1
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Lin PC, Wong CD, Jarvo ER. Cross-selective Deoxygenative Coupling of Aliphatic Alcohols: Installation of Methyl Groups including Isotopic Labels by Nickel Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403119. [PMID: 38604974 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling reactions of two aliphatic alcohol derivatives remain a challenge. Herein, we report a nickel-catalyzed reductive methylation reaction of aliphatic mesylates with methyl tosylate. This reaction provides straightforward access to compounds bearing aliphatic methyl groups from alkyl alcohol derivatives. Isotopically labelled substrates and reagents can be employed in the reaction to provide perdeuterated and 13C-labelled products. This transformation can be achieved by employing stoichiometric Mn reductant or electrochemically. Additionally, mechanistic experiments show that alkyl iodides are key intermediates in the transformation which undergo a stereoablative reaction via radical intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92617, United States
| | - Chloe D Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92617, United States
| | - Elizabeth R Jarvo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92617, United States
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2
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Lee J, Lee S. Dehalogenative deuteration of alkyl and aryl bromides by thiyl radical catalysis under visible-light irradiation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5526-5529. [PMID: 38695506 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00474d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a mild and practical method for the deuteration of alkyl and aryl bromides by a thiyl radical catalyst and halogen-atom transfer (XAT) using disulfides and silanes under visible-light irradiation. In this study, various organic bromides such as 1°, 2°, and 3°-alkyl bromides and aryl bromides were converted to deuterated products in good to excellent yields and D-incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiin Lee
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunggi Lee
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Basic Science, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
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3
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Zhang HH, Chen MZ, Yu X, Bonnesen PV, Wu Z, Chen HL, O'Neill H. Synthesis of Perdeuterated Alkyl Amines/Amides with Pt/C as Catalyst under Mild Conditions. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38741072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
A convenient method for the synthesis of perdeuterated alkyl amides/amines is disclosed. Perdeuterated acetyl amides can be achieved by a hydrogen-deuterium (H/D) exchange protocol with Pt/C as a catalyst and D2O as a deuterium source under mild conditions. After removal or reduction of the acetyl group, this protocol can provide perdeuterated primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, which are difficult to achieve via other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hai Zhang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Meng-Zhe Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Xinbin Yu
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Peter V Bonnesen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Zili Wu
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Hsin-Lung Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Hugh O'Neill
- Neutron Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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4
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Rrapi M, Batsika CS, Nikitas NF, Tappin NDC, Triandafillidi I, Renaud P, Kokotos CG. Photochemical Synthesis of Lactones, Cyclopropanes and ATRA Products: Revealing the Role of Sodium Ascorbate. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400253. [PMID: 38324672 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Light-mediated processes have received significant attention, since they have re-surfaced unconventional reactivity platforms, complementary to conventional polar chemistry. γ-Lactones and cyclopropanes are prevalent moieties, found in numerous natural products and pharmaceuticals. Among various methods for their synthesis, light-mediated protocols are coming to the spotlight, although these are contingent upon the use of photoorgano- or metal-based catalysts. Herein, we introduce a novel photochemical activation of iodo-reagents via the use of cheap sodium ascorbate or ascorbic acid to enable their homolytic scission and addition onto double bonds. The developed protocol was applied successfully to the formal [3+2] cycloaddition for the synthesis of γ-lactones, traditional atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) reactions and the one-pot two-step conversion of alkenes to cyclopropanes. In all cases, the desired products were obtained in good to high yields, while the reaction mechanism was thoroughly investigated. Depending on the nature of the iodo-reagent, a halogen or a hydrogen-bonded complex is formed, which initiates the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Rrapi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Charikleia S Batsika
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Nikolaos F Nikitas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas D C Tappin
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ierasia Triandafillidi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Philippe Renaud
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
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5
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Kinney RG, Zgheib J, Lagueux-Tremblay PL, Zhou C, Yang H, Li J, Gauthier DR, Arndtsen BA. A metal-catalysed functional group metathesis approach to the carbon isotope labelling of carboxylic acids. Nat Chem 2024; 16:556-563. [PMID: 38374455 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The distribution, metabolism and ultimate fate of molecules within the body is central to the activity of pharmaceuticals. However, the introduction of radioisotopes into the metabolically stable carbon sites on drugs to probe these features typically requires toxic, radioactive gases such as [14C]CO and [14C]CO2. Here we describe an approach to directly carbon-label carboxylic-acid-containing pharmaceuticals via a metal-catalysed functional group exchange reaction, forming 14C-labelled carboxylic-acid-containing drugs without radioactive gases, in one pot, using an easily available and handled carboxylic acid 14C source. To enable this process, a functional group metathesis of carbon-carbon covalent bonds in acid chloride functionalities is developed, exploiting the ability of nickel catalysts to both reversibly activate carbon-chloride bonds and exchange functionalities between organic molecules. The drug development applicability is illustrated by the direct incorporation of the 14C label or 13C label into an array of complex aryl, alkyl, vinyl and heterocyclic carboxylic acid drugs or drug candidates without gases or a special apparatus, at ambient conditions and without loss of the radiolabel.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Garrison Kinney
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - José Zgheib
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Cuihan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Jingwei Li
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Donald R Gauthier
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA.
| | - Bruce A Arndtsen
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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6
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Zhu WF, Empel C, Pelliccia S, Koenigs RM, Proschak E, Hernandez-Olmos V. Photochemistry in Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38457829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Photochemistry has emerged as a transformative force in organic chemistry, significantly expanding the chemical space accessible for medicinal chemistry. Light-induced reactions enable the efficient synthesis of intricate organic structures and have found applications throughout the different stages of the drug discovery and development processes. Moreover, photochemical techniques provide innovative solutions in chemical biology, allowing precise spatiotemporal drug activation and targeted delivery. In this Perspective, we highlight the already numerous remarkable applications and the even more promising future of photochemistry in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Felix Zhu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Claire Empel
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sveva Pelliccia
- Department of Pharmacy (DoE 2023-2027), University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rene M Koenigs
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ewgenij Proschak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Victor Hernandez-Olmos
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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7
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Han G, Li G, Sun Y. Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation Using Palladium Membrane Reactors. JACS AU 2024; 4:328-343. [PMID: 38425903 PMCID: PMC10900496 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogenation is a crucial chemical process employed in a myriad of industries, often facilitated by metals such as Pd, Pt, and Ni as catalysts. Traditional thermocatalytic hydrogenation usually necessitates high temperature and elevated pressure, making the process energy intensive. Electrocatalytic hydrogenation offers an alternative but suffers from issues such as competing H2 evolution, electrolyte separation, and limited solvent selection. This Perspective introduces the evolution and advantages of the electrocatalytic Pd membrane reactor (ePMR) as a solution to these challenges. ePMR utilizes a Pd membrane to physically separate the electrochemical chamber from the hydrogenation chamber, permitting the use of water as the hydrogen source and eliminating the need for H2 gas. This setup allows for greater control over reaction conditions, such as solvent and electrolyte selection, while mitigating issues such as low Faradaic efficiency and complex product separation. Several representative hydrogenation reactions (e.g., hydrogenation of C=C, C≡C, C=O, C≡N, and O=O bonds) achieved via ePMR over the past 30 years were concisely discussed to highlight the unique advantages of ePMR. Promising research directions along with the advancement of ePMR for more challenging hydrogenation reactions are also proposed. Finally, we provide a prospect for future development of this distinctive hydrogenation strategy using hydrogen-permeable membrane electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yujie Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
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8
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Chiu NC, Lessard JM, Musa EN, Lancaster LS, Wheeler C, Krueger TD, Chen C, Gallagher TC, Nord MT, Huang H, Cheong PHY, Fang C, Stylianou KC. Elucidation of the role of metals in the adsorption and photodegradation of herbicides by metal-organic frameworks. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1459. [PMID: 38368421 PMCID: PMC10874385 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, four MOFs, namely Sc-TBAPy, Al-TBAPy, Y-TBAPy, and Fe-TBAPy (TBAPy: 1,3,6,8-tetrakis(p-benzoic acid)pyrene), were characterized and evaluated for their ability to remediate glyphosate (GP) from water. Among these materials, Sc-TBAPy demonstrates superior performance in both the adsorption and degradation of GP. Upon light irradiation for 5 min, Sc-TBAPy completely degrades 100% of GP in a 1.5 mM aqueous solution. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy reveals that Sc-TBAPy exhibits enhanced charge transfer character compared to the other MOFs, as well as suppressed formation of emissive excimers that could impede photocatalysis. This finding was further supported by hydrogen evolution half-reaction (HER) experiments, which demonstrated Sc-TBAPy's superior catalytic activity for water splitting. In addition to its faster adsorption and more efficient photodegradation of GP, Sc-TBAPy also followed a selective pathway towards the oxidation of GP, avoiding the formation of toxic aminomethylphosphonic acid observed with the other M3+-TBAPy MOFs. To investigate the selectivity observed with Sc-TBAPy, electron spin resonance, depleted oxygen conditions, and solvent exchange with D2O were employed to elucidate the role of different reactive oxygen species on GP photodegradation. The findings indicate that singlet oxygen (1O2) plays a critical role in the selective photodegradation pathway achieved by Sc-TBAPy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chieh Chiu
- Materials Discovery Laboratory (MaD Lab), Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Jacob M Lessard
- Materials Discovery Laboratory (MaD Lab), Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Emmanuel Nyela Musa
- Materials Discovery Laboratory (MaD Lab), Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Logan S Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Clara Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Taylor D Krueger
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Trenton C Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Makenzie T Nord
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Hongliang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, 300387, Tianjin, China.
| | - Paul Ha-Yeon Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Chong Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Kyriakos C Stylianou
- Materials Discovery Laboratory (MaD Lab), Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
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9
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Gao F, Liao ZY, Ye YH, Yu QH, Yang C, Luo QY, Du F, Pan B, Zhong WW, Liang W. Photomediated Hydro(deutero)acylation of Olefins by Decarboxylative Addition of α-Oxocarboxylic Acids. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2741-2747. [PMID: 38299344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Acyl radicals have been generated from the decarboxylation of α-oxocarboxylic acids by using a readily accessible organic pyrimidopteridine photoredox catalyst under ultraviolet-A (UV-A) light irradiation. These reactive acyl radicals were smoothly added to olefins such as styrenes and diverse Michael acceptors, with the assistance of H2O/D2O as hydrogen donors, enabling easy access to a diverse range of ketones/β-deuterio ketones. A wide range of α-oxocarboxylic acids are compatible with this reaction, which shows a reliable, atom-economical, and eco-friendly protocol. Furthermore, postsynthetic diversifications and applications are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhi-Yu Liao
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yu-Hang Ye
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qian-Hui Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Cui Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qing-Yu Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Fei Du
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Bin Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wen-Wu Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Shapingba, Chongqing 401334, China
| | - Wu Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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10
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Abstract
A practical method for the synthesis of 15N-labeled azines with a high degree of isotopic enrichment is described. Activation of azine heterocycles with an electron-deficient arene allows for the facile substitution of the nitrogen atom with a specifically designed 15N-labeled reagent that undergoes a canonical ANRORC-type mechanism. A wide range of azines can be converted to their corresponding 15N isotopologs using this method, and it also allows for dearomative access to reduced heterocyclic congeners. A short dearomative formal synthesis of 15N-solifenacin is accomplished as well to demonstrate a practical application of this method for generating labeled pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Tolchin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Joel M Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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11
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Nguyen HMH, Thomas DC, Hart MA, Steenback KR, Levy JN, McNally A. Synthesis of 15N-Pyridines and Higher Mass Isotopologs via Zincke Imine Intermediates. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2944-2949. [PMID: 38227776 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Methods to incorporate stable radioisotopes are integral to pharmaceutical and agrochemical development. However, despite the prevalence of pyridines in candidate compounds, methods to incorporate 15N atoms within their structures are limited. Here, we present a general approach to pyridine 15N-labeling that proceeds via ring-opening to NTf-Zincke imines and then ring-closure with commercially available 15NH4Cl salts. This process functions on a range of substituted pyridines, from simple building block-type compounds to late-stage labeling of complex pharmaceuticals, and 15N-incorporation is >95% in most cases. The reactivity of the Zincke imine intermediates also enables deuteration of the pyridine C3- and C5-positions, resulting in higher mass isotopologs required for LCMS analysis of biological fluids during drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary M H Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - David C Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Marie A Hart
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Kaila R Steenback
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jeffrey N Levy
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Andrew McNally
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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12
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Meng X, Dong Y, Liu Q, Wang W. Organophotocatalytic α-deuteration of unprotected primary amines via H/D exchange with D 2O. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:296-299. [PMID: 38054348 PMCID: PMC10872390 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04634f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
We report a straightforward H/D exchange method for the synthesis of α-deuterated primary amines from a diverse set of primary amines with high levels of deuteration and chemo- and site selectivity and preparative utility. This cost-effective strategy enables the direct conversion of primary amines to α-deuterated counterparts using D2O as the deuterium source under mild reaction conditions without requiring additional functionality manipulation and with minimal byproduct production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, USA.
| | - Yue Dong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, USA.
| | - Qiangqiang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, USA.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, USA
- University of Arizona Cancer Centre, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ 85721-0207, USA
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13
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Derdau V, Elmore CS, Hartung T, McKillican B, Mejuch T, Rosenbaum C, Wiebe C. The Future of (Radio)-Labeled Compounds in Research and Development within the Life Science Industry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306019. [PMID: 37610759 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
In this review the applications of isotopically labeled compounds are discussed and put into the context of their future impact in the life sciences. Especially discussing their use in the pharma and crop science industries to follow their fate in the environment, in vivo or in complex matrices to understand the potential harm of new chemical structures and to increase the safety of human society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Derdau
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Research & Development, Integrated Drug Discovery, Isotope Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Charles S Elmore
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bruce McKillican
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, North America Product Safety (retired), USA
| | - Tom Mejuch
- BASF SE, Agricultural Solutions, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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14
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Qureshi MH, Bao J, Kleine TS, Kim KJ, Carothers KJ, Molineux J, Cho E, Kang KS, Godman NP, Coropceanu V, Bredas JL, Norwood RA, Njardarson JT, Pyun J. Synthesis of Deuterated and Sulfurated Polymers by Inverse Vulcanization: Engineering Infrared Transparency via Deuteration. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27821-27829. [PMID: 38060430 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of deuterated, sulfurated, proton-free, glassy polymers offers a route to optical polymers for infrared (IR) optics, specifically for midwave IR (MWIR) photonic devices. Deuterated polymers have been utilized to enhance neutron cross-sectional contrast with proteo polymers for morphological neutron scattering measurements but have found limited utility for other applications. We report the synthesis of perdeuterated d14-(1,3-diisopropenylbenzene) with over 99% levels of deuteration and the preparation of proton-free, perdeuterated poly(sulfur-random-d14-(1,3-diisopropenylbenzene)) (poly(S-r-d14-DIB)) via inverse vulcanization with elemental sulfur. Detailed structural analysis and quantum computational calculations of these reactions demonstrate significant kinetic isotope effects, which alter mechanistic pathways to form different copolymer microstructures for deutero vs proteo poly(S-r-DIB). This design also allows for molecular engineering of MWIR transparency by shifting C-H bond vibrations around 3.3 μm/3000 cm-1 observed in proteo poly(S-r-DIB) to 4.2 μm/2200 cm-1. Furthermore, the fabrication of thin-film MWIR optical gratings made from molding of deuterated-sulfurated, proton-free poly(S-r-d14-DIB) is demonstrated; operation of these gratings at 3.39 μm is achieved successfully, while the proteo poly(S-r-DIB) gratings are opaque at these wavelengths, highlighting the promise of MWIR sensors and compact spectrometers from these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munaum H Qureshi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jianhua Bao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Tristan S Kleine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Kyung-Jo Kim
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Kyle J Carothers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
- Azimuth Corporation, 2970 Presidential Drive, Suite 200, Beavercreek, Ohio 45324, United States
| | - Jake Molineux
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Eunkyung Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Division of Energy Technology, DIGST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Seok Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Nicholas P Godman
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
- Azimuth Corporation, 2970 Presidential Drive, Suite 200, Beavercreek, Ohio 45324, United States
| | - Veaceslav Coropceanu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Bredas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Robert A Norwood
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jon T Njardarson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jeffrey Pyun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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15
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Ban K, Imai K, Oyama S, Tokunaga J, Ikeda Y, Uchiyama H, Kadota K, Tozuka Y, Akai S, Sawama Y. Sulfonium Salt Reagents for the Introduction of Deuterated Alkyl Groups in Drug Discovery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311058. [PMID: 37726202 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of pharmaceutical drugs can be improved by replacing C-H bonds with the more stable C-D bonds at the α-position to heteroatoms, which is a typical metabolic site for cytochrome P450 enzymes. However, the application of deuterated synthons is limited. Herein, we established a novel concept for preparing deuterated reagents for the successful synthesis of complex drug skeletons with deuterium atoms at the α-position to heteroatoms. (dn -Alkyl)diphenylsulfonium salts prepared from the corresponding nondeuterated forms using inexpensive and abundant D2 O as the deuterium source with a base, were used as electrophilic alkylating reagents. Additionally, these deuterated sulfonium salts were efficiently transformed into dn -alkyl halides and a dn -alkyl azide as coupling reagents and a dn -alkyl amine as a nucleophile. Furthermore, liver microsomal metabolism studies revealed deuterium kinetic isotope effects (KIE) in 7-(d2 -ethoxy)flavone. The present concept for the synthesis of deuterated reagents and the first demonstration of a KIE in a d2 -ethoxy group will contribute to drug discovery research based on deuterium chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuho Ban
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keisuke Imai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shuki Oyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jin Tokunaga
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yui Ikeda
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Uchiyama
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kadota
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tozuka
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Shuji Akai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Sawama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Deuterium Science Research Unit, Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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16
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Saha A, Sen C, Guin S, Das C, Maiti D, Sen S, Maiti D. Photoinduced [3+2] Cycloaddition of Carbenes and Nitriles: A Versatile Approach to Oxazole Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308916. [PMID: 37843822 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a photoinduced protocol for the synthesis of pharmaceutically important oxazole molecules using diazo- and nitrile-containing reactants. The process involves the initial photolysis of the diazo compound to afford singlet carbenes, which are tapped by nitriles in a [3+2] cycloaddition fashion to give substituted oxazoles. With di-nitrile compounds, useful bis-oxazoles were obtained. The applicability of the transformation is showcased through the expedient synthesis of small-molecule drugs and biologically relevant molecules such as felbinac, pimprinine, texamine, ugnenenazole etc. The protocol is also useful for the generation of 2 H and 13 C isotope labelled oxazoles. Merging photolysis with continuous-flow chemistry was demonstrated for scaling up the reaction. The non-requirement of metal catalysis or photosensitizers to harness the light energy with blue light sufficing the execution of the reaction makes it a versatile and general protocol for the synthesis of structurally diverse oxazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argha Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Chiranjit Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Srimanta Guin
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Chandan Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Debajit Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Uttar Pradesh, 201314, India
| | - Subhabrata Sen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Uttar Pradesh, 201314, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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17
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Luo T, Wang Z, Chen Y, Li H, Peng M, Tuna F, McInnes EJL, Day SJ, An J, Schröder M, Yang S. Photocatalytic Dehalogenative Deuteration of Halides over a Robust Metal-Organic Framework. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306267. [PMID: 37783657 PMCID: PMC10952292 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Deuterium labelling of organic compounds is an important process in chemistry. We report the first example of photocatalytic dehalogenative deuteration of both arylhalides and alkylhalides (40 substrates) over a metal-organic framework, MFM-300(Cr), using CD3 CN as the deuterium source at room temperature. MFM-300(Cr) catalyses high deuterium incorporation and shows excellent tolerance to various functional groups. Synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction reveals the activation of halogenated substrates via confined binding within MFM-300(Cr). In situ electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy confirms the formation of carbon-based radicals as intermediates and reveals the reaction pathway. This protocol removes the use of precious-metal catalysts from state-of-the-art processes based upon direct hydrogen isotope exchange and shows high photocatalytic stability, thus enabling multiple catalytic cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Luo
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Zi Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Yinlin Chen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Hengzhao Li
- Department of Nutrition and HealthChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Mengqi Peng
- Department of Nutrition and HealthChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Floriana Tuna
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
- Photon Science InstituteUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Eric J. L. McInnes
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
- Photon Science InstituteUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Sarah J. Day
- Diamond Light SourceHarwell Science CampusOxfordshireOX11 0DEUK
| | - Jie An
- Department of Nutrition and HealthChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Martin Schröder
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Sihai Yang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringBeijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
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18
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Liu Y, Li P, Wang Y, Qiu Y. Electroreductive Cross-Electrophile Coupling (eXEC) Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306679. [PMID: 37327185 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry utilizes electrons as a potent, controllable, and traceless alternative to chemical oxidants or reductants, and typically offers a more sustainable option for achieving selective organic synthesis. Recently, the merger of electrochemistry with readily available electrophiles has been recognized as a viable and increasingly popular methodology for efficiently constructing challenging C-C and C-heteroatom bonds in a sustainable manner for complex organic molecules. In this mini-review, we have systematically summarized the most recent advances in electroreductive cross-electrophile coupling (eXEC) reactions during the last decade. Our focus has been on readily available electrophiles, including aryl and alkyl organic (pseudo)halides, as well as small molecules such as CO2 , SO2 , and D2 O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowen Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
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19
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Behera N, Gunasekera D, Mahajan JP, Frimpong J, Liu ZF, Luo L. Electrochemical hydrogen isotope exchange of amines controlled by alternating current frequency. Faraday Discuss 2023; 247:45-58. [PMID: 37466111 PMCID: PMC10796833 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00044c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report an electrochemical protocol for hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) at α-C(sp3)-H amine sites. Tetrahydroisoquinoline and pyrrolidine are selected as two model substrates because of their different proton transfer (PT) and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) kinetics at the α-C(sp3)-H amine sites, which are utilized to control the HIE reaction outcome at different applied alternating current (AC) frequencies. We found the highest deuterium incorporation for tetrahydroisoquinolines at 0 Hz (i.e., under direct current (DC) electrolysis conditions) and pyrrolidines at 0.5 Hz. Analysis of the product distribution and D isotope incorporation at different frequencies reveals that the HIE of tetrahydroisoquinolines is limited by its slow HAT, whereas the HIE of pyrrolidines is limited by the overoxidation of its α-amino radical intermediates. The AC-frequency-dependent HIE of amines can be potentially used to achieve selective labeling of α-amine sites in one drug molecule, which will significantly impact the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nibedita Behera
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | - Disni Gunasekera
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | - Jyoti P Mahajan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | - Joseph Frimpong
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | - Zhen-Fei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | - Long Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
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20
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Wang Y, Dana S, Long H, Xu Y, Li Y, Kaplaneris N, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Late-Stage Functionalization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11269-11335. [PMID: 37751573 PMCID: PMC10571048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) constitutes a powerful strategy for the assembly or diversification of novel molecular entities with improved physicochemical or biological activities. LSF can thus greatly accelerate the development of medicinally relevant compounds, crop protecting agents, and functional materials. Electrochemical molecular synthesis has emerged as an environmentally friendly platform for the transformation of organic compounds. Over the past decade, electrochemical late-stage functionalization (eLSF) has gained major momentum, which is summarized herein up to February 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yang Xu
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Yanjun Li
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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21
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Luo J, Lu L, Montag M, Liang Y, Milstein D. Hydrogenative alkene perdeuteration aided by a transient cooperative ligand. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1384-1390. [PMID: 37667011 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01313-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Deuterogenation of unsaturated organic compounds is an attractive route for installing C(sp3)-D bonds, but the existing methods typically use expensive D2 and introduce only two deuterium atoms per unsaturation. Herein we report the hydrogenative perdeuteration of alkenes using readily available H2 and D2O instead of D2, catalysed by an acridanide-based ruthenium pincer complex and resulting in the incorporation of up to 4.9 D atoms per C=C double bond in a single synthetic step. Importantly, adding a catalytic amount of thiol, which serves as a transient cooperative ligand, ensures the incorporation of deuterium rather than protium by balancing the rates of two sequential deuteration processes. The current method opens an avenue for installing perdeuteroalkyl groups at specific sites from widely available alkenes under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lijun Lu
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael Montag
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yaoyu Liang
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - David Milstein
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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22
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He BQ, Wu X. Deuterium- and Electron-Shuttling Catalysis for Deoxygenative Deuteration of Alcohols. Org Lett 2023; 25:6571-6576. [PMID: 37646435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
A practical and precise method for visible-light-promoted deoxygenative deuteration of common aliphatic alcohols using D2O as the deuterium source is reported. Upon intermediacy of xanthate anions, a variety of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols can be facilely transformed into deuterioalkanes with excellent D-incorporation at predicted sites. The deoxygenation and deuteration sequence is catalyzed by in situ formed deuterated 2-mercaptopyridine, which plays dual roles as a deuterium atom transfer catalyst and an electron shuttle as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Qing He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xuesong Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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23
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Kramp H, Weck R, Sandvoss M, Sib A, Mencia G, Fazzini PF, Chaudret B, Derdau V. In situ Generated Iridium Nanoparticles as Hydride Donors in Photoredox-Catalyzed Hydrogen Isotope Exchange Reactions with Deuterium and Tritium Gas. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308983. [PMID: 37453077 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the photoredox-catalyzed hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) reaction with deuterium or tritium gas as isotope sources and in situ formed transition metal nanoparticles as hydrogen atom transfer pre-catalysts. By this means we have found synergistic reactivities applying two different HIE mechanisms, namely photoredox-catalyzed and CH-functionalization HIE leading to the synthesis of highly deuterated complex molecules. Finally, we adopted these findings successfully to tritium chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Kramp
- Sanofi Germany, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Remo Weck
- Sanofi Germany, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Sandvoss
- Sanofi Germany, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anna Sib
- Sanofi Germany, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gabriel Mencia
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Pier-Francesco Fazzini
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Bruno Chaudret
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Volker Derdau
- Sanofi Germany, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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24
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Okamoto K, Higuma R, Muta K, Fukumoto K, Tsuchihashi Y, Ashikari Y, Nagaki A. External Flash Generation of Carbenoids Enables Monodeuteration of Dihalomethanes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301738. [PMID: 37300319 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, incorporation of one deuterium atom was achieved by H-D exchange of one of the two identical methylene protons in various dihalomethanes (halogen=Cl, Br, and I) through a rapid-mixing microflow reaction of lithium diisopropylamide as a strong base and deuterated methanol as a deuteration reagent. Generation of highly unstable carbenoid intermediate and suppression of its decomposition were successfully controlled under high flow-rate conditions. Monofunctionalization of diiodomethane afforded various building blocks composed of boryl, stannyl, and silyl groups. The monodeuterated diiodomethane, which served as a deuterated C1 source, was subsequently subjected to diverted functionalization methods to afford various products including biologically important molecules bearing isotope labelling at specific positions and homologation products with monodeuteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Higuma
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kensuke Muta
- Fundamental Chemical Research Center, Central Glass Co., Ltd., 17-5, Nakadai 2-chome, Kawagoe City, Saitama, 350-1159, Japan
| | - Keita Fukumoto
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsuchihashi
- Taiyo Nippon Sanso Corp., 10 Okubo, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 300-2611, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ashikari
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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25
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Pan S, Ding A, Li Y, Sun Y, Zhan Y, Ye Z, Song N, Peng B, Li L, Huang W, Shao H. Small-molecule probes from bench to bedside: advancing molecular analysis of drug-target interactions toward precision medicine. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5706-5743. [PMID: 37525607 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00056g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, remarkable advances have been witnessed in the development of small-molecule probes. These molecular tools have been widely applied for interrogating proteins, pathways and drug-target interactions in preclinical research. While novel structures and designs are commonly explored in probe development, the clinical translation of small-molecule probes remains limited, primarily due to safety and regulatory considerations. Recent synergistic developments - interfacing novel chemical probes with complementary analytical technologies - have introduced and expedited diverse biomedical opportunities to molecularly characterize targeted drug interactions directly in the human body or through accessible clinical specimens (e.g., blood and ascites fluid). These integrated developments thus offer unprecedented opportunities for drug development, disease diagnostics and treatment monitoring. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the structure and design of small-molecule probes with novel functionalities and the integrated development with imaging, proteomics and other emerging technologies. We further highlight recent applications of integrated small-molecule technologies for the molecular analysis of drug-target interactions, including translational applications and emerging opportunities for whole-body imaging, tissue-based measurement and blood-based analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijun Pan
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Aixiang Ding
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yisi Li
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yaxin Sun
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yueqin Zhan
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Zhenkun Ye
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Ning Song
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Bo Peng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Lin Li
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Huilin Shao
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
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26
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Sonstrom RE, Vang ZP, Scolati HN, Neill JL, Pate BH, Clark JR. Rapid Enantiomeric Excess Measurements of Enantioisotopomers by Molecular Rotational Resonance Spectroscopy. Org Process Res Dev 2023; 27:1185-1197. [PMID: 38046274 PMCID: PMC10691865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent work in drug discovery has shown that selectively deuterated small molecules can improve the safety and efficacy for active pharmaceutical ingredients. The advantages derive from changes in metabolism resulting from the kinetic isotope effect when deuterium is substituted for a hydrogen atom at a structural position where rate limiting C-H bond breaking occurs. This application has pushed the development of precision deuteration strategies in synthetic chemistry that can install deuterium atoms with high regioselectivity and with stereocontrol. Copper-catalyzed alkene transfer hydrodeuteration chemistry has recently been shown to have high stereoselectivity for deuteration at the metabolically important benzyl C-H position. In this case, stereocontrol results in the creation of enantioisotopomers-molecules that are chiral solely by virtue of the deuterium substitution-and chiral analysis techniques are needed to assess the reaction selectivity. It was recently shown that chiral tag molecular rotational resonance (MRR) spectroscopy provides a routine way to measure the enantiomeric excess and establish the absolute configuration of enantioisotopomers. High-throughput implementations of chiral tag MRR spectroscopy are needed to support optimization of the chemical synthesis. A measurement methodology for high-throughput chiral analysis is demonstrated in this work. The high-throughput ee measurements are performed using cavity-enhanced MRR spectroscopy, which reduces measurement times and sample consumption by more than an order-of-magnitude compared to the previous enantioisotopomer analysis using a broadband MRR spectrometer. It is also shown that transitions for monitoring the enantiomers can be selected from a broadband rotational spectrum without the need for spectroscopic analysis. The general applicability of chiral tag MRR spectroscopy is illustrated by performing chiral analysis on six enantioisotopomer reaction products using a single molecule as the tag for chiral discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoua Pa Vang
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United States
| | - Haley N Scolati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Justin L Neill
- BrightSpec Inc., Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Brooks H Pate
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Joseph R Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United States
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27
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Yan Q, Wang J, Zhang L, Liu J, Wahiduzzaman M, Yan N, Yu L, Dupuis R, Wang H, Maurin G, Hirscher M, Guo P, Wang S, Du J. A squarate-pillared titanium oxide quantum sieve towards practical hydrogen isotope separation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4189. [PMID: 37443163 PMCID: PMC10344961 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39871-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Separating deuterium from hydrogen isotope mixtures is of vital importance to develop nuclear energy industry, as well as other isotope-related advanced technologies. As one of the most promising alternatives to conventional techniques for deuterium purification, kinetic quantum sieving using porous materials has shown a great potential to address this challenging objective. From the knowledge gained in this field; it becomes clear that a quantum sieve encompassing a wide range of practical features in addition to its separation performance is highly demanded to approach the industrial level. Here, the rational design of an ultra-microporous squarate pillared titanium oxide hybrid framework has been achieved, of which we report the comprehensive assessment towards practical deuterium separation. The material not only displays a good performance combining high selectivity and volumetric uptake, reversible adsorption-desorption cycles, and facile regeneration in adsorptive sieving of deuterium, but also features a cost-effective green scalable synthesis using chemical feedstock, and a good stability (thermal, chemical, mechanical and radiolytic) under various working conditions. Our findings provide an overall assessment of the material for hydrogen isotope purification and the results represent a step forward towards next generation practical materials for quantum sieving of important gas isotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Yan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Linda Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan.
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Nana Yan
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Bejing, 100049, China
| | - Liang Yu
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Romain Dupuis
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
- LMGC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Hao Wang
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Michael Hirscher
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Peng Guo
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023, Dalian, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Bejing, 100049, China.
| | - Sujing Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China.
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
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28
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Di Martino RMC, Maxwell BD, Pirali T. Deuterium in drug discovery: progress, opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:562-584. [PMID: 37277503 PMCID: PMC10241557 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00703-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Substitution of a hydrogen atom with its heavy isotope deuterium entails the addition of one neutron to a molecule. Despite being a subtle change, this structural modification, known as deuteration, may improve the pharmacokinetic and/or toxicity profile of drugs, potentially translating into improvements in efficacy and safety compared with the non-deuterated counterparts. Initially, efforts to exploit this potential primarily led to the development of deuterated analogues of marketed drugs through a 'deuterium switch' approach, such as deutetrabenazine, which became the first deuterated drug to receive FDA approval in 2017. In the past few years, the focus has shifted to applying deuteration in novel drug discovery, and the FDA approved the pioneering de novo deuterated drug deucravacitinib in 2022. In this Review, we highlight key milestones in the field of deuteration in drug discovery and development, emphasizing recent and instructive medicinal chemistry programmes and discussing the opportunities and hurdles for drug developers, as well as the questions that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tracey Pirali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
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29
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Sloane S, Vang ZP, Nelson G, Qi L, Sonstrom RE, Alansari IY, Behlow KT, Pate BH, Neufeldt SR, Clark JR. Precision Deuteration Using Cu-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrodeuteration to Access Small Molecules Deuterated at the Benzylic Position. JACS AU 2023; 3:1583-1589. [PMID: 37388686 PMCID: PMC10301681 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
A highly regio- and chemoselective Cu-catalyzed aryl alkyne transfer hydrodeuteration to access a diverse scope of aryl alkanes precisely deuterated at the benzylic position is described. The reaction benefits from a high degree of regiocontrol in the alkyne hydrocupration step, leading to the highest selectivities reported to date for an alkyne transfer hydrodeuteration reaction. Only trace isotopic impurities are formed under this protocol, and analysis of an isolated product by molecular rotational resonance spectroscopy confirms that high isotopic purity products can be generated from readily accessible aryl alkyne substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha
E. Sloane
- Department
of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United
States
| | - Zoua Pa Vang
- Department
of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United
States
| | - Genevieve Nelson
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana
State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Lihan Qi
- Department
of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United
States
| | | | - Isabella Y. Alansari
- Department
of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United
States
| | - Kiera T. Behlow
- Department
of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United
States
| | - Brooks H. Pate
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United
States
| | - Sharon R. Neufeldt
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana
State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Joseph R. Clark
- Department
of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United
States
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30
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Wu Z, Pratt DA. Radical approaches to C-S bonds. Nat Rev Chem 2023:10.1038/s41570-023-00505-x. [PMID: 37344618 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfur functionalities are ubiquitous in nature, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, materials and flavourants. Historically, these moieties were introduced almost exclusively using ionic chemistry; however, radical-based methods for the installation of sulfur-based functional groups have recently come to the fore. These radical methods have enabled their late-stage introduction into complex molecules, avoiding the need to preserve labile organosulfur moieties through multistep synthetic sequences. Here, we discuss homolytic C-S bond-forming processes, with a particular emphasis on radical substitution approaches to sulfide, disulfide and sulfinyl products, and the use of sulfur dioxide and its surrogates to build sulfonyl products. We also highlight the mechanistic considerations that we hope will guide further development of radical-based strategies compatible with the various organosulfur moieties that feature in modern chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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31
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Qiu G, Ni CL, Knowles RR. Isotopic Fractionation as a Mechanistic Probe in Light-Driven C-H Bond Exchange Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11537-11543. [PMID: 37192535 PMCID: PMC10510749 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report a diagnostic framework for elucidating the mechanisms of photoredox-based hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) reactions based on hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) fractionation. Traditional thermal HIE methods generally proceed by reversible bond cleavage and bond reformation steps that share a common transition state. However, bond cleavage and bond reformation in light-driven HIE reactions can proceed via multiple, non-degenerate sets of elementary steps, complicating both mechanistic analysis and attendant optimization efforts. Building on classical treatments of equilibrium isotope effects, the fractionation method presented here extracts information regarding the nature of the key bond-forming and bond-breaking steps by comparing the extent of deuterium incorporation into an exchangeable C-H bond in the substrate relative to the H/D isotopic ratio of a solvent reservoir. We show that the extent of fractionation is sensitive to the mechanism of the exchange process and provides a means to distinguish between degenerate and non-degenerate mechanisms for isotopic exchange. In model systems, the mechanisms implied by the fractionation method align with those predicted by thermochemical considerations. We then employed the method to study HIE reactions whose mechanisms are ambiguous on thermodynamic grounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert R. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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32
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Mortishire-Smith B, Becker SM, Simeone A, Melidis L, Balasubramanian S. A Photoredox Reaction for the Selective Modification of 5-Carboxycytosine in DNA. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10505-10511. [PMID: 37141595 PMCID: PMC10197125 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Covalent epigenetic modifications contribute to the regulation of important cellular processes during development and differentiation, and changes in their genomic distribution and frequency are linked to the emergence of genetic disease states. Chemical and enzymatic methods that selectively target the orthogonal chemical functionality of epigenetic markers are central to the study of their distribution and function, and considerable research effort has been focused on the development of nondestructive sequencing approaches which preserve valuable DNA samples. Photoredox catalysis enables transformations with tunable chemoselectivity under mild, biocompatible reaction conditions. We report the reductive decarboxylation of 5-carboxycytosine via a novel iridium-based treatment, which represents the first application of visible-light photochemistry to epigenetic sequencing via direct base conversion. We propose that the reaction involves an oxidative quenching cycle beginning with single-electron reduction of the nucleobase by the photocatalyst, followed by hydrogen atom transfer from a thiol. The saturation of the C5-C6 backbone permits decarboxylation of the nonaromatic intermediate, and hydrolysis of the N4-amine constitutes a conversion from a cytosine derivative to a T-like base. This conversion demonstrates selectivity for 5-carboxycytosine over other canonical or modified nucleoside monomers, and is thereby applied to the sequencing of 5-carboxycytosine within modified oligonucleotides. The photochemistry explored in this study can also be used in conjunction with enzymatic oxidation by TET to profile 5-methylcytosine at single-base resolution. Compared to other base-conversion treatments, the rapid photochemical reaction takes place within minutes, which could provide advantages for high-throughput detection and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sidney M. Becker
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Angela Simeone
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K.
- Cancer
Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, U.K.
| | - Larry Melidis
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K.
- Cancer
Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, U.K.
| | - Shankar Balasubramanian
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K.
- Cancer
Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, U.K.
- School
of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, United Kingdom
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33
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Zhou J, Zhao Z, Shibata N. Transition-metal-free silylboronate-mediated cross-couplings of organic fluorides with amines. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1847. [PMID: 37012229 PMCID: PMC10070422 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37466-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
C-N bond cross-couplings are fundamental in the field of organic chemistry. Herein, silylboronate-mediated selective defluorinative cross-coupling of organic fluorides with secondary amines via a transition-metal-free strategy is disclosed. The cooperation of silylboronate and potassium tert-butoxide enables the room-temperature cross-coupling of C-F and N-H bonds, effectively avoiding the high barriers associated with thermally induced SN2 or SN1 amination. The significant advantage of this transformation is the selective activation of the C-F bond of the organic fluoride by silylboronate without affecting potentially cleavable C-O, C-Cl, heteroaryl C-H, or C-N bonds and CF3 groups. Tertiary amines with aromatic, heteroaromatic, and/or aliphatic groups were efficiently synthesized in a single step using electronically and sterically varying organic fluorides and N-alkylanilines or secondary amines. The protocol is extended to the late-stage syntheses of drug candidates, including their deuterium-labeled analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Zhengyu Zhao
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan.
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan.
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34
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Hintzsche SJ, Vang ZP, Rivera Torres E, Podoski M, Clark JR. Highly selective catalytic transfer hydrodeuteration of cyclic alkenes. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2023; 66:86-94. [PMID: 36772856 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.4015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Selective deuterium installation into small molecules is becoming increasingly desirable not only for the elucidation of mechanistic pathways and studying biological processes but also because of deuterium's ability to favorably adjust the pharmacokinetic parameters of bioactive molecules. Fused bicyclic moieties, especially those containing heteroatoms, are prevalent in drug discovery and pharmaceuticals. Herein, we report a copper-catalyzed transfer hydrodeuteration of cyclic and heterocyclic alkenes, which enables the synthesis of chromans, quinolinones, and tetrahydronaphthalenes that are precisely deuterated at the benzylic position. We also demonstrate the ability to place one deuterium atom at the homobenzylic site of these scaffolds with high regioselectivity by swapping transfer reagents for their isotopic analogs. Furthermore, examples of chemoselective transfer hydrogenation and transfer deuteration are disclosed, allowing for the simultaneous incorporation of two vicinal hydrogen or deuterium atoms into a double bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Hintzsche
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Zoua Pa Vang
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Mykaela Podoski
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joseph R Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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35
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Song H, Zhang W, Zhou H, Wei J, Cai X, Yang F, Li W, Xu C. Remote Site-Selective C(sp 3)–H Monodeuteration of Unactivated Alkenes via Chain-Walking Strategy. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Song
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Hu Zhou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Wei
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xingwei Cai
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Fu Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Chen Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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36
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Kuhlmann JH, Dickoff JH, Mancheño OG. Visible Light Thiyl Radical-Mediated Desilylation of Arylsilanes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203347. [PMID: 36453609 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward, visible-light triggered desilylation of arylsilanes by thiyl radicals is presented. Silyl groups are often used to block a reactive position in multi-step organic synthesis, for which a mild cleavage at a late-stage will provide new possibilities and disconnection routes by CAr -Si cleavage/deprotection. In this work, commercially available and cheap disulfides are employed for the first time in this type of C(sp2 )-Si bond cleavage reactions. Thus, upon irradiation with visible-light, homolytic cleavage of the disulfide give rise to the corresponding thiyl radical that allows for a radical chain mechanism. This methodology represents a mild, fast and simple approach suitable for a broad variety of simply substituted arylsilanes. Moreover, the procedure could be easily extended to natural products and therapeutic derivatives, showing its robustness and synthetic application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H Kuhlmann
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan H Dickoff
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Olga García Mancheño
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
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37
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Jiang W, Shao F, Cheng J, Ma F, Wei Z, Zhong X, Wang H, Wang J. Calcium Aluminate Induced Pt(0)‐Pt(δ+) Coupling Boost Catalyzed H−D Exchange Reaction of Arenes with Deuterium Oxide. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Jiang
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310032 P.R. China
| | - Fangjun Shao
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310032 P.R. China
| | - Jiaxu Cheng
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310032 P.R. China
| | - Fandong Ma
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310032 P.R. China
| | - Zhongzhe Wei
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310032 P.R. China
| | - Xing Zhong
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310032 P.R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310032 P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310032 P.R. China
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38
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Du HZ, Fan JZ, Wang ZZ, Strotman NA, Yang H, Guan BT. Cesium Amide-Catalyzed Selective Deuteration of Benzylic C-H Bonds with D 2 and Application for Tritiation of Pharmaceuticals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214461. [PMID: 36289047 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) represents one of the most attractive labeling methods to synthesize deuterium- and tritium-labeled compounds. Catalytic HIE methods that enable site-selective C-H bond activation and exchange labeling with gaseous isotopes D2 and T2 are of vital importance, in particular for high-specific-activity tritiation of pharmaceuticals. As part of our interest in exploring s-block metals for catalytic transformations, we found CsN(SiMe3 )2 to be an efficient catalyst for selective HIE of benzylic C-H bonds with D2 gas. The reaction proceeds through a kinetic deprotonative equilibrium that establishes an exchange pathway between C-H bonds and D2 gas. By virtue of multiple C-H bonds activation and high activity (isotope enrichment up to 99 %), the simple cesium amide catalyst provided a very powerful and practically convenient labeling protocol for synthesis of highly deuterated compounds and high-specific-activity tritiation of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Zhen Du
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jun-Zhen Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhong-Zhen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Neil A Strotman
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA
| | - Bing-Tao Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
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39
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Shen ZJ, Zhu C, Zhang X, Yang C, Rueping M, Guo L, Xia W. Organoboron Reagent-Controlled Selective (Deutero)Hydrodefluorination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217244. [PMID: 36525004 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
(Deuterium-labeled) CF2 H- and CFH2 -moieties are of high interest in drug discovery. The high demand for the incorporation of these fluoroalkyl moieties into molecular structures has witnessed significant synthetic progress, particularly in the (deutero)hydrodefluorination of CF3 -containing compounds. However, the controllable replacement of fluorine atoms while maintaining high chemoselectivity remains challenging. Herein, we describe the development of a selective (deutero)hydrodefluorination reaction via electrolysis. The reaction exhibits a remarkable chemoselectivity control, which is enabled by the addition of different organoboron sources. The procedure is operationally simple and scalable, and provides access in one step to high-value building blocks for application in medicinal chemistry. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been carried out to investigate the reaction mechanism and to rationalize the chemoselectivity observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Jia Shen
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lin Guo
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wujiong Xia
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
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40
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Abstract
The emergence of modern photocatalysis, characterized by mildness and selectivity, has significantly spurred innovative late-stage C-H functionalization approaches that make use of low energy photons as a controllable energy source. Compared to traditional late-stage functionalization strategies, photocatalysis paves the way toward complementary and/or previously unattainable regio- and chemoselectivities. Merging the compelling benefits of photocatalysis with the late-stage functionalization workflow offers a potentially unmatched arsenal to tackle drug development campaigns and beyond. This Review highlights the photocatalytic late-stage C-H functionalization strategies of small-molecule drugs, agrochemicals, and natural products, classified according to the targeted C-H bond and the newly formed one. Emphasis is devoted to identifying, describing, and comparing the main mechanistic scenarios. The Review draws a critical comparison between established ionic chemistry and photocatalyzed radical-based manifolds. The Review aims to establish the current state-of-the-art and illustrate the key unsolved challenges to be addressed in the future. The authors aim to introduce the general readership to the main approaches toward photocatalytic late-stage C-H functionalization, and specialist practitioners to the critical evaluation of the current methodologies, potential for improvement, and future uncharted directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bellotti
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Huan-Ming Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210Shanghai, China
| | - Teresa Faber
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
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41
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Fan Y, Ou W, Chen M, Liu Y, Zhang B, Ruan W, Su C. Metal-Free Electrochemically Reductive Deuteration of C═N Bonds with D 2O toward Deuterated Amines. Org Lett 2023; 25:432-437. [PMID: 36607227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally friendly and highly efficient synthesis of α-deuterated amines is achieved via a concise electrochemical process using D2O as deuterium source without any external reductants or catalysts. Various imines are compatible, affording the desired products in high yields and D-incorporation. Gram-scale synthesis and flow-cell electrochemistry technology are used to synthesize deuterated pharmaceutical amines and their intermediates. Mechanistic studies reveal a plausible process, including the formation of carbanion species followed by deuterium atom transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fan
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ou
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Mengyin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yubing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Bing Zhang
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Wenqing Ruan
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Chenliang Su
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
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42
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Edelmann MR, Erny J, Guba W, Hierl M. Tritium Labeling of Neuromedin S by Conjugation with [ 3H] N-Succinimidyl Propionate. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:2367-2376. [PMID: 36687043 PMCID: PMC9851027 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The human neuropeptide neuromedin S (NMS) consists of 33 amino acids. The introduction of tritium atoms into NMS has not been described so far. This represents a gap for using [3H]NMS in radioreceptor binding assays or in tracking and monitoring their metabolic pathway. Two approaches for the incorporation of tritium into NMS were explored in this study: (1) halogenation at the His-18 residue followed by catalyzed iodine-127/tritium exchange and (2) conjugation of tritiated N-succinimidyl-[2,3-3H3]propionate ([3H]NSP) to at least one of the three available primary amines of amino acids Ile-1, Lys-15, and Lys-16 in the peptide sequence. Although iodination of histidine was achieved, subsequent iodine-127/deuterium exchange was unsuccessful. Derivatization at the three possible amino positions in the peptide using nonradioactive NSP resulted in a mixture of unconjugated NSM and 1- to 3-conjugations at different amino acids in the peptide sequence. Each labeling position in the mixture was assigned following detailed LC-MS/MS analysis. After separating the mixture, it was shown in an in vitro fluorometric imaging plate reader (FLIPR) and in a competitive binding assay that the propionyl-modified NMS derivatives were comparable to the unlabeled NMS, regardless of the degree of labeling and the labeling position(s). A molecular simulation with NMS in the binding pocket of the protein neuromedin U receptor 2 (NMUR2) confirmed that the possible labeling positions are located outside the binding region of NMUR2. Tritium labeling was achieved at the N-terminal Ile-1 using [3H]NSP in 7% yield with a radiochemical purity of >95% and a molar activity of 90 Ci/mmol. This approach provides access to tritiated NMS and enables new investigations to characterize NMS or corresponding NMS ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R. Edelmann
- Department
of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University
of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, U.K.
- Roche
Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel,
Therapeutic Modalities, Small Molecule Research, Isotope Synthesis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., CH-4070Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Erny
- Roche
Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel,
Therapeutic Modalities, Small Molecule Research, Lead Discovery, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., CH-4070Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Guba
- Roche
Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel,
Therapeutic Modalities, Small Molecule Research, Computer Aided Drug
Design, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., CH-4070Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Hierl
- Roche
Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel,
Therapeutic Modalities, Small Molecule Research, Lead Discovery, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., CH-4070Basel, Switzerland
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43
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Suzuki A, Kamei Y, Yamashita M, Seino Y, Yamaguchi Y, Yoshino T, Kojima M, Matsunaga S. Photocatalytic Deuterium Atom Transfer Deuteration of Electron-Deficient Alkenes with High Functional Group Tolerance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214433. [PMID: 36394187 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to its mild reaction conditions and unique chemoselectivity, hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) hydrogenation represents an indispensable method for the synthesis of complex molecules. Its analog using deuterium, deuterium atom transfer (DAT) deuteration, is expected to enable access to complex deuterium-labeled compounds. However, DAT deuteration has been scarcely studied for synthetic purposes, and a method that possesses the favorable characteristics of HAT hydrogenations has remained elusive. Herein, we report a protocol for the photocatalytic DAT deuteration of electron-deficient alkenes. In contrast to the previous DAT deuteration, this method tolerates a variety of synthetically useful functional groups including haloarenes. The late-stage deuteration also allows access to deuterated amino acids as well as donepezil-d2 . Thus, this work demonstrates the potential of DAT chemistry to become the alternative method of choice for preparing deuterium-containing molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamei
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masaaki Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yusuke Seino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuto Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Yoshino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.,Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kojima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shigeki Matsunaga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.,Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
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44
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Chakma P, Zeitler SM, Baum F, Yu J, Shindy W, Pozzo LD, Golder MR. Mechanoredox Catalysis Enables a Sustainable and Versatile Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization Process. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215733. [PMID: 36395245 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The sustainable synthesis of macromolecules with control over sequence and molar mass remains a challenge in polymer chemistry. By coupling mechanochemistry and electron-transfer processes (i.e., mechanoredox catalysis), an energy-conscious controlled radical polymerization methodology is realized. This work explores an efficient mechanoredox reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization process using mechanical stimuli by implementing piezoelectric barium titanate and a diaryliodonium initiator with minimal solvent usage. This mechanoredox RAFT process demonstrates exquisite control over poly(meth)acrylate dispersity and chain length while also showcasing an alternative to the solution-state synthesis of semifluorinated polymers that typically utilize exotic solvents and/or reagents. This chemistry will find utility in the sustainable development of materials across the energy, biomedical, and engineering communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Progyateg Chakma
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering & Science Institute, University of Washington, 36 Bagley Hall, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sarah M Zeitler
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering & Science Institute, University of Washington, 36 Bagley Hall, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Fábio Baum
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Washington, 105 Benson Hall, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jiatong Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering & Science Institute, University of Washington, 36 Bagley Hall, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Waseem Shindy
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering & Science Institute, University of Washington, 36 Bagley Hall, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lilo D Pozzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Washington, 105 Benson Hall, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Matthew R Golder
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering & Science Institute, University of Washington, 36 Bagley Hall, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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45
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Galathri EM, Di Terlizzi L, Fagnoni M, Protti S, Kokotos CG. Friedel-Crafts arylation of aldehydes with indoles utilizing arylazo sulfones as the photoacid generator. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:365-369. [PMID: 36512428 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02214a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A versatile, inexpensive and sustainable protocol for the preparation of valuable bis-indolyl methanes via visible light-mediated, metal-free Friedel-Crafts arylation has been developed. The procedure, that exploits the peculiar behavior of arylazo sulfones as non-ionic photoacid generators (PAGs), was applied to the conversion of a variety of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes into diarylmethanes in good to highly satisfactory yields, employing a low-catalyst loading (0.5 mol%) and irradiation at 456 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini M Galathri
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
| | - Lorenzo Di Terlizzi
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
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46
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Ramanathan D, Shi Q, Xu M, Chang R, Peñín B, Funes-Ardoiz I, Ye J. Catalytic asymmetric deuterosilylation of exocyclic olefins with mannose-derived thiols and deuterium oxide. Org Chem Front 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01979e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Metal-free, photoinduced asymmetric deuterosilylation of exocyclic olefins has been achieved using a mannose-derived thiol catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devenderan Ramanathan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qinglong Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Meichen Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Rui Chang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Beatriz Peñín
- Department of Chemistry, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Ignacio Funes-Ardoiz
- Department of Chemistry, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Juntao Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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47
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Barranco S, Pérez-Temprano MH. Merging homogeneous transition metal catalysis and hydrogen isotope exchange. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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48
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Li DC, Zeng JH, Yang YH, Zhan ZP. Transition metal-free radical trans-hydroboration of alkynes with NHC-boranes via visible-light photoredox catalysis. Org Chem Front 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d3qo00135k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light-induced 4-CzIPN-catalyzed trans-hydroboration of alkynes with NHC-boranes to generate diverse (E)-alkenylboranes with high selectivity.
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49
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Sequential Iron-Catalyzed C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Cross-Coupling of Chlorobenzamides/Chemoselective Amide Reduction and Reductive Deuteration to Benzylic Alcohols. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010223. [PMID: 36615417 PMCID: PMC9821805 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Benzylic alcohols are among the most important intermediates in organic synthesis. Recently, the use of abundant metals has attracted significant attention due to the issues with the scarcity of platinum group metals. Herein, we report a sequential method for the synthesis of benzylic alcohols by a merger of iron catalyzed cross-coupling and highly chemoselective reduction of benzamides promoted by sodium dispersion in the presence of alcoholic donors. The method has been further extended to the synthesis of deuterated benzylic alcohols. The iron-catalyzed Kumada cross-coupling exploits the high stability of benzamide bonds, enabling challenging C(sp2)-C(sp3) cross-coupling with alkyl Grignard reagents that are prone to dimerization and β-hydride elimination. The subsequent sodium dispersion promoted reduction of carboxamides proceeds with full chemoselectivity for the C-N bond cleavage of the carbinolamine intermediate. The method provides access to valuable benzylic alcohols, including deuterium-labelled benzylic alcohols, which are widely used as synthetic intermediates and pharmacokinetic probes in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry. The combination of two benign metals by complementary reaction mechanisms enables to exploit underexplored avenues for organic synthesis.
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50
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Ruck RT, Strotman NA, Krska SW. The Catalysis Laboratory at Merck: 20 Years of Catalyzing Innovation. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca T. Ruck
- Department of Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey07065, United States
| | - Neil A. Strotman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Clinical Supplies, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey07065, United States
| | - Shane W. Krska
- Chemistry Capabilities Accelerating Therapeutics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey07033, United States
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