1
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Astro V, Adamo A. Generation of iPSC Cell Lines from Patients with Sex Chromosome Aneuploidies. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2770:185-200. [PMID: 38351455 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3698-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Somatic cell reprogramming allows the generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patient's cells. The derived iPSCs provide an unlimited source of patient-specific cells that can be virtually differentiated in any cell of the human body. The generation of iPSCs has important implications for all human medicine fields, as they can be used for drug discovery, regenerative medicine, and developmental studies. Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) is the most common chromosome aneuploidy in males. KS is typically characterized by a 47,XXY karyotype, representing 80-90% of KS patients. In rare cases, high-grade sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs), 48,XXXY; 48,XXYY; 49,XXXXY, are also observed in males. Since the advent of the reprogramming technique, a few KS-iPSCs have been described. Here, we detail the methodology for generating primary fibroblasts from patients' skin biopsies and the subsequent derivation of iPSCs using an efficient integrative-free mRNA-based somatic reprogramming approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Astro
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Antonio Adamo
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
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2
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Murakami K, Hamazaki N, Hamada N, Nagamatsu G, Okamoto I, Ohta H, Nosaka Y, Ishikura Y, Kitajima TS, Semba Y, Kunisaki Y, Arai F, Akashi K, Saitou M, Kato K, Hayashi K. Generation of functional oocytes from male mice in vitro. Nature 2023; 615:900-906. [PMID: 36922585 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05834-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Sex chromosome disorders severely compromise gametogenesis in both males and females. In oogenesis, the presence of an additional Y chromosome or the loss of an X chromosome disturbs the robust production of oocytes1-5. Here we efficiently converted the XY chromosome set to XX without an additional Y chromosome in mouse pluripotent stem (PS) cells. In addition, this chromosomal alteration successfully eradicated trisomy 16, a model of Down's syndrome, in PS cells. Artificially produced euploid XX PS cells differentiated into mature oocytes in culture with similar efficiency to native XX PS cells. Using this method, we differentiated induced pluripotent stem cells from the tail of a sexually mature male mouse into fully potent oocytes, which gave rise to offspring after fertilization. This study provides insights that could ameliorate infertility caused by sex chromosome or autosomal disorders, and opens the possibility of bipaternal reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Murakami
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hamazaki
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Norio Hamada
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Go Nagamatsu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ikuhiro Okamoto
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohta
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nosaka
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ishikura
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoya S Kitajima
- Laboratory for Chromosome Segregation, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Semba
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuya Kunisaki
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fumio Arai
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mitinori Saitou
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Kato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
- Department of Genome Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
- Premium Research Institute for Human Metaverse Medicine (WPI-PRIMe), Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
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3
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Waldhorn I, Turetsky T, Steiner D, Gil Y, Benyamini H, Gropp M, Reubinoff BE. Modeling sex differences in humans using isogenic induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:2732-2744. [PMID: 36427492 PMCID: PMC9768579 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological sex is a fundamental trait influencing development, reproduction, pathogenesis, and medical treatment outcomes. Modeling sex differences is challenging because of the masking effect of genetic variability and the hurdle of differentiating chromosomal versus hormonal effects. In this work we developed a cellular model to study sex differences in humans. Somatic cells from a mosaic Klinefelter syndrome patient were reprogrammed to generate isogenic induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines with different sex chromosome complements: 47,XXY/46,XX/46,XY/45,X0. Transcriptional analysis of the hiPSCs revealed novel and known genes and pathways that are sexually dimorphic in the pluripotent state and during early neural development. Female hiPSCs more closely resembled the naive pluripotent state than their male counterparts. Moreover, the system enabled differentiation between the contributions of X versus Y chromosome to these differences. Taken together, isogenic hiPSCs present a novel platform for studying sex differences in humans and bear potential to promote gender-specific medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ithai Waldhorn
- Hadassah Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tikva Turetsky
- Hadassah Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Debora Steiner
- Hadassah Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaniv Gil
- Hadassah Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hadar Benyamini
- Bioinformatics Unit of the I-CORE at Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michal Gropp
- Hadassah Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benjamin E. Reubinoff
- Hadassah Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ein Kerem, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel,Corresponding author
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4
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Tahmasbpour Marzouni E, Stern C, Henrik Sinclair A, Tucker EJ. Stem Cells and Organs-on-chips: New Promising Technologies for Human Infertility Treatment. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:878-906. [PMID: 34967858 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Having biological children remains an unattainable dream for most couples with reproductive failure or gonadal dysgenesis. The combination of stem cells with gene editing technology and organ-on-a-chip models provides a unique opportunity for infertile patients with impaired gametogenesis caused by congenital disorders in sex development or cancer survivors. But how will these technologies overcome human infertility? This review discusses the regenerative mechanisms, applications, and advantages of different types of stem cells for restoring gametogenesis in infertile patients, as well as major challenges that must be overcome before clinical application. The importance and limitations of in vitro generation of gametes from patient-specific human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) will be discussed in the context of human reproduction. The potential role of organ-on-a-chip models that can direct differentiation of hiPSC-derived primordial germ cell-like cells to gametes and other reproductive organoids is also explored. These rapidly evolving technologies provide prospects for improving fertility to individuals and couples who experience reproductive failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisa Tahmasbpour Marzouni
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine & Biomedical Innovations, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Catharyn Stern
- Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville and Melbourne IVF, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Henrik Sinclair
- Reproductive Development, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elena Jane Tucker
- Reproductive Development, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Mouka A, Arkoun B, Moison P, Drévillon L, Jarray R, Brisset S, Mayeur A, Bouligand J, Boland-Auge A, Deleuze JF, Yates F, Lemonnier T, Callier P, Duffourd Y, Nitschke P, Ollivier E, Bourdin A, De Vos J, Livera G, Tachdjian G, Maouche-Chrétien L, Tosca L. iPSCs derived from infertile men carrying complex genetic abnormalities can generate primordial germ-like cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14302. [PMID: 35995809 PMCID: PMC9395518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite increasing insight into the genetics of infertility, the developmental disease processes remain unclear due to the lack of adequate experimental models. The advent of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has provided a unique tool for in vitro disease modeling enabling major advances in our understanding of developmental disease processes. We report the full characterization of complex genetic abnormalities in two infertile patients with either azoospermia or XX male syndrome and we identify genes of potential interest implicated in their infertility. Using the erythroblasts of both patients, we generated primed iPSCs and converted them into a naive-like pluripotent state. Naive-iPSCs were then differentiated into primordial germ-like cells (PGC-LCs). The expression of early PGC marker genes SOX17, CD-38, NANOS3, c-KIT, TFAP2C, and D2-40, confirmed progression towards the early germline stage. Our results demonstrate that iPSCs from two infertile patients with significant genetic abnormalities are capable of efficient production of PGCs. Such in vitro model of infertility will certainly help identifying causative factors leading to early germ cells development failure and provide a valuable tool to explore novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Mouka
- AP-HP, Université Paris-Saclay-Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Service d'Histologie, Embryologie et Cytogénétique, 92140, Clamart, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Brahim Arkoun
- Inserm U1287, Laboratoire Cellules Souches Hématopoïétiques et Hémopathies Myeloïdes, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94800, Villejuif, France.,Laboratoire de Développement des Gonades, UMRE008 Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Aux Énergies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Pauline Moison
- Laboratoire de Développement des Gonades, UMRE008 Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Aux Énergies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Loïc Drévillon
- AP-HP Sorbonne Université-La Pitié Salpêtrière, SiRIC Curamus, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Rafika Jarray
- Sup'Biotech/ Laboratoire CEA-IBFJ-SEPIA, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sophie Brisset
- AP-HP, Université Paris-Saclay-Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Service d'Histologie, Embryologie et Cytogénétique, 92140, Clamart, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Anne Mayeur
- AP-HP, Université Paris-Saclay - Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Biologie de la Reproduction, 92140, Clamart, France
| | - Jérôme Bouligand
- INSERM UMR_S U1185, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, AH-HP, CHU Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Anne Boland-Auge
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Frank Yates
- Sup'Biotech/ Laboratoire CEA-IBFJ-SEPIA, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Thomas Lemonnier
- Sup'Biotech/ Laboratoire CEA-IBFJ-SEPIA, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Patrick Callier
- Département de Génétique Humaine, Hôpital Universitaire de Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Yannis Duffourd
- Inserm UMR 1231 GAD, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Bourgogne et de Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Patrick Nitschke
- Plateforme Bio-Informatique, IMAGINE Institute, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Ollivier
- Plateforme Bio-Informatique, IMAGINE Institute, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Bourdin
- PhyMedExp, Université Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - John De Vos
- IRMB, Université Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Gabriel Livera
- Laboratoire de Développement des Gonades, UMRE008 Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Aux Énergies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Gérard Tachdjian
- AP-HP, Université Paris-Saclay-Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Service d'Histologie, Embryologie et Cytogénétique, 92140, Clamart, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Laboratoire de Développement des Gonades, UMRE008 Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Aux Énergies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Leïla Maouche-Chrétien
- Laboratoire des Mécanismes Moléculaires et Cellulaires des Maladies Hématologiques et leurs Implications Thérapeutiques; INSERM U 1163, Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France. .,Division des Thérapies Innovantes, CEA, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, 92260, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Lucie Tosca
- AP-HP, Université Paris-Saclay-Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Service d'Histologie, Embryologie et Cytogénétique, 92140, Clamart, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Laboratoire de Développement des Gonades, UMRE008 Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Aux Énergies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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6
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Nikitina TV, Lebedev IN. Stem Cell-Based Trophoblast Models to Unravel the Genetic Causes of Human Miscarriages. Cells 2022; 11:1923. [PMID: 35741051 PMCID: PMC9221414 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Miscarriage affects approximately 15% of clinically recognized pregnancies, and 1-3% of couples experience pregnancy loss recurrently. Approximately 50-60% of miscarriages result from chromosomal abnormalities, whereas up to 60% of euploid recurrent abortions harbor variants in candidate genes. The growing number of detected genetic variants requires an investigation into their role in adverse pregnancy outcomes. Since placental defects are the main cause of first-trimester miscarriages, the purpose of this review is to provide a survey of state-of-the-art human in vitro trophoblast models that can be used for the functional assessment of specific abnormalities/variants implicated in pregnancy loss. Since 2018, when primary human trophoblast stem cells were first derived, there has been rapid growth in models of trophoblast lineage. It has been found that a proper balance between self-renewal and differentiation in trophoblast progenitors is crucial for the maintenance of pregnancy. Different responses to aneuploidy have been shown in human embryonic and extra-embryonic lineages. Stem cell-based models provide a powerful tool to explore the effect of a specific aneuploidy/variant on the fetus through placental development, which is important, from a clinical point of view, for deciding on the suitability of embryos for transfer after preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V. Nikitina
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
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7
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Akutsu SN, Miyamoto T, Oba D, Tomioka K, Ochiai H, Ohashi H, Matsuura S. iPSC reprogramming-mediated aneuploidy correction in autosomal trisomy syndromes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264965. [PMID: 35271616 PMCID: PMC8912248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trisomy 21, 18, and 13 are the major autosomal aneuploidy disorders in humans. They are mostly derived from chromosome non-disjunction in maternal meiosis, and the extra trisomic chromosome can cause several congenital malformations. Various genes on the trisomic chromosomes are intricately involved in the development of disease, and fundamental treatments have not yet been established. However, chromosome therapy has been developed to correct the extra chromosome in cultured patient cells, and it was recently reported that during reprogramming into iPSCs, fibroblasts from a Down syndrome patient lost the extra chromosome 21 due to a phenomenon called trisomy-biased chromosome loss. To gain preliminary insights into the underlying mechanism of trisomy rescue during the early stages of reprogramming, we reprogrammed skin fibroblasts from patients with trisomy syndromes 21, 18, 13, and 9 to iPSC, and evaluated the genomes of the individual iPSC colonies by molecular cytogenetic techniques. We report the spontaneous correction from trisomy to disomy upon cell reprogramming in at least one cell line examined from each of the trisomy syndromes, and three possible combinations of chromosomes were selected in the isogenic trisomy-rescued iPSC clones. Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis showed that the trisomy-rescued clones exhibited either heterodisomy or segmental uniparental isodisomy, ruling out the possibility that two trisomic chromosomes were lost simultaneously and the remaining one was duplicated, suggesting instead that one trisomic chromosome was lost to generate disomic cells. These results demonstrated that trisomy rescue may be a phenomenon with random loss of the extra chromosome and subsequent selection for disomic iPSCs, which is analogous to the karyotype correction in early preimplantation embryos. Our finding is relevant for elucidating the mechanisms of autonomous karyotype correction and future application in basic and clinical research on aneuploidy disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Natsuko Akutsu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Miyamoto
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Daiju Oba
- Department of Genetics, Saitama Children’s Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keita Tomioka
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ochiai
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ohashi
- Department of Genetics, Saitama Children’s Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shinya Matsuura
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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8
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West JD, Everett CA. Preimplantation chromosomal mosaics, chimaeras and confined placental mosaicism. REPRODUCTION AND FERTILITY 2022; 3:R66-R90. [PMID: 35514539 PMCID: PMC9066951 DOI: 10.1530/raf-21-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Some human preimplantation embryos are chromosomally mosaic. For technical reasons, estimates of the overall frequency vary widely from <15 to >90% and the true frequency remains unknown. Aneuploid/diploid and aneuploid/aneuploid mosaics typically arise during early cleavage stages before the embryonic genome is fully activated and when cell cycle checkpoints are not operating normally. Other mosaics include chaotic aneuploid mosaics and mixoploids, some of which arise by abnormal chromosome segregation at the first cleavage division. Chimaeras are similar to mosaics, in having two genetically distinct cell populations, but they arise from more than one zygote and occur less often. After implantation, the frequency of mosaic embryos declines to about 2% and most are trisomic/diploid mosaics, with trisomic cells confined to the placenta. Thus, few babies are born with chromosomal mosaicism. This review discusses the origin of different types of chromosomal mosaics and chimaeras; their fate and the relationship between preimplantation chromosomal mosaicism and confined placental mosaicism in human conceptuses and animal models. Abnormal cells in mosaic embryos may be depleted by cell death, other types of cell selection or cell correction but the most severely affected mosaic embryos probably die. Trisomic cells could become restricted to placental lineages if cell selection or correction is less effective in placental lineages and/or they are preferentially allocated to a placental lineage. However, the relationship between preimplantation mosaicism and confined placental mosaicism may be complex because the specific chromosome(s) involved will influence whether chromosomally abnormal cells survive predominately in the placental trophoblast and/or placental mesenchyme. Lay summary Human cells normally have 23 pairs of chromosomes, which carry the genes. During the first few days of development, some human embryos are chromosomal mosaics. These mosaic embryos have both normal cells and cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes, which arise from the same fertilised egg. (More rarely, the different cell populations arise from more than one fertilised egg and these embryos are called chimaeras.) If chromosomally abnormal cells survive to term, they could cause birth defects. However, few abnormal cells survive and those that do are usually confined to the placenta, where they are less likely to cause harm. It is not yet understood how this restriction occurs but the type of chromosomal abnormality influences which placental tissues are affected. This review discusses the origin of different types of chromosomally abnormal cells, their fate and how they might become confined to the placenta in humans and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D West
- Section of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Sciences, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Clare A Everett
- Section of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Sciences, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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9
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Galdon G, Deebel NA, Zarandi NP, Teramoto D, Lue Y, Wang C, Swerdloff R, Pettenati MJ, Kearns WG, Howards S, Kogan S, Atala A, Sadri-Ardekani H. In vitro propagation of XXY human Klinefelter spermatogonial stem cells: A step towards new fertility opportunities. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1002279. [PMID: 36246909 PMCID: PMC9554955 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1002279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) is characterized by a masculine phenotype, supernumerary sex chromosomes (47, XXY), and impaired fertility due to loss of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Early testicular cryopreservation could be an option for future fertility treatments in these patients, including SSCs transplantation or in vitro spermatogenesis. It is critically essential to adapt current in vitro SSCs propagation systems as a fertility option for KS patients. KS human testicular samples (13,15- and 17-year-old non-mosaic KS boys) were donated by patients enrolled in an experimental testicular tissue banking program. Testicular cells were isolated from cryopreserved tissue and propagated in long-term culture for 110 days. Cell-specific gene expression confirmed the presence of all four main cell types found in testes: Spermatogonia, Sertoli, Leydig, and Peritubular cells. A population of ZBTB16+ undifferentiated spermatogonia was identified throughout the culture using digital PCR. Flow cytometric analysis also detected an HLA-/CD9+/CD49f+ population, indicating maintenance of a stem cell subpopulation among the spermatogonial cells. FISH staining for chromosomes X and Y showed most cells containing an XXY karyotype with a smaller number containing either XY or XX. Both XY and XX populations were able to be enriched by magnetic sorting for CD9 as a spermatogonia marker. Molecular karyotyping demonstrated genomic stability of the cultured cells, over time. Finally, single-cell RNAseq analysis confirmed transcription of ID4, TCN2, and NANOS 3 within a population of putative SSCs population. This is the first study showing successful isolation and long-term in vitro propagation of human KS testicular cells. These findings could inform the development of therapeutic fertility options for KS patients, either through in vitro spermatogenesis or transplantation of SSC, in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Galdon
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine (WFIRM), Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de doctorado, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicholas A. Deebel
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine (WFIRM), Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | | | - Darren Teramoto
- Division of Endocrinology, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - YanHe Lue
- Division of Endocrinology, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christina Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ronald Swerdloff
- Division of Endocrinology, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mark J. Pettenati
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - William G. Kearns
- AdvaGenix and Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore and Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Stuart Howards
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Stanley Kogan
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine (WFIRM), Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine (WFIRM), Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Hooman Sadri-Ardekani
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine (WFIRM), Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Hooman Sadri-Ardekani,
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10
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In Vitro Propagation of XXY Undifferentiated Mouse Spermatogonia: Model for Fertility Preservation in Klinefelter Syndrome Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010173. [PMID: 35008599 PMCID: PMC8745151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is characterized by a masculine phenotype, supernumerary sex chromosomes (usually XXY), and spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) loss in their early life. Affecting 1 out of every 650 males born, KS is the most common genetic cause of male infertility, and new fertility preservation strategies are critically important for these patients. In this study, testes from 41, XXY prepubertal (3-day-old) mice were frozen-thawed. Isolated testicular cells were cultured and characterized by qPCR, digital PCR, and flow cytometry analyses. We demonstrated that SSCs survived and were able to be propagated with testicular somatic cells in culture for up to 120 days. DNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) showed the presence of XXY spermatogonia at the beginning of the culture and a variety of propagated XY, XX, and XXY spermatogonia at the end of the culture. These data provide the first evidence that an extra sex chromosome was lost during innate SSC culture, a crucial finding in treating KS patients for preserving and propagating SSCs for future sperm production, either in vitro or in vivo. This in vitro propagation system can be translated to clinical fertility preservation for KS patients.
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11
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Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitinori Saitou
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Developmental Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Germline Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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12
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Jevans B, James ND, Burnside E, McCann CJ, Thapar N, Bradbury EJ, Burns AJ. Combined treatment with enteric neural stem cells and chondroitinase ABC reduces spinal cord lesion pathology. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:10. [PMID: 33407795 PMCID: PMC7789480 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) presents a significant challenge for the field of neurotherapeutics. Stem cells have shown promise in replenishing the cells lost to the injury process, but the release of axon growth-inhibitory molecules such as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) by activated cells within the injury site hinders the integration of transplanted cells. We hypothesised that simultaneous application of enteric neural stem cells (ENSCs) isolated from the gastrointestinal tract, with a lentivirus (LV) containing the enzyme chondroitinase ABC (ChABC), would enhance the regenerative potential of ENSCs after transplantation into the injured spinal cord. METHODS ENSCs were harvested from the GI tract of p7 rats, expanded in vitro and characterised. Adult rats bearing a contusion injury were randomly assigned to one of four groups: no treatment, LV-ChABC injection only, ENSC transplantation only or ENSC transplantation+LV-ChABC injection. After 16 weeks, rats were sacrificed and the harvested spinal cords examined for evidence of repair. RESULTS ENSC cultures contained a variety of neuronal subtypes suitable for replenishing cells lost through SCI. Following injury, transplanted ENSC-derived cells survived and ChABC successfully degraded CSPGs. We observed significant reductions in the injured tissue and cavity area, with the greatest improvements seen in the combined treatment group. ENSC-derived cells extended projections across the injury site into both the rostral and caudal host spinal cord, and ENSC transplantation significantly increased the number of cells extending axons across the injury site. Furthermore, the combined treatment resulted in a modest, but significant functional improvement by week 16, and we found no evidence of the spread of transplanted cells to ectopic locations or formation of tumours. CONCLUSIONS Regenerative effects of a combined treatment with ENSCs and ChABC surpassed either treatment alone, highlighting the importance of further research into combinatorial therapies for SCI. Our work provides evidence that stem cells taken from the adult gastrointestinal tract, an easily accessible source for autologous transplantation, could be strongly considered for the repair of central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Jevans
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Present Address: German Centre for Neurodegenerative diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicholas D James
- Regeneration Group, The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Emily Burnside
- Regeneration Group, The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Conor J McCann
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Nikhil Thapar
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Neurogastroenterology and Motility Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
- Present Address: Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplant, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Bradbury
- Regeneration Group, The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Alan J Burns
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Present Address: Gastrointestinal Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Cambridge, USA.
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13
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Fiacco E, Alowaysi M, Astro V, Adamo A. Generation of an iPSC cohort of isogenic iPSC lines (46-XY and 47-XXY) from a non-mosaic Klinefelter Syndrome patient (47-XXY) (KAUSTi008-A, KAUSTi008-B, KAUSTi008-C, KAUSTi008-D, KAUSTi008-E, KAUSTi008-F, KAUSTi008-G). Stem Cell Res 2020; 50:102119. [PMID: 33333453 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.102119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) is the most common X chromosome aneuploidy in males characterized by highly heterogeneous clinical manifestations including a subtle cognitive impairment and multisystemic disorders such as infertility, metabolic syndrome, gynecomastia and cardiovascular diseases. To date dosage-dependent correlation studies of X-linked genes and low- and high-grade KS clinical phenotypes have not been performed. Here we generated multiple isogenic 47-XXY and 46-XY iPSC lines from one 47-XXY patient. Leveraging on a fully matched genetic background, our cohort represents a highly informative tool to study the impact of X chromosome dosage on KS pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Fiacco
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955 6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Alowaysi
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955 6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Veronica Astro
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955 6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Antonio Adamo
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955 6900, Saudi Arabia.
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14
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Alowaysi M, Fiacco E, Astro V, Adamo A. Generation of two iPSC lines (KAUSTi001-A, KAUSTi002-A) from a rare high-grade Klinefelter Syndrome patient (49-XXXXY) carrying a balanced translocation t(4,11) (q35,q23). Stem Cell Res 2020; 49:102098. [PMID: 33254093 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.102098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) is the most common aneuploidy in humans (prevalence: 85-250 per 100,000 born males) and is characterized by one or more supernumerary X-chromosomes (47-XXY, 48-XXXY and 49-XXXXY karyotypes). KS is a multisystemic disorder associated to multiple phenotypic features including cardiac abnormalities, infertility, mental retardation, diabetes and increased cancer risk. Using a non-integrative mRNAs reprogramming approach, we generated two iPSC lines 48-XXXY and 49-XXXXY from a non-mosaic 49-XXXXY KS patient carrying a balanced translocation t(4,11) (q35,q23). These iPSC lines provide a unique cellular platform to study the molecular mechanisms underlying KS pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Alowaysi
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elisabetta Fiacco
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Veronica Astro
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Antonio Adamo
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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15
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Deebel NA, Bradshaw AW, Sadri-Ardekani H. Infertility considerations in klinefelter syndrome: From origin to management. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 34:101480. [PMID: 33358481 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2020.101480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is defined as the presence of one or more extra "X" chromosome in a male patient. It affects approximately 1 in 600 newborn males and the most common chromosomal abnormality, leading to male hypogonadism and infertility. There is a lack of data supporting best practices for KS patients' care. In this paper we review controversial issues in KS research ranging from mechanisms of variation in KS phenotype to abnormalities resulting in reduced sperm production to successful sperm retrieval disparities after testicular sperm extraction (TESE). Translation to live birth and offspring health is also examined. Finally, medical therapies used to optimize the hormonal status and chances of fertility in KS patients are reviewed. We will also discuss the experimental spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) treatments, which are considered the future for TESE negative patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Deebel
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Aaron W Bradshaw
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hooman Sadri-Ardekani
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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16
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Hayashi Y, Takami M, Matsuo-Takasaki M. Studying Abnormal Chromosomal Diseases Using Patient-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:224. [PMID: 32922264 PMCID: PMC7456929 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal abnormality causes congenital and acquired intractable diseases. In general, there are no fundamental treatments for these diseases. To establish platforms to develop therapeutics for these diseases, patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are highly beneficial. To study abnormal chromosomal diseases, it is often hard to apply animal disease models because the chromosomal structures are variable among species. It is also difficult to apply simple genome editing technology in cells or individuals for abnormal chromosomes. Thus, these patient-derived iPSCs have advantages for developing disease models with multiple cell and tissue types, which are typically seen in the symptoms of abnormal chromosomal diseases. Here we review the studies of patient-derived iPSCs carrying abnormal chromosomes, focusing on pluripotent state and neural lineages. We also discuss the technological advances in chromosomal manipulations toward establishing experimental models and future therapeutics. Patient-derived iPSCs carrying chromosomal abnormality are valuable as cellular bioresources since they can indefinitely proliferate and provide various cell types. Also, these findings and technologies are important for future studies on elucidating pathogenesis, drug development, regenerative medicine, and gene therapy for abnormal chromosomal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Hayashi
- iPS Advanced Characterization and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Miho Takami
- iPS Advanced Characterization and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mami Matsuo-Takasaki
- iPS Advanced Characterization and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
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17
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Deebel NA, Galdon G, Zarandi NP, Stogner-Underwood K, Howards S, Lovato J, Kogan S, Atala A, Lue Y, Sadri-Ardekani H. Age-related presence of spermatogonia in patients with Klinefelter syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 26:58-72. [PMID: 31822886 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmz038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Klinefelter syndrome (KS) has been defined by sex chromosome aneuploidies (classically 47, XXY) in the male patient. The peripubertal timeframe in KS patients has been associated with the initiation of progressive testicular fibrosis, loss of spermatogonial stem cells (SSC), hypogonadism and impaired fertility. Less than half of KS patients are positive for spermatozoa in the ejaculate or testis via semen analysis or testicular sperm extraction, respectively. However, the chance of finding spermatogonia including a sub-population of SSCs in KS testes has not been well defined. Given the recent demonstration of successful cell culture for mouse and human SSCs, it could be feasible to isolate and propagate SSCs and transplant the cells back to the patient or to differentiate them in vitro to haploid cells. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE The main objective of this study was to meta-analyse the currently available data from KS patients to identify the prevalence of KS patients with spermatogonia on testicular biopsy across four age groups (year): fetal/infantile (age ≤ 1), prepubertal (age 1 ≤ x ≤ 10), peripubertal/adolescent (age 10 < x < 18) and adult (age ≥ 18) ages. Additionally, the association of endocrine parameters with presence or absence of spermatogonia was tested to obtain a more powered analysis of whether FSH, LH, testosterone and inhibin B can serve as predictive markers for successful spermatogonia retrieval. SEARCH METHODS A thorough Medline/PubMed search was conducted using the following search terms: 'Klinefelter, germ cells, spermatogenesis and spermatogonia', yielding results from 1 October 1965 to 3 February 2019. Relevant articles were added from the bibliographies of selected articles. Exclusion criteria included non-English language, abstracts only, non-human data and review papers. OUTCOMES A total of 751 papers were identified with independent review returning 36 papers with relevant information for meta-analysis on 386 patients. For the most part, articles were case reports, case-controlled series and cohort studies (level IV-VI evidence). Spermatogonial cells were present in all of the fetal/infantile and 83% of the prepubertal patients' testes, and in 42.7% and 48.5% of the peripubertal and adult groups, respectively were positive for spermatogonia. Additionally, 26 of the 56 (46.4%) peripubertal/adolescent and 37 of the 152 (24.3%) adult patients negative for spermatozoa were positive for spermatogonia (P < 0.05). In peripubertal/adolescent patients, the mean ± SEM level for FSH was 12.88 ± 3.13 IU/L for spermatogonia positive patients and 30.42 ± 4.05 IU/L for spermatogonia negative patients (P = 0.001); the mean ± SEM level LH levels were 4.36 ± 1.31 and 11.43 ± 1.68 IU/L for spermatogonia positive and negative, respectively (P < 0.01); the mean ± SEM level for testosterone levels were 5.04 ± 1.37 and 9.05 ± 0.94 nmol/L (equal to 145 ± 40 and 261 ± 27 and ng/dl) for the spermatogonia positive and negative groups, respectively (P < 0.05), while the difference in means for inhibin B was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). A similar analysis in the adult group showed the FSH levels in spermatogonia positive and negative patients to be 25.77 ± 2.78 and 36.12 ± 2.90 IU/L, respectively (mean ± SEM level, P < 0.05). All other hormone measurements were not statistically significantly different between groups. WIDER IMPLICATIONS While azoospermia is a common finding in the KS patient population, many patients are positive for spermatogonia. Recent advances in SSC in vitro propagation, transplantation and differentiation open new avenues for these patients for fertility preservation. This would offer a new subset of KS patients a chance of biological paternity. Data surrounding the hormonal profiles of KS patients and their relation to fertility should be interpreted with caution as a paucity of adequately powered data exists. Future work is needed to clarify the utility of FSH, LH, testosterone and inhibin B as biomarkers for successful retrieval of spermatogonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Deebel
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Guillermo Galdon
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Nima Pourhabibi Zarandi
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | - Stuart Howards
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - James Lovato
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Stanley Kogan
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Yanhe Lue
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Hooman Sadri-Ardekani
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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18
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Credendino SC, Neumayer C, Cantone I. Genetics and Epigenetics of Sex Bias: Insights from Human Cancer and Autoimmunity. Trends Genet 2020; 36:650-663. [PMID: 32736810 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing and genome-wide association studies have revealed a sex bias in human diseases. The underlying molecular mechanisms remain, however, unknown. Here, we cover recent advances in cancer and autoimmunity focusing on intrinsic genetic and epigenetic differences underlying sex biases in human disease. These studies reveal a central role of genome regulatory mechanisms including genome repair, chromosome folding, and epigenetic regulation in dictating the sex bias. These highlight the importance of considering sex as a variable in both basic science and clinical investigations. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying sex bias in human diseases will be instrumental in making a first step forwards into the era of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Carmela Credendino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Christoph Neumayer
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Irene Cantone
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology 'G. Salvatore', National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy.
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19
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Sciurano RB, Rahn IM, González Arias B, Rey Valzacchi G, Benavente R, Solari AJ. Selective advantage of euploid spermatocytes I in an azoospermic 47,XYY man with gonadal mosaicism. Hum Reprod 2020; 34:568-573. [PMID: 30597018 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dey387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most XYY men have normal sperm counts and are fertile (supposedly due to the loss of the extra Y before meiosis), there is a minority who are infertile. In these cases, the XYY spermatocytes are able to enter meiosis and form different synaptic configurations. With regard to mosaics, there is scarce well-defined information on the presence of the second Y and its meiotic behaviour. In this study, the chromosome constitution and the synaptic behaviour of pachytene spermatocytes from an azoospermic man with testicular hypotrophy and non-mosaic 47,XYY karyotype were analysed. Furthermore, we determined the chromosome constitution of the somatic Sertoli cells. Five karyotypically normal men with obstructive azoospermia, but having complete spermatogenesis, were included as controls. Immuno-FISH using specific protein markers of synapsis and recombination (SYCP3, SYCP1, BRCA1, MLH1, CREST) and a specific Yq12 DNA probe were used. In addition, we used the newly developed Super-Resolution Structured Illumination Microscopy (SR-SIM) to clearly define the synaptic configurations. FISH analysis was also performed on Sertoli cells. The histopathological analysis showed variable degrees of spermatogenesis development in the testicular tissue of the propositus. Immuno-FISH analysis showed that most of the primary spermatocytes were euploid 46, XY. The use of SR-SIM confirmed the existence of this euploidy. Only a few pachytene spermatocytes showed an aneuploid X + YY constitution. Sertoli cells showed two different populations with one or two Y chromosomes, in similar proportions. Thus an abnormal niche of sex-trisomic Sertoli cells should be also considered when searching for the origin of spermatogenesis failure in XYY men.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Sciurano
- 2nd. A.U. Cell Biology, Histology, Embryology and Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires.,CONICET, Procrearte/Servicio de Urología, Hospital Italiano.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - I M Rahn
- 2nd. A.U. Cell Biology, Histology, Embryology and Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires.,CONICET, Procrearte/Servicio de Urología, Hospital Italiano
| | - B González Arias
- 2nd. A.U. Cell Biology, Histology, Embryology and Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires
| | | | - R Benavente
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - A J Solari
- 2nd. A.U. Cell Biology, Histology, Embryology and Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires.,CONICET, Procrearte/Servicio de Urología, Hospital Italiano
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20
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Singla S, Iwamoto-Stohl LK, Zhu M, Zernicka-Goetz M. Autophagy-mediated apoptosis eliminates aneuploid cells in a mouse model of chromosome mosaicism. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2958. [PMID: 32528010 PMCID: PMC7290028 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16796-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The high incidence of aneuploidy in the embryo is considered the principal cause for low human fecundity. However, the prevalence of aneuploidy dramatically declines as pregnancy progresses, with the steepest drop occurring as the embryo completes implantation. Despite the fact that the plasticity of the embryo in dealing with aneuploidy is fundamental to normal development, the mechanisms responsible for eliminating aneuploid cells are unclear. Here, using a mouse model of chromosome mosaicism, we show that aneuploid cells are preferentially eliminated from the embryonic lineage in a p53-dependent process involving both autophagy and apoptosis before, during and after implantation. Moreover, we show that diploid cells in mosaic embryos undertake compensatory proliferation during the implantation stages to confer embryonic viability. Together, our results indicate a close link between aneuploidy, autophagy, and apoptosis to refine the embryonic cell population and ensure only chromosomally fit cells proceed through development of the fetus. The mechanisms behind the plasticity of embryos and how they deal with aneuploid cells are unclear. Here, the authors show that aneuploid cells in a mouse embryo are preferentially eliminated during pre- and peri-implantation development in a p53-dependent process involving both autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Singla
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Lisa K Iwamoto-Stohl
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Meng Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK. .,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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21
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Oertelt-Prigione S, Mariman E. The impact of sex differences on genomic research. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 124:105774. [PMID: 32470538 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Sex and gender differences affect all dimensions of human health ranging from the biological basis of disease to therapeutic access, choice and response. Genomics research has long ignored the role of sex differences as potential modulators and the concept is gaining more attention only recently. In the present review we summarize the current knowledge of the impact of sex differences on genomic and epigenomic research, the potential interaction of genomics and gender and the role of these differences in disease etiopathogenesis. Sex differences can emerge from differences in the sex chromosomes themselves, from their interaction with the genome and from the influence of hormones on genomic processes. The impact of these processes on the incidence of autoimmune and oncologic disease is well documented. The growing field of systems biology, which aims at integrating information from different networks of the human body, could also greatly benefit from this approach. In the present review we summarize the current knowledge and provide recommendations for the future performance of sex-sensitive genomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Oertelt-Prigione
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Institute of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Edwin Mariman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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22
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Couderc B. [George Lucas: prophet of transhumanism?]. Med Sci (Paris) 2020; 36:264-270. [PMID: 32228846 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Star Wars, a "general public" film saga, raises questions about human nature and transhumanism. It features different characters who are neither "real" humans nor robots; there are creatures that can be likened to advanced humans (cyborgs, chimeras or genetically-modified humans). Based on the "Star Wars" movie, we will approach some ways of modifying the human person both in his body and in his consciousness and we will wonder about the man of tomorrow by asking ourselves if George Lucas (director of the first film released) might have not been a visionary of the men of tomorrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Couderc
- Institut Claudius Regaud - Institut universitaire du cancer de Toulouse (IUCT), Oncopole, Université de Toulouse, 31000 Toulouse, France - Inserm UMR1027, Département d'épidémiologie et de santé publique, Faculté de médecine, 37 allées Jules Guesde, 31000 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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23
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Applications of Genome Editing Technology in Research on Chromosome Aneuploidy Disorders. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010239. [PMID: 31963583 PMCID: PMC7016705 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal segregation errors in germ cells and early embryonic development underlie aneuploidies, which are numerical chromosomal abnormalities causing fetal absorption, developmental anomalies, and carcinogenesis. It has been considered that human aneuploidy disorders cannot be resolved by radical treatment. However, recent studies have demonstrated that aneuploidies can be rescued to a normal diploid state using genetic engineering in cultured cells. Here, we summarize a series of studies mainly applying genome editing to eliminate an extra copy of human chromosome 21, the cause of the most common constitutional aneuploidy disorder Down syndrome. We also present findings on induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming, which has been shown to be one of the most promising technologies for converting aneuploidies into normal diploidy without the risk of genetic alterations such as genome editing-mediated off-target effects.
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24
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Nikitina TV, Kashevarova AA, Lebedev IN. Chromosomal Instability and Karyotype Correction in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. RUSS J GENET+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795419100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Okabe M. Sperm-egg interaction and fertilization: past, present, and future. Biol Reprod 2019; 99:134-146. [PMID: 29462236 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fifty years have passed since the findings of capacitation and acrosome reaction. These discoveries and the extensive effort of researchers led to the success of in vitro fertilization, which has become a top choice for patients at infertility clinics today. The effort to understand the mechanism of fertilization is ongoing, but the small number of eggs and similarly small quantity of spermatozoa continue to hinder biochemical experiments. The emergence of transgenic animals and gene disruption techniques has had a significant effect on fertilization research. Factors considered important in the early years were shown not to be essential and were replaced by newly found proteins. However, there is much about sperm-egg interaction which remains to be learned before we can outline the mechanism of fertilization. In fact, our understanding of sperm-egg interaction is entering a new stage. Progress in transgenic spermatozoa helped us to observe the behavior of spermatozoa in vivo and/or at the moment of sperm-egg fusion. These advancements are discussed together with the paradigm-shifting research in related fields to help us picture the direction which fertilization research may take in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Okabe
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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26
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Ilic D, Telfer EE, Ogilvie C, Kolundzic N, Khalaf Y. What can stem cell technology offer to IVF patients? BJOG 2019; 126:824-827. [PMID: 30693640 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.15638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Ilic
- Assisted Conception Unit, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Women's and Children Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - E E Telfer
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C Ogilvie
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - N Kolundzic
- Department of Women's and Children Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Y Khalaf
- Assisted Conception Unit, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Women's and Children Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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27
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Inoue M, Kajiwara K, Yamaguchi A, Kiyono T, Samura O, Akutsu H, Sago H, Okamoto A, Umezawa A. Autonomous trisomic rescue of Down syndrome cells. J Transl Med 2019; 99:885-897. [PMID: 30760866 PMCID: PMC6760570 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome is the most frequent chromosomal abnormality among live-born infants. All Down syndrome patients have mental retardation and are prone to develop early onset Alzheimer's disease. However, it has not yet been elucidated whether there is a correlation between the phenotype of Down syndrome and the extra chromosome 21. In this study, we continuously cultivated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with chromosome 21 trisomy for more than 70 weeks, and serendipitously obtained revertant cells with normal chromosome 21 diploids from the trisomic cells during long-term cultivation. Repeated experiments revealed that this trisomy rescue was not due to mosaicism of chromosome 21 diploid cells and occurred at an extremely high frequency. We herewith report the spontaneous correction from chromosome 21 trisomy to disomy without genetic manipulation, chemical treatment or exposure to irradiation. The revertant diploid cells will possibly serve a reference for drug screening and a raw material of regenerative medicinal products for cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Inoue
- 0000 0004 0377 2305grid.63906.3aDepartment of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan ,0000 0001 0661 2073grid.411898.dDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8471 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kajiwara
- 0000 0004 0377 2305grid.63906.3aDepartment of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan ,0000 0001 0661 2073grid.411898.dDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8471 Japan
| | - Ayumi Yamaguchi
- 0000 0004 0377 2305grid.63906.3aDepartment of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
| | - Tohru Kiyono
- 0000 0001 2168 5385grid.272242.3Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, Department of Cell Culture Technology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Osamu Samura
- 0000 0001 0661 2073grid.411898.dDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8471 Japan
| | - Hidenori Akutsu
- 0000 0004 0377 2305grid.63906.3aDepartment of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sago
- 0000 0004 0377 2305grid.63906.3aDepartment of Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
| | - Aikou Okamoto
- 0000 0001 0661 2073grid.411898.dDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8471 Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.
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28
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Sosa E, Chen D, Rojas EJ, Hennebold JD, Peters KA, Wu Z, Lam TN, Mitchell JM, Sukhwani M, Tailor RC, Meistrich ML, Orwig KE, Shetty G, Clark AT. Differentiation of primate primordial germ cell-like cells following transplantation into the adult gonadal niche. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5339. [PMID: 30559363 PMCID: PMC6297357 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07740-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in stem cell differentiation is the availability of bioassays to prove cell types generated in vitro are equivalent to cells in vivo. In the mouse, differentiation of primordial germ cell-like cells (PGCLCs) from pluripotent cells was validated by transplantation, leading to the generation of spermatogenesis and to the birth of offspring. Here we report the use of xenotransplantation (monkey to mouse) and homologous transplantation (monkey to monkey) to validate our in vitro protocol for differentiating male rhesus (r) macaque PGCLCs (rPGCLCs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (riPSCs). Specifically, transplantation of aggregates containing rPGCLCs into mouse and nonhuman primate testicles overcomes a major bottleneck in rPGCLC differentiation. These findings suggest that immature rPGCLCs once transplanted into an adult gonadal niche commit to differentiate towards late rPGCs that initiate epigenetic reprogramming but do not complete the conversion into ENO2-positive spermatogonia. Human embryonic stem cells can be differentiated in vitro into primordial germ cell-like cells (PGCLCs) that resemble early primordial germ cells (PGCs). Here the authors transplant PGCLCs generated from rhesus macaque iPSCs into mouse and rhesus macaque seminiferous tubules, which matures these into late PGCs and spermatogonia-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Sosa
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ernesto J Rojas
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jon D Hennebold
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Karen A Peters
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences and Magee Women's Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Zhuang Wu
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Truong N Lam
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer M Mitchell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Meena Sukhwani
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences and Magee Women's Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Ramesh C Tailor
- Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Marvin L Meistrich
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kyle E Orwig
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences and Magee Women's Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Gunapala Shetty
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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29
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Hirota T, Blakeley P, Sangrithi MN, Mahadevaiah SK, Encheva V, Snijders AP, ElInati E, Ojarikre OA, de Rooij DG, Niakan KK, Turner JMA. SETDB1 Links the Meiotic DNA Damage Response to Sex Chromosome Silencing in Mice. Dev Cell 2018; 47:645-659.e6. [PMID: 30393076 PMCID: PMC6286383 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Meiotic synapsis and recombination ensure correct homologous segregation and genetic diversity. Asynapsed homologs are transcriptionally inactivated by meiotic silencing, which serves a surveillance function and in males drives meiotic sex chromosome inactivation. Silencing depends on the DNA damage response (DDR) network, but how DDR proteins engage repressive chromatin marks is unknown. We identify the histone H3-lysine-9 methyltransferase SETDB1 as the bridge linking the DDR to silencing in male mice. At the onset of silencing, X chromosome H3K9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) enrichment is downstream of DDR factors. Without Setdb1, the X chromosome accrues DDR proteins but not H3K9me3. Consequently, sex chromosome remodeling and silencing fail, causing germ cell apoptosis. Our data implicate TRIM28 in linking the DDR to SETDB1 and uncover additional factors with putative meiotic XY-silencing functions. Furthermore, we show that SETDB1 imposes timely expression of meiotic and post-meiotic genes. Setdb1 thus unites the DDR network, asynapsis, and meiotic chromosome silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Hirota
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Paul Blakeley
- Human Embryo and Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Mahesh N Sangrithi
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Singapore 229899, Singapore; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | | | - Vesela Encheva
- Mass Spectrometry Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Mass Spectrometry Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Elias ElInati
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Obah A Ojarikre
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Dirk G de Rooij
- Reproductive Biology Group, Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands; Center for Reproductive Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Kathy K Niakan
- Human Embryo and Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - James M A Turner
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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30
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Abstract
Fundamental differences exist between males and females, encompassing anatomy, physiology, behaviour, and genetics. Such differences undoubtedly play a part in the well documented, yet poorly understood, disparity in disease susceptibility between the sexes. Although traditionally attributed to gonadal sex hormone effects, recent work has begun to shed more light on the contribution of genetics - and in particular the sex chromosomes - to these sexual dimorphisms. Here, we explore the accumulating evidence for a significant genetic component to mammalian sexual dimorphism through the paradigm of sex chromosome evolution. The differences between the extant X and Y chromosomes, at both a sequence and regulatory level, arose across 166 million years. A functional result of these differences is cell autonomous sexual dimorphism. By understanding the process that changed a pair of homologous ancestral autosomes into the extant mammalian X and Y, we believe it easier to consider the mechanisms that may contribute to hormone-independent male-female differences. We highlight key roles for genes with homologues present on both sex chromosomes, where the X-linked copy escapes X chromosome inactivation. Finally, we summarise current experimental paradigms and suggest areas for developments to further increase our understanding of cell autonomous sexual dimorphism in the context of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Snell
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - James M A Turner
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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31
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Gravholt CH, Chang S, Wallentin M, Fedder J, Moore P, Skakkebæk A. Klinefelter Syndrome: Integrating Genetics, Neuropsychology, and Endocrinology. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:389-423. [PMID: 29438472 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Although first identified over 70 years ago, Klinefelter syndrome (KS) continues to pose substantial diagnostic challenges, as many patients are still misdiagnosed, or remain undiagnosed. In fact, as few as 25% of patients with KS are accurately diagnosed and most of these diagnoses are not made until adulthood. Classic characteristics of KS include small testes, infertility, hypergonadothropic hypogonadism, and cognitive impairment. However, the pathophysiology behind KS is not well understood, although genetic effects are also thought to play a role. For example, recent developments in genetics and genomics point to a fundamental change in our understanding of KS, with global epigenetic and RNA expression changes playing a central role for the phenotype. KS is also associated with more general health markers, including higher morbidity and mortality rates and lower socioeconomic status (which likely affect both morbidity and mortality). In addition, hypogonadism is associated with greater risk of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, and extragonadal germ cell tumors. Medical treatment typically focuses on testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), although the effects of this therapy have not been studied rigorously, and future studies need to evaluate the effects of TRT on metabolic risk and neurocognitive outcomes. This review presents a comprehensive interdisciplinary examination of recent developments in genetic, endocrine, and neurocognitive science, including the study of animal models. It provides a number of recommendations for improving the effectiveness of research and clinical practice, including neonatal KS screening programs, and a multidisciplinary approach to KS treatment from childhood until senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus H Gravholt
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine (MEA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Simon Chang
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine (MEA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Esbjerg Sygehus, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Wallentin
- Department of Linguistics, Cognitive Science, and Semiotics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jens Fedder
- Centre of Andrology and Fertility Clinic, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Philip Moore
- Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington DC
| | - Anne Skakkebæk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
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32
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Gleicher N. Expected advances in human fertility treatments and their likely translational consequences. J Transl Med 2018; 16:149. [PMID: 29866181 PMCID: PMC5987489 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1525-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to rapid research progress in reproductive biology and reproductive clinical endocrinology, many human infertility treatments are close to potential breakthroughs and translational applications. We here review current barriers, where such breakthroughs will likely come from, what they will entail, and their potential clinical applications. MAIN TEXT The radical nature of change will primarily benefit older women, reduce fertility treatment costs and thereby expand access to treatment. A still widely overlooked prerequisite for implantation and normal pregnancy maintenance is timely development of maternal immunological tolerance toward an implanting paternal semi-allograft, if malfunctioning associated with implantation failure and pregnancy loss, while premature termination of tolerance appears associated with premature labor, pre-eclampsia/eclampsia and gestoses of pregnancy. Common denominators between pregnancy and invasive malignancies have again been attracting attention, suggesting that, like in malignant tumors, degrees of embryo aneuploidy may affect invasiveness and ability to "disarm" the immune system's innate response against implanting embryos. Linking tolerance to implantation, we offer evidence that the so-called "implantation window" is likely immunological rather than hormonally defined. CONCLUSIONS Because many here outlined treatment changes will disproportionally benefit older women, they will exert a pronounced effect on society, as increasing numbers of women at grandparental ages will become mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Gleicher
- The CHR, 21 East 69th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
- The Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vienna Medical School, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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33
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Nagamatsu G, Hayashi K. Stem cells, in vitro gametogenesis and male fertility. Reproduction 2017; 154:F79-F91. [PMID: 29133304 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reconstitution in culture of biological processes, such as differentiation and organization, is a key challenge in regenerative medicine, and one in which stem cell technology plays a central role. Pluripotent stem cells and spermatogonial stem cells are useful materials for reconstitution of germ cell development in vitro, as they are capable of differentiating into gametes. Reconstitution of germ cell development, termed in vitro gametogenesis, will provide an experimental platform for a better understanding of germ cell development, as well as an alternative source of gametes for reproduction, with the potential to cure infertility. Since germ cells are the cells for 'the next generation', both the culture system and its products must be carefully evaluated. In this issue, we summarize the progress in in vitro gametogenesis, most of which has been made using mouse models, as well as the future challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Nagamatsu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and MedicineGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and MedicineGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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34
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Promoting In Vitro Gametogenesis Research with a Social Understanding. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:985-988. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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