1
|
Sun Y, Zhao Y, Xie X, Li H, Feng W. Printed polymer platform empowering machine-assisted chemical synthesis in stacked droplets. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6759. [PMID: 39117641 PMCID: PMC11310347 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50768-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficiently exploring organic molecules through multi-step processes demands a transition from conventional laboratory synthesis to automated systems. Existing platforms for machine-assistant synthetic workflows compatible with multiple liquid-phases require substantial engineering investments for setup, thereby hindering quick customization and throughput increasement. Here we present a droplet-based chip that facilitates the self-organization of various liquid phases into stacked layers for conducting chemical transformations. The chip's precision polymer printing capability, enabled by digital micromirror device (DMD)-maskless photolithography and dual post-chemical modifications, allows it to create customized, sub-10 µm featured patterns to confine diverse liquids, regardless of density, within each droplet. The robustness and open design of surface-templated liquid layers actualize machine-assistant droplet manipulation, synchronous reaction triggering, local oscillation, and real-time monitoring of individual layers into a reality. We propose that, with further integration of machine operation line and self-learning, this droplet-based platform holds the potential to become a valuable addition to the toolkit of chemistry process, operating autonomously and with high-throughput.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Sun
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyi Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinjian Xie
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongjiao Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenqian Feng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Department State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schilter O, Gutierrez DP, Folkmann LM, Castrogiovanni A, García-Durán A, Zipoli F, Roch LM, Laino T. Combining Bayesian optimization and automation to simultaneously optimize reaction conditions and routes. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7732-7741. [PMID: 38784737 PMCID: PMC11110165 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05607d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Reaching optimal reaction conditions is crucial to achieve high yields, minimal by-products, and environmentally sustainable chemical reactions. With the recent rise of artificial intelligence, there has been a shift from traditional Edisonian trial-and-error optimization to data-driven and automated approaches, which offer significant advantages. Here, we showcase the capabilities of an integrated platform; we conducted simultaneous optimizations of four different terminal alkynes and two reaction routes using an automation platform combined with a Bayesian optimization platform. Remarkably, we achieved a conversion rate of over 80% for all four substrates in 23 experiments, covering ca. 0.2% of the combinatorial space. Further analysis allowed us to identify the influence of different reaction parameters on the reaction outcomes, demonstrating the potential for expedited reaction condition optimization and the prospect of more efficient chemical processes in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schilter
- IBM Research Europe Säumerstrasse 4 8803 Rüschlikon Switzerland
- National Center for Competence in Research-Catalysis (NCCR-Catalysis) Switzerland
| | | | - Linnea M Folkmann
- Atinary Technologies Route de la Corniche 4 1066 Epalinges Switzerland
| | | | | | - Federico Zipoli
- IBM Research Europe Säumerstrasse 4 8803 Rüschlikon Switzerland
- National Center for Competence in Research-Catalysis (NCCR-Catalysis) Switzerland
| | - Loïc M Roch
- Atinary Technologies Route de la Corniche 4 1066 Epalinges Switzerland
| | - Teodoro Laino
- IBM Research Europe Säumerstrasse 4 8803 Rüschlikon Switzerland
- National Center for Competence in Research-Catalysis (NCCR-Catalysis) Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Peng H, Han B, Tong T, Jin X, Peng Y, Guo M, Li B, Ding J, Kong Q, Wang Q. 3D printing processes in precise drug delivery for personalized medicine. Biofabrication 2024; 16:10.1088/1758-5090/ad3a14. [PMID: 38569493 PMCID: PMC11164598 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad3a14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
With the advent of personalized medicine, the drug delivery system will be changed significantly. The development of personalized medicine needs the support of many technologies, among which three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology is a novel formulation-preparing process that creates 3D objects by depositing printing materials layer-by-layer based on the computer-aided design method. Compared with traditional pharmaceutical processes, 3DP produces complex drug combinations, personalized dosage, and flexible shape and structure of dosage forms (DFs) on demand. In the future, personalized 3DP drugs may supplement and even replace their traditional counterpart. We systematically introduce the applications of 3DP technologies in the pharmaceutical industry and summarize the virtues and shortcomings of each technique. The release behaviors and control mechanisms of the pharmaceutical DFs with desired structures are also analyzed. Finally, the benefits, challenges, and prospects of 3DP technology to the pharmaceutical industry are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haisheng Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, University of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, People’s Republic of China
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Daqing Branch, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, People’s Republic of China
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Tianjian Tong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States of America
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, University of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanbo Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Rd, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meitong Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, University of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bian Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, University of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, University of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingfei Kong
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brocklehurst CE, Altmann E, Bon C, Davis H, Dunstan D, Ertl P, Ginsburg-Moraff C, Grob J, Gosling DJ, Lapointe G, Marziale AN, Mues H, Palmieri M, Racine S, Robinson RI, Springer C, Tan K, Ulmer W, Wyler R. MicroCycle: An Integrated and Automated Platform to Accelerate Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2024; 67:2118-2128. [PMID: 38270627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
We herein describe the development and application of a modular technology platform which incorporates recent advances in plate-based microscale chemistry, automated purification, in situ quantification, and robotic liquid handling to enable rapid access to high-quality chemical matter already formatted for assays. In using microscale chemistry and thus consuming minimal chemical matter, the platform is not only efficient but also follows green chemistry principles. By reorienting existing high-throughput assay technology, the platform can generate a full package of relevant data on each set of compounds in every learning cycle. The multiparameter exploration of chemical and property space is hereby driven by active learning models. The enhanced compound optimization process is generating knowledge for drug discovery projects in a time frame never before possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cara E Brocklehurst
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Eva Altmann
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Corentin Bon
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Holly Davis
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - David Dunstan
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peter Ertl
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Carol Ginsburg-Moraff
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jonathan Grob
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Daniel J Gosling
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Lapointe
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Alexander N Marziale
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Heinrich Mues
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Marco Palmieri
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Racine
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Richard I Robinson
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Clayton Springer
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kian Tan
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - William Ulmer
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - René Wyler
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Szymanski NJ, Rendy B, Fei Y, Kumar RE, He T, Milsted D, McDermott MJ, Gallant M, Cubuk ED, Merchant A, Kim H, Jain A, Bartel CJ, Persson K, Zeng Y, Ceder G. An autonomous laboratory for the accelerated synthesis of novel materials. Nature 2023; 624:86-91. [PMID: 38030721 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06734-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
To close the gap between the rates of computational screening and experimental realization of novel materials1,2, we introduce the A-Lab, an autonomous laboratory for the solid-state synthesis of inorganic powders. This platform uses computations, historical data from the literature, machine learning (ML) and active learning to plan and interpret the outcomes of experiments performed using robotics. Over 17 days of continuous operation, the A-Lab realized 41 novel compounds from a set of 58 targets including a variety of oxides and phosphates that were identified using large-scale ab initio phase-stability data from the Materials Project and Google DeepMind. Synthesis recipes were proposed by natural-language models trained on the literature and optimized using an active-learning approach grounded in thermodynamics. Analysis of the failed syntheses provides direct and actionable suggestions to improve current techniques for materials screening and synthesis design. The high success rate demonstrates the effectiveness of artificial-intelligence-driven platforms for autonomous materials discovery and motivates further integration of computations, historical knowledge and robotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Szymanski
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bernardus Rendy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yuxing Fei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rishi E Kumar
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tanjin He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - David Milsted
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J McDermott
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Max Gallant
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Haegyeom Kim
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Anubhav Jain
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Bartel
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kristin Persson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yan Zeng
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Gerbrand Ceder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ha T, Lee D, Kwon Y, Park MS, Lee S, Jang J, Choi B, Jeon H, Kim J, Choi H, Seo HT, Choi W, Hong W, Park YJ, Jang J, Cho J, Kim B, Kwon H, Kim G, Oh WS, Kim JW, Choi J, Min M, Jeon A, Jung Y, Kim E, Lee H, Choi YS. AI-driven robotic chemist for autonomous synthesis of organic molecules. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj0461. [PMID: 37910607 PMCID: PMC10619927 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The automation of organic compound synthesis is pivotal for expediting the development of such compounds. In addition, enhancing development efficiency can be achieved by incorporating autonomous functions alongside automation. To achieve this, we developed an autonomous synthesis robot that harnesses the power of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotic technology to establish optimal synthetic recipes. Given a target molecule, our AI initially plans synthetic pathways and defines reaction conditions. It then iteratively refines these plans using feedback from the experimental robot, gradually optimizing the recipe. The system performance was validated by successfully determining synthetic recipes for three organic compounds, yielding that conversion rates that outperform existing references. Notably, this autonomous system is designed around batch reactors, making it accessible and valuable to chemists in standard laboratory settings, thereby streamlining research endeavors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taesin Ha
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongseon Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngchun Kwon
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sik Park
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyoon Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaejun Jang
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungkwon Choi
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjeong Jeon
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyundo Choi
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Tae Seo
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyonggi University, 154-42, Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonje Choi
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooram Hong
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Park
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Junwon Jang
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonkee Cho
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Bosung Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyukju Kwon
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Gahee Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Seok Oh
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhyuk Choi
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsik Min
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Aram Jeon
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongsik Jung
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
- School of Business Administration, Chung-Ang University, 135, Seodal-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosug Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
- College of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Suk Choi
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Salley D, Manzano JS, Kitson PJ, Cronin L. Robotic Modules for the Programmable Chemputation of Molecules and Materials. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:1525-1537. [PMID: 37637738 PMCID: PMC10450877 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Before leveraging big data methods like machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) in chemistry, there is an imperative need for an affordable, universal digitization standard. This mirrors the foundational requisites of the digital revolution, which demanded standard architectures with precise specifications. Recently, we have developed automated platforms tailored for chemical AI-driven exploration, including the synthesis of molecules, materials, nanomaterials, and formulations. Our focus has been on designing and constructing affordable standard hardware and software modules that serve as a blueprint for chemistry digitization across varied fields. Our platforms can be categorized into four types based on their applications: (i) discovery systems for the exploration of chemical space and novel reactivity, (ii) systems for the synthesis and manufacture of fine chemicals, (iii) platforms for formulation discovery and exploration, and (iv) systems for materials discovery and synthesis. We also highlight the convergent evolution of these platforms through shared hardware, firmware, and software alongside the creation of a unique programming language for chemical and material systems. This programming approach is essential for reliable synthesis, designing experiments, discovery, optimization, and establishing new collaboration standards. Furthermore, it is crucial for verifying literature findings, enhancing experimental outcome reliability, and fostering collaboration and sharing of unsuccessful experiments across different research labs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Salley
- School of Chemistry, University
of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - J. Sebastián Manzano
- School of Chemistry, University
of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Philip J. Kitson
- School of Chemistry, University
of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Leroy Cronin
- School of Chemistry, University
of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lin Z, Hu Z, Zhou L, Liu B, Huang X, Deng Z, Qu X. A large conserved family of small-molecule carboxyl methyltransferases identified from microorganisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2301389120. [PMID: 37155856 PMCID: PMC10193983 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301389120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-molecule carboxyl methyltransferases (CbMTs) constitute a small proportion of the reported methyltransferases, but they have received extensive attention due to their important physiological functions. Most of the small-molecule CbMTs isolated to date originate from plants and are members of the SABATH family. In this study, we identified a type of CbMT (OPCMT) from a group of Mycobacteria, which has a distinct catalytic mechanism from the SABATH methyltransferases. The enzyme contains a large hydrophobic substrate-binding pocket (~400 Å3) and utilizes two conserved residues, Thr20 and Try194, to retain the substrate in a favorable orientation for catalytic transmethylation. The OPCMT_like MTs have a broad substrate scope and can accept diverse carboxylic acids enabling efficient production of methyl esters. They are widely (more than 10,000) distributed in microorganisms, including several well-known pathogens, whereas no related genes are found in humans. In vivo experiments implied that the OPCMT_like MTs was indispensable for M. neoaurum, suggesting that these proteins have important physiological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
- Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Zhiwei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Linjun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education & Abiochem Biotech Joint Center for Pharmaceutical Innovation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan430071, China
| | - Benben Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Xiaowei Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430071, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Xudong Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
- Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education & Abiochem Biotech Joint Center for Pharmaceutical Innovation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan430071, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Malatini C, Carbajales C, Luna M, Beltrán O, Amorín M, Masaguer CF, Blanco JM, Barbosa S, Taboada P, Coelho A. 3D-Printing of Capsule Devices as Compartmentalization Tools for Supported Reagents in the Search of Antiproliferative Isatins. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:310. [PMID: 37259453 PMCID: PMC9965165 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of high throughput synthesis methodologies in the generation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) currently requires the use of automated and easily scalable systems, easy dispensing of supported reagents in solution phase organic synthesis (SPOS), and elimination of purification and extraction steps. The recyclability and recoverability of supported reagents and/or catalysts in a rapid and individualized manner is a challenge in the pharmaceutical industry. This objective can be achieved through a suitable compartmentalization of these pulverulent reagents in suitable devices for it. This work deals with the use of customized polypropylene permeable-capsule devices manufactured by 3D printing, using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique, adaptable to any type of flask or reactor. The capsules fabricated in this work were easily loaded "in one step" with polymeric reagents for use as scavengers of isocyanides in the work-up process of Ugi multicomponent reactions or as compartmentalized and reusable catalysts in copper-catalyzed cycloadditions (CuAAC) or Heck palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reactions (PCCCRs). The reaction products are different series of diversely substituted isatins, which were tested in cancerous cervical HeLa and murine 3T3 Balb fibroblast cells, obtaining potent antiproliferative activity. This work demonstrates the applicability of 3D printing in chemical processes to obtain anticancer APIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Malatini
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Carbajales
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mariángel Luna
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, CP 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Osvaldo Beltrán
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, CP 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Amorín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Christian F Masaguer
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José M Blanco
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Silvia Barbosa
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, CP 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pablo Taboada
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, CP 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alberto Coelho
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sharma G, Kouzaev GA. Miniature glass-metal coaxial waveguide reactors for microwave-assisted liquid heating. AIMS ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.3934/electreng.2023006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
<abstract>
<p>Microwave (MW) irradiation is recognized as an effective tool in industries related to pharmaceuticals, chemistry, nanoparticle synthesis, food, etc. In the hardware field, some research efforts are concentrated on creating miniature reactors using low-cost technologies aimed at on-demand chemistry or parallel synthesis of many drugs.</p>
<p>This paper reports on the development and characterization of novel miniature chemical-resistant glass-metal coaxial reactors based on a modified Liebig condenser. It is composed of two concentric glass tubes, one for the central conductor carrying MW current, and the other for the copper-foiled cylinder surrounding the first pipe. The gap between them is filled with a liquid that is pumped and evacuated by using shielded thin inlet/outlet glass tubes, which are melted and opened into this cylindrical cavity. The reactor's geometry allows for the direct soldering of miniature MW SMA coaxial connectors of 50-Ω impedance.</p>
<p>The developed components are studied analytically, numerically and experimentally. The frequency properties of reactors are measured with a network analyzer. The temperature trends are explored by using a variable high-power MW generator, power meters and temperature sensors.</p>
<p>These reactors demonstrate their relative insensitivity toward variations in the permittivity of filling liquids in the range of $3.75 < \varepsilon < 30$, as shown in simulations and measurements. They demonstrate the increase by two orders in the longitudinal modal penetration depth and a more homogeneous heating along reactors as compared to their hollow coaxial prototypes.</p>
<p>These glass-metal miniature reactors can be used in on-demand continuous-flow accelerated liquid heating, chemistry and pharmacy.</p>
</abstract>
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Sharma
- Chemical Laboratory, Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) (on leave), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Guennadi A. Kouzaev
- Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Torres JAG, Lau SH, Anchuri P, Stevens JM, Tabora JE, Li J, Borovika A, Adams RP, Doyle AG. A Multi-Objective Active Learning Platform and Web App for Reaction Optimization. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19999-20007. [PMID: 36260788 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of an open-source experimental design via Bayesian optimization platform for multi-objective reaction optimization. Using high-throughput experimentation (HTE) and virtual screening data sets containing high-dimensional continuous and discrete variables, we optimized the performance of the platform by fine-tuning the algorithm components such as reaction encodings, surrogate model parameters, and initialization techniques. Having established the framework, we applied the optimizer to real-world test scenarios for the simultaneous optimization of the reaction yield and enantioselectivity in a Ni/photoredox-catalyzed enantioselective cross-electrophile coupling of styrene oxide with two different aryl iodide substrates. Starting with no previous experimental data, the Bayesian optimizer identified reaction conditions that surpassed the previously human-driven optimization campaigns within 15 and 24 experiments, for each substrate, among 1728 possible configurations available in each optimization. To make the platform more accessible to nonexperts, we developed a graphical user interface (GUI) that can be accessed online through a web-based application and incorporated features such as condition modification on the fly and data visualization. This web application does not require software installation, removing any programming barrier to use the platform, which enables chemists to integrate Bayesian optimization routines into their everyday laboratory practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sii Hong Lau
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Pranay Anchuri
- Center of Information Technology Policy, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jason M Stevens
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Jose E Tabora
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Alina Borovika
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Ryan P Adams
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Abigail G Doyle
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bubliauskas A, Blair DJ, Powell‐Davies H, Kitson PJ, Burke MD, Cronin L. Digitizing Chemical Synthesis in 3D Printed Reactionware. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116108. [PMID: 35257447 PMCID: PMC9186708 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemistry digitization requires an unambiguous link between experiments and the code used to generate the experimental conditions and outcomes, yet this process is not standardized, limiting the portability of any chemical code. What is needed is a universal approach to aid this process using a well-defined standard that is composed of syntheses that are employed in modular hardware. Herein we present a new approach to the digitization of organic synthesis that combines process chemistry principles with 3D printed reactionware. This approach outlines the process for transforming unit operations into digitized hardware and well-defined instructions that ensure effective synthesis. To demonstrate this, we outline the process for digitizing 3 MIDA boronate building blocks, an ester hydrolysis, a Wittig olefination, a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction, and synthesis of the drug sulfanilamide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J. Blair
- Roger Adams Laboratory, School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of IllinoisUrbana-ChampaignIL 61801USA
| | | | | | - Martin D. Burke
- Roger Adams Laboratory, School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of IllinoisUrbana-ChampaignIL 61801USA
| | - Leroy Cronin
- School of ChemistryThe University of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
3D-printing design for continuous flow catalysis. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
14
|
Warr WA, Nicklaus MC, Nicolaou CA, Rarey M. Exploration of Ultralarge Compound Collections for Drug Discovery. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:2021-2034. [PMID: 35421301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Designing new medicines more cheaply and quickly is tightly linked to the quest of exploring chemical space more widely and efficiently. Chemical space is monumentally large, but recent advances in computer software and hardware have enabled researchers to navigate virtual chemical spaces containing billions of chemical structures. This review specifically concerns collections of many millions or even billions of enumerated chemical structures as well as even larger chemical spaces that are not fully enumerated. We present examples of chemical libraries and spaces and the means used to construct them, and we discuss new technologies for searching huge libraries and for searching combinatorially in chemical space. We also cover space navigation techniques and consider new approaches to de novo drug design and the impact of the "autonomous laboratory" on synthesis of designed compounds. Finally, we summarize some other challenges and opportunities for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Warr
- Wendy Warr & Associates, 6 Berwick Court, Holmes Chapel, Crewe, Cheshire CW4 7HZ, United Kingdom
| | - Marc C Nicklaus
- NCI, NIH, CADD Group, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Christos A Nicolaou
- Discovery Chemistry, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Matthias Rarey
- Universität Hamburg, ZBH Center for Bioinformatics, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Grinschek F, Ladewig B, Navarrete Munoz A, Klahn C, Dittmeyer R. Getting Chemical and Biochemical Engineers Excited about Additive Manufacturing. CHEM-ING-TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Grinschek
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Institut für Mikroverfahrenstechnik IMVT Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Bradley Ladewig
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Institut für Mikroverfahrenstechnik IMVT Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Alexander Navarrete Munoz
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Institut für Mikroverfahrenstechnik IMVT Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Christoph Klahn
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Institute für Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik MVM Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Roland Dittmeyer
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Institut für Mikroverfahrenstechnik IMVT Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bubliauskas A, Blair DJ, Powell‐Davies H, Kitson PJ, Burke MD, Cronin L, Acknow. Digitizing Chemical Synthesis in 3D Printed Reactionware. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J. Blair
- Roger Adams Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign IL 61801 USA
| | | | - Philip J. Kitson
- School of Chemistry The University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Martin D. Burke
- Roger Adams Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign IL 61801 USA
| | - Leroy Cronin
- School of Chemistry The University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wu M, Xia L, Li Y, Yin D, Yu J, Li W, Wang N, Li X, Cui J, Chu W, Cheng Y, Hu M. Automated and remote synthesis of poly(ethylene glycol)-mineralized ZIF-8 composite particles via a synthesizer assisted by femtosecond laser micromachining. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
18
|
Hole G, Hole AS, McFalone-Shaw I. Digitalization in pharmaceutical industry: What to focus on under the digital implementation process? Int J Pharm X 2021; 3:100095. [PMID: 34712948 PMCID: PMC8528719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2021.100095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Digitalization of any manufacture industry is a key step in any progress of the production process. The process of digitalization includes both increased use of robotics, automatization solutions and computerization, thereby allowing to reduce costs, to improve efficiency and productivity, and to be flexible to changes. Pharmaceutical Industry (PI) has however been resistant to digitalization, mainly due to fair experience and complexity of the entailed development and manufacture processes. Nevertheless, there is a clear need to digitalize PI as the demand in both traditional and new drugs is constantly growing. Contract Development Manufacture Organizations (CDMOs) have a special digitalizing challenge. Digitalization of PI, and CDMO precisely, should be tightly related to the main aspects of Good Manufacture Practice (GMP), and, to succeed in PI digitalizing requires constant focus on GMP. Close collaboration with constantly changing stakeholders is another important factor which should be in focus during digitalization of CDMO. This paper represents an overview over the main aspects of CDMO digitalization and discusses both the opportunities and challenges of the process, focusing on the practical solutions for successive digital implementation.
Collapse
Key Words
- AIDS, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
- CDMO, Contract Development and Manufacturing Organization
- Contract development manufacture organization
- Digitalization
- EMA, European Medicines Agency
- EU, European Union
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- GMP, Good Manufacturing Practice
- ITA., International Trade Administration
- MHRA, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency
- PAI, Pre-Approval Inspections
- PI, Pharmaceutical Industry
- Pharmaceutical industry
- Process improvements
- TDM, Traditional Drug Manufacturing
- USD, United States Dollars
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Hole
- Molde University College, Molde and Procuratio Consulting, Drammen, Norway
| | | | - Ian McFalone-Shaw
- Molde University College, Molde and Procuratio Consulting, Drammen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hammer AS, Leonov AI, Bell NL, Cronin L. Chemputation and the Standardization of Chemical Informatics. JACS AU 2021; 1:1572-1587. [PMID: 34723260 PMCID: PMC8549037 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The explosion in the use of machine learning for automated chemical reaction optimization is gathering pace. However, the lack of a standard architecture that connects the concept of chemical transformations universally to software and hardware provides a barrier to using the results of these optimizations and could cause the loss of relevant data and prevent reactions from being reproducible or unexpected findings verifiable or explainable. In this Perspective, we describe how the development of the field of digital chemistry or chemputation, that is the universal code-enabled control of chemical reactions using a standard language and ontology, will remove these barriers allowing users to focus on the chemistry and plug in algorithms according to the problem space to be explored or unit function to be optimized. We describe a standard hardware (the chemical processing programming architecture-the ChemPU) to encompass all chemical synthesis, an approach which unifies all chemistry automation strategies, from solid-phase peptide synthesis, to HTE flow chemistry platforms, while at the same time establishing a publication standard so that researchers can exchange chemical code (χDL) to ensure reproducibility and interoperability. Not only can a vast range of different chemistries be plugged into the hardware, but the ever-expanding developments in software and algorithms can also be accommodated. These technologies, when combined will allow chemistry, or chemputation, to follow computation-that is the running of code across many different types of capable hardware to get the same result every time with a low error rate.
Collapse
|
20
|
Erokhin KS, Gordeev EG, Samoylenko DE, Rodygin KS, Ananikov VP. 3D Printing to Increase the Flexibility of the Chemical Synthesis of Biologically Active Molecules: Design of On-Demand Gas Generation Reactors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9919. [PMID: 34576082 PMCID: PMC8472564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new drugs is accelerated by rapid access to functionalized and D-labeled molecules with improved activity and pharmacokinetic profiles. Diverse synthetic procedures often involve the usage of gaseous reagents, which can be a difficult task due to the requirement of a dedicated laboratory setup. Here, we developed a special reactor for the on-demand production of gases actively utilized in organic synthesis (C2H2, H2, C2D2, D2, and CO2) that completely eliminates the need for high-pressure equipment and allows for integrating gas generation into advanced laboratory practice. The reactor was developed by computer-aided design and manufactured using a conventional 3D printer with polypropylene and nylon filled with carbon fibers as materials. The implementation of the reactor was demonstrated in representative reactions with acetylene, such as atom-economic nucleophilic addition (conversions of 19-99%) and nickel-catalyzed S-functionalization (yields 74-99%). One of the most important advantages of the reactor is the ability to generate deuterated acetylene (C2D2) and deuterium gas (D2), which was used for highly significant, atom-economic and cost-efficient deuterium labeling of S,O-vinyl derivatives (yield 68-94%). Successful examples of their use in organic synthesis are provided to synthesize building blocks of heteroatom-functionalized and D-labeled biologically active organic molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirill S. Erokhin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.S.E.); (E.G.G.); (K.S.R.)
| | - Evgeniy G. Gordeev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.S.E.); (E.G.G.); (K.S.R.)
| | - Dmitriy E. Samoylenko
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky Prospect 26, 198504 Peterhof, Russia;
| | - Konstantin S. Rodygin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.S.E.); (E.G.G.); (K.S.R.)
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky Prospect 26, 198504 Peterhof, Russia;
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.S.E.); (E.G.G.); (K.S.R.)
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky Prospect 26, 198504 Peterhof, Russia;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Alimi OA, Meijboom R. Current and future trends of additive manufacturing for chemistry applications: a review. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 2021; 56:16824-16850. [PMID: 34413542 PMCID: PMC8363067 DOI: 10.1007/s10853-021-06362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3-D) printing, also known as additive manufacturing, refers to a method used to generate a physical object by joining materials in a layer-by-layer process from a three-dimensional virtual model. 3-D printing technology has been traditionally employed in rapid prototyping, engineering, and industrial design. More recently, new applications continue to emerge; this is because of its exceptional advantage and flexibility over the traditional manufacturing process. Unlike other conventional manufacturing methods, which are fundamentally subtractive, 3-D printing is additive and, therefore, produces less waste. This review comprehensively summarises the application of additive manufacturing technologies in chemistry, chemical synthesis, and catalysis with particular attention to the production of general laboratory hardware, analytical facilities, reaction devices, and catalytically active substances. It also focuses on new and upcoming applications such as digital chemical synthesis, automation, and robotics in a synthetic environment. While discussing the contribution of this research area in the last decade, the current, future, and economic opportunities of additive manufacturing in chemical research and material development were fully covered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oyekunle Azeez Alimi
- Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, P.O. Box 524, Johannesburg, 2006 South Africa
| | - Reinout Meijboom
- Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, P.O. Box 524, Johannesburg, 2006 South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Thomson CG, Banks C, Allen M, Barker G, Coxon CR, Lee AL, Vilela F. Expanding the Tool Kit of Automated Flow Synthesis: Development of In-line Flash Chromatography Purification. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14079-14094. [PMID: 34270260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in in-line extraction and purification technology have enabled complex multistep synthesis in continuous flow reactor systems. However, for the large scope of chemical reactions that yield mixtures of products or residual starting materials, off-line purification is still required to isolate the desired compound. We present the in-line integration of a commercial automated flash chromatography system with a flow reactor for the continuous synthesis and isolation of product(s). A proof-of-principle study was performed to validate the system and test the durability of the column cartridges, performing an automated sequence of 100 runs over 2 days. Three diverse reaction systems that highlight the advantages of flow synthesis were successfully applied with in-line normal- or reversed-phase flash chromatography, continuously isolating products with 97-99% purity. Productivity of up to 9.9 mmol/h was achieved, isolating gram quantities of pure product from a feed of crude reaction mixture. Herein, we describe the development and optimization of the systems and suggest guidelines for selecting reactions well suited to in-line flash chromatography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Thomson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Banks
- Cheshire Sciences (UK) Limited, Kao Hockham Building, Edinburgh Way, Harlow, Essex, England CM20 2NQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Allen
- Advion (UK) Limited, Kao Hockham Building, Edinburgh Way, Harlow, Essex, England CM20 2NQ, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Barker
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.,Continuum Flow Lab, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher R Coxon
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Ai-Lan Lee
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Filipe Vilela
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.,Continuum Flow Lab, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cherevko AI, Denisov GL, Nikovskii IA, Polezhaev AV, Korlyukov AA, Novikov VV. Composite Materials Manufactured by Photopolymer 3D Printing with Metal-Organic Frameworks. RUSS J COORD CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s107032842105002x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
New composite materials containing metal-organic framework (MOF-5) particles were manufactured by 3D printing. The optimal composition of the photopolymer formulation and printing conditions ensuring the highest quality of printing were selected. Retention of the metal-organic framework (MOF) structure in the resulting composite objects was demonstrated by powder X-ray diffraction. The distribution of MOF-5 particles over the whole bulk of the 3D product was studied by X-ray computed tomography. In the future, composite materials of this type containing catalytically active MOFs, with their structure and properties being controllable at the micro and macro levels, could find application as catalysts of various chemical processes.
Collapse
|
24
|
Achille C, Parra-Cabrera C, Dochy R, Ordutowski H, Piovesan A, Piron P, Van Looy L, Kushwaha S, Reynaerts D, Verboven P, Nicolaï B, Lammertyn J, Spasic D, Ameloot R. 3D Printing of Monolithic Capillarity-Driven Microfluidic Devices for Diagnostics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008712. [PMID: 33969565 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rapid diagnostic testing at the site of the patient is essential when a fully equipped laboratory is not accessible. To maximize the impact of this approach, low-cost, disposable tests that require minimal user-interference and external equipment are desired. Fluid transport by capillary wicking removes the need for bulky ancillary equipment to actuate and control fluid flow. Nevertheless, current microfluidic paper-based analytical devices based on this principle struggle with the implementation of multistep diagnostic protocols because of fabrication-related issues. Here, 3D-printed microfluidic devices are demonstrated in a proof-of-concept enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in which a multistep assay timeline is completed by precisely engineering capillary wetting within printed porous bodies. 3D printing provides a scalable route to low-cost microfluidic devices and obviates the assembly of discrete components. The resulting rapid and seamless transition between digital data and physical objects allows for rapid design iterations, and opens up perspectives on distributed manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clement Achille
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, Leuven, Box 2454, Belgium
| | - Cesar Parra-Cabrera
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, Leuven, Box 2454, Belgium
| | - Ruben Dochy
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, Leuven, Box 2454, Belgium
| | - Henry Ordutowski
- Department of Biosystems, Biosensors group, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, Box 2428, Belgium
| | - Agnese Piovesan
- Division Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, Box 2428, Belgium
| | - Pieter Piron
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, Leuven, Box 2454, Belgium
| | - Lore Van Looy
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, Leuven, Box 2454, Belgium
| | - Shashwat Kushwaha
- Manufacturing Processes and Systems (MaPS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300, Box 2420, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
- Member Flanders Make, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Reynaerts
- Manufacturing Processes and Systems (MaPS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300, Box 2420, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
- Member Flanders Make, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Pieter Verboven
- Division Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, Box 2428, Belgium
| | - Bart Nicolaï
- Division Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, Box 2428, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Lammertyn
- Department of Biosystems, Biosensors group, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, Box 2428, Belgium
| | - Dragana Spasic
- Department of Biosystems, Biosensors group, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, Box 2428, Belgium
| | - Rob Ameloot
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, Leuven, Box 2454, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Heard DM, Doobary S, Lennox AJJ. 3D Printed Reactionware for Synthetic Electrochemistry with Hydrogen Fluoride Reagents. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Heard
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS
| | - Sayad Doobary
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yang L, Pijuan-Galito S, Rho HS, Vasilevich AS, Eren AD, Ge L, Habibović P, Alexander MR, de Boer J, Carlier A, van Rijn P, Zhou Q. High-Throughput Methods in the Discovery and Study of Biomaterials and Materiobiology. Chem Rev 2021; 121:4561-4677. [PMID: 33705116 PMCID: PMC8154331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The complex interaction of cells with biomaterials (i.e., materiobiology) plays an increasingly pivotal role in the development of novel implants, biomedical devices, and tissue engineering scaffolds to treat diseases, aid in the restoration of bodily functions, construct healthy tissues, or regenerate diseased ones. However, the conventional approaches are incapable of screening the huge amount of potential material parameter combinations to identify the optimal cell responses and involve a combination of serendipity and many series of trial-and-error experiments. For advanced tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, highly efficient and complex bioanalysis platforms are expected to explore the complex interaction of cells with biomaterials using combinatorial approaches that offer desired complex microenvironments during healing, development, and homeostasis. In this review, we first introduce materiobiology and its high-throughput screening (HTS). Then we present an in-depth of the recent progress of 2D/3D HTS platforms (i.e., gradient and microarray) in the principle, preparation, screening for materiobiology, and combination with other advanced technologies. The Compendium for Biomaterial Transcriptomics and high content imaging, computational simulations, and their translation toward commercial and clinical uses are highlighted. In the final section, current challenges and future perspectives are discussed. High-throughput experimentation within the field of materiobiology enables the elucidation of the relationships between biomaterial properties and biological behavior and thereby serves as a potential tool for accelerating the development of high-performance biomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Yang
- University
of Groningen, W. J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and
Materials Science, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Pijuan-Galito
- School
of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University
of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Hoon Suk Rho
- Department
of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired
Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Aliaksei S. Vasilevich
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Aysegul Dede Eren
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lu Ge
- University
of Groningen, W. J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and
Materials Science, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pamela Habibović
- Department
of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired
Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Morgan R. Alexander
- School
of Pharmacy, Boots Science Building, University
of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Jan de Boer
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Aurélie Carlier
- Department
of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired
Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick van Rijn
- University
of Groningen, W. J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and
Materials Science, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Qihui Zhou
- Institute
for Translational Medicine, Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated
Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao
University, Qingdao 266003, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Daley SK, Cordell GA. Natural Products, the Fourth Industrial Revolution, and the Quintuple Helix. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211003029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The profound interconnectedness of the sciences and technologies embodied in the Fourth Industrial Revolution is discussed in terms of the global role of natural products, and how that interplays with the development of sustainable and climate-conscious practices of cyberecoethnopharmacolomics within the Quintuple Helix for the promotion of a healthier planet and society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Geoffrey A. Cordell
- Natural Products Inc., Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hou W, Bubliauskas A, Kitson PJ, Francoia JP, Powell-Davies H, Gutierrez JMP, Frei P, Manzano JS, Cronin L. Automatic Generation of 3D-Printed Reactionware for Chemical Synthesis Digitization using ChemSCAD. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:212-218. [PMID: 33655058 PMCID: PMC7908023 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We describe a system, ChemSCAD, for the creation of digital reactors based on the chemical operations, physical parameters, and synthetic sequence to produce a given target compound, to show that the system can translate the gram-scale batch synthesis of the antiviral compound Ribavirin (yield 43% over three steps), the narcolepsy drug Modafinil (yield 60% over three steps), and both batch and flow instances of the synthesis of the anticancer agent Lomustine (batch yield 65% over two steps) in purities greater than or equal to 96%. The syntheses of compounds developed using the ChemSCAD system, including reactor designs and analytical data, can be stored in a database repository, with the information necessary to critically evaluate and improve upon reactionware syntheses being easily shared and versioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Przemyslaw Frei
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | | | - Leroy Cronin
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hou W, Bubliauskas A, Kitson PJ, Francoia JP, Powell-Davies H, Gutierrez JMP, Frei P, Manzano JS, Cronin L. Automatic Generation of 3D-Printed Reactionware for Chemical Synthesis Digitization using ChemSCAD. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:212-218. [PMID: 33655058 DOI: 10.26434/chemrxiv.13070588.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We describe a system, ChemSCAD, for the creation of digital reactors based on the chemical operations, physical parameters, and synthetic sequence to produce a given target compound, to show that the system can translate the gram-scale batch synthesis of the antiviral compound Ribavirin (yield 43% over three steps), the narcolepsy drug Modafinil (yield 60% over three steps), and both batch and flow instances of the synthesis of the anticancer agent Lomustine (batch yield 65% over two steps) in purities greater than or equal to 96%. The syntheses of compounds developed using the ChemSCAD system, including reactor designs and analytical data, can be stored in a database repository, with the information necessary to critically evaluate and improve upon reactionware syntheses being easily shared and versioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenduan Hou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | | | - Philip J Kitson
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | | | | | | | - Przemyslaw Frei
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | | | - Leroy Cronin
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Shi Y, Prieto PL, Zepel T, Grunert S, Hein JE. Automated Experimentation Powers Data Science in Chemistry. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:546-555. [PMID: 33471522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Data science has revolutionized chemical research and continues to break down barriers with new interdisciplinary studies. The introduction of computational models and machine learning (ML) algorithms in combination with automation and traditional experimental techniques has enabled scientific advancement across nearly every discipline of chemistry, from materials discovery, to process optimization, to synthesis planning. However, predictive tools powered by data science are only as good as their data sets and, currently, many of the data sets used to train models suffer from several limitations, including being sparse, limited in scope and requiring human curation. Likewise, computational data faces limitations in terms of accurate modeling of nonideal systems and can suffer from low translation fidelity from simulation to real conditions. The lack of diverse data and the need to be able to test it experimentally reduces both the accuracy and scope of the predictive models derived from data science. This Account contextualizes the need for more complex and diverse experimental data and highlights how the seamless integration of robotics, machine learning, and data-rich monitoring techniques can be used to access it with minimal human labor.We propose three broad categories of data in chemistry: data on fundamental properties, data on reaction outcomes, and data on reaction mechanics. We highlight flexible, automated platforms that can be deployed to acquire and leverage these data. The first platform combines solid- and liquid-dosing modules with computer vision to automate solubility screening, thereby gathering fundamental data that are necessary for almost every experimental design. Using computer vision offers the additional benefit of creating a visual record, which can be referenced and used to further interrogate and gain insight on the data collected. The second platform iteratively tests reaction variables proposed by a ML algorithm in a closed-loop fashion. Experimental data related to reaction outcomes are fed back into the algorithm to drive the discovery and optimization of new materials and chemical processes. The third platform uses automated process analytical technology to gather real-time data related to reaction kinetics. This system allows the researcher to directly interrogate the reaction mechanisms in granular detail to determine exactly how and why a reaction proceeds, thereby enabling reaction optimization and deployment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Paloma L. Prieto
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Tara Zepel
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Shad Grunert
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jason E. Hein
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Miyazato I, Nguyen TN, Takahashi L, Taniike T, Takahashi K. Representing Catalytic and Processing Space in Methane Oxidation Reaction via Multioutput Machine Learning. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:808-814. [PMID: 33415983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Multioutput support vector regression (SVR) is implemented to simultaneously predict the selectivities and the CH4 conversion against experimental conditions in methane oxidation catalysts. The predictions unveil the details of how each selectivity and CH4 conversion behaves in each catalyst. In particular, the selectivity and the CH4 conversion of Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2, Ti-Na2WO4/SiO2, Pd-Na2WO4/SiO2, and Na2WO 4/SiO2 are predicted, and the effects of Mn, Ti, and Pd are unveiled. In addition, the trade-off points of CO and C2H6 are identified for each catalyst, leading to maximization of the C2H6 yield. Thus the simultaneous prediction of the reaction trend with catalysts not only will help with the understanding of the catalyst activities but also will provide guidance for designing the experimental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itsuki Miyazato
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Thanh Nhat Nguyen
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Lauren Takahashi
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Taniike
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Keisuke Takahashi
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wilbraham L, Mehr SHM, Cronin L. Digitizing Chemistry Using the Chemical Processing Unit: From Synthesis to Discovery. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:253-262. [PMID: 33370095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The digitization of chemistry is not simply about using machine learning or artificial intelligence systems to process chemical data, or about the development of ever more capable automation hardware; instead, it is the creation of a hard link between an abstracted process ontology of chemistry and bespoke hardware for performing reactions or exploring reactivity. Chemical digitization is therefore about the unambiguous development of an architecture, a chemical state machine, that uses this ontology to connect precise instruction sets to hardware that performs chemical transformations. This approach enables a universal standard for describing chemistry procedures via a chemical programming language and facilitates unambiguous dissemination of these procedures. We predict that this standard will revolutionize the ability of chemists to collaborate, increase reproducibility and safety, as we all as optimize for cost and efficiency. Most importantly, the digitization of chemistry will dramatically reduce the labor needed to make new compounds and broaden accessible chemical space. In recent years, the developments of automation in chemistry have gone beyond flow chemistry alone, with many bespoke workflows being developed not only for automating chemical synthesis but also for materials, nanomaterials, and formulation production. Indeed, the leap from fixed-configuration synthesis machines like peptide, nucleic acid, or dedicated cross-coupling engines is important for developing a truly universal approach to "dial-a-molecule". In this case, a key conceptual leap is the use of a batch system that can encode the chemical reagents, solvent, and products as packets which can be moved around the system, and a graph-based approach for the description of hardware modules that allows the compilation of chemical code that runs on, in principle, any hardware. Further, the integration of sensor systems for monitoring and controlling the state of the chemical synthesis machine, as well as high resolution spectroscopic tools, is vital if these systems are to facilitate closed-loop autonomous experiments. Systems that not only make molecules and materials, but also optimize their function, and use algorithms to assist with the development of new synthetic pathways and process optimization are also possible. Here, we discuss how the digitization of chemistry is happening, building on the plethora of technological developments in hardware and software. Importantly, digital-chemical robot systems need to integrate feedback from simple sensors, e.g., conductivity or temperature, as well as online analytics in order to navigate process space autonomously. This will open the door to accessing known molecules (synthesis), exploring whether known compounds/reactions are possible under new conditions (optimization), and searching chemical space for unknown and unexpected new molecules, reactions, and modes of reactivity (discovery). We will also discuss the role of chemical knowledge and how this can be used to challenge bias, as well as define and expand synthetically accessible chemical space using programmable robotic chemical state machines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam Wilbraham
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - S. Hessam M. Mehr
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Leroy Cronin
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chen JM, Peng L, Zhou FF, Liu B, Hou C, Li JW, Huang Z, Kurmoo M, Zeng MH. A Domino Fusion of an Organic Ligand Depended on Metal-Induced and Oxygen Insertion, Unraveled by Crystallography, Mass Spectrometry, and DFT Calculations. Chemistry 2021; 27:2875-2881. [PMID: 33231936 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the reaction of (1-methyl-1 H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methanamine (L1) with Co(H2 O)6 Cl2 , in CH3 CN at 120 °C, leading to the 2,3,5,6-tetrakis(1-methyl-1 H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)pyrazine (3), isolated as a dimeric cluster {[CoII 2 (3)Cl4 ]⋅2 CH3 CN} (2), is reported. When O2 and H2 O are present, (1-methyl-1 H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-carbonyl)amide (HL1') is first formed and crystallized as [CoIII (L1)2 (L1')]Cl2 ⋅2 H2 O (4) before fusion of HL1' with L1, giving 1-methyl-N-(1-methyl-1 H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-carbonyl)-1 H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-carboxamide (HL2'') forming a one-dimensional (1D) chain of [CoII 3 (L2'')2 Cl4 ]n (5). The combination of crystallography and mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) of isolated crystals and the solutions taken from the reaction as a function time reveal seven intermediate steps leading to 2, but six steps for 5, for which a different sequence takes place. Control and isotope labeling experiments confirm the two carbonyl oxygen atoms in 5 originate from both air and water. The dependence on the metals, compared with FeCl3 ⋅6 H2 O leading to a stable triheteroarylmethyl radical, is quite astounding, which could be attributed to the different oxidation states of the metals and coordination modes confirmed by DFT calculations. This metal and valence dependent process is a very useful way for selectively obtaining these large molecules, which are unachievable by common organic synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P.R. China.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis, Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P.R. China
| | - Liang Peng
- Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Fang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P.R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis, Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Hou
- Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P.R. China.,College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Wei Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis, Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Huang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis, Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P.R. China
| | - Mohamedally Kurmoo
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS-UMR7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, Strasbourg, 67070, France
| | - Ming-Hua Zeng
- Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P.R. China.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis, Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gordeev EG, Ananikov VP. Widely accessible 3D printing technologies in chemistry, biochemistry and pharmaceutics: applications, materials and prospects. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
35
|
Xiao X, Shao B, Lu Y, Cao Q, Xia C, Chen F. Recent Advances in Asymmetric Organomulticatalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic China
| | - Bing‐Xuan Shao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic China
| | - Yin‐Jie Lu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic China
| | - Qian‐Qian Cao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic China
| | - Chun‐Nian Xia
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic China
| | - Fen‐Er Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic China
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules Fudan University Shanghai 200433 People's Republic China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs Shanghai 200433 People's Republic China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Uchimiya M, Bannon D, Nakanishi H, McBride MB, Williams MA, Yoshihara T. Chemical Speciation, Plant Uptake, and Toxicity of Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soils. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12856-12869. [PMID: 32155055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals in agricultural soils exist in diverse dissolved (free cations and complexed species of positive, neutral, or negative charges), particulate (sorbed, structural, and coprecipitated), and colloidal (micro- and nanometer-sized particles) species. The fate of different heavy metal species is controlled by the master variables: pH (solubility), ionic strength (activity and charge-shielding), and dissolved organic carbon (complexation). In the rhizosphere, chemical speciation controls toxicokinetics (uptake and transport of metals by plants) while toxicodynamics (interaction between the plant and absorbed species) drives the toxicity outcome. Based on the critical review, the authors recommend omics and data mining techniques to link discrete knowledge bases from the speciation dynamics, soil microbiome, and plant transporter/gene expression relevant to homeostasis conditions of modern agriculture. Such efforts could offer a disruptive application tool to improve and sustain plant tolerance, food safety, and environmental quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minori Uchimiya
- USDA-ARS Southern Regional Research Center, 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
| | - Desmond Bannon
- Toxicology Directorate, Army Public Health Center, 8988 Willoughby Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Hiromi Nakanishi
- Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Murray B McBride
- Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, 910 Bradfield Hall, 115 Coastal Way, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Marc A Williams
- Toxicology Directorate, Army Public Health Center, 8988 Willoughby Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Toshihiro Yoshihara
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Moosavi S, Jablonka KM, Smit B. The Role of Machine Learning in the Understanding and Design of Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20273-20287. [PMID: 33170678 PMCID: PMC7716341 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Developing algorithmic approaches for the rational design and discovery of materials can enable us to systematically find novel materials, which can have huge technological and social impact. However, such rational design requires a holistic perspective over the full multistage design process, which involves exploring immense materials spaces, their properties, and process design and engineering as well as a techno-economic assessment. The complexity of exploring all of these options using conventional scientific approaches seems intractable. Instead, novel tools from the field of machine learning can potentially solve some of our challenges on the way to rational materials design. Here we review some of the chief advancements of these methods and their applications in rational materials design, followed by a discussion on some of the main challenges and opportunities we currently face together with our perspective on the future of rational materials design and discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed
Mohamad Moosavi
- Laboratory of Molecular Simulation,
Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l’Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Valais, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Maik Jablonka
- Laboratory of Molecular Simulation,
Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l’Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Valais, Switzerland
| | - Berend Smit
- Laboratory of Molecular Simulation,
Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l’Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Valais, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hardwick T, Ahmed N. Digitising chemical synthesis in automated and robotic flow. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11973-11988. [PMID: 34094419 PMCID: PMC8163218 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04250a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous flow chemical synthesis is already known to have many attributes that give it superiority over batch processes in several respects. To expand these advantages with those from automation will only drive such enabling technologies further into the faster producing, more efficient 21st century chemical world. In this report we present several examples of algorithmic chemical search, along with flow platforms that link hardware and digital chemical operations on software. This enables organic syntheses to be automatically carried out and optimised with as little human intervention as possible. By applying such enabling technologies to the production of small organic molecules and pharmaceutical compounds in end-to-end multistep processes, a range of reaction types can be accessed and, thus, the flexibility of these single, compact flow designs may be revealed. Automated systems can allow several reactions to take place on the same setup, enabling direct comparison of reactions under different conditions. Moreover, the production of new and known target compounds can be made faster and more efficient, the recipes of which can then be stored as digital files. Some of the automating software has employed machine-powered learning to assist the chemist in developing intelligent algorithms and artificial intelligence (AI) driven synthetic route planning. This ultimately produces a continuous flow platform that can design its own viable pathway to a particular molecule and then carry it out on its own, allowing the chemists, at the same time, to apply their expertise to other pressing challenges in their fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Hardwick
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Cybulski O, Dygas M, Mikulak-Klucznik B, Siek M, Klucznik T, Choi SY, Mitchell RJ, Sobolev YI, Grzybowski BA. Concentric liquid reactors for chemical synthesis and separation. Nature 2020; 586:57-63. [PMID: 32999483 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2768-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed increased interest in systems that are capable of supporting multistep chemical processes without the need for manual handling of intermediates. These systems have been based either on collections of batch reactors1 or on flow-chemistry designs2-4, both of which require considerable engineering effort to set up and control. Here we develop an out-of-equilibrium system in which different reaction zones self-organize into a geometry that can dictate the progress of an entire process sequence. Multiple (routinely around 10, and in some cases more than 20) immiscible or pairwise-immiscible liquids of different densities are placed into a rotating container, in which they experience a centrifugal force that dominates over surface tension. As a result, the liquids organize into concentric layers, with thicknesses as low as 150 micrometres and theoretically reaching tens of micrometres. The layers are robust, yet can be internally mixed by accelerating or decelerating the rotation, and each layer can be individually addressed, enabling the addition, sampling or even withdrawal of entire layers during rotation. These features are combined in proof-of-concept experiments that demonstrate, for example, multistep syntheses of small molecules of medicinal interest, simultaneous acid-base extractions, and selective separations from complex mixtures mediated by chemical shuttles. We propose that 'wall-less' concentric liquid reactors could become a useful addition to the toolbox of process chemistry at small to medium scales and, in a broader context, illustrate the advantages of transplanting material and/or chemical systems from traditional, static settings into a rotating frame of reference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olgierd Cybulski
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Miroslaw Dygas
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Mikulak-Klucznik
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Siek
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tomasz Klucznik
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Seong Yeol Choi
- Division of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert J Mitchell
- Division of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yaroslav I Sobolev
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea. .,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Poudel K, Park S, Hwang J, Ku SK, Yong CS, Kim JO, Byeon JH. Photothermally Modulatable and Structurally Disintegratable Sub-8-nm Au 1Ag 9 Embedded Nanoblocks for Combination Cancer Therapy Produced by Plug-in Assembly. ACS NANO 2020; 14:11040-11054. [PMID: 32816451 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As well as the exploration of translatable delivery nanosystems for cancer therapeutic agents, the development of automatable continuous-flow manufacturing technology comprising digitally controlled reactions for the on-demand production of pharmaceuticals is an important challenge in anticancer nanomedicine. Most attempts to resolve these issues have involved the development of alternative reactions, formulations, or constructs containing stimulus components aimed at producing multiple approaches for highly efficacious combination cancer therapies. However, there has been no report of a platform based on plug-in execution that enables continuous-flow manufacture in a compact, reconfigurable manner, although an optimal platform technology may be a prerequisite for the timely translation of recently developed nanomedicines. To this end, we describe the development of a platform toward digitizable, continuous manufacture by a serial combination of plug-in reactionwares (heating plates, a spraying cup, and a photochamber) for single-pass flow fabrication. Specifically, we fabricated three different composite nanoblocks consisting of Au1Ag9 (<8 nm; stimulus component), docetaxel (an anticancer drug), and bovine serum albumin (a protective and targeting agent) using our system, with the result of producing nanoblocks with photothermally modulatable and structurally disintegratable properties. These were examined for effectiveness in near-infrared-induced chemothermal cancer therapy and renal excretion of Au1Ag9 particles and exhibited high anticancer efficacy and warrantable biosafety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kishwor Poudel
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjae Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Hwang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Kwang Ku
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Soon Yong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Byeon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group School of Chemistry Monash University 19 Rainforest Walk Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wei Q, Li H, Liu G, He Y, Wang Y, Tan YE, Wang D, Peng X, Yang G, Tsubaki N. Metal 3D printing technology for functional integration of catalytic system. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4098. [PMID: 32796863 PMCID: PMC7428005 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical properties and geometries of printed products have been extensively studied in metal 3D printing. However, chemical properties and catalytic functions, introduced by metal 3D printing itself, are rarely mentioned. Here we show that metal 3D printing products themselves can simultaneously serve as chemical reactors and catalysts (denoted as self-catalytic reactor or SCR) for direct conversion of C1 molecules (including CO, CO2 and CH4) into high value-added chemicals. The Fe-SCR and Co-SCR successfully catalyze synthesis of liquid fuel from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and CO2 hydrogenation; the Ni-SCR efficiently produces syngas (CO/H2) by CO2 reforming of CH4. Further, the Co-SCR geometrical studies indicate that metal 3D printing itself can establish multiple control functions to tune the catalytic product distribution. The present work provides a simple and low-cost manufacturing method to realize functional integration of catalyst and reactor, and will facilitate the developments of chemical synthesis and 3D printing technology. Metal 3D printing is a very promising technology to revolutionize catalytic systems. Here the authors show that metal 3D printing products themselves can simultaneously serve as chemical reactors and catalysts for conversion of C1 molecules into high value-added chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinhong Wei
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan.,Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Petrochemical Technology and Energy Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Hangjie Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Guoguo Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Yingluo He
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Yen Ee Tan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Ding Wang
- School of Material Science & Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Xiaobo Peng
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan. .,Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China.
| | - Guohui Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan. .,State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Noritatsu Tsubaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Montoya JH, Winther KT, Flores RA, Bligaard T, Hummelshøj JS, Aykol M. Autonomous intelligent agents for accelerated materials discovery. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8517-8532. [PMID: 34123112 PMCID: PMC8163357 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01101k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an end-to-end computational system for autonomous materials discovery. The system aims for cost-effective optimization in large, high-dimensional search spaces of materials by adopting a sequential, agent-based approach to deciding which experiments to carry out. In choosing next experiments, agents can make use of past knowledge, surrogate models, logic, thermodynamic or other physical constructs, heuristic rules, and different exploration-exploitation strategies. We show a series of examples for (i) how the discovery campaigns for finding materials satisfying a relative stability objective can be simulated to design new agents, and (ii) how those agents can be deployed in real discovery campaigns to control experiments run externally, such as the cloud-based density functional theory simulations in this work. In a sample set of 16 campaigns covering a range of binary and ternary chemistries including metal oxides, phosphides, sulfides and alloys, this autonomous platform found 383 new stable or nearly stable materials with no intervention by the researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raul A Flores
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Thomas Bligaard
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark Lyngby Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Liu S, Liu R, Gao D, Trentin I, Streb C. A 3d-printed composite electrode for sustained electrocatalytic oxygen evolution. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8476-8479. [PMID: 32588841 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03579c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the facile design and fabrication of 3D-printed microstructured electrodes for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution. ABS polymer-based mesh scaffolds are chemically functionalized to enable electroless nickel metal deposition and subsequent catalyst (nickel iron hydroxide) immobilization. The resulting composites show sustained oxygen evolution with low overpotentials and high stability. The modular approach reported enables the scalable on-demand fabrication of microstructured composite electrodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si Liu
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Rongji Liu
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Dandan Gao
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Ivan Trentin
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Carsten Streb
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany. and Helmholtz Institute Ulm, Electrochemical Energy Storage, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lamprou DA. Emerging technologies for diagnostics and drug delivery in the fight against COVID-19 and other pandemics. Expert Rev Med Devices 2020; 17:1007-1012. [PMID: 32674622 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2020.1792287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A pandemic is the worst-case scenario in the field of infectious diseases. Innovative technologies have the potential to address the challenges associated with the manufacture of personalized drug delivery systems, biosensors, and medical devices during a pandemic. 3D-Printing, microfluidics, and Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) can provide an important part on this fight, as are cheap, easy to be operated, capable to provide rapid detection and monitoring of a disease, and deliver medicines. AREAS COVERED This manuscript answers the question of how these emerging technologies can save lives during a pandemic by avoiding supply chain delays and also by providing rapid diagnostics, disease monitoring, or by offering personalized treatments. The manuscript covers recent approaches in the topic with a focus in manuscripts published in the last year and by emphasising recent regulatory considerations by regulatory agencies in the manufacturing of 3DP systems or other medical devices during COVID. EXPERT OPINION New manufacturing techniques are emerging with the ability to address the challenges associated with the development of medical devices or diagnostics, during a pandemic. Are many challenges in order to achieve this and especially in short times that are required under a pandemic attack, which will also be covered in this manuscript.
Collapse
|
46
|
Maier MC, Valotta A, Hiebler K, Soritz S, Gavric K, Grabner B, Gruber-Woelfler H. 3D Printed Reactors for Synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in Continuous Flow. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel C. Maier
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Alessia Valotta
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Katharina Hiebler
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Sebastian Soritz
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Kristian Gavric
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Bianca Grabner
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Heidrun Gruber-Woelfler
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz, 8010, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Thomson CG, Lee AL, Vilela F. Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow chemical reactors. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1495-1549. [PMID: 32647551 PMCID: PMC7323633 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The synergy between photocatalysis and continuous flow chemical reactors has shifted the paradigms of photochemistry, opening new avenues of research with safer and scalable processes that can be readily implemented in academia and industry. Current state-of-the-art photocatalysts are homogeneous transition metal complexes that have favourable photophysical properties, wide electrochemical redox potentials, and photostability. However, these photocatalysts present serious drawbacks, such as toxicity, limited availability, and the overall cost of rare transition metal elements. This reduces their long-term viability, especially at an industrial scale. Heterogeneous photocatalysts (HPCats) are an attractive alternative, as the requirement for the separation and purification is largely removed, but typically at the cost of efficiency. Flow chemical reactors can, to a large extent, mitigate the loss in efficiency through reactor designs that enhance mass transport and irradiation. Herein, we review some important developments of heterogeneous photocatalytic materials and their application in flow reactors for sustainable organic synthesis. Further, the application of continuous flow heterogeneous photocatalysis in environmental remediation is briefly discussed to present some interesting reactor designs that could be implemented to enhance organic synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Thomson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ai-Lan Lee
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Filipe Vilela
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS Scotland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Natural products (NPs), a nature's reservoir possessing enormous structural and functional diversity far beyond the current ability of chemical synthesis, are now proving themselves as most wonderful gifts from mother nature for human beings. Many of them have been used successfully as medicines, as well as the most important sources of drug leads, food additives, and many industry relevant products for millennia. Most notably, more than half of the antibiotics and anti-cancer drugs currently in use are, or derived from, natural products. However, the speed and outputs of NP-based drug discovery has been slowing down dramatically after the fruitful harvest of the "low-hanging fruit" during the golden age of 1950s-1960s. With recent scientific advances combining metabolic sciences and technology, multi-omics, big data, combinatorial biosynthesis, synthetic biology, genome editing technology (such as CRISPR), artificial intelligence (AI), and 3D printing, the "high-hanging fruit" is becoming more and more accessible with reduced costs. We are now more and more confident that a new age of natural products discovery is dawning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaojun Tong
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Zixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
MacLeod BP, Parlane FGL, Morrissey TD, Häse F, Roch LM, Dettelbach KE, Moreira R, Yunker LPE, Rooney MB, Deeth JR, Lai V, Ng GJ, Situ H, Zhang RH, Elliott MS, Haley TH, Dvorak DJ, Aspuru-Guzik A, Hein JE, Berlinguette CP. Self-driving laboratory for accelerated discovery of thin-film materials. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz8867. [PMID: 32426501 PMCID: PMC7220369 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz8867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Discovering and optimizing commercially viable materials for clean energy applications typically takes more than a decade. Self-driving laboratories that iteratively design, execute, and learn from materials science experiments in a fully autonomous loop present an opportunity to accelerate this research process. We report here a modular robotic platform driven by a model-based optimization algorithm capable of autonomously optimizing the optical and electronic properties of thin-film materials by modifying the film composition and processing conditions. We demonstrate the power of this platform by using it to maximize the hole mobility of organic hole transport materials commonly used in perovskite solar cells and consumer electronics. This demonstration highlights the possibilities of using autonomous laboratories to discover organic and inorganic materials relevant to materials sciences and clean energy technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B. P. MacLeod
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - F. G. L. Parlane
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - T. D. Morrissey
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - F. Häse
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, MaRS Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L. M. Roch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, MaRS Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - K. E. Dettelbach
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - R. Moreira
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - L. P. E. Yunker
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M. B. Rooney
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J. R. Deeth
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - V. Lai
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - G. J. Ng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - H. Situ
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - R. H. Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M. S. Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - T. H. Haley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - D. J. Dvorak
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - A. Aspuru-Guzik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, MaRS Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), MaRS Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J. E. Hein
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - C. P. Berlinguette
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), MaRS Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Roch LM, Häse F, Kreisbeck C, Tamayo-Mendoza T, Yunker LPE, Hein JE, Aspuru-Guzik A. ChemOS: An orchestration software to democratize autonomous discovery. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229862. [PMID: 32298284 PMCID: PMC7161969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The current Edisonian approach to discovery requires up to two decades of fundamental and applied research for materials technologies to reach the market. Such a slow and capital-intensive turnaround calls for disruptive strategies to expedite innovation. Self-driving laboratories have the potential to provide the means to revolutionize experimentation by empowering automation with artificial intelligence to enable autonomous discovery. However, the lack of adequate software solutions significantly impedes the development of self-driving laboratories. In this paper, we make progress towards addressing this challenge, and we propose and develop an implementation of ChemOS; a portable, modular and versatile software package which supplies the structured layers necessary for the deployment and operation of self-driving laboratories. ChemOS facilitates the integration of automated equipment, and it enables remote control of automated laboratories. ChemOS can operate at various degrees of autonomy; from fully unsupervised experimentation to actively including inputs and feedbacks from researchers into the experimentation loop. The flexibility of ChemOS provides a broad range of functionality as demonstrated on five applications, which were executed on different automated equipment, highlighting various aspects of the software package.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loïc M. Roch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Florian Häse
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christoph Kreisbeck
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Teresa Tamayo-Mendoza
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lars P. E. Yunker
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason E. Hein
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Institute of Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|