1
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Timmerman S, Stachel T, Koornneef JM, Smit KV, Harlou R, Nowell GM, Thomson AR, Kohn SC, Davies JHFL, Davies GR, Krebs MY, Zhang Q, Milne SEM, Harris JW, Kaminsky F, Zedgenizov D, Bulanova G, Smith CB, Cabral Neto I, Silveira FV, Burnham AD, Nestola F, Shirey SB, Walter MJ, Steele A, Pearson DG. Sublithospheric diamond ages and the supercontinent cycle. Nature 2023; 623:752-756. [PMID: 37853128 PMCID: PMC10665200 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06662-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Subduction related to the ancient supercontinent cycle is poorly constrained by mantle samples. Sublithospheric diamond crystallization records the release of melts from subducting oceanic lithosphere at 300-700 km depths1,2 and is especially suited to tracking the timing and effects of deep mantle processes on supercontinents. Here we show that four isotope systems (Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, U-Pb and Re-Os) applied to Fe-sulfide and CaSiO3 inclusions within 13 sublithospheric diamonds from Juína (Brazil) and Kankan (Guinea) give broadly overlapping crystallization ages from around 450 to 650 million years ago. The intracratonic location of the diamond deposits on Gondwana and the ages, initial isotopic ratios, and trace element content of the inclusions indicate formation from a peri-Gondwanan subduction system. Preservation of these Neoproterozoic-Palaeozoic sublithospheric diamonds beneath Gondwana until its Cretaceous breakup, coupled with majorite geobarometry3,4, suggests that they accreted to and were retained in the lithospheric keel for more than 300 Myr during supercontinent migration. We propose that this process of lithosphere growth-with diamonds attached to the supercontinent keel by the diapiric uprise of depleted buoyant material and pieces of slab crust-could have enhanced supercontinent stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzette Timmerman
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
- Institute for Geological Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas Stachel
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Karen V Smit
- School of Geosciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rikke Harlou
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, UK
| | - Geoff M Nowell
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, UK
| | - Andrew R Thomson
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Simon C Kohn
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Joshua H F L Davies
- Département des sciences de la Terre et de l'atmosphère, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gareth R Davies
- Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mandy Y Krebs
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah E M Milne
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeffrey W Harris
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Felix Kaminsky
- V. I. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Zedgenizov
- A. N. Zavaritsky Institute of Geology and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Galina Bulanova
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Chris B Smith
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Antony D Burnham
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Steven B Shirey
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael J Walter
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andrew Steele
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | - D Graham Pearson
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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2
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Amano KI, Tozawa K, Tomita M, Takagi R, Iwayasu R, Nakano H, Murata M, Abe Y, Utsunomiya T, Sugimura H, Ichii T. Interaction between the substrate and probe in liquid metal Ga: experimental and theoretical analysis. RSC Adv 2023; 13:30615-30624. [PMID: 37859780 PMCID: PMC10582826 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04459a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Interaction between two bodies in a liquid metal is an important topic for development of metallic products with high performance. We conducted atomic force microscopy measurements and achieved the interaction between the substrate and the probe in liquid Ga of an opaque and highly viscous liquid. The interaction cannot be accessed with the normal atomic force microscopy, electron microscopy, and beam reflectometry. We performed a theoretical calculation using statistical mechanics of simple liquids by mixing an experimentally derived quantum effect. From both experiment and theory, we found an unusual behaviour in the interaction between the solvophobic substances, which has never been reported in water and ionic liquids. Shapes of the interaction curves between several solvophobic and solvophilic pairs in liquid Ga are also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Amano
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University Nagoya 468-8502 Japan
| | - Kentaro Tozawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University Nagoya 468-8502 Japan
| | - Maho Tomita
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University Nagoya 468-8502 Japan
| | - Riko Takagi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University Nagoya 468-8502 Japan
| | - Rieko Iwayasu
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University Nagoya 468-8502 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakano
- Research Center for Computational Design of Advanced Functional Materials, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba 305-8568 Japan
| | - Makoto Murata
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Yousuke Abe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Toru Utsunomiya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sugimura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Takashi Ichii
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
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3
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Liu S, Lu W, Zhang X, Song J, Lü J, Liu X, Wang Y, Chen C, Ma Y. A viable mechanism to form boron-bearing diamonds in deep Earth. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023:S2095-9273(23)00381-X. [PMID: 37353437 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Boron is considered extremely depleted inside Earth's mantle. It is therefore a great challenge to elucidate the prevalence of boron impurity seen in sublithospheric diamonds, especially in identifying the boron source and the mechanism for its incorporation into these enigmatic diamonds. Here, we unveil a pathway for the crystallization of boron-bearing diamonds via redox reactions of carbonates and borides at pressure-temperature conditions relevant to the Earth's lower mantle. We present computational results along with pertinent experimental evidence for a genesis of boron-bearing diamonds via the redox reaction of CaCO3 and FeB at 22.5 GPa and 2100 K, corresponding to the geological conditions at the top of the lower mantle. The present findings offer a viable mechanism for the formation of boron-bearing diamonds deep inside the Earth's mantle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods and Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wencheng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods and Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiaoran Zhang
- Laboratory of High Pressure Physics and Material Science, School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273100, China
| | - Jingyan Song
- Laboratory of High Pressure Physics and Material Science, School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273100, China
| | - Jian Lü
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods and Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiaobing Liu
- Laboratory of High Pressure Physics and Material Science, School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273100, China.
| | - Yanchao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods and Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Changfeng Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA.
| | - Yanming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods and Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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4
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He Y, Kim DY, Struzhkin VV, Geballe ZM, Prakapenka V, Mao HK. The stability of FeH x and hydrogen transport at Earth's core mantle boundary. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023:S2095-9273(23)00382-1. [PMID: 37355390 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Iron hydride in Earth's interior can be formed by the reaction between hydrous minerals (water) and iron. Studying iron hydride improves our understanding of hydrogen transportation in Earth's interior. Our high-pressure experiments found that face-centered cubic (fcc) FeHx (x ≤ 1) is stable up to 165 GPa, and our ab initio molecular dynamics simulations predicted that fcc FeHx transforms to a superionic state under lower mantle conditions. In the superionic state, H-ions in fcc FeH become highly diffusive-like fluids with a high diffusion coefficient of ∼3.7 × 10-4 cm2 s-1, which is comparable to that in the liquid Fe-H phase. The densities and melting temperatures of fcc FeHx were systematically calculated. Similar to superionic ice, the extra entropy of diffusive H-ions increases the melting temperature of fcc FeH. The wide stability field of fcc FeH enables hydrogen transport into the outer core to create a potential hydrogen reservoir in Earth's interior, leaving oxygen-rich patches (ORP) above the core mantle boundary (CMB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu He
- Key Laboratory of High-Temperature and High-Pressure Study of the Earth's Interior, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Duck Young Kim
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China; Division of Advanced Nuclear Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Viktor V Struzhkin
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zachary M Geballe
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution, Washington DC 20015, USA
| | - Vitali Prakapenka
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637, USA
| | - Ho-Kwang Mao
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
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5
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Tsai TH. Imaging-assisted Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy for diamond jewelry identification and evaluation. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:2587-2594. [PMID: 37132807 DOI: 10.1364/ao.484366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Jewelry identification and evaluation are limited owing to interference from the surrounding metal mount and adjacent gemstones. To maintain transparency in the jewelry market, this study proposes imaging-assisted Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy for jewelry measurement. The system can automatically measure multiple gemstones on a jewelry piece sequentially, using the image as a reference for alignment. The experimental prototype demonstrates the capability of noninvasive measurement for separating natural diamonds from their laboratory-grown counterparts and diamond simulants. Furthermore, the image can be used for gemstone color evaluation and weight estimation.
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6
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Temperature dependence of nitrogen solubility in bridgmanite and evolution of nitrogen storage capacity in the lower mantle. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3537. [PMID: 36864194 PMCID: PMC9981615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30556-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Relative nitrogen abundance normalized by carbonaceous chondrites in the bulk silicate Earth appears to be depleted compared to other volatile elements. Especially, nitrogen behavior in the deep part of the Earth such as the lower mantle is not clearly understood. Here, we experimentally investigated the temperature dependence of nitrogen solubility in bridgmanite which occupies 75 wt.% of the lower mantle. The experimental temperature ranged from 1400 to 1700 °C at 28 GPa in the redox state corresponding to the shallow lower mantle. The maximum nitrogen solubility in bridgmanite (MgSiO3) increased from 1.8 ± 0.4 to 5.7 ± 0.8 ppm with increasing temperature from 1400 to 1700 °C. The nitrogen storage capacity of Mg-endmember bridgmanite under the current temperature conditions is 3.4 PAN (PAN: mass of present atmospheric nitrogen). Furthermore, the nitrogen solubility of bridgmanite increased with increasing temperature, in contrast to the nitrogen solubility of metallic iron. Thus, the nitrogen storage capacity of bridgmanite can be larger than that of metallic iron during the solidification of the magma ocean. Such a "hidden" nitrogen reservoir formed by bridgmanite in the lower mantle may have depleted the apparent nitrogen abundance ratio in the bulk silicate Earth.
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7
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Kiseeva ES, Korolev N, Koemets I, Zedgenizov DA, Unitt R, McCammon C, Aslandukova A, Khandarkhaeva S, Fedotenko T, Glazyrin K, Bessas D, Aprilis G, Chumakov AI, Kagi H, Dubrovinsky L. Subduction-related oxidation of the sublithospheric mantle evidenced by ferropericlase and magnesiowüstite diamond inclusions. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7517. [PMID: 36473837 PMCID: PMC9726884 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferropericlase (Mg,Fe)O is the second most abundant mineral in Earth's lower mantle and a common inclusion found in subcratonic diamonds. Pyrolitic mantle has Mg# (100 × Mg/(Mg+Fe)) ~89. However, ferropericlase inclusions in diamonds show a broad range of Mg# between 12 and 93. Here we use Synchrotron Mössbauer Source (SMS) spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction to determine the iron oxidation state and structure of two magnesiowüstite and three ferropericlase inclusions in diamonds from São Luiz, Brazil. Inclusion Mg#s vary between 16.1 and 84.5. Ferropericlase inclusions contain no ferric iron within the detection limit of SMS, while both magnesiowüstite inclusions show the presence of monocrystalline magnesioferrite ((Mg,Fe)Fe3+2O4) with an estimated 47-53 wt% Fe2O3. We argue that the wide range of Fe concentrations observed in (Mg,Fe)O inclusions in diamonds and the appearance of magnesioferrite result from oxidation of ferropericlase triggered by the introduction of subducted material into sublithospheric mantle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina S. Kiseeva
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nester Korolev
- grid.465386.a0000 0004 0562 7224Institute of Precambrian Geology and Geochronology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, nab. Makarova 2, St. Petersburg, 199034 Russia
| | - Iuliia Koemets
- grid.7384.80000 0004 0467 6972Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Dmitry A. Zedgenizov
- grid.473268.c0000 0001 0221 8044A.N. Zavaritsky Institute of Geology and Geochemistry, 15 Vonsovskogo street, Ekaterinburg, 620016 Russia ,grid.446243.30000 0004 0646 288XUral State Mining University, 30 Kuibysheva street, Ekaterinburg, 620014 Russia
| | - Richard Unitt
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine McCammon
- grid.7384.80000 0004 0467 6972Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alena Aslandukova
- grid.7384.80000 0004 0467 6972Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Saiana Khandarkhaeva
- grid.7384.80000 0004 0467 6972Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Timofey Fedotenko
- grid.7384.80000 0004 0467 6972Materials Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany ,grid.7683.a0000 0004 0492 0453Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Glazyrin
- grid.7683.a0000 0004 0492 0453Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Bessas
- grid.5398.70000 0004 0641 6373ESRF-The European Synchrotron, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, Cedex 9 France
| | - Georgios Aprilis
- grid.5398.70000 0004 0641 6373ESRF-The European Synchrotron, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, Cedex 9 France
| | - Alexandr I. Chumakov
- grid.5398.70000 0004 0641 6373ESRF-The European Synchrotron, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, Cedex 9 France
| | - Hiroyuki Kagi
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XGeochemical Research Center, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Leonid Dubrovinsky
- grid.7384.80000 0004 0467 6972Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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8
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Cell Death Mechanisms in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3525-3542. [PMID: 35976487 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality, affecting millions of people worldwide. Inevitably, the interruption of cerebral blood supply after ischemia may promote a cascade of pathophysiological processes. Moreover, the subsequent restoration of blood flow and reoxygenation may further aggravate brain tissue injury. Although recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is the only approved therapy for restoring blood perfusion, the reperfusion injury and the narrow therapeutic time window restrict its application for most stroke patients. Increasing evidence indicates that multiple cell death mechanisms are relevant to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, including apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and so on. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend various cell death mechanisms and their interactions. In this review, we summarize the various signaling pathways underlying cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and elaborate on the crosstalk between the different mechanisms.
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9
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Liu S, Gao P, Hermann A, Yang G, Lü J, Ma Y, Mao HK, Wang Y. Stabilization of S 3O 4 at high pressure: implications for the sulfur-excess paradox. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:971-976. [PMID: 36546032 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The amount of sulfur in SO2 discharged in volcanic eruptions exceeds that available for degassing from the erupted magma. This geological conundrum, known as the "sulfur excess", has been the subject of considerable interests but remains an open question. Here, in a systematic computational investigation of sulfur-oxygen compounds under pressure, a hitherto unknown S3O4 compound containing a mixture of sulfur oxidation states +II and +IV is predicted to be stable at pressures above 79 GPa. We speculate that S3O4 may be produced via redox reactions involving subducted S-bearing minerals (e.g., sulfates and sulfides) with iron and goethite under high-pressure conditions of the deep lower mantle, decomposing to SO2 and S at shallow depths. S3O4 may thus be a key intermediate in promoting decomposition of sulfates to release SO2, offering an alternative source of excess sulfur released during explosive eruptions. These findings provide a possible resolution of the "excess sulfur degassing" paradox and a viable mechanism for the exchange of S between Earth's surface and the lower mantle in the deep sulfur cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials & International Center of Computational Method and Software, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Pengyue Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials & International Center of Computational Method and Software, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Guochun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science & Technology and Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Jian Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials & International Center of Computational Method and Software, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yanming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials & International Center of Computational Method and Software, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ho-Kwang Mao
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100094, China.
| | - Yanchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials & International Center of Computational Method and Software, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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10
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Davis AH, Solomatova NV, Campbell AJ, Caracas R. The Speciation and Coordination of a Deep Earth Carbonate-Silicate-Metal Melt. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SOLID EARTH 2022; 127:e2021JB023314. [PMID: 35866035 PMCID: PMC9286813 DOI: 10.1029/2021jb023314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ab initio molecular dynamics calculations on a carbonate-silicate-metal melt were performed to study speciation and coordination changes as a function of pressure and temperature. We examine in detail the bond abundances of specific element pairs and the distribution of coordination environments over conditions spanning Earth's present-day mantle. Average coordination numbers increase continuously from 4 to 8 for Fe and Mg, from 4 to 6 for Si, and from 2 to 4 for C from 1 to 148 GPa (4,000 K). Speciation across all pressure and temperature conditions is complex due to the unusual bonding of carbon. With the increasing pressure, C-C and C-Fe bonding increase significantly, resulting in the formation of carbon polymers, C-Fe clusters, and the loss of carbonate groups. The increased bonding of carbon with elements other than oxygen indicates that carbon begins to replace oxygen as an anion in the melt network. We evaluate our results in the context of diamond formation and of metal-silicate partitioning behavior of carbon. Our work has implications for properties of carbon and metal-bearing silicate melts, such as viscosity, electrical conductivity, and reactivity with surrounding phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. H. Davis
- Department of the Geophysical SciencesUniversity of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - N. V. Solomatova
- CNRSEcole Normale Supérieure de LyonLaboratoire de Géologie de Lyon LGLTPE UMR5276Centre Blaise PascalLyonFrance
| | - A. J. Campbell
- Department of the Geophysical SciencesUniversity of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - R. Caracas
- CNRSEcole Normale Supérieure de LyonLaboratoire de Géologie de Lyon LGLTPE UMR5276Centre Blaise PascalLyonFrance
- The Center for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED)University of OsloOsloNorway
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11
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Sonin V, Tomilenko A, Zhimulev E, Bul'bak T, Chepurov A, Babich Y, Logvinova A, Timina T, Chepurov A. The composition of the fluid phase in inclusions in synthetic HPHT diamonds grown in system Fe-Ni-Ti-C. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1246. [PMID: 35075195 PMCID: PMC8786936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamonds grown by high pressure high temperature process (HPHT) are usually characterized by yellow color and high contents of nitrogen. Introduction of Ti decreases nitrogen content in diamond. Understanding the formation of nitrogen-poor diamond is very important not for the progress of HPHT process only, but because these diamond varieties represent the rare natural stones, although their crystallization conditions have not been clarified yet. Here we studied the composition of fluid phase in synthetic diamonds. The experiments were performed using a high-pressure apparatus BARS at pressures 5.5–6.0 GPa and temperatures 1350–1400 °C. It was found that introduction of metallic Ti leads to concentration of nitrogen mainly as nitrogenated hydrocarbons. The hypothesis that elucidates the formation of low-nitrogen diamond in Fe–Ni is proposed: the presence of Ti leads to an increase of hydrogen fugacity in the metal melt which drastically reduces the nitrogen solubility. As a result, nitrogen concentrates in the form of complex hydrocarbon compounds, while diamond grows colorless and characterized by very low nitrogen content. It is suggested that the proposed mechanism acts the same way in the presence of other metals which are strong reducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeri Sonin
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Koptyuga Ave. 3, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
| | - Anatoly Tomilenko
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Koptyuga Ave. 3, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
| | - Egor Zhimulev
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Koptyuga Ave. 3, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
| | - Taras Bul'bak
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Koptyuga Ave. 3, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
| | - Aleksei Chepurov
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Koptyuga Ave. 3, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090.
| | - Yuri Babich
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Koptyuga Ave. 3, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
| | - Alla Logvinova
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Koptyuga Ave. 3, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
| | - Tat'yana Timina
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Koptyuga Ave. 3, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
| | - Anatoly Chepurov
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Koptyuga Ave. 3, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
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12
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Abstract
The initial reports of the presence of phosphine in the cloud decks of Venus have led to the suggestion that volcanism is the source of phosphine, through volcanic phosphides ejected into the clouds. Here, we examine the idea that mantle plume volcanism, bringing material from the deep mantle to the surface, could generate observed amounts of phosphine through the interaction of explosively erupted phosphide with sulfuric acid clouds. The direct eruption of deep mantle phosphide is unphysical, but a shallower material could contain traces of phosphide, and could be erupted to the surface. The explosive eruption that efficiently transports material to the clouds would require ocean:magma interactions or the subduction of a hydrated oceanic crust, neither of which occur on modern Venus. The transport of the erupted material to altitudes coinciding with the observations of phosphine is consequently very inefficient. Using the model proposed by Truong and Lunine as a base case, we estimate that an eruption volume of at least 21,600 km3/year would be required to explain the presence of 1 ppb phosphine in the clouds. This is greater than any historical terrestrial eruption rate, and would have several detectable consequences for remote and in situ observations to confirm. More realistic lithospheric mineralogy, volcano mechanics or atmospheric photochemistry require even more volcanism.
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13
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Liu L, Li J, Ke Y, Zeng X, Gao J, Ba X, Wang R. The key players of parthanatos: opportunities for targeting multiple levels in the therapy of parthanatos-based pathogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:60. [PMID: 35000037 PMCID: PMC11073082 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04109-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parthanatos is a form of regulated cell death involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases, particularly neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Parthanatos is a multistep cell death pathway cascade that involves poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) overactivation, PAR accumulation, PAR binding to apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), AIF release from the mitochondria, nuclear translocation of the AIF/macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) complex, and MIF-mediated large-scale DNA fragmentation. All the key players in the parthanatos pathway are pleiotropic proteins with diverse functions. An in-depth understanding of the structure-based activity of the key factors, and the biochemical mechanisms of parthanatos, is crucial for the development of drugs and therapeutic strategies. In this review, we delve into the key players of the parthanatos pathway and reveal the multiple levels of therapeutic opportunities for treating parthanatos-based pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Provenice, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Jiaxiang Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Provenice, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yueshuang Ke
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Education, School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, Jilin, China
| | - Xianlu Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Education, School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, Jilin, China
| | - Jinmin Gao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Provenice, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Xueqing Ba
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Education, School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, Jilin, China.
| | - Ruoxi Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Provenice, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
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14
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Yelisseyev AP, Zhimulev EI, Karpovich ZA, Chepurov AA, Sonin VM, Chepurov AI. Characterization of the nitrogen state in HPHT diamonds grown in an Fe–C melt with a low sulfur addition. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00487a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the results of high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) diamonds growing in an Fe–C melt with introduction of 1 wt% sulfur.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. P. Yelisseyev
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Koptyuga Ave. 3, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E. I. Zhimulev
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Koptyuga Ave. 3, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Z. A. Karpovich
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Koptyuga Ave. 3, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A. A. Chepurov
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Koptyuga Ave. 3, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - V. M. Sonin
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Koptyuga Ave. 3, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A. I. Chepurov
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Koptyuga Ave. 3, Novosibirsk, Russia
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15
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In-situ abiogenic methane synthesis from diamond and graphite under geologically relevant conditions. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6387. [PMID: 34737292 PMCID: PMC8569197 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamond and graphite are fundamental sources of carbon in the upper mantle, and their reactivity with H2-rich fluids present at these depths may represent the key to unravelling deep abiotic hydrocarbon formation. We demonstrate an unexpected high reactivity between carbons' most common allotropes, diamond and graphite, with hydrogen at conditions comparable with those in the Earth's upper mantle along subduction zone thermal gradients. Between 0.5-3 GPa and at temperatures as low as 300 °C, carbon reacts readily with H2 yielding methane (CH4), whilst at higher temperatures (500 °C and above), additional light hydrocarbons such as ethane (C2H6) emerge. These results suggest that the interaction between deep H2-rich fluids and reduced carbon minerals may be an efficient mechanism for producing abiotic hydrocarbons at the upper mantle.
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16
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Tang R, Liu J, Kim DY, Mao HK, Hu Q, Yang B, Li Y, Pickard CJ, Needs RJ, He Y, Liu H, Prakapenka VB, Meng Y, Yan J. Chemistry and P-V-T equation of state of FeO 2H x at the base of Earth's lower mantle and their geophysical implications. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:1954-1958. [PMID: 36654164 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruilian Tang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Changchun 130012, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Jin Liu
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Changchun 130012, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Duck Young Kim
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ho-Kwang Mao
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Qingyang Hu
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chris J Pickard
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK; Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Richard J Needs
- Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Yu He
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory of High-Temperature and High-Pressure Study of the Earth's Interior, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Haozhe Liu
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Vitali B Prakapenka
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60439, USA
| | - Yue Meng
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne IL 60439, USA
| | - Jinyuan Yan
- Material Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley CA 94720, USA
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17
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Bains W, Petkowski JJ, Seager S, Ranjan S, Sousa-Silva C, Rimmer PB, Zhan Z, Greaves JS, Richards AMS. Phosphine on Venus Cannot Be Explained by Conventional Processes. ASTROBIOLOGY 2021; 21:1277-1304. [PMID: 34283644 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The recent candidate detection of ∼1 ppb of phosphine in the middle atmosphere of Venus is so unexpected that it requires an exhaustive search for explanations of its origin. Phosphorus-containing species have not been modeled for Venus' atmosphere before, and our work represents the first attempt to model phosphorus species in the venusian atmosphere. We thoroughly explore the potential pathways of formation of phosphine in a venusian environment, including in the planet's atmosphere, cloud and haze layers, surface, and subsurface. We investigate gas reactions, geochemical reactions, photochemistry, and other nonequilibrium processes. None of these potential phosphine production pathways is sufficient to explain the presence of ppb phosphine levels on Venus. If PH3's presence in Venus' atmosphere is confirmed, it therefore is highly likely to be the result of a process not previously considered plausible for venusian conditions. The process could be unknown geochemistry, photochemistry, or even aerial microbial life, given that on Earth phosphine is exclusively associated with anthropogenic and biological sources. The detection of phosphine adds to the complexity of chemical processes in the venusian environment and motivates in situ follow-up sampling missions to Venus. Our analysis provides a template for investigation of phosphine as a biosignature on other worlds.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bains
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Janusz J Petkowski
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara Seager
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sukrit Ranjan
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clara Sousa-Silva
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul B Rimmer
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Zhuchang Zhan
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jane S Greaves
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anita M S Richards
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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18
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Oceanic and super-deep continental diamonds share a transition zone origin and mantle plume transportation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16958. [PMID: 34417509 PMCID: PMC8379195 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96286-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare oceanic diamonds are believed to have a mantle transition zone origin like super-deep continental diamonds. However, oceanic diamonds have a homogeneous and organic-like light carbon isotope signature (δ13C − 28 to − 20‰) instead of the extremely variable organic to lithospheric mantle signature of super-deep continental diamonds (δ13C − 25‰ to + 3.5‰). Here, we show that with rare exceptions, oceanic diamonds and the isotopically lighter cores of super-deep continental diamonds share a common organic δ13C composition reflecting carbon brought down to the transition zone by subduction, whereas the rims of such super-deep continental diamonds have the same δ13C as peridotitic diamonds from the lithospheric mantle. Like lithospheric continental diamonds, almost all the known occurrences of oceanic diamonds are linked to plume-induced large igneous provinces or ocean islands, suggesting a common connection to mantle plumes. We argue that mantle plumes bring the transition zone diamonds to shallower levels, where only those emplaced at the base of the continental lithosphere might grow rims with lithospheric mantle carbon isotope signatures.
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19
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Wang W, Tschauner O, Huang S, Wu Z, Meng Y, Bechtel H, Mao HK. Coupled deep-mantle carbon-water cycle: Evidence from lower-mantle diamonds. Innovation (N Y) 2021; 2:100117. [PMID: 34557764 PMCID: PMC8454732 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamonds form in a variety of environments between subducted crust, lithospheric and deep mantle. Recently, deep source diamonds with inclusions of the high-pressure H2O-phase ice-VII were discovered. By correlating the pressures of ice-VII inclusions with those of other high-pressure inclusions, we assess quantitatively the pressures and temperatures of their entrapment. We show that the ice-VII-bearing diamonds formed at depths down to 800 ± 60 km but at temperatures 200–500 K below average mantle temperature that match the pressure-temperature conditions of decomposing dense hydrous mantle silicates. Our work presents strong evidence for coupled recycling of water and carbon in the deep mantle based on natural samples. A novel approach was developed to assess the pressure-temperature conditions of entrapment of inclusions in diamonds The viscoelastic relaxation of diamond has a significant effect on the evolution of pressure and temperature Ice-VII-bearing diamonds have formed in wet, cool environments at depths down to 800 km The coupled recycling of water and carbon is present in the deep mantle
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhong Wang
- Laboratory of Seismology and Physics of Earth's Interior, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.,Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - Oliver Tschauner
- Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Shichun Huang
- Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Zhongqing Wu
- Laboratory of Seismology and Physics of Earth's Interior, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, USTC, Hefei, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yufei Meng
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hans Bechtel
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ho-Kwang Mao
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
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20
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Tsai TH, D'Haenens-Johansson UFS. Rapid gemstone screening and identification using fluorescence spectroscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:3412-3421. [PMID: 33983246 DOI: 10.1364/ao.419885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a gemstone screening device based on fluorescence spectroscopy. The device can be used to rapidly separate colorless and near-colorless (D to J color grades) natural diamonds from laboratory grown diamonds and diamond simulants, detect multi-treated pink diamonds, and identify certain colored gemstones, such as corundum, spinel, beryl, and zoisite. The device's reflection fiber probe enables testing of both loose and mounted gemstones with exposed facet faces that are larger than 0.9 mm. The experimental prototype demonstrates high accuracy for automatic diamond gemstone screening, referring 100% of the laboratory grown diamonds and simulants tested. The pink diamond screening algorithm can detect 100% of pink multi-treated diamonds and laboratory grown diamonds. Finally, the suitability of this device for the fluorescence analysis of corundum, beryl, spinel, zoisite, garnet, and topaz was evaluated.
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21
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Wang W, Liu J, Zhu F, Li M, Dorfman SM, Li J, Wu Z. Formation of large low shear velocity provinces through the decomposition of oxidized mantle. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1911. [PMID: 33771990 PMCID: PMC7997914 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces (LLSVPs) in the lowermost mantle are key to understanding the chemical composition and thermal structure of the deep Earth, but their origins have long been debated. Bridgmanite, the most abundant lower-mantle mineral, can incorporate extensive amounts of iron (Fe) with effects on various geophysical properties. Here our high-pressure experiments and ab initio calculations reveal that a ferric-iron-rich bridgmanite coexists with an Fe-poor bridgmanite in the 90 mol% MgSiO3-10 mol% Fe2O3 system, rather than forming a homogeneous single phase. The Fe3+-rich bridgmanite has substantially lower velocities and a higher VP/VS ratio than MgSiO3 bridgmanite under lowermost-mantle conditions. Our modeling shows that the enrichment of Fe3+-rich bridgmanite in a pyrolitic composition can explain the observed features of the LLSVPs. The presence of Fe3+-rich materials within LLSVPs may have profound effects on the deep reservoirs of redox-sensitive elements and their isotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhong Wang
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Laboratory of Seismology and Physics of Earth’s Interior, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jiachao Liu
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Feng Zhu
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Mingming Li
- grid.215654.10000 0001 2151 2636School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Susannah M. Dorfman
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Jie Li
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Zhongqing Wu
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Laboratory of Seismology and Physics of Earth’s Interior, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China ,grid.59053.3a0000000121679639National Geophysical Observatory at Mengcheng, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China ,grid.59053.3a0000000121679639CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, USTC, Hefei, Anhui China
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22
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Smith EM, Ni P, Shirey SB, Richardson SH, Wang W, Shahar A. Heavy iron in large gem diamonds traces deep subduction of serpentinized ocean floor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/14/eabe9773. [PMID: 33789901 PMCID: PMC8011960 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe9773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Subducting tectonic plates carry water and other surficial components into Earth's interior. Previous studies suggest that serpentinized peridotite is a key part of deep recycling, but this geochemical pathway has not been directly traced. Here, we report Fe-Ni-rich metallic inclusions in sublithospheric diamonds from a depth of 360 to 750 km with isotopically heavy iron (δ56Fe = 0.79 to 0.90‰) and unradiogenic osmium (187Os/188Os = 0.111). These iron values lie outside the range of known mantle compositions or expected reaction products at depth. This signature represents subducted iron from magnetite and/or Fe-Ni alloys precipitated during serpentinization of oceanic peridotite, a lithology known to carry unradiogenic osmium inherited from prior convection and melt depletion. These diamond-hosted inclusions trace serpentinite subduction into the mantle transition zone. We propose that iron-rich phases from serpentinite contribute a labile heavy iron component to the heterogeneous convecting mantle eventually sampled by oceanic basalts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Smith
- Gemological Institute of America, New York, NY 10036, USA.
| | - Peng Ni
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC 20015, USA.
| | - Steven B Shirey
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - Stephen H Richardson
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Wuyi Wang
- Gemological Institute of America, New York, NY 10036, USA
| | - Anat Shahar
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC 20015, USA
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23
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Pushcharovsky DY. Mineralogical Crystallography: Look in the Past, New Trends, and Highlights. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774521010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Many urgent problems of modern mineralogical crystallography, to which the papers of this thematic issue of the journal Kristallografiya (Crystallography Reports) are devoted, have been considered. It is shown how the use of advanced physicochemical methods enriches scientific concepts about the real structures of minerals and nature-like compounds, structural conditionality of their physical properties, forms of concentration of chemical elements in terrestrial shells, crystallogenesis conditions, structural transformations in deep geospheres, relationships between structure types, and their interpretations based on modern concepts.
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24
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Palyanov YN, Khokhryakov AF, Kupriyanov IN. Crystallomorphological and Crystallochemical Indicators of Diamond Formation Conditions. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774521010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Ti 3+ in corundum traces crystal growth in a highly reduced magma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2439. [PMID: 33510210 PMCID: PMC7844248 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79739-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregates of corundum crystals with skeletal to hopper morphology occur in pyroclastic rocks erupted from Cretaceous basaltic volcanoes on Mt Carmel, N. Israel. The rapid growth of the crystals trapped volumes of the parental Al2O3-supersaturated melt; phenocrysts of tistarite (Ti2O3) in the trapped melts indicate crystallization at oxygen fugacities 6–7 log units below the Iron-Wüstite buffer (fO2 = ΔIW − 6 to − 7), induced by fluxes of mantle-derived CH4-H2 fluids. Cathodoluminescence images reveal growth zoning within the individual crystals of the aggregates, related to the substitution of Ti3+ in the corundum structure. Ti contents are < 0.3 wt% initially, then increase first linearly, then exponentially, toward adjacent melt pockets to reach values > 2 wt%. Numerical modelling indicates that the first skeletal crystals grew in an open system, from a moving magma. The subsequent linear increase in Ti reflects growth in a partially closed system, with decreasing porosity; the exponential increase in Ti close to melt pockets reflects closed-system growth, leading to dramatic increases in incompatible-element concentrations in the residual melts. We suggest that the corundum aggregates grew in melt/fluid conduits; diffusion modelling implies timescales of days to years before crystallization was terminated by explosive eruption. These processes probably operate in explosive volcanic systems in several tectonic settings.
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26
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Palyanov YN, Borzdov YM, Sokol AG, Bataleva YV, Kupriyanov IN, Reutsky VN, Wiedenbeck M, Sobolev NV. Diamond formation in an electric field under deep Earth conditions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/4/eabb4644. [PMID: 33523914 PMCID: PMC7817093 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb4644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Most natural diamonds are formed in Earth's lithospheric mantle; however, the exact mechanisms behind their genesis remain debated. Given the occurrence of electrochemical processes in Earth's mantle and the high electrical conductivity of mantle melts and fluids, we have developed a model whereby localized electric fields play a central role in diamond formation. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a diamond crystallization mechanism that operates under lithospheric mantle pressure-temperature conditions (6.3 and 7.5 gigapascals; 1300° to 1600°C) through the action of an electric potential applied across carbonate or carbonate-silicate melts. In this process, the carbonate-rich melt acts as both the carbon source and the crystallization medium for diamond, which forms in assemblage with mantle minerals near the cathode. Our results clearly demonstrate that electric fields should be considered a key additional factor influencing diamond crystallization, mantle mineral-forming processes, carbon isotope fractionation, and the global carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri N Palyanov
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Koptyug Ave., 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation.
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str., 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri M Borzdov
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Koptyug Ave., 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander G Sokol
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Koptyug Ave., 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Yuliya V Bataleva
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Koptyug Ave., 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Igor N Kupriyanov
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Koptyug Ave., 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim N Reutsky
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Koptyug Ave., 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | | | - Nikolay V Sobolev
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Koptyug Ave., 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str., 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
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Wang Y, Wang Z, Lu Z, Cai Z, Fang S, Zhao H, Jia H, Ma H, Chen L, Jia X. The characteristics of Ib diamond crystals synthesized in a Fe–Ni–C system with different SiC contents. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00590a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The influence of different SiC doping contents on the synthesis of diamond crystals in the Fe–Ni–C system was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhiyun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhenghao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shuai Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hongsheng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Hongan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Liangchao Chen
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xiaopeng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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Phase Relations in the FeO-Fe3C-Fe3N System at 7.8 GPa and 1350 °C: Implications for Oxidation of Native Iron at 250 km. MINERALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/min10110984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of native iron in the mantle at a depth about 250 km and its influence on the stability of main carbon and nitrogen hosts have been reconstructed from the isothermal section of the ternary phase diagram for the FeO-Fe3C-Fe3N system. The results of experiments at 7.8 GPa and 1350 °C show that oxygen increase in the system to > 0.5 wt % provides the stability of FeO and leads to changes in the phase diagram: the Fe3C, L, and Fe3N single-phase fields change to two-phase ones, while the Fe3C + L and Fe3N + L two-phase fields become three-phase. Сarbon in iron carbide (Fe3C, space group Pnma) is slightly below the ideal value and nitrogen is below the EMPA (Electron microprobe analysis) detection limit. Iron nitride (ε-Fe3N, space group P63/mmc) contains up to 2.7 wt % С and 4.4 wt % N in equilibrium with both melt and wüstite but 2.1 wt % С and 5.4 wt % N when equilibrated with wüstite alone. Impurities in wüstite (space group Fmm) are within the EMPA detection limit. The contents of oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen in the metal melt equilibrated with different iron compounds are within 0.5–0.8 wt % O even in FeO-rich samples; 3.8 wt % C and 1.2 wt % N for Fe3C + FeO; and 2.9 wt % C and 3.5 wt % N for Fe3N + FeO. Co-crystallization of Fe3C and Fe3N from the O-bearing metal melt is impossible because the fields of associated C- and N-rich compounds are separated by that of FeO + L. Additional experiments with excess oxygen added to the system show that metal melt, which is the main host of carbon and nitrogen in the metal-saturated (~0.1 wt %) mantle at a depth of ~250 km and a normal heat flux of 40 mW/m2, has the greatest oxygen affinity. Its partial oxidation produces FeO and causes crystallization of iron carbides (Fe3C and Fe7C3) and increases the nitrogen enrichment of the residual melt. Thus, the oxidation of metal melt in the mantle enriched in volatiles may lead to successive crystallization of iron carbides and nitrides. In these conditions, magnetite remains unstable till complete oxidation of iron carbide, iron nitride, and the melt. Iron carbides and nitrides discovered as inclusions in mantle diamonds may result from partial oxidation of metal melt which originally contained relatively low concentrations of carbon and nitrogen.
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Huang JX, Xiong Q, Gain SEM, Griffin WL, Murphy TD, Shiryaev AA, Li L, Toledo V, Tomshin MD, O'Reilly SY. Immiscible metallic melts in the deep Earth: clues from moissanite (SiC) in volcanic rocks. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2020; 65:1479-1488. [PMID: 36747405 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of moissanite (SiC), as xenocrysts in mantle-derived basaltic and kimberlitic rocks sheds light on the interplay between carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the lithospheric and sublithospheric mantle. SiC is stable only at ƒO2 < ΔIW-6, while the lithospheric mantle and related melts commonly are considered to be much more oxidized. SiC grains from both basaltic volcanoclastic rocks and kimberlites contain metallic inclusions whose shapes suggest they were entrapped as melts. The inclusions consist of Si0 + Fe3Si7 ± FeSi2Ti ± CaSi2Al2 ± FeSi2Al3 ± CaSi2, and some of the phases show euhedral shapes toward Si0. Crystallographically-oriented cavities are common in SiC, suggesting the former presence of volatile phase(s), and the volatiles extracted from crushed SiC grains contain H2 + CH4 ± CO2 ± CO. Our observations suggest that SiC crystalized from metallic melts (Si-Fe-Ti-C ± Al ± Ca), with dissolved H2 + CH4 ± CO2 ± CO derived from the sublithospheric mantle and concentrated around interfaces such as the lithosphere-asthenosphere and crust-mantle boundaries. When mafic/ultramafic magmas are continuously fluxed with H2 + CH4 they can be progressively reduced, to a point where silicide melts become immiscible, and crystallize phases such as SiC. The occurrence of SiC in explosive volcanic rocks from different tectonic settings indicates that the delivery of H2 + CH4 from depth may commonly accompany explosive volcanism and modify the redox condition of some lithospheric mantle volumes. The heterogeneity of redox states further influences geochemical reactions such as melting and geophysical properties such as seismic velocity and the viscosity of mantle rocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xiang Huang
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems and GEMOC, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Qing Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Sarah E M Gain
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems and GEMOC, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; Center for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, the University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - William L Griffin
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems and GEMOC, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Timothy D Murphy
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems and GEMOC, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Andrei A Shiryaev
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry RAS, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Liwu Li
- Key Laboratory of Gas Geochemistry, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | | | - Mikhail D Tomshin
- Diamond and Precious Metal Geology Institute, SB RAS, Yakutsk 677007, Russia
| | - Suzanne Y O'Reilly
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems and GEMOC, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
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Evidence for complex iron oxides in the deep mantle from FeNi(Cu) inclusions in superdeep diamond. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:21088-21094. [PMID: 32817475 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004269117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery in high-pressure experiments of compounds stable to 24-26 GPa with Fe4O5, Fe5O6, Fe7O9, and Fe9O11 stoichiometry has raised questions about their existence within the Earth's mantle. Incorporating both ferric and ferrous iron in their structures, these oxides if present within the Earth could also provide insight into diamond-forming processes at depth in the planet. Here we report the discovery of metallic particles, dominantly of FeNi (Fe0.71Ni0.24Cu0.05), in close spatial relation with nearly pure magnetite grains from a so-called superdeep diamond from the Earth's mantle. The microstructural relation of magnetite within a ferropericlase (Mg0.60Fe0.40)O matrix suggests exsolution of the former. Taking into account the bulk chemistry reconstructed from the FeNi(Cu) alloy, we propose that it formed by decomposition of a complex metal M oxide (M 4O5) with a stoichiometry of (Fe3+ 2.15Fe2+ 1.59Ni2+ 0.17Cu+ 0.04)Σ = 3.95O5 We further suggest a possible link between this phase and variably oxidized ferropericlase that is commonly trapped in superdeep diamond. The observation of FeNi(Cu) metal in relation to magnetite exsolved from ferropericlase is interpreted as arising from a multistage process that starts from diamond encapsulation of ferropericlase followed by decompression and cooling under oxidized conditions, leading to the formation of complex oxides such as Fe4O5 that subsequently decompose at shallower P-T conditions.
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Palyanov YN, Borzdov YM, Kupriyanov IN, Bataleva YV, Nechaev DV. Effect of Oxygen on Diamond Crystallization in Metal-Carbon Systems. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:18376-18383. [PMID: 32743213 PMCID: PMC7391949 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we report the influence of oxygen concentration in the transition-metal solvent-catalyst on the crystallization processes, morphology, and defect-and-impurity content of diamond crystals. In a series of experiments, the concentration of oxygen (C O) in the growth system was varied by adding Fe2O3 to the charge, and the other parameters and conditions of the growth were constant: Ni7Fe3 solvent-catalyst, P = 6.0 GPa, T = 1400 °C, and duration of 40 h. It is found that on increasing C O in the growth system from 0 to 10 wt %, the crystallization of diamond proceeds through the following stages: single crystal → block crystal → spontaneous crystals → aggregate of block crystals and twin crystals. At C O ≥ 5 wt %, diamond crystallizes jointly with wustite (FeO) and metastable graphite. The oxygen solubility in the iron-nickel melt is estimated at about 2 wt %. With increasing oxygen content in the system, the range of nitrogen concentrations in diamonds crystallized in one experiment significantly broadens with the maximum nitrogen concentrations being increased from 200-250 ppm in the experiment without O additives to 1100-1200 ppm in the experiment with 10 wt % O added. The established joint growth of diamond and wustite suggests possible crystallization of natural diamonds in the Fe-Ni-O-C system over a wide range of oxygen concentrations up to 10 wt %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri N. Palyanov
- Sobolev
Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian
Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Koptuyg avenue 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk
State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Yuri M. Borzdov
- Sobolev
Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian
Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Koptuyg avenue 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Igor N. Kupriyanov
- Sobolev
Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian
Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Koptuyg avenue 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Yuliya V. Bataleva
- Sobolev
Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian
Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Koptuyg avenue 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Denis V. Nechaev
- Sobolev
Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian
Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Koptuyg avenue 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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32
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Fukuyama K, Kagi H, Inoue T, Kakizawa S, Shinmei T, Hishita S, Takahata N, Sano Y. High nitrogen solubility in stishovite (SiO 2) under lower mantle conditions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10897. [PMID: 32616729 PMCID: PMC7331719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67621-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen is a crucial volatile element in the early Earth's evolution and the origin of life. Despite its importance, nitrogen's behavior in the Earth's interior remains poorly understood. Compared to other volatile elements, nitrogen is depleted in the Earth's atmosphere (the so-called "missing nitrogen"), calling for a hidden deep reservoir. To investigate nitrogen's behavior in the deep Earth including how the reservoir formed, high-pressure and high-temperature experiments were conducted at 28 GPa and 1,400-1,700 °C. To reproduce the conditions in the lower mantle, the redox was controlled using a Fe-FeO buffer. We observed that depending on the temperature conditions, stishovite can incorporate up to 90-404 ppm nitrogen, experimentally demonstrating that stishovite has the highest nitrogen solubility among the deep mantle minerals. Stishovite is the main mineral component of subducted nitrogen-rich sedimentary rocks and eroded continental crust that are eventually transported down to the lower mantle. Our results suggest that nitrogen could have been continuously transported into the lower mantle via subduction, ever since plate tectonics began.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Fukuyama
- Geochemical Research Center, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Kagi
- Geochemical Research Center, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Toru Inoue
- Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
- Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Sho Kakizawa
- Geochemical Research Center, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Toru Shinmei
- Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shunichi Hishita
- Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Naoto Takahata
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan
| | - Yuji Sano
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
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33
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Coexisting Rubies and Blue Sapphires from Major World Deposits: A Brief Review of Their Mineralogical Properties. MINERALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/min10050472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gem corundum deposits are typically divided into blue sapphire and ruby deposits. However, this classification often overlooks the fact that the precious stones produced are the same mineral with only an overall slight difference in their trace element profiles. It can take only a couple thousand ppm chromium to create the rich, red color expected of a ruby. This contribution deals specifically with economically important gem corundum mining regions that produce both blue sapphires and rubies either in comparable quantities (Mogok, Myanmar, and the basalt-related gem fields on the border between Thailand and Cambodia at Chanthaburi, Thailand, and Pailin, Cambodia) or predominantly blue sapphires with rare rubies (secondary Montana sapphire deposits and Yogo Gulch in Montana as well as the gem fields of Sri Lanka). Comparison of the trace element profiles and inclusions in the blue sapphire/ruby assemblages in these deposits shows that there are both monogenetic and polygenetic assemblages in which the blue sapphires and rubies have the same geological origin (monogenetic) or distinct geological origins (polygenetic). In the monogenetic assemblages, the rubies and blue sapphires have essentially indistinguishable inclusions and trace element chemistry profiles (with the exception of Cr contents). On the other hand, polygenetic assemblages are composed of rubies and blue sapphires with distinct inclusions and trace element chemistry profiles. Notably, in the monogenetic assemblages, chromium seems to vary independently from other trace elements. In these assemblages, Cr can vary by nearly four orders of magnitude with essentially no consistent relationship to other trace elements. The observations described herein are an attempt to address the question of what the geochemical and geological constraints are that turn gem corundum into a spectacular ruby.
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Matjuschkin V, Woodland AB, Frost DJ, Yaxley GM. Reduced methane-bearing fluids as a source for diamond. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6961. [PMID: 32332772 PMCID: PMC7181848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamond formation in the Earth has been extensively discussed in recent years on the basis of geochemical analysis of natural materials, high-pressure experimental studies, or theoretical aspects. Here, we demonstrate experimentally for the first time, the spontaneous crystallization of diamond from CH4-rich fluids at pressure, temperature and redox conditions approximating those of the deeper parts of the cratonic lithospheric mantle (5–7 GPa) without using diamond seed crystals or carbides. In these experiments the fluid phase is nearly pure methane, even though the oxygen fugacity was significantly above metal saturation. We propose several previously unidentified mechanisms that may promote diamond formation under such conditions and which may also have implications for the origin of sublithospheric diamonds. These include the hydroxylation of silicate minerals like olivine and pyroxene, H2 incorporation into these phases and the “etching” of graphite by H2 and CH4 and reprecipitation as diamond. This study also serves as a demonstration of our new high-pressure experimental technique for obtaining reduced fluids, which is not only relevant for diamond synthesis, but also for investigating the metasomatic origins of diamond in the upper mantle, which has further implications for the deep carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Matjuschkin
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Alan B Woodland
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel J Frost
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gregory M Yaxley
- Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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35
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Armstrong K, Frost DJ, McCammon CA, Rubie DC, Boffa Ballaran T. Deep magma ocean formation set the oxidation state of Earth's mantle. Science 2020; 365:903-906. [PMID: 31467218 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax8376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The composition of Earth's atmosphere depends on the redox state of the mantle, which became more oxidizing at some stage after Earth's core started to form. Through high-pressure experiments, we found that Fe2+ in a deep magma ocean would disproportionate to Fe3+ plus metallic iron at high pressures. The separation of this metallic iron to the core raised the oxidation state of the upper mantle, changing the chemistry of degassing volatiles that formed the atmosphere to more oxidized species. Additionally, the resulting gradient in redox state of the magma ocean allowed dissolved CO2 from the atmosphere to precipitate as diamond at depth. This explains Earth's carbon-rich interior and suggests that redox evolution during accretion was an important variable in determining the composition of the terrestrial atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J Frost
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | | | - David C Rubie
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan P. Goss
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Ben L. Green
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Paul W. May
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Mark E. Newton
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Chloe V. Peaker
- Gemological Institute of America, 50 West 47th Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
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37
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Fang S, Ma H, Cai ZH, Wang CX, Fang C, Zhao ZD, Lu ZY, Wang YK, Chen L, Jia X. Study on the crack phenomenon of heavy FeS-doped Ib diamond crystals with {111} surface as growth surface in Fe–Ni–C system. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce01759c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the characteristics of heavy FeS-doped diamond crystals were studied using a China-type large volume cubic high-pressure apparatus (CHPA) with FeNi alloy as the catalyst at 6.0–6.5 GPa and 1350–1400 °C.
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Palyanov YN, Borzdov YM, Khokhryakov AF, Bataleva YV, Kupriyanov IN. Effect of sulfur on diamond growth and morphology in metal–carbon systems. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00865f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur additives inhibit diamond crystallization in the Fe–Ni–C system at 6 GPa and 1400 °C and affect the diamond crystal morphology and nitrogen impurity content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri N. Palyanov
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy
- Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Novosibirsk 630090
- Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University
| | - Yuri M. Borzdov
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy
- Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Novosibirsk 630090
- Russian Federation
| | - Alexander F. Khokhryakov
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy
- Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Novosibirsk 630090
- Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University
| | - Yuliya V. Bataleva
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy
- Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Novosibirsk 630090
- Russian Federation
| | - Igor N. Kupriyanov
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy
- Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Novosibirsk 630090
- Russian Federation
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C- and N-bearing Species in Reduced Fluids in the Simplified C–O–H–N System and in Natural Pelite at Upper Mantle P–T Conditions. MINERALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/min9110712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
C- and N-bearing species in reduced fluids weree studied experimentally in C–O–H–N and muscovite–C–O–H–N systems and in natural carbonate-bearing samples at mantle P–T parameters. The experiments reproduced three types of reactions leading to formation of hydrocarbons (HCs) at 3.8–7.8 GPa and 800–1400 C and at hydrogen fugacity (fH2) buffered by the Fe–FeO (IW) + H2O or Mo–MoO2 (MMO) + H2O equilibria: (i) Thermal destruction of organic matter during its subduction into the mantle (with an example of docosane), (ii) hydrogenation of graphite upon interaction with H2‑enriched fluids, and (iii) hydrogenation of carbonates and products of their reduction in metamorphic clayey rocks. The obtained quenched fluids analyzed after the runs by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and electronic ionization mass-spectrometry (HR–MS) contain CH4 and C2H6 as main carbon species. The concentrations of C2-C4 alkanes in the fluids increase as the pressure and temperature increase from 3.8 to 7.8 GPa and from 800 to 1400 C, respectively. The fluid equilibrated with the muscovite–garnet–omphacite–kyanite–rutile ± coesite assemblage consists of 50–80 rel.% H2O and 15–40 rel.% alkanes (C1 > C2 > C3 > C4). Main N-bearing species are ammonia (NH3) in the C–O–H–N and muscovite–C–O–H–N systems or methanimine (CH3N) in the fluid derived from the samples of natural pelitic rocks. Nitrogen comes either from air or melamine (C3H6N6) in model systems or from NH4+ in the runs with natural samples. The formula CH3N in the quenched fluid of the C–O–H–N system is confirmed by HR–MS. The impossibility of CH3N incorporation into K-bearing silicates because of a big CH3NH+ cation may limit the solubility of N in silicates at low fO2 and hence may substantially influence the mantle cycle of nitrogen. Thus, subduction of slabs containing carbonates, organic matter, and N-bearing minerals into strongly reduced mantle may induce the formation of fluids enriched in H2O, light alkanes, NH3, and CH3N. The presence of these species must be critical for the deep cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen.
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Abstract
The Earth's mantle transition zone (MTZ) is often considered an internal reservoir for water because its major minerals wadsleyite and ringwoodite can store several oceans of structural water. Whether it is a hydrous layer or an empty reservoir is still under debate. Previous studies suggested the MTZ may be saturated with iron metal. Here we show that metallic iron reacts with hydrous wadsleyite under the pressure and temperature conditions of the MTZ to form iron hydride or molecular hydrogen and silicate with less than tens of parts per million (ppm) water, implying that water enrichment is incompatible with iron saturation in the MTZ. With the current estimate of water flux to the MTZ, the iron metal preserved from early Earth could transform a significant fraction of subducted water into reduced hydrogen species, thus limiting the hydration of silicates in the bulk MTZ. Meanwhile, the MTZ would become gradually oxidized and metal depleted. As a result, water-rich region can still exist near modern active slabs where iron metal was consumed by reaction with subducted water. Heterogeneous water distribution resolves the apparent contradiction between the extreme water enrichment indicated by the occurrence of hydrous ringwoodite and ice VII in superdeep diamonds and the relatively low water content in bulk MTZ silicates inferred from electrical conductivity studies.
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Nestola F, Zaffiro G, Mazzucchelli ML, Nimis P, Andreozzi GB, Periotto B, Princivalle F, Lenaz D, Secco L, Pasqualetto L, Logvinova AM, Sobolev NV, Lorenzetti A, Harris JW. Diamond-inclusion system recording old deep lithosphere conditions at Udachnaya (Siberia). Sci Rep 2019; 9:12586. [PMID: 31467318 PMCID: PMC6715805 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48778-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamonds and their inclusions are unique fragments of deep Earth, which provide rare samples from inaccessible portions of our planet. Inclusion-free diamonds cannot provide information on depth of formation, which could be crucial to understand how the carbon cycle operated in the past. Inclusions in diamonds, which remain uncorrupted over geological times, may instead provide direct records of deep Earth’s evolution. Here, we applied elastic geothermobarometry to a diamond-magnesiochromite (mchr) host-inclusion pair from the Udachnaya kimberlite (Siberia, Russia), one of the most important sources of natural diamonds. By combining X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy data with a new elastic model, we obtained entrapment conditions, Ptrap = 6.5(2) GPa and Ttrap = 1125(32)–1140(33) °C, for the mchr inclusion. These conditions fall on a ca. 35 mW/m2 geotherm and are colder than the great majority of mantle xenoliths from similar depth in the same kimberlite. Our results indicate that cold cratonic conditions persisted for billions of years to at least 200 km in the local lithosphere. The composition of the mchr also indicates that at this depth the lithosphere was, at least locally, ultra-depleted at the time of diamond formation, as opposed to the melt-metasomatized, enriched composition of most xenoliths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Nestola
- Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Gradenigo 6, I-35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Zaffiro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, I-27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mattia L Mazzucchelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, I-27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Nimis
- Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Gradenigo 6, I-35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni B Andreozzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Benedetta Periotto
- Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Gradenigo 6, I-35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Princivalle
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Weiss 8, I-34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Davide Lenaz
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Weiss 8, I-34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luciano Secco
- Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Gradenigo 6, I-35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Leonardo Pasqualetto
- Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Gradenigo 6, I-35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Alla M Logvinova
- Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Russian Academy of Sciences Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Department of Geology and Geophysics, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay V Sobolev
- Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Russian Academy of Sciences Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Department of Geology and Geophysics, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alessandra Lorenzetti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 9, I-35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Jeffrey W Harris
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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Experimental Modeling of Silicate and Carbonate Sulfidation under Lithospheric Mantle P,T-Parameters. MINERALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/min9070425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
: Interactions of mantle silicates with subducted carbonates, sulfides, and sulfur-rich fluids are experimentally simulated in the olivine-ankerite-sulfur and olivine-ankerite-pyrite systems using a multi-anvil high-pressure split-sphere apparatus at 6.3 GPa and range of 1050–1550 °C. Recrystallization of Fe,Ni-bearing olivine and ankerite in a sulfur melt was found to be accompanied by sulfidation of olivine and carbonate, involving partial extraction of metals, carbon, and oxygen into the melt, followed by the formation of pyrite (±pyrrhotite), diopside, and Fe-free carbonates. The main features of metasomatic alteration of Fe,Ni-olivine by a reduced sulfur fluid include: (i) a zonal structure of crystals (Fe-rich core, Mg-rich rim); (ii) inclusions of pyrite and pyrrhotite in olivine; (iii) certain Raman spectral characteristics of olivine. At T > 1350 °C, two immiscible melts, a predominantly sulfur melt with dissolved components (or a Fe–Ni–S–O melt) and a predominantly carbonate one, are generated. The redox interaction of these melts leads to the formation of metastable graphite (1350–1550 °C) and diamond growth (1550 °C). The studied olivine-ankerite-sulfur and olivine-ankerite-pyrite interactions may be considered as the basis for simulation of metasomatic processes accompanied by the formation of mantle sulfides during subduction of crustal material to the silicate mantle.
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Moore AE, Helmstaedt H. Evidence for two blue (type IIb) diamond populations. Nature 2019; 570:E26-E27. [PMID: 31190010 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andy E Moore
- Department of Geology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa. .,School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Herwart Helmstaedt
- Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Spiga R, Barbieri C, Bertini I, Lazzarin M, Nestola F. The origin of water on Earth: stars or diamonds? RENDICONTI LINCEI. SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-018-0753-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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45
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Fang S, Ma H, Wang Z, Yang Z, Cai ZH, Ding L, Miao X, Chen L, Jia X. Study on growth characteristics of Ib-type diamond in an Fe–Ni–C–S system. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce01194c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
FeS is the main sulfur-containing compound in natural diamond inclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Hongan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Zhanke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Zhiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Zheng-hao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Luyao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Xinyuan Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Liangchao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics of Ministry of Education
- and School of Physical and Engineering Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450052
- China
| | - XiaoPeng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
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46
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The Paleomineralogy of the Hadean Eon Revisited. Life (Basel) 2018; 8:life8040064. [PMID: 30562935 PMCID: PMC6315770 DOI: 10.3390/life8040064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A preliminary list of plausible near-surface minerals present during Earth’s Hadean Eon (>4.0 Ga) should be expanded to include: (1) phases that might have formed by precipitation of organic crystals prior to the rise of predation by cellular life; (2) minerals associated with large bolide impacts, especially through the generation of hydrothermal systems in circumferential fracture zones; and (3) local formation of minerals with relatively oxidized transition metals through abiological redox processes, such as photo-oxidation. Additional mineral diversity arises from the occurrence of some mineral species that form more than one ‘natural kind’, each with distinct chemical and morphological characteristics that arise by different paragenetic processes. Rare minerals, for example those containing essential B, Mo, or P, are not necessary for the origins of life. Rather, many common minerals incorporate those and other elements as trace and minor constituents. A rich variety of chemically reactive sites were thus available at the exposed surfaces of common Hadean rock-forming minerals.
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Caggiani MC, Colomban P. Raman microspectroscopy for Cultural Heritage studies. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The Raman effect is at the basis of Raman scattering and microspectrometry: in the first part of the chapter, it is very shortly exposed together with differences with infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and advantages and drawbacks of the technique. The importance of the choice of the excitation wavelength, of the spectrometer (fixed, portable and handheld) and of the optics is underlined, while the information provided by the technique for inorganic and organic materials is considered. The surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) theory and principle applications are also taken into account. In the second part of the chapter, all the different applications of Raman and SERS to cultural heritage materials are contemplated: minerals, gemstones, rocks, patinas and corrosion products, glass, pottery, mortars, dyes, binders, resins, paper, parchment, inks and human remains. For each category of objects, the answers that Raman microspectrometry and SERS can give to the archaeometric and conservation-related questions, the in situ investigations, the search of specific spectral parameters and the use of chemometrics are shown, together with the most recent advances in the field.
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Graphite and Diamond Formation in the Carbide–Oxide–Carbonate Interactions (Experimental Modeling under Mantle P,T-Conditions). MINERALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/min8110522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Experimental modeling of the formation of graphite and diamond as a result of carbide–fluid interactions was performed in the Fe3C–SiO2–Al2O3–(Mg,Ca)CO3 systems at 6.3 and 7.5 GPa and 1100–1650 °C. In the experiments with ƒO2-gradient (7.5 GPa, 1250–1350 °C), graphite + magnesiowüstite + garnet ± cohenite assemblage was formed. Graphite was produced through the redox interactions of carbide with carbonate or CO2 (reducing conditions), and redox reactions of magnesiowüstite and CO2 (oxidizing conditions). At 1450–1650 °C, crystallization of graphite, garnet, magnesiowüstite and ferrospinel, as well as generation of Fe2+,3+-rich carbonate–silicate melt occurred. This melt, saturated with carbon, acted as a medium of graphite crystallization and diamond growth on seeds. In the experiments without ƒO2-gradient (6.3 GPa), decarbonation reactions with the formation of CO2-fluid and Fe,Mg,Ca-silicates, as well as C0-producing redox reactions of CO2-fluid with cohenite were simultaneously realized. As a result, graphite (± diamond growth) was formed in assemblage with Fe2+,Fe3+,Mg-silicates and magnetite (1100–1200 °C), or with Fe3+-rich garnet and orthopyroxene (1300–1500 °C). It has been established that a potential mechanism for the crystallization of graphite or diamond growth is the oxidation of cohenite by CO2-fluid to FeO and Fe3O4, accompanied by the extraction of carbon from Fe3C and the corresponding reduction of CO2 to C0.
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Exposed Areas Above Sea Level on Earth >3.5 Gyr Ago: Implications for Prebiotic and Primitive Biotic Chemistry. Life (Basel) 2018; 8:life8040055. [PMID: 30400350 PMCID: PMC6316429 DOI: 10.3390/life8040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
How life began on Earth is still largely shrouded in mystery. One of the central ideas for various origins of life scenarios is Darwin’s “warm little pond”. In these small bodies of water, simple prebiotic compounds such as amino acids, nucleobases, and so on, were produced from reagents such as hydrogen cyanide and aldehydes/ketones. These simple prebiotic compounds underwent further reactions, producing more complex molecules. The process of chemical evolution would have produced increasingly complex molecules, eventually yielding a molecule with the properties of information storage and replication prone to random mutations, the hallmark of both the origin of life and evolution. However, there is one problematic issue with this scenario: On the Earth >3.5 Gyr ago there would have likely been no exposed continental crust above sea level. The only land areas that protruded out of the oceans would have been associated with hotspot volcanic islands, such as the Hawaiian island chain today. On these long-lived islands, in association with reduced gas-rich eruptions accompanied by intense volcanic lightning, prebiotic reagents would have been produced that accumulated in warm or cool little ponds and lakes on the volcano flanks. During seasonal wet–dry cycles, molecules with increasing complexity could have been produced. These islands would have thus been the most likely places for chemical evolution and the processes associated with the origin of life. The islands would eventually be eroded away and their chemical evolution products would have been released into the oceans where Darwinian evolution ultimately produced the biochemistry associated with all life on Earth today.
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50
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Nestola F, Korolev N, Kopylova M, Rotiroti N, Pearson DG, Pamato MG, Alvaro M, Peruzzo L, Gurney JJ, Moore AE, Davidson J. CaSiO 3 perovskite in diamond indicates the recycling of oceanic crust into the lower mantle. Nature 2018. [PMID: 29516998 DOI: 10.1038/nature25972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory experiments and seismology data have created a clear theoretical picture of the most abundant minerals that comprise the deeper parts of the Earth's mantle. Discoveries of some of these minerals in 'super-deep' diamonds-formed between two hundred and about one thousand kilometres into the lower mantle-have confirmed part of this picture. A notable exception is the high-pressure perovskite-structured polymorph of calcium silicate (CaSiO3). This mineral-expected to be the fourth most abundant in the Earth-has not previously been found in nature. Being the dominant host for calcium and, owing to its accommodating crystal structure, the major sink for heat-producing elements (potassium, uranium and thorium) in the transition zone and lower mantle, it is critical to establish its presence. Here we report the discovery of the perovskite-structured polymorph of CaSiO3 in a diamond from South African Cullinan kimberlite. The mineral is intergrown with about six per cent calcium titanate (CaTiO3). The titanium-rich composition of this inclusion indicates a bulk composition consistent with derivation from basaltic oceanic crust subducted to pressures equivalent to those present at the depths of the uppermost lower mantle. The relatively 'heavy' carbon isotopic composition of the surrounding diamond, together with the pristine high-pressure CaSiO3 structure, provides evidence for the recycling of oceanic crust and surficial carbon to lower-mantle depths.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Nestola
- Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Giovanni Gradenigo 6, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - N Korolev
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Institute of Precambrian Geology and Geochronology RAS, 199034 St Petersburg, Russia
| | - M Kopylova
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - N Rotiroti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Botticelli 23, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - D G Pearson
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - M G Pamato
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - M Alvaro
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - L Peruzzo
- CNR-Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Sezione di Padova, Via Giovanni Gradenigo 6, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - J J Gurney
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A E Moore
- Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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