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Arivazhagan R, Terry SF. Privacy and Genetic Testing. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2023; 27:267-268. [PMID: 37702624 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2023.29076.persp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Arivazhagan
- Genetic Alliance, Damascus, Maryland, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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2
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Sanchini V, Marelli L, Monturano M, Bonizzi G, Peruzzotti G, Orecchia R, Pravettoni G. A comprehensive ethics and data governance framework for data-intensive health research: Lessons from an Italian cancer research institute. Account Res 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37608751 DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2023.2248884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Sanchini
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luca Marelli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Centre for Sociological Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Gabriella Pravettoni
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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3
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Meyer KE, Li J, Brouthers KD, Jean RJ‘. International business in the digital age: Global strategies in a world of national institutions. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STUDIES 2023; 54:577-598. [PMID: 37305175 PMCID: PMC10072045 DOI: 10.1057/s41267-023-00618-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Digital technologies are changing how businesses strategize and organize internationally. They not only enable cost reduction in businesses crossing national boundaries but also enable novel types of products and business models. Yet, barriers to cross-border businesses persist or even re-emerge, such that the study of international business remains important in the digital age, but may have to shift focus. We argue that businesses operating internationally develop digital business strategies that are interdependent with their internationalization strategies. In doing so, they have to account for differences across national contexts including informal institutions, formal institutions, and resource endowments. We offer a conceptual framework linking external and internal antecedents to digital business and internationalization strategies. We focus in particular on three digital strategies: owning digital platforms, participating in digital platforms, and transforming traditional businesses for the digital world. On this basis, we discuss the contributions of the papers in this special issue and conclude by outlining an agenda for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiatao Li
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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4
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Meyer KE, Li C. The MNE and its subsidiaries at times of global disruptions: An international relations perspective. GLOBAL STRATEGY JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/gsj.1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus E. Meyer
- International Business Ivey Business School London Ontario Canada
| | - Chengguang Li
- TUM Campus Heilbronn Technical University of Munich Heilbronn Germany
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5
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A Novel Big Data Approach for Record and Represent Compliance in the Covid-19 Era. BIG DATA RESEARCH 2022; 27:100290. [PMCID: PMC8604376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bdr.2021.100290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The present work shows the importance of the Big Data Analytics (Anisetti et al., 2018) scenario applied to corporate COVID-19 compliance, following the concept of “accountability” related privacy issues introduced by the new General Data Protection Regulation. This compliance approach is very useful for territorial security, environmental monitoring and safety prevention (in today pandemic context) and it is developed by the use of technologies (RFID, QR-CODE, NFC, blockchain) and HMI (Human Machine Interface) that it is fundamental core for data monitoring and information representation. The paper shows some new approaches about user HMI interface developed to collect big data about compliance and an innovative data representation approach using audio spectrum waves to record, share and evaluate compliance through an audio representation following a new process mapping approach.
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6
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Recommendations for Responsible Development and Application of Neurotechnologies. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2021; 14:365-386. [PMID: 33942016 PMCID: PMC8081770 DOI: 10.1007/s12152-021-09468-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in novel neurotechnologies, such as brain computer interfaces (BCI) and neuromodulatory devices such as deep brain stimulators (DBS), will have profound implications for society and human rights. While these technologies are improving the diagnosis and treatment of mental and neurological diseases, they can also alter individual agency and estrange those using neurotechnologies from their sense of self, challenging basic notions of what it means to be human. As an international coalition of interdisciplinary scholars and practitioners, we examine these challenges and make recommendations to mitigate negative consequences that could arise from the unregulated development or application of novel neurotechnologies. We explore potential ethical challenges in four key areas: identity and agency, privacy, bias, and enhancement. To address them, we propose (1) democratic and inclusive summits to establish globally-coordinated ethical and societal guidelines for neurotechnology development and application, (2) new measures, including “Neurorights,” for data privacy, security, and consent to empower neurotechnology users’ control over their data, (3) new methods of identifying and preventing bias, and (4) the adoption of public guidelines for safe and equitable distribution of neurotechnological devices.
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7
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Torres-Padilla ME, Bredenoord AL, Jongsma KR, Lunkes A, Marelli L, Pinheiro I, Testa G. Thinking "ethical" when designing an international, cross-disciplinary biomedical research consortium. EMBO J 2020; 39:e105725. [PMID: 32894572 PMCID: PMC7527923 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Elena Torres-Padilla
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells (IES), Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, München, Germany
| | - Annelien L Bredenoord
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karin R Jongsma
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid Lunkes
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells (IES), Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany.,Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Zentrüm München, München, Germany
| | - Luca Marelli
- Life Sciences & Society Lab, Centre for Sociological Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ines Pinheiro
- Nuclear Dynamics Unit, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Giuseppe Testa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Human Technopole, Milan, Italy
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8
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Ambler J, Diallo AA, Dearden PK, Wilcox P, Hudson M, Tiffin N. Including Digital Sequence Data in the Nagoya Protocol Can Promote Data Sharing. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 39:116-125. [PMID: 32654776 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Nagoya Protocol (NP), a legal framework under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), formalises fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from biological diversity. It encompasses biological samples and associated indigenous knowledge, with equitable return of benefits to those providing samples. Recent proposals that the use of digital sequence information (DSI) derived from samples should also require benefit-sharing under the NP have raised concerns that this might hamper research progress. Here, we propose that formalised benefit-sharing for biological data use can increase willingness to participate in research and share data, by ensuring equitable collaboration between sample providers and researchers, and preventing exploitative practices. Three case studies demonstrate how equitable benefit-sharing agreements might build long-term collaborations, furthering research for global benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Ambler
- Computational Biology Division, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Peter K Dearden
- Genomics Aotearoa and Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Phil Wilcox
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Maui Hudson
- Faculty of Māori and Indigenous Studies, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Nicki Tiffin
- Computational Biology Division, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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9
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Misra DP, Agarwal V. Integrity of clinical research conduct, reporting, publishing, and post-publication promotion in rheumatology. Clin Rheumatol 2020; 39:1049-1060. [PMID: 32026178 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-020-04965-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The number of rheumatology journals, and papers related to this specialty, is expanding every day. Careful consideration for ethical aspects of such published work is mandatory for authors, readers, reviewers, editors, and all stakeholders. Recent instances of lack of appropriate research ethics committee overview, or participant consent for inclusion in the research study, or a case report, resulting in retractions, emphasize the need for greater awareness regarding these ethical aspects. Authors should strive to avoid redundancy, especially for review articles, both systematic and narrative. Clinical trial registration before commencing enrolment is mandatory as per contemporary norms. Transparent declaration of authorship contributions as well as appropriate attribution of authorship are recommended, since these may help avoid subsequent authorship conflicts. Authors, reviewers, and editors should disclose conflicts of interest, both financial and non-financial. Unbiased peer review is a critical part of editorial decision making; recent instances of peer review fraud have resulted in numerous retractions of scientific papers. Any reproduction of text, figures, or tables should be with due attribution to source, and after seeking permission of the copyright holder. Citations to published work should be relevant and diverse. Research assessment should rely on the assessment of quality of published work, rather than mere citation analyses. Authors should beware predatory, low-quality journals, and utilize social media channels to ethically promote their research with due consideration to privacy and copyright. Rheumatology societies should collaborate to develop guidelines for ethical research reporting, and educate young scientists regarding these principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Prasanna Misra
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, 226014, India.
| | - Vikas Agarwal
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, 226014, India
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10
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Riba M, Sala C, Toniolo D, Tonon G. Big Data in Medicine, the Present and Hopefully the Future. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:263. [PMID: 31803746 PMCID: PMC6873822 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of data coming from different venues, as several “omic” approaches, is providing already compelling evidence that the smart use of this information could provide invaluable information to prevent, diagnose and treat human diseases. However, the most daunting challenges remain ahead, as the explosive accumulation of data from additional perspectives, including social graphs, biosensors, and imaging, promise to deliver crucial information that could be exploited for the improvement of the entire human race, both in developed, and developing countries, optimizing health expenses and reaching also the less fortunate sections of the societies. And yet, formidable challenges remain, that pertain for the most part to the collection of the data, their organization, and most relevantly their integration. Here we provide few, pointed examples to the present relevance of these big data approaches in human health as well potential road maps toward the implementation of broader data collections and analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Riba
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Sala
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tonon
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Functional Genomics of Cancer Unit, Experimental Oncology Division, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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11
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Price WN, Kaminski ME, Minssen T, Spector-Bagdady K. Shadow health records meet new data privacy laws. Science 2019; 363:448-450. [PMID: 30705168 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav5133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Nicholson Price
- University of Michigan Law School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Centre for Advanced Studies in Biomedical Innovation Law, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Margot E Kaminski
- University of Colorado Law School, Boulder, CO, USA.,Silicon Flatirons Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Timo Minssen
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Biomedical Innovation Law, Copenhagen, Denmark.,University of Copenhagen Faculty of Law, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kayte Spector-Bagdady
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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12
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Shabani M, Marelli L. Re-identifiability of genomic data and the GDPR: Assessing the re-identifiability of genomic data in light of the EU General Data Protection Regulation. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:embr.201948316. [PMID: 31126909 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Shabani
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Center for Biomedical Ethics and Law, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luca Marelli
- Life Sciences & Society Lab, Centre for Sociological Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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13
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Governance of automated image analysis and artificial intelligence analytics in healthcare. Clin Radiol 2019; 74:329-337. [PMID: 30898383 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The hype over artificial intelligence (AI) has spawned claims that clinicians (particularly radiologists) will become redundant. It is still moot as to whether AI will replace radiologists in day-to-day clinical practice, but more AI applications are expected to be incorporated into the workflows in the foreseeable future. These applications could produce significant ethical and legal issues in healthcare if they cause abrupt disruptions to its contextual integrity and relational dynamics. Sustaining trust and trustworthiness is a key goal of governance, which is necessary to promote collaboration among all stakeholders and to ensure the responsible development and implementation of AI in radiology and other areas of clinical work. In this paper, the nature of AI governance in biomedicine is discussed along with its limitations. It is argued that radiologists must assume a more active role in propelling medicine into the digital age. In this respect, professional responsibilities include inquiring into the clinical and social value of AI, alleviating deficiencies in technical knowledge in order to facilitate ethical evaluation, supporting the recognition, and removal of biases, engaging the "black box" obstacle, and brokering a new social contract on informational use and security. In essence, a much closer integration of ethics, laws, and good practices is needed to ensure that AI governance achieves its normative goals.
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Keshavan A, Poline JB. From the Wet Lab to the Web Lab: A Paradigm Shift in Brain Imaging Research. Front Neuroinform 2019; 13:3. [PMID: 30881299 PMCID: PMC6405692 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2019.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Web technology has transformed our lives, and has led to a paradigm shift in the computational sciences. As the neuroimaging informatics research community amasses large datasets to answer complex neuroscience questions, we find that the web is the best medium to facilitate novel insights by way of improved collaboration and communication. Here, we review the landscape of web technologies used in neuroimaging research, and discuss future applications, areas for improvement, and the limitations of using web technology in research. Fully incorporating web technology in our research lifecycle requires not only technical skill, but a widespread culture change; a shift from the small, focused "wet lab" to a multidisciplinary and largely collaborative "web lab."
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Keshavan
- Department of Speech and Hearing, Institute for Neuroengineering, eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jean-Baptiste Poline
- Faculty of Medicine, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Henry H. Wheeler Jr. Brain Imaging Center, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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15
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Real-world evidence in rheumatic diseases: relevance and lessons learnt. Rheumatol Int 2019; 39:403-416. [PMID: 30725156 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-019-04248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An emerging trend in the medical literature, including the Rheumatology literature, is that of accumulating large, multicentric, multi-national data based on registries of patients seen in real life situations. Such real-world evidence (RWE) may help provide valuable insights into the long-term outcomes of disease in unselected patients seen in daily practice, including patients belonging to vulnerable populations such as extremes of age, during pregnancy and lactation. Evidences gathered from real life practice settings can help understand drug prescription patterns, including adherence to treatment guidelines, cost-effectiveness of therapy, and real-life long-term outcomes, and adverse effects of treatment with particular medications. Registry-based data also helps analyze comorbidities in patients with rheumatic diseases, and their impact on quality of life, morbidity and mortality. Traditionally, a randomized controlled trial (RCT), or systematic reviews of multiple, homogenous RCTs, have been considered the cornerstone of evidence-based medicine, and RWE does, at times, provide differing viewpoints from the results of particular drugs in clinical trial settings. Therefore, in the present day, it is prudent to consider the complementary nature of information derived from RWE to that obtained from rigorous, clinical trial settings. Future guidelines for disease management may consider it relevant to include information from RWE in addition to that available from clinical trials, to help devise management guidelines that are harmonious with routine practice settings.
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16
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Seifert A, Hofer M, Allemand M. Mobile Data Collection: Smart, but Not (Yet) Smart Enough. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:971. [PMID: 30618590 PMCID: PMC6305304 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Seifert
- University Research Priority Program “Dynamics of Healthy Aging”, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Hofer
- University Research Priority Program “Dynamics of Healthy Aging”, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Communication and Media Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Allemand
- University Research Priority Program “Dynamics of Healthy Aging”, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Phillips M. International data-sharing norms: from the OECD to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Hum Genet 2018; 137:575-582. [PMID: 30069638 PMCID: PMC6132662 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1919-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of genomic research and its integration into clinical practice, as they become international-even global-endeavors, has brought us to a place where scientists and clinicians may now only ignore the rules governing international data sharing at their own peril. Open data policies, on the one hand, increasingly require custodians of others' genomic data to make it as widely available as feasible, including to researchers in other countries. Data protection law, on the other, has become a significant hurdle to the sharing of personal data across jurisdictional borders. The space between these two competing duties is narrowing. In contrast with the other texts in this volume, which explore the present and future of data sharing and data protection, this article's focus is on the past. It centres on the historical development of the data protection rules regarding the international transfer of personal data up to the present. The article's aim is to bring into focus the underlying objectives that have influenced and that will continue to influence the way that data protection rules are applied to the fields of genomics and health, as well as future developments in data protection generally. The first part of this article describes the development of international data-sharing data protection rules since 1970. The second considers difficulties in applying general data protection rules to the specific context of genomics and health. The third and final part compares the options available to comply with the international transfer restrictions set out in the standard-setting EU General Data Protection Regulation from a genomics perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Phillips
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada.
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