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McCourt S, Kanter D, MacDonald GK. Identifying leverage points for sustainable nutrient policy integration in Canada. AMBIO 2024; 53:1234-1245. [PMID: 38580895 PMCID: PMC11182993 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-024-02004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Addressing the 'wicked problem' of nutrient pollution requires coordinated policies spanning across diverse sectors and environmental systems. Using a case study of Canadian legislation, we apply semantic network analysis to identify thematic links across an inventory of 245 nutrient-related policies. Our analysis identifies twelve topics with unique types of connections across multiple facets of Canadian society. 'Hub' policies include broad environmental protection, land use planning, and climate-related legislation with close ties to multiple other topics. 'Bridge' policies create connections among otherwise disconnected topics in the network, representing opportunities to inform new policy proposals. Some legislation, such as food processing regulations, indirectly relates to nutrient use but could inform policy integration towards more coordinated and holistic nutrient management across the food system. A computational text network approach can be useful for addressing challenges in complex policy analysis, including by identifying unique entry points to guide more cross-cutting nutrient policy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibeal McCourt
- Department of Geography, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B9, Canada
| | - David Kanter
- Department of Environmental Studies, New York University, 285 Mercer Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Graham K MacDonald
- Department of Geography, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B9, Canada.
- Department of Environmental Studies, New York University, 285 Mercer Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
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2
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Curveira-Santos G, Marion S, Sutherland C, Beirne C, Herdman EJ, Tattersall ER, Burgar JM, Fisher JT, Burton AC. Disturbance-mediated changes to boreal mammal spatial networks in industrializing landscapes. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024:e3004. [PMID: 38925578 DOI: 10.1002/eap.3004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Compound effects of anthropogenic disturbances on wildlife emerge through a complex network of direct responses and species interactions. Land-use changes driven by energy and forestry industries are known to disrupt predator-prey dynamics in boreal ecosystems, yet how these disturbance effects propagate across mammal communities remains uncertain. Using structural equation modeling, we tested disturbance-mediated pathways governing the spatial structure of multipredator multiprey boreal mammal networks across a landscape-scale disturbance gradient within Canada's Athabasca oil sands region. Linear disturbances had pervasive direct effects, increasing site use for all focal species, except black bears and threatened caribou, in at least one landscape. Conversely, block (polygonal) disturbance effects were negative but less common. Indirect disturbance effects were widespread and mediated by caribou avoidance of wolves, tracking of primary prey by subordinate predators, and intraguild dependencies among predators and large prey. Context-dependent responses to linear disturbances were most common among prey and within the landscape with intermediate disturbance. Our research suggests that industrial disturbances directly affect a suite of boreal mammals by altering forage availability and movement, leading to indirect effects across a range of interacting predators and prey, including the keystone snowshoe hare. The complexity of network-level direct and indirect disturbance effects reinforces calls for increased investment in addressing habitat degradation as the root cause of threatened species declines and broader ecosystem change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Curveira-Santos
- Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- CIBIO Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO Associated Laboratory, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Solène Marion
- Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Chris Sutherland
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Christopher Beirne
- Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Erin R Tattersall
- Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Joanna M Burgar
- Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Jason T Fisher
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - A Cole Burton
- Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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3
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Day B, Mancini M, Bateman IJ, Binner A, Cho F, de Gol A, Ferguson-Gow H, Fezzi C, Lee C, Liuzzo L, Lovett A, Owen N, Pearson RG, Smith G. Natural capital approaches for the optimal design of policies for nature recovery. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220327. [PMID: 38643789 PMCID: PMC11033054 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
By embedding a spatially explicit ecosystem services modelling tool within a policy simulator we examine the insights that natural capital analysis can bring to the design of policies for nature recovery. Our study is illustrated through a case example of policies incentivising the establishment of new natural habitat in England. We find that a policy mirroring the current practice of offering payments per hectare of habitat creation fails to break even, delivering less value in improved flows of ecosystem services than public money spent and only 26% of that which is theoretically achievable. Using optimization methods, we discover that progressively more efficient outcomes are delivered by policies that optimally price activities (34%), quantities of environmental change (55%) and ecosystem service value flows (81%). Further, we show that additionally attaining targets for unmonetized ecosystem services (in our case, biodiversity) demands trade-offs in delivery of monetized services. For some policy instruments it is not even possible to achieve the targets. Finally, we establish that extending policy instruments to offer payments for unmonetized services delivers target-achieving and value-maximizing policy designs. Our findings reveal that policy design is of first-order importance in determining the efficiency and efficacy of programmes pursuing nature recovery. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bringing nature into decision-making'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Day
- Land, Environment, Economics and Policy Institute, Department of Economics, University of Exeter Business School, Exeter EX4 4PU, UK
| | - Mattia Mancini
- Land, Environment, Economics and Policy Institute, Department of Economics, University of Exeter Business School, Exeter EX4 4PU, UK
| | - Ian J. Bateman
- Land, Environment, Economics and Policy Institute, Department of Economics, University of Exeter Business School, Exeter EX4 4PU, UK
| | - Amy Binner
- Land, Environment, Economics and Policy Institute, Department of Economics, University of Exeter Business School, Exeter EX4 4PU, UK
| | - Frankie Cho
- Land, Environment, Economics and Policy Institute, Department of Economics, University of Exeter Business School, Exeter EX4 4PU, UK
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Anthony de Gol
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Henry Ferguson-Gow
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Carlo Fezzi
- Land, Environment, Economics and Policy Institute, Department of Economics, University of Exeter Business School, Exeter EX4 4PU, UK
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Trento, via Inama 5, I-38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Christopher Lee
- Land, Environment, Economics and Policy Institute, Department of Economics, University of Exeter Business School, Exeter EX4 4PU, UK
| | - Lorena Liuzzo
- Land, Environment, Economics and Policy Institute, Department of Economics, University of Exeter Business School, Exeter EX4 4PU, UK
| | - Andrew Lovett
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Nathan Owen
- Land, Environment, Economics and Policy Institute, Department of Economics, University of Exeter Business School, Exeter EX4 4PU, UK
| | - Richard G. Pearson
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Greg Smith
- Land, Environment, Economics and Policy Institute, Department of Economics, University of Exeter Business School, Exeter EX4 4PU, UK
- CSIRO, Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Hobart, Tas 7004, Australia
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4
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Bush A, Simpson KH, Hanley N. Systematic nature positive markets. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2024; 38:e14216. [PMID: 37937469 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Environmental markets are a rapidly emerging tool to mobilize private funding to incentivize landholders to undertake more sustainable land management. How units of biodiversity in these markets are measured and subsequently traded creates key challenges ecologically and economically because it determines whether environmental markets can deliver net gains in biodiversity and efficiently lower the costs of conservation. We developed and tested a metric for such markets based on the well-established principle of irreplaceability from systematic conservation planning. Irreplaceability as a metric avoids the limitations of like-for-like trading and allows one to capture the multidimensional nature of ecosystems (e.g., habitats, species, ecosystem functioning) and simultaneously achieve cost-effective, land-manager-led investments in conservation. Using an integrated ecological modeling approach, we tested whether using irreplaceability as a metric is more ecologically and economically beneficial than the simpler biodiversity offset metrics typically used in net gain and no-net-loss policies. Using irreplaceability ensured no net loss, or even net gain, of biodiversity depending on the targets chosen. Other metrics did not provide the same assurances and, depending on the flexibility with which biodiversity targets can be achieved, and how they overlap with development pressure, were less efficient. Irreplaceability reduced the costs of offsetting to developers and the costs of ecological restoration to society. Integrating economic data and systematic conservation planning approaches would therefore assure land managers they were being fairly rewarded for the opportunity costs of conservation and transparently incentivize the most ecologically and economically efficient investments in nature recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bush
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - Nick Hanley
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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5
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Kaspari M, Welti EAR. Nutrient dilution and the future of herbivore populations. Trends Ecol Evol 2024:S0169-5347(24)00112-5. [PMID: 38876933 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Nutrient dilution (ND) - the decrease in the concentration of nutritional elements in plant tissue - arises from an increase in the mass of carbohydrates and/or a decrease in the 20+ essential elements. Increasing CO2 levels and its promotion of biomass are linked to nutrient dilution. We build a case for nutrient dilution as a key driver in global declines in herbivore abundance. Herbivores must build element-rich animal tissue from nutrient-poor plant tissue, and their abundance commonly increases with fertilization of both macro- and micronutrients. We predict the global impacts of nutrient dilution will be magnified in some of Earth's most biodiverse, highly productive, and/or nutrient-poor ecosystems and should favor specific traits of herbivores, including sap-feeding and ruminant microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kaspari
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA.
| | - Ellen A R Welti
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
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6
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Siegel KJ, Cavanaugh KC, Dee LE. Balancing multiple management objectives as climate change transforms ecosystems. Trends Ecol Evol 2024; 39:381-395. [PMID: 38052686 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
As climate change facilitates significant and persistent ecological transformations, managing ecosystems according to historical baseline conditions may no longer be feasible. The Resist-Accept-Direct (RAD) framework can guide climate-informed management interventions, but in its current implementations RAD has not yet fully accounted for potential tradeoffs between multiple - sometimes incompatible - ecological and societal goals. Key scientific challenges for informing climate-adapted ecosystem management include (i) advancing our predictive understanding of transformations and their socioecological impacts under novel climate conditions, and (ii) incorporating uncertainty around trajectories of ecological change and the potential success of RAD interventions into management decisions. To promote the implementation of RAD, practitioners can account for diverse objectives within just and equitable participatory decision-making processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Siegel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA; Cooperative Programs for the Advancement of Earth System Science, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Kyle C Cavanaugh
- Department of Geography, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laura E Dee
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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7
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Taylor M, Davison A, Harwood A. Local Ecological Learning: Creating Place-based Knowledge through Collaborative Wildlife Research on Private Lands. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 73:563-578. [PMID: 37950070 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-023-01907-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Wildlife across all land tenures is under threat from anthropogenic drivers including climate change, invasive species, and habitat loss. This study focuses on private lands, where effective management for wildlife conservation requires locally relevant knowledge about wildlife populations, habitat condition, threatening ecological processes, and social drivers of and barriers to conservation. Collaborative socio-ecological research can inform wildlife management by integrating the place-based ecological and social knowledge of private landholders with the theoretical and applied knowledge of researchers and practitioners, including that of Traditional Owners. In privately-owned landscapes, landholders are often overlooked as a source of local ecological knowledge grounded in learning through continuous embodied interaction with their environment and community. Here we report on WildTracker, a transdisciplinary socio-ecological research collaboration involving 160 landholders in Tasmania, Australia. This wildlife-focused citizen science project generated and integrated local socio-ecological knowledge in the research process. The project gathered quantitative and qualitative data on wildlife ecology, land management practices, and landholder learning via wildlife cameras, sound recorders, workshops, questionnaires, and semi-structured interviews. Through this on-going collaboration, landholders, researchers, and conservation practitioners established relationships based on mutual learning, gathering and sharing knowledge, and insights about wildlife conservation. Our project documents how local ecological knowledge develops and changes through everyday processes of enquiry and interaction with other knowledge holders including researchers and conservation practitioners. Qualitative insights derived from the direct experience and citizen science practices of landholders were integrated with quantitative scientific assessments of wildlife populations and habitat condition to produce a novel model of collaborative conservation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Taylor
- School of Geography, Planning and Spatial Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.
| | - Aidan Davison
- School of Geography, Planning and Spatial Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Andrew Harwood
- School of Geography, Planning and Spatial Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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8
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Couée I. The importance of worldwide linguistic and cultural diversity for climate change resilience. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14410. [PMID: 38519453 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Local minority languages and dialects, through the local knowledge and expertise associated with them, can play major roles in analysing climate change and biodiversity loss, in facilitating community awareness of environmental crises and in setting up locally-adapted resilience and sustainability strategies. While the situation and contribution of Indigenous and Tribal Peoples are of emblematic importance, the issue of the relationships between cultural and linguistic diversity and environmental awareness and protection does not solely concern peripheral highly-specialized communities in specific ecosystems of the Global South, but constitutes a worldwide challenge, throughout all of the countries, whatever their geographical location, their economical development, or their political status. Environmental emergency and climate change resilience should therefore raise international awareness on the need to promote the survival and development of minority languages and dialects and to take into account their creativity and expertise in relation to the dynamics of their local environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Couée
- UMR 6553 Ecosystems-Biodiversity-Evolution, University of Rennes/CNRS, Rennes, France
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9
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Kobluk HM, Salomon AK, Ford AT, Kadykalo AN, Hessami MA, Labranche PA, Richter C, Palen WJ, Happynook ḤT, Humphries MM, Bennett EM. Relational place-based solutions for environmental policy misalignments. Trends Ecol Evol 2024; 39:217-220. [PMID: 38278702 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Current reductionist approaches to environmental governance cannot resolve social-ecological crises. Siloed institutions fail to address linked social and ecological processes, thereby neglecting issues of equity, justice, and cumulative effects. Global insights can be gained from Indigenous-led initiatives that support the resilience of relationships within and among places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Kobluk
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Anne K Salomon
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adam T Ford
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew N Kadykalo
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mateen A Hessami
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Carmen Richter
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wendy J Palen
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ḥapinyuuk Tommy Happynook
- Huu-ay-aht First Nations, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Murray M Humphries
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada; Centre for Indigenous Nutrition and Environment, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elena M Bennett
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada; Bieler School of Environment, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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10
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Larned ST, Snelder TH. Meeting the Growing Need for Land-Water System Modelling to Assess Land Management Actions. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 73:1-18. [PMID: 37845574 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-023-01894-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Elevated contaminant levels and hydrological alterations resulting from land use are degrading aquatic ecosystems on a global scale. A range of land management actions may be used to reduce or prevent this degradation. To select among alternative management actions, decision makers require predictions of their effectiveness, their economic impacts, estimated uncertainty in the predictions, and estimated time lags between management actions and environmental responses. There are multiple methods for generating these predictions, but the most rigorous and transparent methods involve quantitative modelling. The challenge for modellers is two-fold. First, they must employ models that represent complex land-water systems, including the causal chains linking land use to contaminant loss and water use, catchment processes that alter contaminant loads and flow regimes, and ecological responses in aquatic environments. Second, they must ensure that these models meet the needs of endusers in terms of reliability, usefulness, feasibility and transparency. Integrated modelling using coupled models to represent the land-water system can meet both challenges and has advantages over alternative approaches. The need for integrated land-water system modelling is growing as the extent and intensity of human land use increases, and regulatory agencies seek more effective land management actions to counter the adverse effects. Here we present recommendations for modelling teams, to help them improve current practices and meet the growing need for land-water system models. The recommendations address several aspects of integrated modelling: (1) assembling modelling teams; (2) problem framing and conceptual modelling; (3) developing spatial frameworks; (4) integrating economic and biophysical models; (5) selecting and coupling models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Larned
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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11
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Wyckhuys KAG, Hadi BAR. Institutional Context of Pest Management Science in the Global South. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4143. [PMID: 38140470 PMCID: PMC10747170 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The natural sciences are receiving increasing attention in the Global South. This timely development may help mitigate global change and quicken an envisioned food system transformation. Yet in order to resolve complex issues such as agrochemical pollution, science ideally proceeds along suitable trajectories within appropriate institutional contexts. Here, we employ a systematic literature review to map the nature of inquiry and institutional context of pest management science in 65 low- and middle-income countries published from 2010 to 2020. Despite large inter-country variability, any given country generates an average of 5.9 publications per annum (range 0-45.9) and individual nations such as Brazil, Kenya, Benin, Vietnam, and Turkey engage extensively in regional cooperation. International development partners are prominent scientific actors in West Africa but are commonly outpaced by national institutions and foreign academia in other regions. Transnational institutions such as the CGIAR represent a 1.4-fold higher share of studies on host plant resistance but lag in public interest science disciplines such as biological control. Despite high levels of scientific abstraction, research conducted jointly with development partners shows real yet marginal improvements in incorporating the multiple (social-ecological) layers of the farming system. Added emphasis on integrative system-level approaches and agroecological or biodiversity-driven measures can extend the reach of science to unlock transformative change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris A. G. Wyckhuys
- Chrysalis Consulting, Danang 50000, Vietnam
- Institute for Plant Protection, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia 4072, Australia
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12
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Zhang X, Jin X, Fuller RA, Liang X, Fan Y, Zhou Y. Using modern portfolio theory to enhance ecosystem service delivery: A case study from China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 347:119064. [PMID: 37748292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
:Land management strategies often prioritize agricultural supply services at the expense of other ecosystem services. To achieve a high and steady supply of multiple ecosystem services, it is essential to optimize land management practices in areas suitable for agriculture. However, many studies on land management tend to focus on their benefits to ecosystem service delivery without adequately considering the potential risks to other services that might be involved. Here we use modern portfolio theory to quantitatively measure benefits and risks from land management strategies to enhance ecosystem services. We create seven land management scenarios that balance different kinds of ecosystem services in different ways in the agricultural production area of Maoming, Guangdong Province, China. The method yielded optimal portfolios of land management patterns that enhanced ecosystem services while reducing risk as much as possible. This includes a scenario delivering a 22% increase in agricultural production service, while simultaneously increasing the provision of nature-related ecosystem services by 2%. However, no optimization scenario was perfect, and there was always a trade-off between gaining certain ecosystem service benefits and creating a risk of losing others. Our portfolio theory approach reveals that it is essential to consider both the benefits and risks of land management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhang
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Exploitation and Protection, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaobin Jin
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Exploitation and Protection, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Land Development and Consolidation Technology Engineering Center, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Richard A Fuller
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Xinyuan Liang
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Exploitation and Protection, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yeting Fan
- School of Public Administration, Nanjing University of Finance & Economics, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yinkang Zhou
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Exploitation and Protection, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Land Development and Consolidation Technology Engineering Center, Nanjing, 210023, China
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13
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Aryal K, Maraseni T, Apan A. Preference, perceived change, and professed relationship among ecosystem services in the Himalayas. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118522. [PMID: 37390580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The demand side of ecosystem service (ES), especially preference and perception of supply and interactions among ES, is an important yet underexplored research area for landscape planning and management in human-dominated landscapes. Taking a case of multifunctional landscape in the Hindu-Kush Himalayan region, we carried out a social survey of ES, focusing on preference, perceived change, and observed relationship among six major ES from the local people's perspective. Using a semi-structured questionnaire, data collection was done from 300 households from 10 categories of human settlements, based on watershed and land cover types. Garrett mean score (GMS), ordinal logistic regression estimates, and Chi-square test were performed for quantitative data, while an inductive approach was adopted for qualitative data analysis. The results show that at the landscape level, local people preferred water yield (GMS = 70) and crop production (GMS = 66) as the most preferred ES, whereas habitat quality (GMS = 37) and carbon sequestration (GMS = 35) were among the least preferred ES. More than 70% of the respondents believed that the supply of crop production has decreased over the last two decades; however, the supply of other provisioning and non-provisioning ES has increased as observed by majority of the respondents. Among the 15 pairs of ES, local people believe that co-occurrence of ES is possible. Majority of the respondents said that there exist synergistic relationship among 13 pairs of ES, except crop production which is negatively related with timber production and carbon sequestration. Among the identified trade-offs in ES, majority of local people believed that direct trade-offs (i.e., linear inverse relationship) is dominant as observed in 8 pairs of ES, followed by concave and convex trade-offs. Based on our analysis, we argue that the preference and perceived change of ES is more dependent on spatial heterogeneity of communities (i.e., watershed type, municipal category, and land cover type of residence) than socio-economic determinants. Further, we have discussed and suggested few policy and management measures including place-based spatial assessment of the social demand and preference, embracing agroforestry practices in ecosystem management programs, mainstreaming non-local ES in local decision making by incentives, and optimizing the supply of desired ES though integrated biophysical and socio-economic assessment of the landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor Aryal
- University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, 4350, Queensland, Australia; Ministry of Industry, Tourism, Forests, and Environment, Sudoorpaschim Province, Dhangadhi, Nepal
| | - Tek Maraseni
- University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, 4350, Queensland, Australia; Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Armando Apan
- University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, 4350, Queensland, Australia; Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
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14
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Lin BB. Getting to solutions: Moving beyond theory to practical methods for change. AMBIO 2023; 52:1415-1417. [PMID: 37515705 PMCID: PMC10406742 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-023-01904-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda B Lin
- CSIRO Land & Water, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia.
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15
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Levin MO, Kalies EL, Forester E, Jackson ELA, Levin AH, Markus C, McKenzie PF, Meek JB, Hernandez RR. Solar Energy-driven Land-cover Change Could Alter Landscapes Critical to Animal Movement in the Continental United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11499-11509. [PMID: 37498168 PMCID: PMC10591311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The United States may produce as much as 45% of its electricity using solar energy technology by 2050, which could require more than 40,000 km2 of land to be converted to large-scale solar energy production facilities. Little is known about how such development may impact animal movement. Here, we use five spatially explicit projections of solar energy development through 2050 to assess the extent to which ground-mounted photovoltaic solar energy expansion in the continental United States may impact land-cover and alter areas important for animal movement. Our results suggest that there could be a substantial overlap between solar energy development and land important for animal movement: across projections, 7-17% of total development is expected to occur on land with high value for movement between large protected areas, while 27-33% of total development is expected to occur on land with high value for climate-change-induced migration. We also found substantial variation in the potential overlap of development and land important for movement at the state level. Solar energy development, and the policies that shape it, may align goals for biodiversity and climate change by incorporating the preservation of animal movement as a consideration in the planning process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O. Levin
- Department
of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York New York 10027, United States
| | - Elizabeth L. Kalies
- The
Nature Conservancy, North America Regional Office, Durham, North Carolina 27701, United States
| | - Emma Forester
- Department
of Land, Air & Water Resources, University
of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Center
for Wild Energy, University of California,
Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | | | - Andrew H. Levin
- University
of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Caitlin Markus
- The
Nature Conservancy, North America Regional Office, Durham, North Carolina 27701, United States
| | - Patrick F. McKenzie
- Department
of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York New York 10027, United States
| | - Jared B. Meek
- Department
of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York New York 10027, United States
| | - Rebecca R. Hernandez
- Department
of Land, Air & Water Resources, University
of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Center
for Wild Energy, University of California,
Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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16
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Geffersa AG, Burdon JJ, Macfadyen S, Thrall PH, Sprague SJ, Barrett LG. The socio-economic challenges of managing pathogen evolution in agriculture. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220012. [PMID: 36744561 PMCID: PMC9900704 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic resistance forms the foundation of infectious disease management in crops. However, rapid pathogen evolution is causing the breakdown of resistance and threatening disease control. Recent research efforts have identified strategies for resistance gene deployment that aim to disrupt pathogen adaptation and prevent breakdown. To date, there has been limited practical uptake of such strategies. In this paper, we focus on the socio-economic challenges associated with translating applied evolutionary research into scientifically informed management strategies to control pathogen adaptation. We develop a conceptual framework for the economic valuation of resistance and demonstrate that in addition to various direct benefits, resistance delivers considerable indirect and non-market value to farmers and society. Incentives for stakeholders to engage in stewardship strategies are complicated by the uncertain timeframes associated with evolutionary processes, difficulties in assigning ownership rights to genetic resources and lack of governance. These interacting biological, socio-economic and institutional complexities suggest that resistance breakdown should be viewed as a wicked problem, with often conflicting imperatives among stakeholders and no simple cause or solution. Promoting the uptake of scientific research outcomes that address complex issues in sustainable crop disease management will require a mix of education, incentives, legislation and social change. This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease ecology and evolution in a changing world'.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Geffersa
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | - S. Macfadyen
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - P. H. Thrall
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - S. J. Sprague
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - L. G. Barrett
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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17
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Huggins X, Gleeson T, Castilla-Rho J, Holley C, Re V, Famiglietti JS. Groundwater connections and sustainability in social-ecological systems. GROUND WATER 2023. [PMID: 36928631 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater resources are connected with social, economic, ecological, and Earth systems. We introduce the framing of groundwater-connected systems to better represent the nature and complexity of these connections in data collection, scientific investigations, governance and management approaches, and groundwater education. Groundwater-connected systems are social, economic, ecological, and Earth systems that interact with groundwater, such as irrigated agriculture, groundwater-dependent ecosystems, and cultural relationships to groundwater expressions such as springs and rivers. Groundwater-connected systems form social-ecological systems with complex behaviours such as feedbacks, non-linear processes, multiple stable system states, and path dependency. These complex behaviours are only visible through this integrated system framing and are not endogenous properties of physical groundwater systems. The framing is syncretic as it aims to provide a common conceptual foundation for the growing disciplines of socio-hydrogeology, eco-hydrogeology, groundwater governance, and hydro-social groundwater analysis. The framing also facilitates greater alignment between the groundwater sustainability discourse and emerging sustainability concepts and principles. Aligning with these concepts and principles presents groundwater sustainability as more than a physical state to be reached; and argues that place-based and multi-faceted goals, values, justice, knowledge systems, governance and management must continually be integrated to maintain groundwater's social, ecological, and Earth system functions. The groundwater-connected system framing can underpin a broad, methodologically pluralistic, and community-driven new wave of data collection and analysis, research, governance, management, and education. These developments, together, can invigorate efforts to foster sustainable groundwater futures in the complex systems groundwater is embedded within. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xander Huggins
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Tom Gleeson
- Department of Civil Engineering and School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Juan Castilla-Rho
- Faculty of Business, Government & Law and Center for Change Governance, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Cameron Holley
- School of Law, Society and Criminology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Viviana Re
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - James S Famiglietti
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
- Global Institute for Water Security and School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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18
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The supply of multiple ecosystem services requires biodiversity across spatial scales. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:236-249. [PMID: 36376602 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01918-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The impact of local biodiversity loss on ecosystem functioning is well established, but the role of larger-scale biodiversity dynamics in the delivery of ecosystem services remains poorly understood. Here we address this gap using a comprehensive dataset describing the supply of 16 cultural, regulating and provisioning ecosystem services in 150 European agricultural grassland plots, and detailed multi-scale data on land use and plant diversity. After controlling for land-use and abiotic factors, we show that both plot-level and surrounding plant diversity play an important role in the supply of cultural and aboveground regulating ecosystem services. In contrast, provisioning and belowground regulating ecosystem services are more strongly driven by field-level management and abiotic factors. Structural equation models revealed that surrounding plant diversity promotes ecosystem services both directly, probably by fostering the spill-over of ecosystem service providers from surrounding areas, and indirectly, by maintaining plot-level diversity. By influencing the ecosystem services that local stakeholders prioritized, biodiversity at different scales was also shown to positively influence a wide range of stakeholder groups. These results provide a comprehensive picture of which ecosystem services rely most strongly on biodiversity, and the respective scales of biodiversity that drive these services. This key information is required for the upscaling of biodiversity-ecosystem service relationships, and the informed management of biodiversity within agricultural landscapes.
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19
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Bourgeois R, Guerbois C, Giva N, Mugabe P, Mukamuri B, Fynn R, Daré W, Motsholapheko M, Nare L, Delay E, Ducrot R, Bucuane J, Mercandalli S, Le Page C, Caron A. Using anticipation to unveil drivers of local livelihoods in Transfrontier Conservation Areas: A call for more environmental justice. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Bourgeois
- CIRAD, UMR ART‐Dev Saint Louis Senegal
- ART‐Dev, Univ Montpellier, CNRS Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, CIRAD Montpellier France
- CRA/ISRA Saint Louis Senegal
| | - Chloé Guerbois
- Sustainability Research Unit Nelson Mandela University George South Africa
- International Research Laboratory, REHABS CNRS‐Université Lyon 1‐NMU George South Africa
| | - Nicia Giva
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Engenharia Florestal Universidade Eduardo Mondlane Maputo Mozambique
| | - Prisca Mugabe
- Faculty of Animal Sciences University of Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe
| | - Billy Mukamuri
- Centre for Applied Social Sciences University of Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe
| | - Richard Fynn
- Okavango Research Institute University of Botswana Maun Botswana
| | - William’s Daré
- CIRAD UMR SENS MUSE Montpellier France
- SENS Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
| | | | - Lerato Nare
- Institute of Development Studies National University of Science and Technology Bulawayo Zimbabwe
| | - Etienne Delay
- CIRAD UMR SENS MUSE Montpellier France
- SENS Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
| | - Raphaëlle Ducrot
- CIRAD UMR SENS MUSE Montpellier France
- SENS Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
- CIRAD UMR G‐eau Montpellier France
| | - Joaquim Bucuane
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Engenharia Florestal Universidade Eduardo Mondlane Maputo Mozambique
| | - Sara Mercandalli
- ART‐Dev, Univ Montpellier, CNRS Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, CIRAD Montpellier France
| | - Christophe Le Page
- CIRAD UMR SENS MUSE Montpellier France
- SENS Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Forêts et Sociétés Univ Montpellier, CIRAD Montpellier France
- ASTRE Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, MUSE Montpellier France
- Faculdade de Veterinaria Universidade Eduardo Mondlane Maputo Mozambique
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20
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Rock and Plovers—A Drama in Three Acts Involving a Big Musical Event Planned on a Coastal Beach Hosting Threatened Birds of Conservation Concern. CONSERVATION 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/conservation3010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Big musical events often coincide with natural spaces, and therefore they may have an impact on sensitive ecosystems. Here, a story of events that took place following a big event on an Italian beach within a Special Protection Area (SPA; hosting embryonic shifting dunes and plover birds of conservation concern) is reported. Following a theatrical approach to conservation, this story unfolds in three acts (Act I: The Premises; II: On the Field; III: Long-Term Effects) that include the social targets (‘actors’) involved (i.e., the pop star’s staff, ONG, institutions, and local stakeholders) as well as the critical issues and conflicts. This experience provides some conservation lessons: (i) big musical events can have an impact on sensitive socio-ecosystems; (ii) the intrinsic value of coastal ecosystems has been underestimated since the site selection was carried out by decision makers with inaccurate/inappropriate use of digital tools; (iii) communication among the private organizers, public institutions, ONG, and people was poor; (iv) the availability of huge economic resources has made the local municipality vulnerable; (v) digital social processes increased polarization between opposing parties with an increase in local conflicts among Public Agencies; and (vi) these conflicts had long-term cascade effects on the nature reserve’s management. To communicate conservation stories, I encourage conservation practitioners to use a theatrical approach to communicate local events with socio-ecological implications—increasing awareness of human–wildlife conflicts and cognitive bias emerging after unshared decisions—using simplified conceptual frameworks.
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21
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Delgado MI, Mac Donagh ME, Casco MA, Tanjal C, Carol E. Nutrient dynamics in water resources of productive flatland territories in the Pampean region of Argentina: evaluation at a watershed scale. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:236. [PMID: 36574069 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10838-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Pampean plains in South America are well-known for their livestock and agricultural productivity. The peri-urban watershed of El Pescado Creek (Central-Eastern Argentina) has been significantly modified in the last few years due to local land-use changes. This work aims to analyze the dynamics of nutrient content associated with the surface water-groundwater relationship in this watershed and to define the trophic state of the watercourse. Sampling sites were selected for both surface water and groundwater analyses, and field surveys were carried out during the spring and summer of 2017. Handmade shallow groundwater wells were installed along the floodplain of the watercourse. Deep groundwater was analyzed in agricultural and livestock farms. In situ determinations included dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, transparency, and temperature measurements. Laboratory analyses included NO3--N, total nitrogen (TN), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), total phosphorus (TP), and phytobenthonic and phytoplanktonic chlorophyll-a. Results showed an increase in EC and nutrient concentration in the summer samples (both in surface water and shallow groundwater), along with higher turbidity of the surface water. Water flow was dissimilar between samplings (spring: 1.735 m3/s, summer: 0.065 m3/s), showing contrasting hydrological scenarios. Low wash-out conditions enhanced phytobenthonic algae biomass growth, turning most of the sites towards a eutrophic state in summer. Our results showed that the dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in the watershed of El Pescado Creek depend on the hydrodynamic processes of the watershed, the different land-uses, and the chemical characteristics of these compounds. In order to develop sustainable management strategies, further understanding of nutrient concentrations effects, and the factors affecting them, must be done in this area of the Pampean region.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Delgado
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), División Ficología, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Paseo del Bosque S/N, B1900FWA, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - María Elicia Mac Donagh
- División Ficología, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Paseo del Bosque S/N, B1900FWA, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Adela Casco
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), División Ficología, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Paseo del Bosque S/N, B1900FWA, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Carolina Tanjal
- Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas (CIG), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, diagonal 113, N° 275, B1904DPK, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Eleonora Carol
- Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas (CIG), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, diagonal 113, N° 275, B1904DPK, La Plata, Argentina
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22
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Ouellet V, Collins MJ, Kocik JF, Saunders R, Sheehan TF, Ogburn MB, Trinko Lake T. The diadromous watersheds-ocean continuum: Managing diadromous fish as a community for ecosystem resilience. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1007599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diadromous fishes play important ecological roles by delivering ecosystem services and making crucial connections along the watersheds-ocean continuum. However, it is difficult to fully understand the community-level impacts and cumulative benefits of diadromous fish migrations, as these species are most often considered individually or in small groups. Their interactions at a community level (e.g., interdependencies such as predation, co-migration, and habitat conditioning) and the connections between their ecosystem roles and functions (e.g., cumulative marine-derived nutrient contributions, impacts on stream geomorphology) are yet to be fully understood. Similarly, freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems are often considered as independent parts, limiting understanding of the importance of connections across systems. We argue that not considering the ecosystem interdependence and importance of diadromous fish as a community currently hinders the implementation of the large-scale management required to increase ecosystem resilience and fish productivity across the full range of these species. We developed a conceptual model, the Diadromous Watersheds-Ocean Continuum (DWOC), that uses ecosystem services to promote a more holistic approach to the management of the diadromous community and encourages an integrated understanding of the ecosystem connections made by these species. DWOC provides a framework for discussions that can help identify research and management needs, discuss the trade-offs of different management options, and analyze what pressing questions impede the implementation of large-scale management solutions toward a more ecosystem-based management approach.
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23
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Husmann K, von Groß V, Bödeker K, Fuchs JM, Paul C, Knoke T.
optimLanduse
: A package for multiobjective land‐cover composition optimization under uncertainty. Methods Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.14000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Husmann
- Department of Forest Economics and Sustainable Land‐use Planning Georg‐August‐University Goettingen Goettingen Germany
| | - Volker von Groß
- Department of Forest Economics and Sustainable Land‐use Planning Georg‐August‐University Goettingen Goettingen Germany
| | - Kai Bödeker
- Institute of Forest Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan Department of Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
| | - Jasper M. Fuchs
- Department of Forest Economics and Sustainable Land‐use Planning Georg‐August‐University Goettingen Goettingen Germany
| | - Carola Paul
- Department of Forest Economics and Sustainable Land‐use Planning Georg‐August‐University Goettingen Goettingen Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use Georg‐August‐University‐Goettingen Goettingen Germany
| | - Thomas Knoke
- Institute of Forest Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan Department of Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
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24
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Classification of Alpine Grasslands in Cold and High Altitudes Based on Multispectral Landsat-8 Images: A Case Study in Sanjiangyuan National Park, China. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14153714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Land-use–cover change (LUCC)/vegetation cover plays a critical role in Earth system science and is a reflection of human activities and environmental changes. LUCC will affect the structure and function of ecosystems and a series of other terrestrial surface processes, such as energy exchange, water circulation, biogeochemical circulation, and vegetation productivity. Therefore, accurate LUCC mapping and vegetation cover monitoring are the bases for simulating the global carbon and hydrological cycles, studying the interactions of the land surface and climate, and assessing land degradation. Based on field GPS surveys and UAV data, with cloud-free and snow/glacier algorithms and the SVM classifier to train and model alpine grassland, the alpine grassland and LUCC were extracted by using Landsat-8 OLI satellite images in Sanjiangyuan National Park in this paper. The latest datasets of vegetation types with 30 m × 30 m spatial resolution in the three parks were prepared and formed. The classification results show that the SVM classifier could better distinguish the major land-use types, and the overall classification accuracy was very high. However, in the alpine grassland subcategories, the classification accuracies of the four typical grasslands were relatively low, especially between desert steppes and alpine meadows, and desert steppes and alpine steppes. It manifests the limitations of Landsat-8 multispectral remote sensing imageries in finer-resolution grassland classifications of high-altitude alpine mountains. The method can be utilized for other multispectral satellite imageries with the same band matching, such as Landsat 7, Landsat 9, Sentinel-2, etc. The method described in this paper can rapidly and efficiently process annual alpine grassland maps of the source areas of the Yellow River, the Yangtze River, and the Lancang River. It can provide timely and high-spatial-resolution datasets for supporting scientific decisions for the sustainable management of Sanjiangyuan National Park.
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25
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Bohan DA, Richter A, Bane M, Therond O, Pocock MJ. Farmer-led agroecology for biodiversity with climate change. Trends Ecol Evol 2022; 37:927-930. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Holden NM, Neill AM, Stout JC, O’Brien D, Morris MA. Biocircularity: a Framework to Define Sustainable, Circular Bioeconomy. CIRCULAR ECONOMY AND SUSTAINABILITY 2022; 3:77-91. [PMID: 36970551 PMCID: PMC10033560 DOI: 10.1007/s43615-022-00180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bioeconomy is proposed as a solution to reduce reliance on fossil resources. However, bioeconomy is not always inherently circular and can mimic the conventional take, make, consume, dispose linear economic model. Agricultural systems will be relied on to provide food, materials, and energy, so unless action is taken, demand for land will inevitably exceed supply. Bioeconomy will have to embrace circularity to enable production of renewable feedstocks in terms of both biomass yield and maintaining essential natural capital. The concept of biocircularity is proposed as an integrated systems approach to the sustainable production of renewable biological materials focusing on extended use, maximum reuse, recycling, and design for degradation from polymers to monomers, while avoiding the "failure" of end of life and minimizing energy demand and waste. Challenges are discussed including sustainable production and consumption; quantifying externalities; decoupling economic growth from depletion; valuing natural ecosystems; design across scales; renewable energy provision; barriers to adoption; and integration with food systems. Biocircularity offers a theoretical basis and measures of success, for implementing sustainable circular bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. Holden
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- BiOrbic Bioeconomy, SFI Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew M. Neill
- BiOrbic Bioeconomy, SFI Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Botany Department, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jane C. Stout
- BiOrbic Bioeconomy, SFI Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Botany Department, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Derek O’Brien
- BiOrbic Bioeconomy, SFI Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael A. Morris
- BiOrbic Bioeconomy, SFI Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Amber, SFI Research Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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27
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Sayles JS, Furey RP, ten Brink MR. How deep to dig: effects of web-scraping search depth on hyperlink network analysis of environmental stewardship organizations. APPLIED NETWORK SCIENCE 2022; 7:1-16. [PMID: 38989134 PMCID: PMC11235192 DOI: 10.1007/s41109-022-00472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Social network analysis (SNA) tools and concepts are essential for addressing many environmental management and sustainability issues. One method to gather SNA data is to scrape them from environmental organizations' websites. Web-based research can provide important opportunities to understand environmental governance and policy networks while potentially reducing costs and time when compared to traditional survey and interview methods. A key parameter is 'search depth,' i.e., how many connected pages within a website to search for information. Existing research uses a variety of depths and no best practices exist, undermining research quality and case study comparability. We therefore analyze how search depth affects SNA data collection among environmental organizations, if results vary when organizations have different objectives, and how search depth affects social network structure. We find that scraping to a depth of three captures the majority of relevant network data regardless of an organization's focus. Stakeholder identification (i.e., who is in the network) may require less scraping, but this might under-represent network structure (i.e., who is connected). We also discuss how scraping web-pages of local programs of larger organizations may lead to uncertain results and how our work can combine with mixed methods approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse S. Sayles
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Fellow Appointed with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Management and Modelling, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Ryan P. Furey
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) Contracted to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Management and Modelling, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Marilyn R. ten Brink
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Management and Modelling, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, Narragansett, RI, USA
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Runkle BRK. Review: biological engineering for nature-based climate solutions. J Biol Eng 2022; 16:7. [PMID: 35351176 PMCID: PMC8966256 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-022-00287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Nature-based Climate Solutions are landscape stewardship techniques to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase soil or biomass carbon sequestration. These mitigation approaches to climate change present an opportunity to supplement energy sector decarbonization and provide co-benefits in terms of ecosystem services and landscape productivity. The biological engineering profession must be involved in the research and implementation of these solutions-developing new tools to aid in decision-making, methods to optimize across different objectives, and new messaging frameworks to assist in prioritizing among different options. Furthermore, the biological engineering curriculum should be redesigned to reflect the needs of carbon-based landscape management. While doing so, the biological engineering community has an opportunity to embed justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion within both the classroom and the profession. Together these transformations will enhance our capacity to use sustainable landscape management as an active tool to mitigate the risks of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R K Runkle
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA.
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Managing Wildfire Risk in Mosaic Landscapes: A Case Study of the Upper Gata River Catchment in Sierra de Gata, Spain. LAND 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/land11040465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Fire prevention and suppression approaches that exclusively rely on silvicultural measures and containment infrastructure have become increasingly ineffective in stopping the spread of wildfires. As agroforestry landscape mosaics consisting of a mix of different land cover and use types are considered less prone to fire than forests, approaches that support the involvement of rural people in agriculture and forestry activities have been proposed. However, it is unknown whether, in the current socio-economic context, these land-use interventions will nudge fire-prone landscapes towards more fire-resistant ones. We report on a case study of the Gata river catchment in Sierra de Gata, Spain, which is a fire-prone area that has been a pilot site for Mosaico-Extremadura, an innovative participatory fire-risk-mitigation strategy. Our purpose is to assess the efficacy of project interventions as “productive fuel breaks” and their potential for protecting high-risk areas. Interventions were effective in reducing the flame length and the rate of spread, and almost 40% of the intervention area was in sub-catchments with high risk. Therefore, they can function as productive fuel breaks and, if located strategically, contribute to mitigating wildfire risk. For these reasons, and in view of other economic and social benefits, collaborative approaches for land management are highly recommended.
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30
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Hinson C, O’Keeffe J, Mijic A, Bryden J, Van Grootveld J, Collins AM. Using natural capital and ecosystem services to facilitate participatory environmental decision making: Results from a systematic map. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Hinson
- Science and Solutions for a Changing Planet DTP Imperial College London London UK
- Centre for Environmental Policy Imperial College London London UK
| | - Jimmy O’Keeffe
- Centre for Environmental Policy Imperial College London London UK
| | - Ana Mijic
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Imperial College London London UK
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31
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Kiekens A, Dierckx de Casterlé B, Pellizzer G, Mosha IH, Mosha F, Rinke de Wit TF, Sangeda RZ, Surian A, Vandaele N, Vranken L, Killewo J, Jordan M, Vandamme AM. Exploring the mechanisms behind HIV drug resistance in sub-Saharan Africa: conceptual mapping of a complex adaptive system based on multi-disciplinary expert insights. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:455. [PMID: 35255842 PMCID: PMC8899794 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12738-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) continues to threaten the effectiveness of worldwide antiretroviral therapy (ART). Emergence and transmission of HIVDR are driven by several interconnected factors. Though much has been done to uncover factors influencing HIVDR, overall interconnectedness between these factors remains unclear and African policy makers encounter difficulties setting priorities combating HIVDR. By viewing HIVDR as a complex adaptive system, through the eyes of multi-disciplinary HIVDR experts, we aimed to make a first attempt to linking different influencing factors and gaining a deeper understanding of the complexity of the system. Methods We designed a detailed systems map of factors influencing HIVDR based on semi-structured interviews with 15 international HIVDR experts from or with experience in sub-Saharan Africa, from different disciplinary backgrounds and affiliated with different types of institutions. The resulting detailed system map was conceptualized into three main HIVDR feedback loops and further strengthened with literature evidence. Results Factors influencing HIVDR in sub-Saharan Africa and their interactions were sorted in five categories: biology, individual, social context, healthcare system and ‘overarching’. We identified three causal loops cross-cutting these layers, which relate to three interconnected subsystems of mechanisms influencing HIVDR. The ‘adherence motivation’ subsystem concerns the interplay of factors influencing people living with HIV to alternate between adherence and non-adherence. The ‘healthcare burden’ subsystem is a reinforcing loop leading to an increase in HIVDR at local population level. The ‘ART overreliance’ subsystem is a balancing feedback loop leading to complacency among program managers when there is overreliance on ART with a perceived low risk to drug resistance. The three subsystems are interconnected at different levels. Conclusions Interconnectedness of the three subsystems underlines the need to act on the entire system of factors surrounding HIVDR in sub-Saharan Africa in order to target interventions and to prevent unwanted effects on other parts of the system. The three theories that emerged while studying HIVDR as a complex adaptive system form a starting point for further qualitative and quantitative investigation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-12738-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Kiekens
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Institute for the Future, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Idda H Mosha
- Department of Behavioural Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O Box 65015, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Fausta Mosha
- Ministry of Health Community Development Gender Elderly and Children, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Tobias F Rinke de Wit
- Amsterdam Instiute for Global Health and Development (AIGHD), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raphael Z Sangeda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O Box 65012, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Alessio Surian
- FISPPA Department, Università Degli Studi Di Padova, 35139, Padova, Italy
| | - Nico Vandaele
- Faculty of Economics and Business, Access To Medicine Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Vranken
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Bioeconomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Japhet Killewo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Michael Jordan
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA.,Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, USA.,Tufts Center for Tufts Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance (CIMAR), Boston, USA
| | - Anne-Mieke Vandamme
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Institute for the Future, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Unidade de Microbiologia, Instituto de Higiene E Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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32
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Eom SJ, Lee J. Digital government transformation in turbulent times: Responses, challenges, and future direction. GOVERNMENT INFORMATION QUARTERLY 2022; 39:101690. [PMID: 35291492 PMCID: PMC8914696 DOI: 10.1016/j.giq.2022.101690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We are living in turbulent times, with the threats of COVID-19 and related social conflicts. Digital transformation is not an option but a necessity for governments to respond to these crises. It has become imperative for governments worldwide to enhance their capacity to strategically use emerging digital technologies and develop innovative digital public services to confront and overcome the pandemic. With the rapid development of digital technologies, digital government transformation (DGT) has been legitimated in response to the pandemic, contributing to innovative efficacy, but it also has created a set of challenges, dilemmas, paradoxes, and ambiguities. This special issue’s primary motive is to comprehensively discuss the promises and challenges DGT presents. It focuses on the nature of the problems and the dilemmatic situation in which to use the technologies. Furthermore, it covers government capacity and policy implications for managerial and institutional reforms to respond to the threats and the uncertainty caused by disruptive digitalization in many countries. To stimulate discussion of the theme of this special issue, this editorial note provides an overview of previous literature on DGT as a controlling measure of the pandemic and the future direction of research and practice on DGT.
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Meyfroidt P, de Bremond A, Ryan CM, Archer E, Aspinall R, Chhabra A, Camara G, Corbera E, DeFries R, Díaz S, Dong J, Ellis EC, Erb KH, Fisher JA, Garrett RD, Golubiewski NE, Grau HR, Grove JM, Haberl H, Heinimann A, Hostert P, Jobbágy EG, Kerr S, Kuemmerle T, Lambin EF, Lavorel S, Lele S, Mertz O, Messerli P, Metternicht G, Munroe DK, Nagendra H, Nielsen JØ, Ojima DS, Parker DC, Pascual U, Porter JR, Ramankutty N, Reenberg A, Roy Chowdhury R, Seto KC, Seufert V, Shibata H, Thomson A, Turner BL, Urabe J, Veldkamp T, Verburg PH, Zeleke G, Zu Ermgassen EKHJ. Ten facts about land systems for sustainability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2109217118. [PMID: 35131937 PMCID: PMC8851509 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109217118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Land use is central to addressing sustainability issues, including biodiversity conservation, climate change, food security, poverty alleviation, and sustainable energy. In this paper, we synthesize knowledge accumulated in land system science, the integrated study of terrestrial social-ecological systems, into 10 hard truths that have strong, general, empirical support. These facts help to explain the challenges of achieving sustainability in land use and thus also point toward solutions. The 10 facts are as follows: 1) Meanings and values of land are socially constructed and contested; 2) land systems exhibit complex behaviors with abrupt, hard-to-predict changes; 3) irreversible changes and path dependence are common features of land systems; 4) some land uses have a small footprint but very large impacts; 5) drivers and impacts of land-use change are globally interconnected and spill over to distant locations; 6) humanity lives on a used planet where all land provides benefits to societies; 7) land-use change usually entails trade-offs between different benefits-"win-wins" are thus rare; 8) land tenure and land-use claims are often unclear, overlapping, and contested; 9) the benefits and burdens from land are unequally distributed; and 10) land users have multiple, sometimes conflicting, ideas of what social and environmental justice entails. The facts have implications for governance, but do not provide fixed answers. Instead they constitute a set of core principles which can guide scientists, policy makers, and practitioners toward meeting sustainability challenges in land use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Meyfroidt
- Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium;
- Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique F.R.S.-FNRS, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ariane de Bremond
- Centre for Environment and Development, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Casey M Ryan
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, United Kingdom;
| | - Emma Archer
- Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Richard Aspinall
- Independent Scholar, James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland
| | - Abha Chhabra
- Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation, Ahmedabad 380015, India
| | - Gilberto Camara
- Earth Observation Directorate, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, SP 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Esteve Corbera
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Geography, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Ruth DeFries
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Sandra Díaz
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jinwei Dong
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Erle C Ellis
- Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250
| | - Karl-Heinz Erb
- Institute of Social Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1070 Vienna, Austria
| | - Janet A Fisher
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nancy E Golubiewski
- Joint Evidence, Data, and Insights Division, Ministry for the Environment, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - H Ricardo Grau
- Instituto de Ecología Regional, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Yerba Buena, Tucumán 4107, Argentina
| | - J Morgan Grove
- Baltimore Urban Field Station, USDA Forest Service, Baltimore, MD 21228
| | - Helmut Haberl
- Institute of Social Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1070 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Heinimann
- Wyss Academy for Nature at the University of Bern, 3011 Bern, Switzerland
- Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hostert
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
- Integrative Research Institute on Transformations of Human-Environment Systems, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Esteban G Jobbágy
- Grupo de Estudios Ambientales, Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, 5700 San Luis, Argentina
| | - Suzi Kerr
- Economics and Global Climate Cooperation, Environmental Defense Fund, New York, NY 10010
| | - Tobias Kuemmerle
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
- Integrative Research Institute on Transformations of Human-Environment Systems, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eric F Lambin
- Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Sandra Lavorel
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sharachandra Lele
- Centre for Environment & Development, ATREE, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
- Indian Institute of Science Education & Research, Pune 411008, India
| | - Ole Mertz
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Peter Messerli
- Wyss Academy for Nature at the University of Bern, 3011 Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Graciela Metternicht
- Earth and Sustainability Science Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Darla K Munroe
- Department of Geography, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43202
| | - Harini Nagendra
- School of Development, Azim Premji University 562125 Karnataka, India
| | - Jonas Østergaard Nielsen
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
- Integrative Research Institute on Transformations of Human-Environment Systems, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis S Ojima
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
- Ecosystem Science and Sustainability Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Dawn Cassandra Parker
- School of Planning, Faculty of the Environment, Waterloo Institute for Complexity and Innovation, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Unai Pascual
- Centre for Environment and Development, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Basque Centre for Climate Change, BC3 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - John R Porter
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Navin Ramankutty
- Institute for Resources, Environment, and Sustainability, School of Public Policy and Global Affairs, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Anette Reenberg
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | | | - Karen C Seto
- Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Verena Seufert
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Sustainable Use of Natural Resources (430c), Institute of Social Sciences in Agriculture, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hideaki Shibata
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, 060-0809 Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Allison Thomson
- Field to Market: The Alliance for Sustainable Agriculture, Washington, DC 20002
| | - Billie L Turner
- School of Geographical Science and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281
- Global Institute of Sustainability and Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281
| | - Jotaro Urabe
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tom Veldkamp
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede 7522 NB, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H Verburg
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gete Zeleke
- Water and Land Resource Centre, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Erasmus K H J Zu Ermgassen
- Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique F.R.S.-FNRS, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
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Smyth ERB, Drake DAR. A classification framework for interspecific trade-offs in aquatic ecology. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2022; 36:e13762. [PMID: 34057237 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In some cases, wildlife management objectives directed at multiple species can conflict with one another, creating species trade-offs. For managers to effectively identify trade-offs and avoid their undesirable outcomes, they must understand the agents involved and their corresponding interactions. A literature review of interspecific trade-offs within freshwater and marine ecosystems was conducted to illustrate the scope of potential interspecific trade-offs that may occur. We identified common pitfalls that lead to failed recognition of interspecific trade-offs, including, single-species management and limited consideration of the spatial and temporal scale of ecosystems and their management regimes. We devised a classification framework of common interspecific trade-offs within aquatic systems. The classification can help managers determine whether the conflict is species based through direct relationships (i.e., predator-prey, competition, other antagonistic relationships) or indirect relationships involving intermediate species (i.e., conflict-generating species) or whether the conflict is driven by opposing management objectives for species that would otherwise not interact (i.e., nontarget management effects). Once the nature and scope of trade-offs are understood, existing decision-making tools, such as structured decision-making and real-options analysis, can be incorporated to improve the management of aquatic ecosystems. Article Impact Statement: A synthesis of interspecific trade-offs in aquatic ecosystems supports their identification and resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R B Smyth
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Andrew R Drake
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
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Kaltenborn BP, Linnell JDC. The Coexistence Potential of Different Wildlife Conservation Frameworks in a Historical Perspective. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.711480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife management in contemporary society means balancing multiple demands in shared landscapes. Perhaps the greatest question facing today's policy makers and wildlife professionals is how to develop frameworks for coexistence between wildlife and the plethora of other land use interests. As a profession, the roots of wildlife management and conservation can be traced back to the 1600's, but most of the relevant frameworks that have shaped the management of wildlife over time have emerged after the mid-1800's and particularly since the 1960's. Here we examine the historical development of the main traits and concepts of a number of management and conservation frameworks that have all contributed to the multifaceted field of contemporary wildlife management and conservation in Europe and North America. We outline a chronology of concepts and ideologies with their underlying key ideas, values, and operational indicators, and make an assessment of the potential of each paradigm as a coexistence framework for dealing with wildlife. We tie this to a discussion of ethics and argue that the lack of unity in approaches is deeply embedded in the differences between rule-based (deontological) vs. results-based (consequentialist) or context dependent (particularist) ethics. We suggest that some of the conflicts between ideologies, value sets and frameworks can be resolved as an issue of scale and possibly zonation in shared landscapes. We also argue that approaches built on anthropocentrism, value pluralism and environmental pragmatism are most likely to succeed in complex socio-political landscapes. However, we caution against moral relativism and the belief that all types of cultural values are equally valid as a basis for contemporary wildlife management.
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Smith KJ. Wicked Problems in Pharmacy Education. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2022; 86:8491. [PMID: 35074854 PMCID: PMC8787173 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe8491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Wicked problems are unstructured, cross-cutting, and relentless. While problem-solving is an expected outcome of pharmacy education programs, are we, as pharmacy educators, acknowledging the "wicked" problems we have in the Academy? This commentary provides examples of wicked problems in pharmacy practice and education and suggestions for engaging with wicked problems in an effort to solve them. Pharmacy educators must hold a summit on wicked problems in pharmacy education in order to address the complex problems we are currently facing in order to shape the profession for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Smith
- The University of Oklahoma, College of Pharmacy, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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Marschalek DA, Deutschman DH. Differing insect communities and reduced decomposition rates suggest compromised ecosystem functioning in urban preserves of southern California. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Hebblewhite M, Hilty JA, Williams S, Locke H, Chester C, Johns D, Kehm G, Francis WL. Can a l
arge‐landscape
conservation vision contribute to achieving biodiversity targets? CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hebblewhite
- Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
| | - Jodi A. Hilty
- Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative Canmore Alberta Canada
| | - Sara Williams
- Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
| | - Harvey Locke
- Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative Banff Alberta Canada
| | - Charles Chester
- Fletcher School Tufts University Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - David Johns
- Hatfield School College of Urban and Public Affairs, Portland State University Portland Oregon USA
| | - Gregory Kehm
- Gregory Kehm Associates Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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The Role of Stakeholder Engagement in Developing New Technologies and Innovation for Nitrogen Reduction in Waters: A Longitudinal Study. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13223313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Better nitrogen management, technologies, and regulation are required to reduce nitrogen losses in the aquatic environment. New innovative technologies can support farmers in a more targeted planning of fertilizer application and crop management at the field level to increase the effect of measures when reducing nitrogen losses. However, if farmers do not perceive the need for such a concept, the demand (market pull) will be minimal, making the implementation of such a technology difficult. The lack of this market pull could, however, be counterbalanced by a market push from research or requirements from public sector stakeholders (regulators). Within this domain, the main objective of this paper was to study technological change over time and identify and understand the crucial stakeholder involvement using the Functions of Innovation Systems Approach. This article shows how stakeholders’ perceptions and participation evolved over a 10-year period. It examines the interplay between technology readiness and the perceived readiness and acceptance by affected stakeholders. We demonstrate how stakeholder engagement was crucial to ensure the development of the technologies by creating marketable options for their future implementation. A key dynamic that emerged in this process was the transition from a research push to a regulator pull. We demonstrate the fact that without the regulatory requirement linked to changes towards more targeting of measures, the technology would not, on its own, be a business case, although it would provide new knowledge, thus representing a gain for society. The specific findings can be used in countries where new technologies need to be developed, and where a link to the regulation can ensure the active use of the new technology and, therefore, make their implementation worthwhile.
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Peter S, Le Provost G, Mehring M, Müller T, Manning P. Cultural worldviews consistently explain bundles of ecosystem service prioritisation across rural Germany. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Peter
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center BiK‐FEcosystem Services and Climate Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Gaëtane Le Provost
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center BiK‐FEcosystem Services and Climate Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Marion Mehring
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center BiK‐FEcosystem Services and Climate Frankfurt am Main Germany
- ISOE – Institute for Social‐Ecological Research Biodiversity and People Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center BiK‐FEcosystem Services and Climate Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Department of Biological Science Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Peter Manning
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center BiK‐FEcosystem Services and Climate Frankfurt am Main Germany
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41
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Patterns in environmental priorities revealed through government open data portals. TELEMATICS AND INFORMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tele.2021.101678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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42
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Eastwood N, Stubbings WA, Abou-Elwafa Abdallah MA, Durance I, Paavola J, Dallimer M, Pantel JH, Johnson S, Zhou J, Hosking JS, Brown JB, Ullah S, Krause S, Hannah DM, Crawford SE, Widmann M, Orsini L. The Time Machine framework: monitoring and prediction of biodiversity loss. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 37:138-146. [PMID: 34772522 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Transdisciplinary solutions are needed to achieve the sustainability of ecosystem services for future generations. We propose a framework to identify the causes of ecosystem function loss and to forecast the future of ecosystem services under different climate and pollution scenarios. The framework (i) applies an artificial intelligence (AI) time-series analysis to identify relationships among environmental change, biodiversity dynamics and ecosystem functions; (ii) validates relationships between loss of biodiversity and environmental change in fabricated ecosystems; and (iii) forecasts the likely future of ecosystem services and their socioeconomic impact under different pollution and climate scenarios. We illustrate the framework by applying it to watersheds, and provide system-level approaches that enable natural capital restoration by associating multidecadal biodiversity changes to chemical pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Eastwood
- Environmental Genomics Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - William A Stubbings
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Isabelle Durance
- School of Biosciences and Water Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Jouni Paavola
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth & Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Martin Dallimer
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth & Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jelena H Pantel
- Department of Computer Science, Mathematics, and Environmental Science, The American University of Paris, 6 rue du Colonel Combes, 75007 Paris, France
| | - Samuel Johnson
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, British Library, 96 Euston Road, London NW1 2DB, UK
| | - Jiarui Zhou
- Environmental Genomics Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - J Scott Hosking
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, British Library, 96 Euston Road, London NW1 2DB, UK
| | - James B Brown
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Sami Ullah
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Stephan Krause
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - David M Hannah
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sarah E Crawford
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
| | - Martin Widmann
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Luisa Orsini
- Environmental Genomics Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, British Library, 96 Euston Road, London NW1 2DB, UK.
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43
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Smith MM, Gilbert JH, Olson ER, Scribner KT, Van Deelen TR, Van Stappen JF, Williams BW, Woodford JE, Pauli JN. A recovery network leads to the natural recolonization of an archipelago and a potential trailing edge refuge. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02416. [PMID: 34278627 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rapid environmental change is reshaping ecosystems and driving species loss globally. Carnivore populations have declined and retracted rapidly and have been the target of numerous translocation projects. Success, however, is complicated when these efforts occur in novel ecosystems. Identifying refuges, locations that are resistant to environmental change, within a translocation framework should improve population recovery and persistence. American martens (Martes americana) are the most frequently translocated carnivore in North America. As elsewhere, martens were extirpated across much of the Great Lakes region by the 1930s and, despite multiple translocations beginning in the 1950s, martens remain of regional conservation concern. Surprisingly, martens were rediscovered in 2014 on the Apostle Islands of Lake Superior after a putative absence of >40 yr. To identify the source of martens to the islands and understand connectivity of the reintroduction network, we collected genetic data on martens from the archipelago and from all regional reintroduction sites. In total, we genotyped 483 individual martens, 43 of which inhabited the Apostle Islands (densities 0.42-1.46 km-2 ). Coalescent analyses supported the contemporary recolonization of the Apostle Islands with progenitors likely originating from Michigan, which were sourced from Ontario. We also identified movements by a first-order relative between the Apostle Islands and the recovery network. We detected some regional gene flow, but in an unexpected direction: individuals moving from the islands to the mainland. Our findings suggest that the Apostle Islands were naturally recolonized by progeny of translocated individuals and now act as a source back to the reintroduction sites on the mainland. We suggest that the Apostle Islands, given its protection from disturbance, complex forest structure, and reduced carnivore competition, will act as a potential refuge for marten along their trailing range boundary and a central node for regional recovery. Our work reveals that translocations, even those occurring along southern range boundaries, can create recovery networks that function like natural metapopulations. Identifying refuges, locations that are resistant to environmental change, within these recovery networks can further improve species recovery, even within novel environments. Future translocation planning should a priori identify potential refuges and sources to improve short-term recovery and long-term persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Smith
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Jonathan H Gilbert
- Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission, Odanah, Wisconsin, 54861, USA
| | - Erik R Olson
- Department of Natural Resources, Northland College, Ashland, Wisconsin, 54806, USA
| | - Kim T Scribner
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Timothy R Van Deelen
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Julie F Van Stappen
- Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, National Park Service, Bayfield, Wisconsin, 54814, USA
| | - Bronwyn W Williams
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Research Laboratory, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27699, USA
| | - James E Woodford
- Bureau of Natural Heritage Conservation, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Rhinelander, Wisconsin, 54501, USA
| | - Jonathan N Pauli
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
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44
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Nicholson E, Watermeyer KE, Rowland JA, Sato CF, Stevenson SL, Andrade A, Brooks TM, Burgess ND, Cheng ST, Grantham HS, Hill SL, Keith DA, Maron M, Metzke D, Murray NJ, Nelson CR, Obura D, Plumptre A, Skowno AL, Watson JEM. Scientific foundations for an ecosystem goal, milestones and indicators for the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:1338-1349. [PMID: 34400825 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01538-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite substantial conservation efforts, the loss of ecosystems continues globally, along with related declines in species and nature's contributions to people. An effective ecosystem goal, supported by clear milestones, targets and indicators, is urgently needed for the post-2020 global biodiversity framework and beyond to support biodiversity conservation, the UN Sustainable Development Goals and efforts to abate climate change. Here, we describe the scientific foundations for an ecosystem goal and milestones, founded on a theory of change, and review available indicators to measure progress. An ecosystem goal should include three core components: area, integrity and risk of collapse. Targets-the actions that are necessary for the goals to be met-should address the pathways to ecosystem loss and recovery, including safeguarding remnants of threatened ecosystems, restoring their area and integrity to reduce risk of collapse and retaining intact areas. Multiple indicators are needed to capture the different dimensions of ecosystem area, integrity and risk of collapse across all ecosystem types, and should be selected for their fitness for purpose and relevance to goal components. Science-based goals, supported by well-formulated action targets and fit-for-purpose indicators, will provide the best foundation for reversing biodiversity loss and sustaining human well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Nicholson
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia. .,IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management, Gland, Switzerland.
| | - Kate E Watermeyer
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica A Rowland
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chloe F Sato
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simone L Stevenson
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angela Andrade
- IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management, Gland, Switzerland.,Conservación Internacional, Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Thomas M Brooks
- IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.,World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), University of The Philippines, Los Baños, The Philippines.,Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Neil D Burgess
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK.,Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Su-Ting Cheng
- School of Forestry & Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hedley S Grantham
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samantha L Hill
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK
| | - David A Keith
- IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management, Gland, Switzerland.,Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment, Hurstville, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martine Maron
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel Metzke
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nicholas J Murray
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cara R Nelson
- IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management, Gland, Switzerland.,Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | | | - Andy Plumptre
- Key Biodiversity Area Secretariat, BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew L Skowno
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James E M Watson
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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45
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Roux DJ, Nel JL, Freitag S, Novellie P, Rosenberg E. Evaluating and reflecting on coproduction of protected area management plans. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk J. Roux
- Scientific Services South African National Parks George South Africa
- Sustainability Research Unit Nelson Mandela University George South Africa
| | - Jeanne L. Nel
- Sustainability Research Unit Nelson Mandela University George South Africa
- Wageningen Environmental Research Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Freitag
- Scientific Services South African National Parks George South Africa
| | - Peter Novellie
- Sustainability Research Unit Nelson Mandela University George South Africa
| | - Eureta Rosenberg
- Environmental Learning Research Centre Rhodes University Grahamstown South Africa
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46
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Martin JV, Epstein K, Anderson RM, Charnley S. Coexistence Praxis: The Role of Resource Managers in Wolf-Livestock Interactions on Federal Lands. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.707068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In resource management, new terms are frequently introduced, reflecting ongoing evolution in the theory and practice of ecology and governance. Yet understandings of what new concepts mean, for whom, and what they imply for management on the ground can vary widely. Coexistence—a prominent concept within the literature and practices around human-wildlife conflict and predator management—is one such term: widely invoked and yet poorly defined. While for some coexistence is the latest paradigm in improving human-wildlife relations, the concept remains debated and indeed even hotly contested by others—particularly on the multiple-use public lands of the American West, where gray wolf conservation, livestock production, and the claims of diverse stakeholders share space.The multiple meanings of coexistence present serious challenges for conservation practice, as what the concept implies or requires can be contested by those most central to its implementation. In this study we examine wolf-livestock management—a classic case of human-wildlife conflict—by focusing on the experiences and perspectives of U.S. Forest Service (USFS) managers. We reviewed coexistence's multivalence in the literature, complementing semi-structured interviews conducted with USFS employees on case study forests from across the western states. Through this, we highlight the complexity and multi-dimensionality of the concept, and the unique yet under-explored perspective that resource managers bring to these debates.This work draws on insights from political ecology to emphasize the situatedness of manager practice—taking place within a broader set of relations and contextual pressures—while extending political ecologists' traditional focus on the resource user to a concern with the resource manager as a key actor in environmental conflicts. Through our engagement with the experiences and perceptions of USFS managers, who must balance conservation aims with long-established land uses like livestock grazing, we hope to clarify the various dimensions of coexistence. Our hope is that this work thus increases the possibility for empathy and collaboration among managers and stakeholders engaged in this complex socio-ecological challenge.
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47
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Koppl R. Public health and expert failure. PUBLIC CHOICE 2021; 195:101-124. [PMID: 34548707 PMCID: PMC8447808 DOI: 10.1007/s11127-021-00928-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In a modern democracy, a public health system includes mechanisms for the provision of expert scientific advice to elected officials. The decisions of elected officials generally will be degraded by expert failure, that is, the provision of bad advice. The theory of expert failure suggests that competition among experts generally is the best safeguard against expert failure. Monopoly power of experts increases the chance of expert failure. The risk of expert failure also is greater when scientific advice is provided by only one or a few disciplines. A national government can simulate a competitive market for expert advice by structuring the scientific advice it receives to ensure the production of multiple perspectives from multiple disciplines. I apply these general principles to the United Kingdom's Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE).
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48
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Houdt S, Brown RP, Wanger TC, Twine W, Fynn R, Uiseb K, Cooney R, Traill LW. Divergent views on trophy hunting in Africa, and what this may mean for research and policy. Conserv Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shaya Houdt
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - Richard P. Brown
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - Thomas C. Wanger
- Sustainability, Agriculture and Technology Lab, School of Engineering Westlake University Hangzhou China
- Agroecology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province Westlake University Hangzhou China
| | - Wayne Twine
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Richard Fynn
- Okavango Research Institute University of Botswana Maun Botswana
| | - Kenneth Uiseb
- Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism Directorate of Scientific Services Windhoek Namibia
| | - Rosie Cooney
- IUCN CEESP/SSC Sustainable Use and Livelihoods Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Fenner School of Environment and Society Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Lochran W. Traill
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
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49
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Srivastava DS, Coristine L, Angert AL, Bontrager M, Amundrud SL, Williams JL, Yeung ACY, Zwaan DR, Thompson PL, Aitken SN, Sunday JM, O'Connor MI, Whitton J, Brown NEM, MacLeod CD, Parfrey LW, Bernhardt JR, Carrillo J, Harley CDG, Martone PT, Freeman BG, Tseng M, Donner SD. Wildcards in climate change biology. ECOL MONOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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50
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Integrating Ecological Assessments to Target Priority Restoration Areas: A Case Study in the Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomeration, China. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13122424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The identification and management of ecological restoration areas play important roles in promoting sustainable urban development. However, current research lacks a scientific basis for the scope and scale of ecological restoration. Further, the absence of a framework to assess policy goals and public preferences that leads to identification of ecological restoration areas across the science-policy interface is difficult, and the existing frameworks’ performance has little applicability. We proposed a transdisciplinary framework to combine ecological quality, ecological health, and ecosystem services as an assessment endpoint to identify priority restoration areas. Further, we classified the ecological restoration areas on a township scale by K-means. Based upon policy goals and public preferences of the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration, we chose air quality, biodiversity, soil fragility, recreation quality, ecosystem vigor, landscape metrics, and the water supply ecosystem service as elements of the evaluation system. This study showed that priority restoration areas accounted for 10.8% of the urban agglomeration area and classified township, largely in the difference between natural and semi-natural ecosystems and the human environment. Policymakers can use this framework comprehensively and flexibly to identify and classify ecological restoration areas to achieve policy goals and fulfil public preferences.
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