predicted K-edge X-ray near absorption edge structure (XANES) of a series of sulfur standards highlight the value of this approach. Core-projected hybrids appear to be a practical solution to TDDFT's limitations for core excitations, in the way that long-range-corrected hybrids are a practical solution to TDDFT's limitations for Rydberg and charge-transfer excitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Janesko
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
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16
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Yin Z, Chang YP, Balčiūnas T, Shakya Y, Djorović A, Gaulier G, Fazio G, Santra R, Inhester L, Wolf JP, Wörner HJ. Femtosecond proton transfer in urea solutions probed by X-ray spectroscopy. Nature 2023; 619:749-754. [PMID: 37380782 PMCID: PMC10371863 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Proton transfer is one of the most fundamental events in aqueous-phase chemistry and an emblematic case of coupled ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics1,2. Disentangling electronic and nuclear dynamics on the femtosecond timescales remains a formidable challenge, especially in the liquid phase, the natural environment of biochemical processes. Here we exploit the unique features of table-top water-window X-ray absorption spectroscopy3-6 to reveal femtosecond proton-transfer dynamics in ionized urea dimers in aqueous solution. Harnessing the element specificity and the site selectivity of X-ray absorption spectroscopy with the aid of ab initio quantum-mechanical and molecular-mechanics calculations, we show how, in addition to the proton transfer, the subsequent rearrangement of the urea dimer and the associated change of the electronic structure can be identified with site selectivity. These results establish the considerable potential of flat-jet, table-top X-ray absorption spectroscopy7,8 in elucidating solution-phase ultrafast dynamics in biomolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Yin
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- International Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Yi-Ping Chang
- GAP-Biophotonics, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
- European XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Tadas Balčiūnas
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- GAP-Biophotonics, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yashoj Shakya
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Fazio
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robin Santra
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Inhester
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.
- Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
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17
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Liu Y, Sanchez DM, Ware MR, Champenois EG, Yang J, Nunes JPF, Attar A, Centurion M, Cryan JP, Forbes R, Hegazy K, Hoffmann MC, Ji F, Lin MF, Luo D, Saha SK, Shen X, Wang XJ, Martínez TJ, Wolf TJA. Rehybridization dynamics into the pericyclic minimum of an electrocyclic reaction imaged in real-time. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2795. [PMID: 37202402 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38513-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrocyclic reactions are characterized by the concerted formation and cleavage of both σ and π bonds through a cyclic structure. This structure is known as a pericyclic transition state for thermal reactions and a pericyclic minimum in the excited state for photochemical reactions. However, the structure of the pericyclic geometry has yet to be observed experimentally. We use a combination of ultrafast electron diffraction and excited state wavepacket simulations to image structural dynamics through the pericyclic minimum of a photochemical electrocyclic ring-opening reaction in the molecule α-terpinene. The structural motion into the pericyclic minimum is dominated by rehybridization of two carbon atoms, which is required for the transformation from two to three conjugated π bonds. The σ bond dissociation largely happens after internal conversion from the pericyclic minimum to the electronic ground state. These findings may be transferrable to electrocyclic reactions in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11790, USA
| | - D M Sanchez
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Design Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - M R Ware
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - E G Champenois
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - J Yang
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Mong Man Wai Building of Science and Technology, S-1027 Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - J P F Nunes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Theodore Jorgensen Hall 208, 855 N 16th Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science Campus, Fermi Ave, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - A Attar
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - M Centurion
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Theodore Jorgensen Hall 208, 855 N 16th Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - J P Cryan
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - R Forbes
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - K Hegazy
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - M C Hoffmann
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - F Ji
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - M-F Lin
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - D Luo
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - S K Saha
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Theodore Jorgensen Hall 208, 855 N 16th Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - X Shen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - X J Wang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - T J Martínez
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - T J A Wolf
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
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18
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Wang E, Kling NG, LaForge AC, Obaid R, Pathak S, Bhattacharyya S, Meister S, Trost F, Lindenblatt H, Schoch P, Kübel M, Pfeifer T, Rudenko A, Díaz-Tendero S, Martín F, Moshammer R, Rolles D, Berrah N. Ultrafast Roaming Mechanisms in Ethanol Probed by Intense Extreme Ultraviolet Free-Electron Laser Radiation: Electron Transfer versus Proton Transfer. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:4372-4380. [PMID: 37140167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast H2+ and H3+ formation from ethanol is studied using pump-probe spectroscopy with an extreme ultraviolet (XUV) free-electron laser. The first pulse creates a dication, triggering H2 roaming that leads to H2+ and H3+ formation, which is disruptively probed by a second pulse. At photon energies of 28 and 32 eV, the ratio of H2+ to H3+ increases with time delay, while it is flat at a photon energy of 70 eV. The delay-dependent effect is ascribed to a competition between electron and proton transfer. High-level quantum chemistry calculations show a flat potential energy surface for H2 formation, indicating that the intermediate state may have a long lifetime. The ab initio molecular dynamics simulation confirms that, in addition to the direct emission, a small portion of H2 undergoes a roaming mechanism that leads to two competing pathways: electron transfer from H2 to C2H4O2+ and proton transfer from C2H4O2+ to H2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enliang Wang
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-2604, United States
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Nora G Kling
- Physics Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3046, United States
| | - Aaron C LaForge
- Physics Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3046, United States
| | - Razib Obaid
- Physics Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3046, United States
| | - Shashank Pathak
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-2604, United States
| | - Surjendu Bhattacharyya
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-2604, United States
| | - Severin Meister
- Max Planck Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Trost
- Max Planck Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hannes Lindenblatt
- Max Planck Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrizia Schoch
- Max Planck Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kübel
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Pfeifer
- Max Planck Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Artem Rudenko
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-2604, United States
| | - Sergio Díaz-Tendero
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Martín
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nano), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert Moshammer
- Max Planck Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Rolles
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-2604, United States
| | - Nora Berrah
- Physics Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3046, United States
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19
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Schnack-Petersen AK, Pápai M, Coriani S, Møller KB. A theoretical study of the time-resolved x-ray absorption spectrum of the photoionized BT-1T cation. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2023; 10:034102. [PMID: 37250952 PMCID: PMC10224778 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The time-resolved x-ray absorption spectrum of the BT-1T cation (BT-1T+) is theoretically simulated in order to investigate the charge transfer reaction of the system. We employ both trajectory surface hopping and quantum dynamics to simulate the structural evolution over time and the changes in the state populations. To compute the static x-ray absorption spectra (XAS) of the ground and excited states, we apply both the time-dependent density functional theory and the coupled cluster singles and doubles method. The results obtained are in good agreement between the methods. It is, furthermore, found that the small structural changes that occur during the reaction have little effect on the static XAS. Hence, the tr-XAS can be computed based on the state populations determined from a nuclear dynamics simulation and one set of static XAS calculations, utilizing the ground state optimized geometry. This approach can save considerable computational resources, as the static spectra need not to be calculated for all geometries. As BT-1T is a relatively rigid molecule, the outlined approach should only be considered when investigating non-radiative decay processes in the vicinity of the Franck-Condon point.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sonia Coriani
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Klaus Braagaard Møller
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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20
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Keefer D, Cavaletto SM, Rouxel JR, Garavelli M, Yong H, Mukamel S. Ultrafast X-Ray Probes of Elementary Molecular Events. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2023; 74:73-97. [PMID: 37093660 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-062322-051532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Elementary events that determine photochemical outcomes and molecular functionalities happen on the femtosecond and subfemtosecond timescales. Among the most ubiquitous events are the nonadiabatic dynamics taking place at conical intersections. These facilitate ultrafast, nonradiative transitions between electronic states in molecules that can outcompete slower relaxation mechanisms such as fluorescence. The rise of ultrafast X-ray sources, which provide intense light pulses with ever-shorter durations and larger observation bandwidths, has fundamentally revolutionized our spectroscopic capabilities to detect conical intersections. Recent theoretical studies have demonstrated an entirely new signature emerging once a molecule traverses a conical intersection, giving detailed insights into the coupled nuclear and electronic motions that underlie, facilitate, and ultimately determine the ultrafast molecular dynamics. Following a summary of current sources and experiments, we survey these techniques and provide a unified overview of their capabilities. We discuss their potential to dramatically increase our understanding of ultrafast photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Keefer
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California, USA; ,
| | - Stefano M Cavaletto
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California, USA; ,
- Current affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jérémy R Rouxel
- Université de Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, IOGS, Laboratoire Hubert Curien, UMR CNRS 5516, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Haiwang Yong
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California, USA; ,
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California, USA; ,
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21
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Cavaletto SM, Nam Y, Rouxel JR, Keefer D, Yong H, Mukamel S. Attosecond Monitoring of Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics by Transient X-ray Transmission Spectroscopy. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:2327-2339. [PMID: 37015111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Tracing the evolution of molecular coherences can provide a direct, unambiguous probe of nonadiabatic molecular processes, such as the passage through conical intersections of electronic states. Two techniques, attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy (ATAS) and Transient Redistribution of Ultrafast Electronic Coherences in Attosecond Raman Signals (TRUECARS), have been used or proposed for monitoring nonadiabatic molecular dynamics. Both techniques employ the transmission of a weak attosecond extreme-ultraviolet or X-ray probe to interrogate the molecule at controllable time delays with respect to an optical pump, thereby extracting dynamical information from transient spectral features. The connection between these techniques has not been firmly established yet. In this theoretical study, we provide a unified description of both transient transmission techniques, establishing their relationship as limits of the same pump-probe spectroscopy technique for different pulse parameter regimes. We demonstrate this by quantum dynamical simulations of thiophenol photodissociation and show how complementary coherence information can be revealed by the two techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano M Cavaletto
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Yeonsig Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jérémy R Rouxel
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Université de Lyon, UJM-Saint-Étienne, CNRS, IOGS, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, Saint-Étienne 42023, France
| | - Daniel Keefer
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Haiwang Yong
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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22
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Huang M, Evangelista FA. A study of core-excited states of organic molecules computed with the generalized active space driven similarity renormalization group. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:124112. [PMID: 37003756 DOI: 10.1063/5.0137096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This work examines the accuracy and precision of x-ray absorption spectra computed with a multireference approach that combines generalized active space (GAS) references with the driven similarity renormalization group (DSRG). We employ the x-ray absorption benchmark of organic molecule (XABOOM) set, consisting of 116 transitions from mostly organic molecules [Fransson et al., J. Chem. Theory Comput. 17, 1618 (2021)]. Several approximations to a full-valence active space are examined and benchmarked. Absolute excitation energies and intensities computed with the GAS-DSRG truncated to second-order in perturbation theory are found to systematically underestimate experimental and reference theoretical values. Third-order perturbative corrections significantly improve the accuracy of GAS-DSRG absolute excitation energies, bringing the mean absolute deviation from experimental values down to 0.32 eV. The ozone molecule and glyoxylic acid are particularly challenging for second-order perturbation theory and are examined in detail to assess the importance of active space truncation and intruder states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Cherry Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Francesco A Evangelista
- Department of Chemistry and Cherry Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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23
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Sekikawa T, Saito N, Kurimoto Y, Ishii N, Mizuno T, Kanai T, Itatani J, Saita K, Taketsugu T. Real-time observation of the Woodward-Hoffmann rule for 1,3-cyclohexadiene by femtosecond soft X-ray transient absorption. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:8497-8506. [PMID: 36883468 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05268g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The stereochemistry of pericyclic reactions is explained by orbital symmetry conservation, referred to as the Woodward-Hoffmann (WH) rule. Although this rule has been verified using the structures of reactants and products, the temporal evolution of the orbital symmetry during the reaction has not been clarified. Herein, we used femtosecond soft X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy to elucidate the thermal pericyclic reaction of 1,3-cyclohexadiene (CHD) molecules, i.e., their isomerization to 1,3,5-hexatriene. In the present experimental scheme, the ring-opening reaction is driven by the thermal vibrational energy induced by photoexcitation to the Rydberg states at 6.2 eV and subsequent femtosecond relaxation to the ground state of CHD molecules. The direction of the ring opening, which can be conrotatory or disrotatory, was the primary focus, and the WH rule predicts the disrotatory pathway in the thermal process. We observed the shifts in K-edge absorption of the carbon atom from the 1s orbital to vacant molecular orbitals around 285 eV at a delay between 340 and 600 fs. Furthermore, a theoretical investigation predicts that the shifts depend on the molecular structures along the reaction pathways and the observed shifts in induced absorption are attributed to the structural change in the disrotatory pathway. This confirms that the orbital symmetry is dynamically conserved in the ring-opening reaction of CHD molecules as predicted using the WH rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Sekikawa
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Nariyuki Saito
- Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Japan
| | - Yutaro Kurimoto
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Nobuhisa Ishii
- Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Kizugawa 619-0215, Japan
| | - Tomoya Mizuno
- Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Japan
| | - Teruto Kanai
- Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Japan
| | - Jiro Itatani
- Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Saita
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Taketsugu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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24
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Muchova E, Hollas D, Holland DMP, Bacellar C, Leroy L, Barillot TR, Longetti L, Coreno M, de Simone M, Grazioli C, Chergui M, Ingle RA. Jahn-Teller effects in initial and final states: high-resolution X-ray absorption, photoelectron and Auger spectroscopy of allene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:6733-6745. [PMID: 36799466 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05299g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon K-edge resonant Auger spectra of gas-phase allene following excitation of the pre-edge 1s → π* transitions are presented and analysed with the support of EOM-CCSD/cc-pVTZ calculations. X-Ray absorption (XAS), X-ray photoelectron (XPS), valence band and non-resonant Auger spectra are also reanalysed with a series of computational approaches. The results presented demonstrate the importance of including nuclear ensemble effects for simulating X-ray observables and as an effective strategy for capturing Jahn-Teller effects in spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Muchova
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Hollas
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | | | - Camila Bacellar
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, ISIC, FSB, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ludmila Leroy
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, ISIC, FSB, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas R Barillot
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, ISIC, FSB, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luca Longetti
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, ISIC, FSB, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcello Coreno
- ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura dei Materiali, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Cesare Grazioli
- IOM-CNR, Istituto Officina dei Materiali, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Majed Chergui
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, ISIC, FSB, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca A Ingle
- Department of Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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25
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Epshtein M, Tenorio BNC, Vidal ML, Scutelnic V, Yang Z, Xue T, Krylov AI, Coriani S, Leone SR. Signatures of the Bromine Atom and Open-Shell Spin Coupling in the X-ray Spectrum of the Bromobenzene Cation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3554-3560. [PMID: 36735829 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tabletop X-ray spectroscopy measurements at the carbon K-edge complemented by ab initio calculations are used to investigate the influence of the bromine atom on the carbon core-valence transitions in the bromobenzene cation (BrBz+). The electronic ground state of the cation is prepared by resonance-enhanced two-photon ionization of neutral bromobenzene (BrBz) and probed by X-rays produced by high-harmonic generation (HHG). Replacing one of the hydrogen atoms in benzene with a bromine atom shifts the transition from the 1sC* orbital of the carbon atom (C*) bonded to bromine by ∼1 eV to higher energy in the X-ray spectrum compared to the other carbon atoms (C). Moreover, in BrBz+, the X-ray spectrum is dominated by two relatively intense transitions, 1sC→π* and 1sC*→σ*(C*-Br), where the second transition is enhanced relative to the neutral BrBz. In addition, a doublet peak shape for these two transitions is observed in the experiment. The 1sC→π* doublet peak shape arises due to the spin coupling of the unpaired electron in the partially vacant π orbital (from ionization) with the two other unpaired electrons resulting from the transition from the 1sC core orbital to the fully vacant π* orbitals. The 1sC*→σ* doublet peak shape results from several transitions involving σ* and vibrational C*-Br mode activations following the UV ionization, which demonstrates the impact of the C*-Br bond length on the core-valence transition as well as on the relaxation geometry of BrBz+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Epshtein
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Marta L Vidal
- DTU Chemistry─Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Valeriu Scutelnic
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zheyue Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tian Xue
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Anna I Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Sonia Coriani
- DTU Chemistry─Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stephen R Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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26
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Kanungo B, Rufus ND, Gavini V. Efficient All-Electron Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Calculations Using an Enriched Finite Element Basis. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:978-991. [PMID: 36656153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We present an efficient and systematically convergent approach to all-electron real-time time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations using a mixed basis, termed as enriched finite element (EFE) basis. The EFE basis augments the classical finite element basis (CFE) with a compactly supported numerical atom-centered basis, obtained from atomic ground-state DFT calculations. Particularly, we orthogonalize the enrichment functions with respect to the classical finite element basis to ensure good conditioning of the resultant basis. We employ the second-order Magnus propagator in conjunction with an adaptive Krylov subspace method for efficient time evolution of the Kohn-Sham orbitals. We rely on a priori error estimates to guide our choice of an adaptive finite element mesh as well as the time step to be used in the TDDFT calculations. We observe close to optimal rates of convergence of the dipole moment with respect to spatial and temporal discretizations. Notably, we attain a 50-100 times speedup for the EFE basis over the CFE basis. We also demonstrate the efficacy of the EFE basis for both linear and nonlinear responses by studying the absorption spectra in sodium clusters, the linear to nonlinear response transition in the green fluorescence protein chromophore, and the higher harmonic generation in the magnesium dimer. Lastly, we attain good parallel scalability of our numerical implementation of the EFE basis for up to ∼1000 processors, using a benchmark system of a 50-atom sodium nanocluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Kanungo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan48109, United States
| | - Nelson D Rufus
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan48109, United States
| | - Vikram Gavini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan48109, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan48109, United States
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27
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Kim YJ, Nho HW, Ji S, Lee H, Ko H, Weissenrieder J, Kwon OH. Femtosecond-resolved imaging of a single-particle phase transition in energy-filtered ultrafast electron microscopy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd5375. [PMID: 36706188 PMCID: PMC9882981 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add5375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Using an energy filter in transmission electron microscopy has enabled elemental mapping at the atomic scale and improved the precision of structural determination by gating inelastic and elastic imaging electrons, respectively. Here, we use an energy filter in ultrafast electron microscopy to enhance the temporal resolution toward the domain of atomic motion. Visualizing transient structures with femtosecond temporal precision was achieved by selecting imaging electrons in a narrow energy distribution from dense chirped photoelectron packets with broad longitudinal momentum distributions and thus typically exhibiting picosecond durations. In this study, the heterogeneous ultrafast phase transitions of vanadium dioxide (VO2) nanoparticles, a representative strongly correlated system, were filmed and attributed to the emergence of a transient, low-symmetry metallic phase caused by different local strains. Our approach enables electron microscopy to access the time scale of elementary nuclear motion to visualize the onset of the structural dynamics of matter at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Jin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Won Nho
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Shaozheng Ji
- Materials and Nano Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Hyejin Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, UNIST, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhyub Ko
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, UNIST, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonas Weissenrieder
- Materials and Nano Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Oh-Hoon Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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28
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Haugen EA, Hait D, Scutelnic V, Xue T, Head-Gordon M, Leone SR. Ultrafast X-ray Spectroscopy of Intersystem Crossing in Hexafluoroacetylacetone: Chromophore Photophysics and Spectral Changes in the Face of Electron-Withdrawing Groups. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:634-644. [PMID: 36638240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Intersystem crossings between singlet and triplet states represent a crucial relaxation pathway in photochemical processes. Herein, we probe the intersystem crossing in hexafluoro-acetylacetone with ultrafast X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy at the carbon K-edge. We observe the excited state dynamics following excitation with 266 nm UV light to the 1ππ* (S2) state with element and site-specificity using a broadband soft X-ray pulse produced by high harmonic generation. These results are compared to X-ray spectra computed from orbital optimized density functional theory methods. It is found that the electron-withdrawing fluorine atoms decongest the X-ray absorption spectrum by enhancing separation between features originating from different carbon atoms. This facilitates the elucidation of structural and electronic dynamics at the chromophore. The evolution of the core-to-valence resonances at the carbon K-edge reveals an ultrafast population transfer between the 1nπ* (S1) and 3ππ* (T1) states on a 1.6 ± 0.4 ps time scale, which is similar to the 1.5 ps time scale earlier observed for acetylacetone [ J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 16576-16583, DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07532]. It therefore appears that terminal fluorination has little influence on the intersystem crossing rate of the acetylacetone chromophore. In addition, the significant role of hydrogen-bond opened and twisted rotational isomers is elucidated in the excited state dynamics by comparison of the experimental transient X-ray spectra with theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Haugen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Diptarka Hait
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Valeriu Scutelnic
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tian Xue
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stephen R Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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29
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Dorner-Kirchner M, Shumakova V, Coccia G, Kaksis E, Schmidt BE, Pervak V, Pugzlys A, Baltuška A, Kitzler-Zeiler M, Carpeggiani PA. HHG at the Carbon K-Edge Directly Driven by SRS Red-Shifted Pulses from an Ytterbium Amplifier. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:84-91. [PMID: 36691427 PMCID: PMC9853858 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we introduce a simplified approach to efficiently extend the high harmonic generation (HHG) cutoff in gases without the need for laser frequency conversion via parametric processes. Instead, we employ postcompression and red-shifting of a Yb:CaF2 laser via stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in a nitrogen-filled stretched hollow core fiber. This driving scheme circumvents the low-efficiency window of parametric amplifiers in the 1100-1300 nm range. We demonstrate this approach being suitable for upscaling the power of a driver with an optimal wavelength for HHG in the highly desirable XUV range between 200 and 300 eV, up to the carbon K-edge. Due to the combination of power scalability of a low quantum defect ytterbium-based laser system with the high conversion efficiency of the SRS technique, we expect a significant increase in the generated photon flux in comparison with established platforms for HHG in the water window. We also compare HHG driven by the SRS scheme with the conventional self-phase modulation (SPM) scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentina Shumakova
- Photonics
Institute, Technische Universität
Wien, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Mid-IR Spectroscopy and Semiconductor Optics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giulio Coccia
- Photonics
Institute, Technische Universität
Wien, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
- Istituto
di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR)
and Dipartimento di Fisica-Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Edgar Kaksis
- Photonics
Institute, Technische Universität
Wien, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruno E. Schmidt
- few-Cycle
Inc., 1650 Blvd. Lionel
Boulet, J3X 1P7, Varennes, QC Canada
| | - Vladimir Pervak
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Department of Physics, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- UltraFast
Innovations GmbH, Am
Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Audrius Pugzlys
- Photonics
Institute, Technische Universität
Wien, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
- Center
for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Andrius Baltuška
- Photonics
Institute, Technische Universität
Wien, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
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30
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Boeije Y, Olivucci M. From a one-mode to a multi-mode understanding of conical intersection mediated ultrafast organic photochemical reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:2643-2687. [PMID: 36970950 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00719c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses how ultrafast organic photochemical reactions are controlled by conical intersections, highlighting that decay to the ground-state at multiple points of the intersection space results in their multi-mode character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorrick Boeije
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Massimo Olivucci
- Chemistry Department, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro n. 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Chemistry Department, Bowling Green State University, Overman Hall, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA
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31
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Annegarn M, Kahk JM, Lischner J. Combining Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory and the ΔSCF Approach for Accurate Core-Electron Spectra. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:7620-7629. [PMID: 36383053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Spectroscopies that probe electronic excitations from core levels into unoccupied orbitals, such as X-ray absorption spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy, are widely used to gain insight into the electronic and chemical structure of materials. To support the interpretation of experimental spectra, we assess the performance of a first-principles approach that combines linear-response time-dependent density (TDDFT) functional theory with the Δ self-consistent field (ΔSCF) approach. In particular, we first use TDDFT to calculate the core-level spectrum and then shift the spectrum such that the lowest excitation energy from TDDFT agrees with that from ΔSCF. We apply this method to several small molecules and find encouraging agreement between calculated and measured spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Annegarn
- Departments of Materials, Imperial College London, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.,The Thomas Young Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials, Imperial College London, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Juhan Matthias Kahk
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411Tartu, Estonia
| | - Johannes Lischner
- Departments of Materials, Imperial College London, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.,The Thomas Young Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials, Imperial College London, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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32
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Zhang L, Shu Y, Bhaumik S, Chen X, Sun S, Huang Y, Truhlar DG. Nonadiabatic Dynamics of 1,3-Cyclohexadiene by Curvature-Driven Coherent Switching with Decay of Mixing. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:7073-7081. [PMID: 36350795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The photoinduced ring-opening reaction of 1,3-cyclohexadiene to produce 1,3,5-hexatriene is a classic electrocyclic reaction and is also a prototype for many reactions of biological and synthetic importance. Here, we simulate the ultrafast nonadiabatic dynamics of the reaction in the manifold of the three lowest valence electronic states by using extended multistate complete-active-space second-order perturbation theory (XMS-CASPT2) combined with the curvature-driven coherent switching with decay of mixing (κCSDM) dynamical method. We obtain an excited-state lifetime of 79 fs, and a product quantum yield of 40% from the 500 trajectories initiated in the S1 excited state. The obtained lifetime and quantum yield values are very close to previously reported experimental and computed values, showing the capability of performing a reasonable nonadiabatic ring-opening dynamics with the κCSDM method that does not require nonadiabatic coupling vectors, time derivatives, or diabatization. In addition, we study the ring-opening reaction by initiating the trajectories in the dark state S2. We also optimize the S0/S1 and S1/S2 minimum-energy conical intersections (MECIs) by XMS-CASPT2; for S1/S2, we optimized both an inner and an outer local-minimum-energy conical intersections (LMECIs). We provide the potential energy profile along the ring-opening coordinate by joining selected critical points via linear synchronous transit paths. We find the inner S1/S2 LMECI to be more crucial than the outer one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyao Zhang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yinan Shu
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Suman Bhaumik
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Xiye Chen
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Shaozeng Sun
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yudong Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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33
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Travnikova O, Piteša T, Ponzi A, Sapunar M, Squibb RJ, Richter R, Finetti P, Di Fraia M, De Fanis A, Mahne N, Manfredda M, Zhaunerchyk V, Marchenko T, Guillemin R, Journel L, Prince KC, Callegari C, Simon M, Feifel R, Decleva P, Došlić N, Piancastelli MN. Photochemical Ring-Opening Reaction of 1,3-Cyclohexadiene: Identifying the True Reactive State. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21878-21886. [PMID: 36444673 PMCID: PMC9732879 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photochemically induced ring-opening isomerization reaction of 1,3-cyclohexadiene to 1,3,5-hexatriene is a textbook example of a pericyclic reaction and has been amply investigated with advanced spectroscopic techniques. The main open question has been the identification of the single reactive state which drives the process. The generally accepted description of the isomerization pathway starts with a valence excitation to the lowest lying bright state, followed by a passage through a conical intersection to the lowest lying doubly excited state, and finally a branching between either the return to the ground state of the cyclic molecule or the actual ring-opening reaction leading to the open-chain isomer. Here, in a joint experimental and computational effort, we demonstrate that the evolution of the excitation-deexcitation process is much more complex than that usually described. In particular, we show that an initially high-lying electronic state smoothly decreasing in energy along the reaction path plays a key role in the ring-opening reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Travnikova
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière
et Rayonnement, LCPMR, ParisF-75005, France
| | | | - Aurora Ponzi
- Institut
Rud̵er Bošković, ZagrebHR-10000, Croatia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicola Mahne
- IOM-CNR, S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science
Park, Trieste34149, Italy
| | | | - Vitali Zhaunerchyk
- Department
of Physics, University of Gothenburg, GothenburgSE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Tatiana Marchenko
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière
et Rayonnement, LCPMR, ParisF-75005, France
| | - Renaud Guillemin
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière
et Rayonnement, LCPMR, ParisF-75005, France
| | - Loic Journel
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière
et Rayonnement, LCPMR, ParisF-75005, France
| | | | | | - Marc Simon
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière
et Rayonnement, LCPMR, ParisF-75005, France
| | - Raimund Feifel
- Department
of Physics, University of Gothenburg, GothenburgSE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Piero Decleva
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Universitá
di Trieste, TriesteI-34127, Italy
| | - Nad̵a Došlić
- Institut
Rud̵er Bošković, ZagrebHR-10000, Croatia,
| | - Maria Novella Piancastelli
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière
et Rayonnement, LCPMR, ParisF-75005, France,Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, UppsalaSE-751 20, Sweden,
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34
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Abstract
Why was it that Roald Hoffmann was the perfect collaborator for R. B. Woodward for proposing the Principle of Conservation of Orbital Symmetry as the solution to the no-mechanism puzzle? This publication presents 17 "tools" that Hoffmann used extensively and effectively prior to the Woodward-Hoffmann collaboration that would he call upon reveal the mechanism of pericyclic reactions. In a sense, this is a biography of Hoffmann with a focus on his personal and professional skills as of May 5, 1964.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey I Seeman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, 23173, Richmond, VA, USA
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35
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Schnappinger T, Jadoun D, Gudem M, Kowalewski M. Time-resolved X-ray and XUV based spectroscopic methods for nonadiabatic processes in photochemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:12763-12781. [PMID: 36317595 PMCID: PMC9671098 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04875b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The photochemistry of numerous molecular systems is influenced by conical intersections (CIs). These omnipresent nonadiabatic phenomena provide ultra-fast radiationless relaxation channels by creating degeneracies between electronic states and decide over the final photoproducts. In their presence, the Born-Oppenheimer approximation breaks down, and the timescales of the electron and nuclear dynamics become comparable. Due to the ultra-fast dynamics and the complex interplay between nuclear and electronic degrees of freedom, the direct experimental observation of nonadiabatic processes close to CIs remains challenging. In this article, we give a theoretical perspective on novel spectroscopic techniques capable of observing clear signatures of CIs. We discuss methods that are based on ultra-short laser pulses in the extreme ultraviolet and X-ray regime, as their spectral and temporal resolution allow for resolving the ultra-fast dynamics near CIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schnappinger
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Deependra Jadoun
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mahesh Gudem
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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36
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Kobayashi Y, Leone SR. Characterizing coherences in chemical dynamics with attosecond time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:180901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0119942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coherence can drive wave-like motion of electrons and nuclei in photoexcited systems, which can yield fast and efficient ways to exert materials’ functionalities beyond the thermodynamic limit. The search for coherent phenomena has been a central topic in chemical physics although their direct characterization is often elusive. Here, we highlight recent advances in time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy (tr-XAS) to investigate coherent phenomena, especially those that utilize the eminent light source of isolated attosecond pulses. The unparalleled time and state sensitivities of tr-XAS in tandem with the unique element specificity render the method suitable to study valence electronic dynamics in a wide variety of materials. The latest studies have demonstrated the capabilities of tr-XAS to characterize coupled electronic–structural coherence in small molecules and coherent light–matter interactions of core-excited excitons in solids. We address current opportunities and challenges in the exploration of coherent phenomena, with potential applications for energy- and bio-related systems, potential crossings, strongly driven solids, and quantum materials. With the ongoing developments in both theory and light sources, tr-XAS holds great promise for revealing the role of coherences in chemical dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kobayashi
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Stephen R. Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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37
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Park W, Alías-Rodríguez M, Cho D, Lee S, Huix-Rotllant M, Choi CH. Mixed-Reference Spin-Flip Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory for Accurate X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:6240-6250. [PMID: 36166346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is demonstrated that the challenging core-hole particle (CHP) orbital relaxation for core electron spectra can be readily achieved by the mixed-reference spin-flip (MRSF)-time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). With the additional scalar relativistic effects on K-edge excitation energies of 24 second- and 17 third-row molecules, the particular ΔCHP-MRSF(R) exhibited near perfect predictions with RMSE ∼0.5 eV, featuring a median value of 0.3 and an interquartile range of 0.4. Overall, the CHP effect is 2-4 times stronger than relativistic ones, contributing more than 20 eV in the cases of sulfur and chlorine third-row atoms. Such high precision allows to explain the splitting and spectral shapes of O, N, and C atom K-edges in the ground state of thymine with atom as well as orbital specific accuracy. The same protocol with a double hole particle relaxation also produced remarkably accurate K-edge spectra of core to valence hole excitation energies from the first (nO8π*) and second (ππ*) excited states of thymine, confirming the assignment of 1s → n excitation for the experimentally observed 526.4 eV peak. Regarding both accuracy and practicality, therefore, MRSF-TDDFT provides a promising protocol for core electron spectra of both ground and excited electronic states alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Marc Alías-Rodríguez
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille 13284, France
| | - Daeheum Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Seunghoon Lee
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Miquel Huix-Rotllant
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille 13284, France
| | - Cheol Ho Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
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38
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Kleine C, Winghart MO, Zhang ZY, Richter M, Ekimova M, Eckert S, Vrakking MJJ, Nibbering ETJ, Rouzée A, Grant ER. Electronic State Population Dynamics upon Ultrafast Strong Field Ionization and Fragmentation of Molecular Nitrogen. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:123002. [PMID: 36179157 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.123002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Air lasing from single ionized N_{2}^{+} molecules induced by laser filamentation in air has been intensively investigated and the mechanisms responsible for lasing are currently highly debated. We use ultrafast nitrogen K-edge spectroscopy to follow the strong field ionization and fragmentation dynamics of N_{2} upon interaction with an ultrashort 800 nm laser pulse. Using probe pulses generated by extreme high-order harmonic generation, we observe transitions indicative of the formation of the electronic ground X^{2}Σ_{g}^{+}, first excited A^{2}Π_{u}, and second excited B^{2}Σ_{u}^{+} states of N_{2}^{+} on femtosecond timescales, from which we can quantitatively determine the time-dependent electronic state population distribution dynamics of N_{2}^{+}. Our results show a remarkably low population of the A^{2}Π_{u} state, and nearly equal populations of the X^{2}Σ_{g}^{+} and B^{2}Σ_{u}^{+} states. In addition, we observe fragmentation of N_{2}^{+} into N and N^{+} on a timescale of several tens of picoseconds that we assign to significant collisional dynamics in the plasma, resulting in dissociative excitation of N_{2}^{+}.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Kleine
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc-Oliver Winghart
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhuang-Yan Zhang
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Richter
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Ekimova
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc J J Vrakking
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Erik T J Nibbering
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arnaud Rouzée
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Edward R Grant
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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39
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Soley M, Videla PE, Nibbering ETJ, Batista VS. Ultrafast Charge Relocation Dynamics in Enol-Keto Tautomerization Monitored with a Local Soft-X-ray Probe. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8254-8263. [PMID: 36018775 PMCID: PMC9465716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) is the underlying mechanism governing important reactions ranging from water splitting in photosynthesis to oxygen reduction in hydrogen fuel cells. The interplay of proton and electronic charge distribution motions can vary from sequential to concerted schemes, with elementary steps occurring on ultrafast time scales. We demonstrate with a simulation study that femtosecond soft-X-ray spectroscopy provides key insights into the PCET mechanism of a photoinduced intramolecular enol* → keto* tautomerization reaction. A full quantum treatment of the electronic and nuclear dynamics of 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole upon electronic excitation reveals how spectral signatures of local excitations from core to frontier orbitals display the distinctly different stages of charge relocation for the H atom, donating, and accepting sites. Our findings indicate that ultraviolet/X-ray pump-probe spectroscopy provides a unique way to probe ultrafast electronic structure rearrangements in photoinduced chemical reactions essential to understanding the mechanism of PCET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline
B. Soley
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
- Yale
Quantum Institute, Yale University, P.O. Box 208334, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8263, United States
| | - Pablo E. Videla
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
- Energy
Sciences Institute, Yale University, P.O. Box 27394, West Haven, Connecticut 06516-7394, United States
| | - Erik T. J. Nibbering
- Max
Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max Born Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor S. Batista
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
- Yale
Quantum Institute, Yale University, P.O. Box 208334, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8263, United States
- Energy
Sciences Institute, Yale University, P.O. Box 27394, West Haven, Connecticut 06516-7394, United States
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40
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Direct observation of ultrafast exciton localization in an organic semiconductor with soft X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3414. [PMID: 35701418 PMCID: PMC9198071 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31008-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The localization dynamics of excitons in organic semiconductors influence the efficiency of charge transfer and separation in these materials. Here we apply time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy to track photoinduced dynamics of a paradigmatic crystalline conjugated polymer: poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) commonly used in solar cell devices. The π→π* transition, the first step of solar energy conversion, is pumped with a 15 fs optical pulse and the dynamics are probed by an attosecond soft X-ray pulse at the carbon K-edge. We observe X-ray spectroscopic signatures of the initially hot excitonic state, indicating that it is delocalized over multiple polymer chains. This undergoes a rapid evolution on a sub 50 fs timescale which can be directly associated with cooling and localization to form either a localized exciton or polaron pair. A detailed understanding of ultrafast exciton dynamics is crucial for improving the efficiency of organic light-harvesting-devices. Here, the authors track exciton localization on a sub-50 fs timescale in an organic semiconductor using time resolved soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy.
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41
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Wang S, Tan F, Yang Z, Wu Y, Zhang X, Yu M, Yang Y, Yan Y, Zhu B, Wei L, Fan Q, Su J, Gu Y, Zhou W. Selective generation of narrow-band harmonics by a relativistic laser pulse interaction with a detuned plasma grating. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:065207. [PMID: 35854521 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.065207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The spectral characteristics of high-order harmonics generated by the interaction of a linearly polarized relativistic laser pulse with a plasma grating target are investigated. Through particle-in-cell simulations and an analytical model, it is shown that a plasma grating target with periodic structure can select special harmonics with integer multiples of the grating frequency, and that low-order harmonics with frequencies being integer times of the laser frequency are generated nearly parallel to the target surface from a Fresnel zone plate target with an aperiodic structure. Spectral control of the harmonics can be achieved by introducing a correction factor β to the radius formula of the Fresnel zone plate, which can create a slightly detuned plasma grating, and then only the narrow-band harmonics can be selected nearly parallel to the target surface. The center order of the narrow-band harmonics can be tuned by adjusting the correction factor β, while the bandwidth of the harmonics can be selected by adjusting the other parameter λ_{f} of the detuned plasma grating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyi Wang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, CAEP, P. O. Box 919 986, Mianyang 621900, China
- The Sciences and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Fang Tan
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, CAEP, P. O. Box 919 986, Mianyang 621900, China
- The Sciences and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Zuhua Yang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, CAEP, P. O. Box 919 986, Mianyang 621900, China
- The Sciences and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Yuchi Wu
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, CAEP, P. O. Box 919 986, Mianyang 621900, China
- The Sciences and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, CAEP, P. O. Box 919 986, Mianyang 621900, China
- The Sciences and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Minghai Yu
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, CAEP, P. O. Box 919 986, Mianyang 621900, China
- The Sciences and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, CAEP, P. O. Box 919 986, Mianyang 621900, China
- The Sciences and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Yonghong Yan
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, CAEP, P. O. Box 919 986, Mianyang 621900, China
- The Sciences and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, CAEP, P. O. Box 919 986, Mianyang 621900, China
- The Sciences and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Lai Wei
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, CAEP, P. O. Box 919 986, Mianyang 621900, China
- The Sciences and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Quanping Fan
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, CAEP, P. O. Box 919 986, Mianyang 621900, China
- The Sciences and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Jingqin Su
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, CAEP, P. O. Box 919 986, Mianyang 621900, China
- The Sciences and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Yuqiu Gu
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, CAEP, P. O. Box 919 986, Mianyang 621900, China
- The Sciences and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Weimin Zhou
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, CAEP, P. O. Box 919 986, Mianyang 621900, China
- The Sciences and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
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42
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Asban S, Keefer D, Chernyak VY, Mukamel S. Sensing ultrashort electronic coherent beating at conical intersections by single-electron pulses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205510119. [PMID: 35609200 PMCID: PMC9295798 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205510119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificanceIn a theoretical study, we present an ultrafast technique for probing time-dependent molecular charge densities. An ultrafast optical pump first brings the molecule into an electronic nonstationary state. This is followed by coherent inelastic scattering of a broadband single-electron probe pulse with a variable delay T, which is detected spectrally. The technique is applied to reveal phase-sensitive background-free coherent electron beating in the conical intersection passage in uracil and reveals the otherwise elusive coherent beating of strongly coupled electrons and nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahaf Asban
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025
| | - Daniel Keefer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025
| | - Vladimir Y. Chernyak
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
- Department of Mathematics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025
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43
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Uemura Y, Ismail ASM, Park SH, Kwon S, Kim M, Elnaggar H, Frati F, Wadati H, Hirata Y, Zhang Y, Yamagami K, Yamamoto S, Matsuda I, Halisdemir U, Koster G, Milne C, Ammann M, Weckhuysen BM, de Groot FMF. Hole Dynamics in Photoexcited Hematite Studied with Femtosecond Oxygen K-edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:4207-4214. [PMID: 35512383 PMCID: PMC9125685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Hematite (α-Fe2O3) is a photoelectrode for the water splitting process because of its relatively narrow bandgap and abundance in the earth's crust. In this study, the photoexcited state of a hematite thin film was investigated with femtosecond oxygen K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at the PAL-XFEL in order to follow the dynamics of its photoexcited states. The 200 fs decay time of the hole state in the valence band was observed via its corresponding XAS feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Uemura
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
- Laboratory
of Environmental Chemistry, Energy and Environment Research Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
- European
XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, Schenefeld, 22869, Germany
| | - Ahmed S. M. Ismail
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Sang Han Park
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Soonnam Kwon
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Minseok Kim
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Hebatalla Elnaggar
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Federica Frati
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Hiroki Wadati
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
- Graduate
School of Material Science, University of
Hyogo, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Hirata
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Yujun Zhang
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamagami
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Susumu Yamamoto
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Iwao Matsuda
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Ufuk Halisdemir
- Faculty
of
Science and Technology and MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 2171, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Koster
- Faculty
of
Science and Technology and MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 2171, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher Milne
- European
XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, Schenefeld, 22869, Germany
- SwissFEL, Paul
Scherrer Institut, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory
of Environmental Chemistry, Energy and Environment Research Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Frank M. F. de Groot
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
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44
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Ashfold MNR, Kim SK. Non-Born-Oppenheimer effects in molecular photochemistry: an experimental perspective. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20200376. [PMID: 35341307 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Non-adiabatic couplings between Born-Oppenheimer (BO)-derived potential energy surfaces are now recognized as pivotal in describing the non-radiative decay of electronically excited molecules following photon absorption. This opinion piece illustrates how non-BO effects provide photostability to many biomolecules when exposed to ultraviolet radiation, yet in many other cases are key to facilitating 'reactive' outcomes like isomerization and bond fission. The examples are presented in order of decreasing molecular complexity, spanning studies of organic sunscreen molecules in solution, through two families of heteroatom containing aromatic molecules and culminating with studies of isolated gas phase H2O molecules that afford some of the most detailed insights yet available into the cascade of non-adiabatic couplings that enable the evolution from photoexcited molecule to eventual products. This article is part of the theme issue 'Chemistry without the Born-Oppenheimer approximation'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sang Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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45
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Borrego-Varillas R, Lucchini M, Nisoli M. Attosecond spectroscopy for the investigation of ultrafast dynamics in atomic, molecular and solid-state physics. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:066401. [PMID: 35294930 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac5e7f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the first demonstration of the generation of attosecond pulses (1 as = 10-18s) in the extreme-ultraviolet spectral region, several measurement techniques have been introduced, at the beginning for the temporal characterization of the pulses, and immediately after for the investigation of electronic and nuclear ultrafast dynamics in atoms, molecules and solids with unprecedented temporal resolution. The attosecond spectroscopic tools established in the last two decades, together with the development of sophisticated theoretical methods for the interpretation of the experimental outcomes, allowed to unravel and investigate physical processes never observed before, such as the delay in photoemission from atoms and solids, the motion of electrons in molecules after prompt ionization which precede any notable nuclear motion, the temporal evolution of the tunneling process in dielectrics, and many others. This review focused on applications of attosecond techniques to the investigation of ultrafast processes in atoms, molecules and solids. Thanks to the introduction and ongoing developments of new spectroscopic techniques, the attosecond science is rapidly moving towards the investigation, understanding and control of coupled electron-nuclear dynamics in increasingly complex systems, with ever more accurate and complete investigation techniques. Here we will review the most common techniques presenting the latest results in atoms, molecules and solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Borrego-Varillas
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Lucchini
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mauro Nisoli
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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46
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Nam Y, Montorsi F, Keefer D, Cavaletto SM, Lee JY, Nenov A, Garavelli M, Mukamel S. Time-Resolved Optical Pump-Resonant X-ray Probe Spectroscopy of 4-Thiouracil: A Simulation Study. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:3075-3088. [PMID: 35476905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically monitor the photoinduced ππ* → nπ* internal conversion process in 4-thiouracil (4TU), triggered by an optical pump. The element-sensitive spectroscopic signatures are recorded by a resonant X-ray probe tuned to the sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen K-edge. We employ high-level electronic structure methods optimized for core-excited electronic structure calculation combined with quantum nuclear wavepacket dynamics computed on two relevant nuclear modes, fully accounting for their quantum nature of nuclear motions. We critically discuss the capabilities and limitations of the resonant technique. For sulfur and nitrogen, we document a pre-edge spectral window free from ground-state background and rich with ππ* and nπ* absorption features. The lowest sulfur K-edge shows strong absorption for both ππ* and nπ*. In the lowest nitrogen K-edge window, we resolve a state-specific fingerprint of the ππ* and an approximate timing of the conical intersection via its depletion. A spectral signature of the nπ* transition, not accessible by UV-vis spectroscopy, is identified. The oxygen K-edge is not sensitive to molecular deformations and gives steady transient absorption features without spectral dynamics. The ππ*/nπ* coherence information is masked by more intense contributions from populations. Altogether, element-specific time-resolved resonant X-ray spectroscopy provides a detailed picture of the electronic excited-state dynamics and therefore a sensitive window into the photophysics of thiobases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonsig Nam
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States.,Convergence Research Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Francesco Montorsi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Universita' degli Studi di Bologna, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniel Keefer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Stefano M Cavaletto
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Jin Yong Lee
- Convergence Research Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Artur Nenov
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Universita' degli Studi di Bologna, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Universita' degli Studi di Bologna, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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47
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Cunha LA, Hait D, Kang R, Mao Y, Head-Gordon M. Relativistic Orbital-Optimized Density Functional Theory for Accurate Core-Level Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3438-3449. [PMID: 35412838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Core-level spectra of 1s electrons of elements heavier than Ne show significant relativistic effects. We combine advances in orbital-optimized density functional theory (OO-DFT) with the spin-free exact two-component (X2C) model for scalar relativistic effects to study K-edge spectra of third period elements. OO-DFT/X2C is found to be quite accurate at predicting energies, yielding a ∼0.5 eV root-mean-square error versus experiment with the modern SCAN (and related) functionals. This marks a significant improvement over the >50 eV deviations that are typical for the popular time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) approach. Consequently, experimental spectra are quite well reproduced by OO-DFT/X2C, sans empirical shifts for alignment. OO-DFT/X2C combines high accuracy with ground state DFT cost and is thus a promising route for computing core-level spectra of third period elements. We also explored K and L edges of 3d transition metals to identify limitations of the OO-DFT/X2C approach in modeling the spectra of heavier atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo A Cunha
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Diptarka Hait
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richard Kang
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yuezhi Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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48
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Rupprecht P, Aufleger L, Heinze S, Magunia A, Ding T, Rebholz M, Amberg S, Mollov N, Henrich F, Haverkort MW, Ott C, Pfeifer T. Laser Control of Electronic Exchange Interaction within a Molecule. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:153001. [PMID: 35499899 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.153001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electronic interactions play a fundamental role in atoms, molecular structure and reactivity. We introduce a general concept to control the effective electronic exchange interaction with intense laser fields via coupling to excited states. As an experimental proof of principle, we study the SF_{6} molecule using a combination of soft x-ray and infrared (IR) laser pulses. Increasing the IR intensity increases the effective exchange energy of the core hole with the excited electron by 50%, as observed by a characteristic spin-orbit branching ratio change. This work demonstrates altering electronic interactions by targeting many-particle quantum properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Rupprecht
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lennart Aufleger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Heinze
- Institut für theoretische Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 19, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Magunia
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Ding
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Rebholz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefano Amberg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikola Mollov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Henrich
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maurits W Haverkort
- Institut für theoretische Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 19, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Ott
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Pfeifer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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49
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Singh V, López Peña HA, Shusterman JM, Vindel-Zandbergen P, Tibbetts KM, Matsika S. Conformer-Specific Dissociation Dynamics in Dimethyl Methylphosphonate Radical Cation. Molecules 2022; 27:2269. [PMID: 35408667 PMCID: PMC9000782 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of the dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) radical cation after production by strong field adiabatic ionization have been investigated. Pump-probe experiments using strong field 1300 nm pulses to adiabatically ionize DMMP and a 800 nm non-ionizing probe induce coherent oscillations of the parent ion yield with a period of about 45 fs. The yields of two fragments, PO2C2H7+ and PO2CH4+, oscillate approximately out of phase with the parent ion, but with a slight phase shift relative to each other. We use electronic structure theory and nonadiabatic surface hopping dynamics to understand the underlying dynamics. The results show that while the cation oscillates on the ground state along the P=O bond stretch coordinate, the probe excites population to higher electronic states that can lead to fragments PO2C2H7+ and PO2CH4+. The computational results combined with the experimental observations indicate that the two conformers of DMMP that are populated under experimental conditions exhibit different dynamics after being excited to the higher electronic states of the cation leading to different dissociation products. These results highlight the potential usefulness of these pump-probe measurements as a tool to study conformer-specific dynamics in molecules of biological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
| | - Hugo A. López Peña
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (H.A.L.P.); (J.M.S.); (K.M.T.)
| | - Jacob M. Shusterman
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (H.A.L.P.); (J.M.S.); (K.M.T.)
| | | | - Katharine Moore Tibbetts
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (H.A.L.P.); (J.M.S.); (K.M.T.)
| | - Spiridoula Matsika
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
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50
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Biswas S, Baker LR. Extreme Ultraviolet Reflection-Absorption Spectroscopy: Probing Dynamics at Surfaces from a Molecular Perspective. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:893-903. [PMID: 35238529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Extreme ultraviolet light sources based on high harmonic generation are enabling the development of novel spectroscopic methods to help advance the frontiers of ultrafast science and technology. In this Account, we discuss the development of extreme ultraviolet reflection-absorption (XUV-RA) spectroscopy at near grazing incident reflection geometry and highlight recent applications of this method to study ultrafast electron dynamics at surfaces. Measuring core-to-valence transitions with broadband, femtosecond pulses of XUV light extends the benefits of X-ray absorption spectroscopy to a laboratory tabletop by providing a chemical fingerprint of materials, including the ability to resolve individual elements with sensitivity to oxidation state, spin state, carrier polarity, and coordination geometry. Combining this chemical state sensitivity with femtosecond time resolution provides new insight into the material properties that govern charge carrier dynamics in complex materials. It is well-known that surface dynamics differ significantly from equivalent processes in bulk materials and that charge separation, trapping, transport, and recombination occurring uniquely at surfaces govern the efficiency of numerous technologically relevant processes spanning photocatalysis, photovoltaics, and information storage and processing. Importantly, XUV-RA spectroscopy at near grazing angle is also surface sensitive with a probe depth of ∼3 nm, providing a new window into electronic and structural dynamics at surfaces and interfaces. Here we highlight the unique capabilities and recent applications of XUV-RA spectroscopy to study photoinduced surface dynamics in metal oxide semiconductors, including photocatalytic oxides (Fe2O3, Co3O4 NiO, and CuFeO2) as well as photoswitchable magnetic oxide (CoFe2O4). We first compare the ultrafast electron self-trapping rates via small polaron formation at the surface and bulk of Fe2O3 where we note that the energetics and kinetics of this process differ significantly at the surface. Additionally, we demonstrate the ability to systematically tune this kinetics by molecular functionalization, thereby providing a route to control carrier transport at surfaces. We also measure the spectral signatures of charge transfer excitons with site specific localization of both electrons and holes in a series of transition metal oxide semiconductors (Fe2O3, NiO, Co3O4). The presence of valence band holes probed at the oxygen L1-edge confirms a direct relationship between the metal-oxygen bond covalency and water oxidation efficiency. For a mixed metal oxide CuFeO2 in the layered delafossite structure, XUV-RA reveals that the sub-picosecond hole thermalization from O 2p to Cu 3d states of CuFeO2 leads to the spatial separation of electrons and holes, resulting in exceptional photocatalytic performance for H2 evolution and CO2 reduction of this material. Finally, we provide an example to show the ability of XUV-RA to probe spin state specific dynamics in a photoswitchable ferrimagnet, cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4). This study provides a detailed understating of ultrafast spin switching in a complex magnetic material with site-specific resolution. In summary, the applications of XUV-RA spectroscopy demonstrated here illustrate the current abilities and future promise of this method to extend molecule-level understanding from well-defined photochemical complexes to complex materials so that charge and spin dynamics at surfaces can be tuned with the precision of molecular photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - L. Robert Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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