1
|
Ye C, Li M, Gao J, Zuo Y, Xiao F, Jiang X, Cheng J, Huang L, Xu Z, Lian J. Metabolic engineering of Pichia pastoris for overproduction of cis-trans nepetalactol. Metab Eng 2024; 84:83-94. [PMID: 38897449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2024.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) are a group of plant-derived natural products with high-value medicinal properties. However, their availability for clinical application is limited due to challenges in plant extraction. Microbial production has emerged as a promising strategy to meet the clinical demands for MIAs. The biosynthetic pathway of cis-trans nepetalactol, which serves as the universal iridoid scaffold for all MIAs, has been successfully identified and reconstituted. However, bottlenecks and challenges remain to construct a high-yielding platform strain for cis-trans nepetalactol production, which is vital for subsequent MIAs biosynthesis. In the present study, we focused on engineering of Pichia pastoris cell factories to enhance the production of geraniol, 8-hydroxygeraniol, and cis-trans nepetalactol. By targeting the biosynthetic pathway from acetyl-CoA to geraniol in both peroxisomes and cytoplasm, we achieved comparable geraniol titers in both compartments. Through protein engineering, we found that either G8H or CPR truncation increased the production of 8-hydroxygeraniol, with a 47.8-fold and 14.0-fold increase in the peroxisomal and cytosolic pathway strain, respectively. Furthermore, through a combination of dynamical control of ERG20, precursor and cofactor supply engineering, diploid engineering, and dual subcellular compartmentalization engineering, we achieved the highest ever reported production of cis-trans nepetalactol, with a titer of 4429.4 mg/L using fed-batch fermentation in a 5-L bioreactor. We anticipate our systematic metabolic engineering strategies to facilitate the development of P. pastoris cell factories for sustainable production of MIAs and other plant natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuifang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education & National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Mengxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education & National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jucan Gao
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yimeng Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education & National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Feng Xiao
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Xiaojing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education & National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jintao Cheng
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education & National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Zhinan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education & National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jiazhang Lian
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education & National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Perrot T, Marc J, Lezin E, Papon N, Besseau S, Courdavault V. Emerging trends in production of plant natural products and new-to-nature biopharmaceuticals in yeast. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 87:103098. [PMID: 38452572 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Natural products represent an inestimable source of valuable compounds for human health. Notably, those produced by plants remain challenging to access due to their low production. Potential shortages of plant-derived biopharmaceuticals caused by climate change or pandemics also regularly tense the market trends. Thus, biotechnological alternatives of supply based on synthetic biology have emerged. These innovative strategies mostly rely on the use of engineered microbial systems for compound synthesis. In this regard, yeasts remain the easiest-tractable eukaryotic models and a convenient chassis for reconstructing whole biosynthetic routes for the heterologous production of plant-derived metabolites. Here, we highlight the recent discoveries dedicated to the bioproduction of new-to-nature compounds in yeasts and provide an overview of emerging strategies for optimising bioproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Perrot
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, BBV, EA2106, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jillian Marc
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, BBV, EA2106, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Enzo Lezin
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, BBV, EA2106, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Papon
- Univ Angers, Univ Brest, IRF, SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Sébastien Besseau
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, BBV, EA2106, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, BBV, EA2106, Université de Tours, Tours, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Han J, Miller EP, Li S. Cutting-edge plant natural product pathway elucidation. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 87:103137. [PMID: 38677219 PMCID: PMC11192039 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Plant natural products (PNPs) play important roles in plant physiology and have been applied across diverse fields of human society. Understanding their biosynthetic pathways informs plant evolution and meanwhile enables sustainable production through metabolic engineering. However, the discovery of PNP biosynthetic pathways remains challenging due to the diversity of enzymes involved and limitations in traditional gene mining approaches. In this review, we will summarize state-of-the-art strategies and recent examples for predicting and characterizing PNP biosynthetic pathways, respectively, with multiomics-guided tools and heterologous host systems and share our perspectives on the systematic pipelines integrating these various bioinformatic and biochemical approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Han
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Emma Parker Miller
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sijin Li
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen H, Sahu SK, Wang S, Liu J, Yang J, Cheng L, Chiu TY, Liu H. Chromosome-level Alstonia scholaris genome unveils evolutionary insights into biosynthesis of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids. iScience 2024; 27:109599. [PMID: 38646178 PMCID: PMC11033161 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Alstonia scholaris of the Apocynaceae family is a medicinal plant with a rich source of bioactive monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs), which possess anti-cancer activity like vinca alkaloids. To gain genomic insights into MIA biosynthesis, we assembled a high-quality chromosome-level genome for A. scholaris using nanopore and Hi-C data. The 444.95 Mb genome contained 35,488 protein-coding genes. A total of 20 chromosomes were assembled with a scaffold N50 of 21.75 Mb. The genome contained a cluster of strictosidine synthases and tryptophan decarboxylases with synteny to other species and a saccharide-terpene cluster involved in the monoterpenoid biosynthesis pathway of the MIA upstream pathway. The multi-omics data of A. scholaris provide a valuable resource for understanding the evolutionary origins of MIAs and for discovering biosynthetic pathways and synthetic biology efforts for producing pharmaceutically useful alkaloids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, Key Laboratory of Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, BGI Research, Shenzhen 518083, China
- BGI Research, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Sunil Kumar Sahu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, Key Laboratory of Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, BGI Research, Shenzhen 518083, China
- BGI Research, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, Key Laboratory of Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, BGI Research, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, Key Laboratory of Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, BGI Research, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Le Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, Key Laboratory of Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, BGI Research, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Tsan-Yu Chiu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, Key Laboratory of Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, BGI Research, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, Key Laboratory of Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, BGI Research, Shenzhen 518083, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Han T, Miao G. Strategies, Achievements, and Potential Challenges of Plant and Microbial Chassis in the Biosynthesis of Plant Secondary Metabolites. Molecules 2024; 29:2106. [PMID: 38731602 PMCID: PMC11085123 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Diverse secondary metabolites in plants, with their rich biological activities, have long been important sources for human medicine, food additives, pesticides, etc. However, the large-scale cultivation of host plants consumes land resources and is susceptible to pest and disease problems. Additionally, the multi-step and demanding nature of chemical synthesis adds to production costs, limiting their widespread application. In vitro cultivation and the metabolic engineering of plants have significantly enhanced the synthesis of secondary metabolites with successful industrial production cases. As synthetic biology advances, more research is focusing on heterologous synthesis using microorganisms. This review provides a comprehensive comparison between these two chassis, evaluating their performance in the synthesis of various types of secondary metabolites from the perspectives of yield and strategies. It also discusses the challenges they face and offers insights into future efforts and directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Han
- Department of Bioengineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, China;
| | - Guopeng Miao
- Department of Bioengineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, China;
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource and Environmental Biotechnology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Misra RC, Thimmappa R, Bonfill M. Editorial: Advances in discoveries of plant phytochemicals. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1414150. [PMID: 38745925 PMCID: PMC11093221 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1414150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Chandra Misra
- Biochemistry and Metabolism Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Ramesha Thimmappa
- Amity Institute of Genome Engineering, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mercedes Bonfill
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cuello C, Jansen HJ, Abdallah C, Zamar Mbadinga DL, Birer Williams C, Durand M, Oudin A, Papon N, Giglioli-Guivarc'h N, Dirks RP, Jensen MK, O'Connor SE, Besseau S, Courdavault V. The Madagascar palm genome provides new insights on the evolution of Apocynaceae specialized metabolism. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28078. [PMID: 38533072 PMCID: PMC10963385 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Specialized metabolites possess diverse interesting biological activities and some cardenolides- and monoterpene indole alkaloids- (MIAs) derived pharmaceuticals are currently used to treat human diseases such as cancers or hypertension. While these two families of biocompounds are produced by specific subfamilies of Apocynaceae, one member of this medicinal plant family, the succulent tree Pachypodium lamerei Drake (also known as Madagascar palm), does not produce such specialized metabolites. To explore the evolutionary paths that have led to the emergence and loss of cardenolide and MIA biosynthesis in Apocynaceae, we sequenced and assembled the P. lamerei genome by combining Oxford Nanopore Technologies long-reads and Illumina short-reads. Phylogenomics revealed that, among the Apocynaceae whose genomes have been sequenced, the Madagascar palm is so far the species closest to the common ancestor between MIA producers/non-MIA producers. Transposable elements, constituting 72.48% of the genome, emerge as potential key players in shaping genomic architecture and influencing specialized metabolic pathways. The absence of crucial MIA biosynthetic genes such as strictosidine synthase in P. lamerei and non-Rauvolfioideae species hints at a transposon-mediated mechanism behind gene loss. Phylogenetic analysis not only showcases the evolutionary divergence of specialized metabolite biosynthesis within Apocynaceae but also underscores the role of transposable elements in this intricate process. Moreover, we shed light on the low conservation of enzymes involved in the final stages of MIA biosynthesis in the distinct MIA-producing plant families, inferring independent gains of these specialized enzymes along the evolution of these medicinal plant clades. Overall, this study marks a leap forward in understanding the genomic dynamics underpinning the evolution of specialized metabolites biosynthesis in the Apocynaceae family, with transposons emerging as potential architects of genomics restructuring and gene loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Cuello
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Hans J. Jansen
- Future Genomics Technologies, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Cécile Abdallah
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | | | - Caroline Birer Williams
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Mickael Durand
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Audrey Oudin
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Papon
- Univ Angers, Univ Brest, IRF, SFR ICAT, F-49000, Angers, France
| | | | - Ron P. Dirks
- Future Genomics Technologies, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Krogh Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sarah Ellen O'Connor
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Sébastien Besseau
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
DeMars MD, O’Connor SE. Evolution and diversification of carboxylesterase-like [4+2] cyclases in aspidosperma and iboga alkaloid biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318586121. [PMID: 38319969 PMCID: PMC10873640 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318586121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) are a large and diverse class of plant natural products, and their biosynthetic construction has been a subject of intensive study for many years. The enzymatic basis for the production of aspidosperma and iboga alkaloids, which are produced exclusively by members of the Apocynaceae plant family, has recently been discovered. Three carboxylesterase (CXE)-like enzymes from Catharanthus roseus and Tabernanthe iboga catalyze regio- and enantiodivergent [4+2] cycloaddition reactions to generate the aspidosperma (tabersonine synthase, TS) and iboga (coronaridine synthase, CorS; catharanthine synthase, CS) scaffolds from a common biosynthetic intermediate. Here, we use a combined phylogenetic and biochemical approach to investigate the evolution and functional diversification of these cyclase enzymes. Through ancestral sequence reconstruction, we provide evidence for initial evolution of TS from an ancestral CXE followed by emergence of CorS in two separate lineages, leading in turn to CS exclusively in the Catharanthus genus. This progression from aspidosperma to iboga alkaloid biosynthesis is consistent with the chemotaxonomic distribution of these MIAs. We subsequently generate and test a panel of chimeras based on the ancestral cyclases to probe the molecular basis for differential cyclization activity. Finally, we show through partial heterologous reconstitution of tabersonine biosynthesis using non-pathway enzymes how aspidosperma alkaloids could have first appeared as "underground metabolites" via recruitment of promiscuous enzymes from common protein families. Our results provide insight into the evolution of biosynthetic enzymes and how new secondary metabolic pathways can emerge through small but important sequence changes following co-option of preexisting enzymatic functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. DeMars
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena07745, Germany
| | - Sarah E. O’Connor
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena07745, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu Y, Lyu R, Singleton JJ, Patra B, Pattanaik S, Yuan L. A Cotyledon-based Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (Cotyledon-VIGS) approach to study specialized metabolism in medicinal plants. PLANT METHODS 2024; 20:26. [PMID: 38347628 PMCID: PMC10860238 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-024-01154-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is widely used in plant functional genomics. However, the efficiency of VIGS in young plantlets varies across plant species. Additionally, VIGS is not optimized for many plant species, especially medicinal plants that produce valuable specialized metabolites. RESULTS We evaluated the efficacy of five-day-old, etiolated seedlings of Catharanthus roseus (periwinkle) for VIGS. The seedlings were vacuum-infiltrated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101 cells carrying the tobacco rattle virus (TRV) vectors. The protoporphyrin IX magnesium chelatase subunit H (ChlH) gene, a key gene in chlorophyll biosynthesis, was used as the target for VIGS, and we observed yellow cotyledons 6 days after infiltration. As expected, the expression of CrChlH and the chlorophyll contents of the cotyledons were significantly decreased after VIGS. To validate the cotyledon based-VIGS method, we silenced the genes encoding several transcriptional regulators of the terpenoid indole alkaloid (TIA) biosynthesis in C. roseus, including two activators (CrGATA1 and CrMYC2) and two repressors (CrGBF1 and CrGBF2). Silencing CrGATA1 led to downregulation of the vindoline pathway genes (T3O, T3R, and DAT) and decreased vindoline contents in cotyledons. Silencing CrMYC2, followed by elicitation with methyl jasmonate (MeJA), resulted in the downregulation of ORCA2 and ORCA3. We also co-infiltrated C. roseus seedlings with TRV vectors that silence both CrGBF1 and CrGBF2 and overexpress CrMYC2, aiming to simultaneous silencing two repressors while overexpressing an activator. The simultaneous manipulation of repressors and activator resulted in significant upregulation of the TIA pathway genes. To demonstrate the broad application of the cotyledon-based VIGS method, we optimized the method for two other valuable medicinal plants, Glycyrrhiza inflata (licorice) and Artemisia annua (sweet wormwood). When TRV vectors carrying the fragments of the ChlH genes were infiltrated into the seedlings of these plants, we observed yellow cotyledons with decreased chlorophyll contents. CONCLUSIONS The widely applicable cotyledon-based VIGS method is faster, more efficient, and easily accessible to additional treatments than the traditional VIGS method. It can be combined with transient gene overexpression to achieve simultaneous up- and down-regulation of desired genes in non-model plants. This method provides a powerful tool for functional genomics of medicinal plants, facilitating the discovery and production of valuable therapeutic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Liu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Ruiqing Lyu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Joshua J Singleton
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Barunava Patra
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Sitakanta Pattanaik
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zamar DL, Papon N, Courdavault V. SPOTLIGHT: Alpha carbonic anhydrases join the club of alkaloid biosynthetic enzymes. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 293:154169. [PMID: 38184908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Duchesse-Lacours Zamar
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, BBV, EA2106, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Papon
- Univ Angers, Univ Brest, IRF, SFR ICAT, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, BBV, EA2106, Université de Tours, Tours, France.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kries H, Trottmann F, Hertweck C. Novel Biocatalysts from Specialized Metabolism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202309284. [PMID: 37737720 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are increasingly recognized as valuable (bio)catalysts that complement existing synthetic methods. However, the range of biotransformations used in the laboratory is limited. Here we give an overview on the biosynthesis-inspired discovery of novel biocatalysts that address various synthetic challenges. Prominent examples from this dynamic field highlight remarkable enzymes for protecting-group-free amide formation and modification, control of pericyclic reactions, stereoselective hetero- and polycyclizations, atroposelective aryl couplings, site-selective C-H activations, introduction of ring strain, and N-N bond formation. We also explore unusual functions of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, radical SAM-dependent enzymes, flavoproteins, and enzymes recruited from primary metabolism, which offer opportunities for synthetic biology, enzyme engineering, directed evolution, and catalyst design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajo Kries
- Junior Research Group Biosynthetic Design of Natural Products, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Felix Trottmann
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Szwarc S, Jagora A, Derbré S, Leblanc K, Rharrabti S, Said-Hassane C, El Kalamouni C, Gallard JF, Le Pogam P, Beniddir MA. Combination of Machine Learning and Empirical Computation for the Structural Validation of Trirosaline, a Natural Trimeric Monoterpene Indole Alkaloid from Catharanthus roseus. Org Lett 2024; 26:274-279. [PMID: 38134219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Chemical investigation of the emblematic Catharanthus roseus led to the discovery of trirosaline (1), the first example of a tris-ajmalicine-type monoterpene indole alkaloid and the first natural trimeric MIA ever reported from this deeply dug plant species. Its structure was primarily elucidated based on NMR and HRESIMS analyses, and the nature of its unique intermonomeric linkages was firmly confirmed based on a combination of empirical computation and ML-J-DP4 study. Its absolute configuration was mitigated by comparison of experimental and TDDFT-simulated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. A possible biosynthetic pathway for trirosaline (1) was postulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Szwarc
- Équipe "Chimie des Substances Naturelles" Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 17 avenue des Sciences, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Adrien Jagora
- Équipe "Chimie des Substances Naturelles" Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 17 avenue des Sciences, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Séverine Derbré
- Université Angers, SONAS, SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, 16 Bd Daviers, 49045 CEDEX 01 Angers, France
| | - Karine Leblanc
- Équipe "Chimie des Substances Naturelles" Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 17 avenue des Sciences, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Somia Rharrabti
- Équipe "Chimie des Substances Naturelles" Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 17 avenue des Sciences, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Charifat Said-Hassane
- Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Chaker El Kalamouni
- Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Jean-François Gallard
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, ICSN UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierre Le Pogam
- Équipe "Chimie des Substances Naturelles" Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 17 avenue des Sciences, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Mehdi A Beniddir
- Équipe "Chimie des Substances Naturelles" Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 17 avenue des Sciences, 91400 Orsay, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Guo J, Gao D, Lian J, Qu Y. De novo biosynthesis of antiarrhythmic alkaloid ajmaline. Nat Commun 2024; 15:457. [PMID: 38212296 PMCID: PMC10784492 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44797-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The antiarrhythmic drug ajmaline is a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid (MIA) isolated from the Ayurvedic plant Rauvolfia serpentina (Indian Snakeroot). Research into the biosynthesis of ajmaline and another renowned MIA chemotherapeutic drug vinblastine has yielded pivotal advancements in the fields of plant specialized metabolism and engineering over recent decades. While the majority of vinblastine biosynthesis has been recently elucidated, the quest for comprehending ajmaline biosynthesis remains incomplete, marked by the absence of two critical enzymes. Here, we show the discovery and characterization of these two elusive reductases, alongside the identification of two physiologically relevant esterases that complete the biosynthesis of ajmaline. We show that ajmaline biosynthesis proceeds with vomilenine 1,2(R)-reduction followed by its 19,20(S)-reduction. This process is further modulated by two root-expressing esterases that deacetylate 17-O-acetylnorajmaline. Expanding upon the successful completion of the ajmaline biosynthetic pathway, we engineer the de novo biosynthesis of ajmaline in Baker's yeast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Di Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiazhang Lian
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yang Qu
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dror MJ, Misa J, Yee DA, Chu AM, Yu RK, Chan BB, Aoyama LS, Chaparala AP, O'Connor SE, Tang Y. Engineered biosynthesis of plant heteroyohimbine and corynantheine alkaloids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 51:kuad047. [PMID: 38140980 PMCID: PMC10995622 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuad047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) are a class of natural products comprised of thousands of structurally unique bioactive compounds with significant therapeutic values. Due to difficulties associated with isolation from native plant species and organic synthesis of these structurally complex molecules, microbial production of MIAs using engineered hosts are highly desired. In this work, we report the engineering of fully integrated Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains that allow de novo access to strictosidine, the universal precursor to thousands of MIAs at 30-40 mg/L. The optimization efforts were based on a previously reported yeast strain that is engineered to produce high titers of the monoterpene precursor geraniol through compartmentalization of mevalonate pathway in the mitochondria. Our approaches here included the use of CRISPR-dCas9 interference to identify mitochondria diphosphate transporters that negatively impact the titer of the monoterpene, followed by genetic inactivation; the overexpression of transcriptional regulators that increase cellular respiration and mitochondria biogenesis. Strain construction included the strategic integration of genes encoding both MIA biosynthetic and accessory enzymes into the genome under a variety of constitutive and inducible promoters. Following successful de novo production of strictosidine, complex alkaloids belonging to heteroyohimbine and corynantheine families were reconstituted in the host with introduction of additional downstream enzymes. We demonstrate that the serpentine/alstonine pair can be produced at ∼5 mg/L titer, while corynantheidine, the precursor to mitragynine can be produced at ∼1 mg/L titer. Feeding of halogenated tryptamine led to the biosynthesis of analogs of alkaloids in both families. Collectively, our yeast strain represents an excellent starting point to further engineer biosynthetic bottlenecks in this pathway and to access additional MIAs and analogs through microbial fermentation. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY An Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based microbial platform was developed for the biosynthesis of monoterpene indole alkaloids, including the universal precursor strictosidine and further modified heteroyohimbine and corynantheidine alkaloids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moriel J Dror
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joshua Misa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Danielle A Yee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Angela M Chu
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rachel K Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bradley B Chan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lauren S Aoyama
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anjali P Chaparala
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sarah E O'Connor
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Guo M, Lv H, Chen H, Dong S, Zhang J, Liu W, He L, Ma Y, Yu H, Chen S, Luo H. Strategies on biosynthesis and production of bioactive compounds in medicinal plants. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2024; 16:13-26. [PMID: 38375043 PMCID: PMC10874775 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are a valuable source of essential medicines and herbal products for healthcare and disease therapy. Compared with chemical synthesis and extraction, the biosynthesis of natural products is a very promising alternative for the successful conservation of medicinal plants, and its rapid development will greatly facilitate the conservation and sustainable utilization of medicinal plants. Here, we summarize the advances in strategies and methods concerning the biosynthesis and production of natural products of medicinal plants. The strategies and methods mainly include genetic engineering, plant cell culture engineering, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology based on multiple "OMICS" technologies, with paradigms for the biosynthesis of terpenoids and alkaloids. We also highlight the biosynthetic approaches and discuss progress in the production of some valuable natural products, exemplifying compounds such as vindoline (alkaloid), artemisinin and paclitaxel (terpenoids), to illustrate the power of biotechnology in medicinal plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miaoxian Guo
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haizhou Lv
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuting Dong
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianhong Zhang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wanjing Liu
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liu He
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yimian Ma
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Hongmei Luo
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Guedes JG, Ribeiro R, Carqueijeiro I, Guimarães AL, Bispo C, Archer J, Azevedo H, Fonseca NA, Sottomayor M. The leaf idioblastome of the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus is associated with stress resistance and alkaloid metabolism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:274-299. [PMID: 37804484 PMCID: PMC10735432 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Catharanthus roseus leaves produce a range of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs) that include low levels of the anticancer drugs vinblastine and vincristine. The MIA pathway displays a complex architecture spanning different subcellular and cell type localizations, and is under complex regulation. As a result, the development of strategies to increase the levels of the anticancer MIAs has remained elusive. The pathway involves mesophyll specialized idioblasts where the late unsolved biosynthetic steps are thought to occur. Here, protoplasts of C. roseus leaf idioblasts were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and their differential alkaloid and transcriptomic profiles were characterized. This involved the assembly of an improved C. roseus transcriptome from short- and long-read data, IDIO+. It was observed that C. roseus mesophyll idioblasts possess a distinctive transcriptomic profile associated with protection against biotic and abiotic stresses, and indicative that this cell type is a carbon sink, in contrast to surrounding mesophyll cells. Moreover, it is shown that idioblasts are a hotspot of alkaloid accumulation, suggesting that their transcriptome may hold the key to the in-depth understanding of the MIA pathway and the success of strategies leading to higher levels of the anticancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana G Guedes
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Programa Doutoral em Biologia Molecular e Celular (MCbiology), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rogério Ribeiro
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Carqueijeiro
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Guimarães
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Bispo
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - John Archer
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Herlander Azevedo
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno A Fonseca
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Mariana Sottomayor
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zahmanova G, Aljabali AAA, Takova K, Minkov G, Tambuwala MM, Minkov I, Lomonossoff GP. Green Biologics: Harnessing the Power of Plants to Produce Pharmaceuticals. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17575. [PMID: 38139405 PMCID: PMC10743837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are increasingly used for the production of high-quality biological molecules for use as pharmaceuticals and biomaterials in industry. Plants have proved that they can produce life-saving therapeutic proteins (Elelyso™-Gaucher's disease treatment, ZMapp™-anti-Ebola monoclonal antibodies, seasonal flu vaccine, Covifenz™-SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particle vaccine); however, some of these therapeutic proteins are difficult to bring to market, which leads to serious difficulties for the manufacturing companies. The closure of one of the leading companies in the sector (the Canadian biotech company Medicago Inc., producer of Covifenz) as a result of the withdrawal of investments from the parent company has led to the serious question: What is hindering the exploitation of plant-made biologics to improve health outcomes? Exploring the vast potential of plants as biological factories, this review provides an updated perspective on plant-derived biologics (PDB). A key focus is placed on the advancements in plant-based expression systems and highlighting cutting-edge technologies that streamline the production of complex protein-based biologics. The versatility of plant-derived biologics across diverse fields, such as human and animal health, industry, and agriculture, is emphasized. This review also meticulously examines regulatory considerations specific to plant-derived biologics, shedding light on the disparities faced compared to biologics produced in other systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gergana Zahmanova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (K.T.)
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Alaa A. A. Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan;
| | - Katerina Takova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (K.T.)
| | - George Minkov
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (K.T.)
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- Lincoln Medical School, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Campus, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK;
| | - Ivan Minkov
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnologies, 4108 Markovo, Bulgaria
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lin J, Yin X, Zeng Y, Hong X, Zhang S, Cui B, Zhu Q, Liang Z, Xue Z, Yang D. Progress and prospect: Biosynthesis of plant natural products based on plant chassis. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108266. [PMID: 37778531 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant-derived natural products are a specific class of active substances with numerous applications in the medical, energy, and industrial fields. Many of these substances are in high demand and have become the fundamental materials for various purposes. Recently, the use of synthetic biology to produce plant-derived natural products has become a significant trend. Plant chassis, in particular, offer unique advantages over microbial chassis in terms of cell structure, product affinity, safety, and storage. The development of the plant hairy root tissue culture system has accelerated the commercialization and industrialization of synthetic biology in the production of plant-derived natural products. This paper will present recent progress in the synthesis of various plant natural products using plant chassis, organized by the types of different structures. Additionally, we will summarize the four primary types of plant chassis used for synthesizing natural products from plant sources and review the enabling technologies that have contributed to the development of synthetic biology in recent years. Finally, we will present the role of isolated and combined use of different optimization strategies in breaking the upper limit of natural product production in plant chassis. This review aims to provide practical references for synthetic biologists and highlight the great commercial potential of plant chassis biosynthesis, such as hairy roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Lin
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation in Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xue Yin
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Youran Zeng
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation in Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xinyu Hong
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation in Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Shuncang Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Beimi Cui
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Qinlong Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation in Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zheyong Xue
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China..
| | - Dongfeng Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation in Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Shaoxing Biomedical Research Institute of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for the Development Technology of Medicinal and Edible Homologous Health Food, Shaoxing 312075, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Stander EA, Lehka B, Carqueijeiro I, Cuello C, Hansson FG, Jansen HJ, Dugé De Bernonville T, Birer Williams C, Vergès V, Lezin E, Lorensen MDBB, Dang TT, Oudin A, Lanoue A, Durand M, Giglioli-Guivarc'h N, Janfelt C, Papon N, Dirks RP, O'connor SE, Jensen MK, Besseau S, Courdavault V. The Rauvolfia tetraphylla genome suggests multiple distinct biosynthetic routes for yohimbane monoterpene indole alkaloids. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1197. [PMID: 38001233 PMCID: PMC10673892 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05574-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) are a structurally diverse family of specialized metabolites mainly produced in Gentianales to cope with environmental challenges. Due to their pharmacological properties, the biosynthetic modalities of several MIA types have been elucidated but not that of the yohimbanes. Here, we combine metabolomics, proteomics, transcriptomics and genome sequencing of Rauvolfia tetraphylla with machine learning to discover the unexpected multiple actors of this natural product synthesis. We identify a medium chain dehydrogenase/reductase (MDR) that produces a mixture of four diastereomers of yohimbanes including the well-known yohimbine and rauwolscine. In addition to this multifunctional yohimbane synthase (YOS), an MDR synthesizing mainly heteroyohimbanes and the short chain dehydrogenase vitrosamine synthase also display a yohimbane synthase side activity. Lastly, we establish that the combination of geissoschizine synthase with at least three other MDRs also produces a yohimbane mixture thus shedding light on the complex mechanisms evolved for the synthesis of these plant bioactives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Amor Stander
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Beata Lehka
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Inês Carqueijeiro
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Clément Cuello
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Frederik G Hansson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hans J Jansen
- Future Genomics Technologies, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Dugé De Bernonville
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
- Limagrain, Centre de Recherche, Route d'Ennezat, Chappes, France
| | - Caroline Birer Williams
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Valentin Vergès
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Enzo Lezin
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | | | - Thu-Thuy Dang
- Department of Chemistry, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Audrey Oudin
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Arnaud Lanoue
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Mickael Durand
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | | | - Christian Janfelt
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolas Papon
- Univ Angers, Univ Brest, IRF, SFR ICAT, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Ron P Dirks
- Future Genomics Technologies, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Ellen O'connor
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany.
| | - Michael Krogh Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Sébastien Besseau
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France.
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xu Z, Wang G, Wang Q, Li X, Zhang G, Qurban A, Zhang C, Zhou Y, Si H, Hu L, Wang F, Wang Y, Tian Z, Chen W, Jin S, Ding F. A near-complete genome assembly of Catharanthus roseus and insights into its vinblastine biosynthesis and high susceptibility to the Huanglongbing pathogen. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100661. [PMID: 37464741 PMCID: PMC10721464 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the assembly of a near-complete genome of Catharanthus roseus, consisting of 561.7 Mb scaffolded into 8 pseudochromosomes with a contig N50 of 24.7 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 71.1 Mb. The assembly enables the construction of a gene regulatory network of the vinblastine biosynthetic pathway and provides insights into the high susceptibility of C. roseus to the Huanglongbing pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongping Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guanying Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiongqiong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ali Qurban
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Can Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huan Si
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Lisong Hu
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning, Hainan, China
| | - Fuqiu Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhitao Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuangxia Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fang Ding
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu D, Lv H, Wang Y, Chen J, Li D, Huang R. Selective RNA Processing and Stabilization are Multi-Layer and Stoichiometric Regulators of Gene Expression in Escherichia coli. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301459. [PMID: 37845007 PMCID: PMC10667835 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Selective RNA processing and stabilization (SRPS) facilitates the differential expression of multiple genes in polycistronic operons. However, how the coordinated actions of SRPS-related enzymes affect stoichiometric regulation remains unclear. In the present study, the first genome-wide targetome analysis is reported of these enzymes in Escherichia coli, at a single-nucleotide resolution. A strictly linear relationship is observed between the RNA pyrophosphohydrolase processing ratio and scores assigned to the first three nucleotides of the primary transcript. Stem-loops associated with PNPase targetomes exhibit a folding free energy that is negatively correlated with the termination ratio of PNPase at the 3' end. More than one-tenth of the RNase E processing sites in the 5'-untranslated regions(UTR) form different stem-loops that affect ribosome-binding and translation efficiency. The effectiveness of the SRPS elements is validated using a dual-fluorescence reporter system. The findings highlight a multi-layer and quantitative regulatory method for optimizing the stoichiometric expression of genes in bacteria and promoting the application of SRPS in synthetic biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daixi Liu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Haibo Lv
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Jinyu Chen
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Dexin Li
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Ranran Huang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Du K, Li X, Zheng C, Lai L, Shen M, Wang Y, Meng D. Monoterpenoid indole alkaloid dimers from the Melodinus axillaris induce G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis via p38 MAPK activation in HCT116 cells. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106841. [PMID: 37683541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Four monoterpenoid indole alkaloid dimers (MIADs), axidimins A-D (1-4), which possesses unprecedented apidosperma-aspidosperma-type skeletons, along with twelve known MIAs were isolated from Melodinus axillaris. Their structures were established by comprehensive analysis of the HRESIMS, NMR, ECD calculation and DP4 + analysis. A possible biosynthetic pathway for axidimins A-D was proposed. In vitro, axidimins C and D exhibited significant cytotoxicities against HCT116 cells with IC50 values of 5.3 μM and 3.9 μM, respectively. The results obtained from flow cytometry and Western blot analysis clearly demonstrated that axidimins C and D significantly induced a reverse G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis of HCT116 cells. The potential mechanism of axidimins C and D on HCT116 cells were thoroughly discussed through the utilization of network pharmacology and molecular docking research. Subsequently, the selected targets were validated using Western blot and CETSA analysis, confirming that axidimins C and D exert its cytotoxic effects through the activation of the p38 MAPK pathway, ultimately leading to HCT116 cells death. This study provides evidence indicating that axidimins C and D have the potential to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HCT116 cells by modulating the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. These findings offer a novel perspective for the development of anti-colorectal cancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaicheng Du
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Xingyao Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Changwei Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Lantao Lai
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Mingyi Shen
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Yumeng Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Dali Meng
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Shi X, Zhao G, Li H, Zhao Z, Li W, Wu M, Du YL. Hydroxytryptophan biosynthesis by a family of heme-dependent enzymes in bacteria. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:1415-1422. [PMID: 37653171 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01416-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxytryptophan serves as a chemical precursor to a variety of bioactive specialized metabolites, including the human neurotransmitter serotonin and the hormone melatonin. Although the human and animal routes to hydroxytryptophan have been known for decades, how bacteria catalyze tryptophan indole hydroxylation remains a mystery. Here we report a class of tryptophan hydroxylases that are involved in various bacterial metabolic pathways. These enzymes utilize a histidine-ligated heme cofactor and molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide to catalyze regioselective hydroxylation on the tryptophan indole moiety, which is mechanistically distinct from their animal counterparts from the nonheme iron enzyme family. Through genome mining, we also identify members that can hydroxylate the tryptophan indole ring at alternative positions. Our results not only reveal a conserved way to synthesize hydroxytryptophans in bacteria but also provide a valuable enzyme toolbox for biocatalysis. As proof of concept, we assemble a highly efficient pathway for melatonin in a bacterial host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Shi
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guiyun Zhao
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China
| | - Hu Li
- Polytechnic Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Zhao
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miaolian Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China
| | - Yi-Ling Du
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China.
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wohlgemuth R. Synthesis of Metabolites and Metabolite-like Compounds Using Biocatalytic Systems. Metabolites 2023; 13:1097. [PMID: 37887422 PMCID: PMC10608848 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13101097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Methodologies for the synthesis and purification of metabolites, which have been developed following their discovery, analysis, and structural identification, have been involved in numerous life science milestones. The renewed focus on the small molecule domain of biological cells has also created an increasing awareness of the rising gap between the metabolites identified and the metabolites which have been prepared as pure compounds. The design and engineering of resource-efficient and straightforward synthetic methodologies for the production of the diverse and numerous metabolites and metabolite-like compounds have attracted much interest. The variety of metabolic pathways in biological cells provides a wonderful blueprint for designing simplified and resource-efficient synthetic routes to desired metabolites. Therefore, biocatalytic systems have become key enabling tools for the synthesis of an increasing number of metabolites, which can then be utilized as standards, enzyme substrates, inhibitors, or other products, or for the discovery of novel biological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Wohlgemuth
- MITR, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego Street 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
- Swiss Coordination Committee Biotechnology (SKB), 8021 Zurich, Switzerland
- European Society of Applied Biocatalysis (ESAB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shelake RM, Jadhav AM, Bhosale PB, Kim JY. Unlocking secrets of nature's chemists: Potential of CRISPR/Cas-based tools in plant metabolic engineering for customized nutraceutical and medicinal profiles. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 203:108070. [PMID: 37816270 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant species have evolved diverse metabolic pathways to effectively respond to internal and external signals throughout their life cycle, allowing adaptation to their sessile and phototropic nature. These pathways selectively activate specific metabolic processes, producing plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) governed by genetic and environmental factors. Humans have utilized PSM-enriched plant sources for millennia in medicine and nutraceuticals. Recent technological advances have significantly contributed to discovering metabolic pathways and related genes involved in the biosynthesis of specific PSM in different food crops and medicinal plants. Consequently, there is a growing demand for plant materials rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds, marketed as "superfoods". To meet the industrial demand for superfoods and therapeutic PSMs, modern methods such as system biology, omics, synthetic biology, and genome editing (GE) play a crucial role in identifying the molecular players, limiting steps, and regulatory circuitry involved in PSM production. Among these methods, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) is the most widely used system for plant GE due to its simple design, flexibility, precision, and multiplexing capabilities. Utilizing the CRISPR-based toolbox for metabolic engineering (ME) offers an ideal solution for developing plants with tailored preventive (nutraceuticals) and curative (therapeutic) metabolic profiles in an ecofriendly way. This review discusses recent advances in understanding the multifactorial regulation of metabolic pathways, the application of CRISPR-based tools for plant ME, and the potential research areas for enhancing plant metabolic profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mahadev Shelake
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
| | - Amol Maruti Jadhav
- Research Institute of Green Energy Convergence Technology (RIGET), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Pritam Bhagwan Bhosale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea; Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea; Nulla Bio Inc, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mancinotti D, Czepiel K, Taylor JL, Golshadi Galehshahi H, Møller LA, Jensen MK, Motawia MS, Hufnagel B, Soriano A, Yeheyis L, Kjaerulff L, Péret B, Staerk D, Wendt T, Nelson MN, Kroc M, Geu-Flores F. The causal mutation leading to sweetness in modern white lupin cultivars. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg8866. [PMID: 37540741 PMCID: PMC10403207 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg8866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Lupins are high-protein crops that are rapidly gaining interest as hardy alternatives to soybean; however, they accumulate antinutritional alkaloids of the quinolizidine type (QAs). Lupin domestication was enabled by the discovery of genetic loci conferring low QA levels (sweetness), but the precise identity of the underlying genes remains uncertain. We show that pauper, the most common sweet locus in white lupin, encodes an acetyltransferase (AT) unexpectedly involved in the early QA pathway. In pauper plants, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) strongly impairs AT activity, causing pathway blockage. We corroborate our hypothesis by replicating the pauper chemotype in narrow-leafed lupin via mutagenesis. Our work adds a new dimension to QA biosynthesis and establishes the identity of a lupin sweet gene for the first time, thus facilitating lupin breeding and enabling domestication of other QA-containing legumes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Mancinotti
- Section for Plant Biochemistry and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Katarzyna Czepiel
- Legume Genomics Team, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jemma L. Taylor
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK
| | - Hajar Golshadi Galehshahi
- Section for Plant Biochemistry and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | | | - Mohammed Saddik Motawia
- Section for Plant Biochemistry and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Bárbara Hufnagel
- IPSiM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Soriano
- IPSiM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Louise Kjaerulff
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Péret
- IPSiM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Dan Staerk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Toni Wendt
- Traitomic A/S, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 14, 1799 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew N. Nelson
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Floreat, WA 6014, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Magdalena Kroc
- Legume Genomics Team, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań, Poland
| | - Fernando Geu-Flores
- Section for Plant Biochemistry and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bui VH, Rodríguez-López CE, Dang TTT. Integration of discovery and engineering in plant alkaloid research: Recent developments in elucidation, reconstruction, and repurposing biosynthetic pathways. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 74:102379. [PMID: 37182414 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants synthesize tens of thousands of bioactive nitrogen-containing compounds called alkaloids, including some clinically important drugs in modern medicine. The discovery of new alkaloid structures and their metabolism in plants have provided ways to access these rich sources of bioactivities including new-to-nature compounds relevant to therapeutic and industrial applications. This review discusses recent advances in alkaloid biosynthesis discovery, including complete pathway elucidations. Additionally, the latest developments in the production of new and established plant alkaloids based on either biosynthesis or semisynthesis are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Van-Hung Bui
- Department of Chemistry, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Carlos Eduardo Rodríguez-López
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. 64849, Mexico.
| | - Thu-Thuy T Dang
- Department of Chemistry, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Salim V, Jarecki SA, Vick M, Miller R. Advances in Metabolic Engineering of Plant Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1056. [PMID: 37626942 PMCID: PMC10452178 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) encompass a diverse family of over 3000 plant natural products with a wide range of medical applications. Further utilizations of these compounds, however, are hampered due to low levels of abundance in their natural sources, causing difficult isolation and complex multi-steps in uneconomical chemical syntheses. Metabolic engineering of MIA biosynthesis in heterologous hosts is attractive, particularly for increasing the yield of natural products of interest and expanding their chemical diversity. Here, we review recent advances and strategies which have been adopted to engineer microbial and plant systems for the purpose of generating MIAs and discuss the current issues and future developments of manufacturing MIAs by synthetic biology approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vonny Salim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71115, USA; (S.-A.J.); (M.V.)
| | - Sara-Alexis Jarecki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71115, USA; (S.-A.J.); (M.V.)
| | - Marshall Vick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71115, USA; (S.-A.J.); (M.V.)
| | - Ryan Miller
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Negin B, Jander G. Convergent and divergent evolution of plant chemical defenses. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 73:102368. [PMID: 37087925 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The majority of the several hundred thousand specialized metabolites produced by plants function in defense against insects and other herbivores. Despite this diversity, identical metabolites or structurally distinct metabolites hitting the same targets in herbivorous animals have evolved repeatedly. This convergent evolution may reflect the constraints of plant primary metabolism in providing metabolic precursors, as well as the limited number of readily accessible targets in animals. These restrictions may make it uncommon for plants to develop completely novel toxic and deterrent metabolites, despite the ongoing evolution of resistance mechanisms in insect herbivores. Defensive compounds that are unique to individual genera or species often have long biosynthetic pathways that may complicate the repeated evolution of these metabolites in different plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Negin
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Banyal A, Tiwari S, Sharma A, Chanana I, Patel SKS, Kulshrestha S, Kumar P. Vinca alkaloids as a potential cancer therapeutics: recent update and future challenges. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:211. [PMID: 37251731 PMCID: PMC10209376 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Vinca alkaloids including vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, and vinflunine are chemotherapeutic compounds commonly used to treat various cancers. Vinca alkaloids are one of the first microtubule-targeting agents to be produced and certified for the treatment of hematological and lymphatic neoplasms. Microtubule targeting agents like vincristine and vinblastine work by disrupting microtubule dynamics, causing mitotic arrest and cell death. The key issues facing vinca alkaloids applications include establishing an environment-friendly production technique based on microorganisms, as well as increasing bioavailability without causing harm to patient's health. The low yield of these vinca alkaloids from the plant and the difficulty of meeting their huge colossal demand around the globe prompted researchers to create a variety of approaches. Endophytes could thus be selected to produce beneficial secondary metabolites required for the biosynthesis of vinca alkaloids. This review covers the significant aspects of these vital drugs, from their discovery to the present day, in a concise manner. In addition, we emphasize the major hurdles that must be overcome in the coming years to improve vinca alkaloid's effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Banyal
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229 India
| | - Shubham Tiwari
- IMS Engineering College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201009 India
| | - Aparajita Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229 India
| | - Ishita Chanana
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229 India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Singh Patel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 143-701 South Korea
| | - Saurabh Kulshrestha
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229 India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229 India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Li C, Wood JC, Vu AH, Hamilton JP, Rodriguez Lopez CE, Payne RME, Serna Guerrero DA, Gase K, Yamamoto K, Vaillancourt B, Caputi L, O'Connor SE, Robin Buell C. Single-cell multi-omics in the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus. Nat Chem Biol 2023:10.1038/s41589-023-01327-0. [PMID: 37188960 PMCID: PMC10374443 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Advances in omics technologies now permit the generation of highly contiguous genome assemblies, detection of transcripts and metabolites at the level of single cells and high-resolution determination of gene regulatory features. Here, using a complementary, multi-omics approach, we interrogated the monoterpene indole alkaloid (MIA) biosynthetic pathway in Catharanthus roseus, a source of leading anticancer drugs. We identified clusters of genes involved in MIA biosynthesis on the eight C. roseus chromosomes and extensive gene duplication of MIA pathway genes. Clustering was not limited to the linear genome, and through chromatin interaction data, MIA pathway genes were present within the same topologically associated domain, permitting the identification of a secologanin transporter. Single-cell RNA-sequencing revealed sequential cell-type-specific partitioning of the leaf MIA biosynthetic pathway that, when coupled with a single-cell metabolomics approach, permitted the identification of a reductase that yields the bis-indole alkaloid anhydrovinblastine. We also revealed cell-type-specific expression in the root MIA pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxin Li
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Joshua C Wood
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Anh Hai Vu
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - John P Hamilton
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Richard M E Payne
- The John Innes Centre, Department of Biological Chemistry, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Klaus Gase
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Kotaro Yamamoto
- School of Science, Association of International Arts and Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Lorenzo Caputi
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.
| | - Sarah E O'Connor
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.
| | - C Robin Buell
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Laforest LC, Kuntz MA, Kanumuri SRR, Mukhopadhyay S, Sharma A, O'Connor SE, McCurdy CR, Nadakuduti SS. Metabolite and Molecular Characterization of Mitragyna speciosa Identifies Developmental and Genotypic Effects on Monoterpene Indole and Oxindole Alkaloid Composition. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:1042-1052. [PMID: 36913648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The monoterpene indole alkaloid (MIA) mitragynine has garnered attention as a potential treatment for pain, opioid use disorder, and opioid withdrawal because of its combined pharmacology at opioid and adrenergic receptors in humans. This alkaloid is unique to Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), which accumulates over 50 MIAs and oxindole alkaloids in its leaves. Quantification of 10 targeted alkaloids from several tissue types and cultivars of M. speciosa revealed that mitragynine accumulation was highest in leaves, followed by stipules and stems, but was absent, along with other alkaloids, in roots. While mitragynine is the predominant alkaloid in mature leaves, juvenile leaves accumulate higher amounts of corynantheidine and speciociliatine. Interestingly, corynantheidine has an inverse relationship with mitragynine accumulation throughout leaf development. Characterization of various cultivars of M. speciosa indicated altered alkaloidal profiles ranging from undetectable to high levels of mitragynine. DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis using ribosomal ITS sequences revealed polymorphisms leading M. speciosa cultivars having lower mitragynine content to group with other mitragyna species, suggesting interspecific hybridization events. Root transcriptome analysis of low- and high-mitragynine-producing cultivars indicated significant differences in gene expression and revealed allelic variation, further supporting that hybridization events may have impacted the alkaloid profile of M. speciosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa C Laforest
- Plant Molecular and Cell Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Michelle A Kuntz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Siva Rama Raju Kanumuri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Sushobhan Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Sarah E O'Connor
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Satya Swathi Nadakuduti
- Plant Molecular and Cell Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32606, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Liu Z, Rivera S, Newmister SA, Sanders JN, Nie Q, Liu S, Zhao F, Ferrara JD, Shih HW, Patil S, Xu W, Miller MD, Phillips GN, Houk KN, Sherman DH, Gao X. An NmrA-like enzyme-catalysed redox-mediated Diels-Alder cycloaddition with anti-selectivity. Nat Chem 2023; 15:526-534. [PMID: 36635598 PMCID: PMC10073347 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder cycloaddition is one of the most powerful approaches in organic synthesis and is often used in the synthesis of important pharmaceuticals. Yet, strictly controlling the stereoselectivity of the Diels-Alder reactions is challenging, and great efforts are needed to construct complex molecules with desired chirality via organocatalysis or transition-metal strategies. Nature has evolved different types of enzymes to exquisitely control cyclization stereochemistry; however, most of the reported Diels-Alderases have been shown to only facilitate the energetically favourable diastereoselective cycloadditions. Here we report the discovery and characterization of CtdP, a member of a new class of bifunctional oxidoreductase/Diels-Alderase, which was previously annotated as an NmrA-like transcriptional regulator. We demonstrate that CtdP catalyses the inherently disfavoured cycloaddition to form the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane scaffold with a strict α-anti-selectivity. Guided by computational studies, we reveal a NADP+/NADPH-dependent redox mechanism for the CtdP-catalysed inverse electron demand Diels-Alder cycloaddition, which serves as the first example of a bifunctional Diels-Alderase that utilizes this mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sebastian Rivera
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sean A Newmister
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jacob N Sanders
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qiuyue Nie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fanglong Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Hao-Wei Shih
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Siddhant Patil
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Weijun Xu
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - George N Phillips
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - David H Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Xue Gao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Biswas P, Bibi S, Yousafi Q, Mehmood A, Saleem S, Ihsan A, Dey D, Hasan Zilani MN, Hasan MN, Saleem R, Awaji AA, Fahmy UA, Abdel-Daim MM. Study of MDM2 as Prognostic Biomarker in Brain-LGG Cancer and Bioactive Phytochemicals Inhibit the p53-MDM2 Pathway: A Computational Drug Development Approach. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072977. [PMID: 37049742 PMCID: PMC10095937 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An evaluation of the expression and predictive significance of the MDM2 gene in brain lower-grade glioma (LGG) cancer was carried out using onco-informatics pipelines. Several transcriptome servers were used to measure the differential expression of the targeted MDM2 gene and search mutations and copy number variations. GENT2, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis, Onco-Lnc, and PrognoScan were used to figure out the survival rate of LGG cancer patients. The protein–protein interaction networks between MDM2 gene and its co-expressed genes were constructed by Gene-MANIA tool. Identified bioactive phytochemicals were evaluated through molecular docking using Schrödinger Suite Software, with the MDM2 (PDB ID: 1RV1) target. Protein–ligand interactions were observed with key residues of the macromolecular target. A molecular dynamics simulation of the novel bioactive compounds with the targeted protein was performed. Phytochemicals targeting MDM2 protein, such as Taxifolin and (-)-Epicatechin, have been shown with more highly stable results as compared to the control drug, and hence, concluded that phytochemicals with bioactive potential might be alternative therapeutic options for the management of LGG patients. Our once informatics-based designed pipeline has indicated that the MDM2 gene may have been a predictive biomarker for LGG cancer and selected phytochemicals possessed outstanding interaction results within the macromolecular target’s active site after utilizing in silico approaches. In vitro and in vivo experiments are recommended to confirm these outcomes.
Collapse
|
35
|
Kulhar N, Rajakumara E. Binding order and apparent binding affinity in the bisubstrate activity of strictosidine synthase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:15634-15646. [PMID: 36943789 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2193643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The Rauvolfia serpentina strictosidine synthase (RsSTR) enzyme with a bisubstrate activity is central to monoterpenoid indole alkaloid (MIA) biosynthesis pathways, as it stereoselectively condenses the terpenoid and indole metabolites, secologanin and tryptamine, respectively, into strictosidine. Here, cooperativity was aimed to be deciphered by proxy with help of a non-substrate tryptamine analog (decoy compound) to allow a bisubstrate binding without reaction, facilitating an isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC)-based analysis of the effect of the presence of one substrate on the binding of the other. Tryptamine and tryptamine analog bound to RsSTR with similar binding affinities (Kd). On the contrary, ITC revealed an exothermic titration of secologanin to RsSTR but could not fully quantify it because of weak binding. Interestingly, secologanin bound to RsSTR with an apparent binding affinity (Kd,app) of 212.1 μM in the presence of the decoy compound, as opposed to a lack of binding to RsSTR alone, strongly suggesting a "tryptamine-first" mode of binding. Conversely, binding of tryptamine analog in the presence of secologanin was enhanced >3-fold. Further, molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) analyses revealed the conformational flexibility needed for such cooperativity. Our binding studies complemented with the computational analyses suggested cooperativity in the ordered bisubstrate binding to RsSTR. Therefore, understanding thermodynamics and cooperativity in the binding of substrates or ligands would help to unravel the mechanism of enzyme catalysis and ligand-receptor interactions, and would guide the redesign of enzymes for enhanced properties and the design of inhibitors against enzymes and receptors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Kulhar
- Macromolecular Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Eerappa Rajakumara
- Macromolecular Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chuang L, Liu S, Franke J. Post-Cyclization Skeletal Rearrangements in Plant Triterpenoid Biosynthesis by a Pair of Branchpoint Isomerases. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5083-5091. [PMID: 36821810 PMCID: PMC9999417 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoids possess potent biological activities, but their polycyclic skeletons are challenging to synthesize. The skeletal diversity of triterpenoids in plants is generated by oxidosqualene cyclases based on epoxide-triggered cationic rearrangement cascades. Normally, triterpenoid skeletons then remain unaltered during subsequent tailoring steps. In contrast, the highly modified triterpenoids found in Sapindales plants imply the existence of post-cyclization skeletal rearrangement enzymes that have not yet been found. We report here a biosynthetic pathway in Sapindales plants for the modification of already cyclized tirucallane triterpenoids, controlling the pathway bifurcation between different plant triterpenoid classes. Using a combination of bioinformatics, heterologous expression in plants and chemical analyses, we identified a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and two isomerases which harness the epoxidation-rearrangement biosynthetic logic of triterpene cyclizations for modifying the tirucallane scaffold. The two isomerases share the same epoxide substrate made by the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP88A154, but generate two different rearrangement products, one containing a cyclopropane ring. Our findings reveal a process for skeletal rearrangements of triterpenoids in nature that expands their scaffold diversity after the initial cyclization. In addition, the enzymes described here are crucial for the biotechnological production of limonoid, quassinoid, apoprotolimonoid, and glabretane triterpenoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chuang
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Shenyu Liu
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jakob Franke
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Raorane ML, Manz C, Hildebrandt S, Mielke M, Thieme M, Keller J, Bunzel M, Nick P. Cell type matters: competence for alkaloid metabolism differs in two seed-derived cell strains of Catharanthus roseus. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:349-369. [PMID: 35697946 PMCID: PMC9931846 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the anticancer drugs vinblastine and vincristine, Catharanthus roseus has been intensively studied for biosynthesis of several terpene indole alkaloids (TIAs). Due to their low abundance in plant tissues at a simultaneously high demand, modes of production alternative to conventional extraction are mandatory. Plant cell fermentation might become one of these alternatives, yet decades of research have shown limited success to certain product classes, leading to the question: how to preserve the intrinsic ability to produce TIAs (metabolic competence) in cell culture? We used the strategy to use the developmental potency of mature embryos to generate such strains. Two cell strains (C1and C4) from seed embryos of Catharanthus roseus were found to differ not only morphologically, but also in their metabolic competence. This differential competence became manifest not only under phytohormone elicitation, but also upon feeding with alkaloid pathway precursors. The more active strain C4 formed larger cell aggregates and was endowed with longer mitochondria. These cellular features were accompanied by higher alkaloid accumulation in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) elicitation. The levels of catharanthine could be increased significantly, while the concurrent vindoline branch of the pathway was blocked, such that no bisindole alkaloids were detectable. By feeding vindoline to MeJA-elicited C4 cells, vincristine became detectable; however, only to marginal amounts. In conclusion, these results show that cultured cells are not "de-differentiated", but can differ in metabolic competence. In addition to elicitation and precursor feeding, the cellular properties of the "biomatter" are highly relevant for the success of plant cell fermentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish L Raorane
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University, Hoher Weg 8, 06120, Halle-WittenbergHalle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Christina Manz
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sarah Hildebrandt
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marion Mielke
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marc Thieme
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Judith Keller
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lemos Cruz P, Carqueijeiro I, Koudounas K, Bomzan DP, Stander EA, Abdallah C, Kulagina N, Oudin A, Lanoue A, Giglioli-Guivarc'h N, Nagegowda DA, Papon N, Besseau S, Clastre M, Courdavault V. Identification of a second 16-hydroxytabersonine-O-methyltransferase suggests an evolutionary relationship between alkaloid and flavonoid metabolisms in Catharanthus roseus. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:607-624. [PMID: 35947213 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01801-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus biosynthesizes many important drugs for human health, including the anticancer monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) vinblastine and vincristine. Over the past decades, the continuous increase in pharmaceutical demand has prompted several research groups to characterize MIA biosynthetic pathways for considering future metabolic engineering processes of supply. In line with previous work suggesting that diversification can potentially occur at various steps along the vindoline branch, we were here interested in investigating the involvement of distinct isoforms of tabersonine-16-O-methyltransferase (16OMT) which plays a pivotal role in the MIA biosynthetic pathway. By combining homology searches based on the previously characterized 16OMT1, phylogenetic analyses, functional assays in yeast, and biochemical and in planta characterizations, we identified a second isoform of 16OMT, referred to as 16OMT2. 16OMT2 appears to be a multifunctional enzyme working on both MIA and flavonoid substrates, suggesting that a constrained evolution of the enzyme for accommodating the MIA substrate has probably occurred to favor the apparition of 16OMT2 from an ancestral specific flavonoid-O-methyltransferase. Since 16OMT1 and 16OMT2 displays a high sequence identity and similar kinetic parameters for 16-hydroxytabersonine, we postulate that 16OMT1 may result from a later 16OMT2 gene duplication accompanied by a continuous neofunctionalization leading to an almost complete loss of flavonoid O-methyltransferase activity. Overall, these results participate in increasing our knowledge on the evolutionary processes that have likely led to enzyme co-optation for MIA synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Lemos Cruz
- Université de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Ines Carqueijeiro
- Université de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | | | - Dikki Pedenla Bomzan
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Emily Amor Stander
- Université de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Cécile Abdallah
- Université de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Natalja Kulagina
- Université de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Audrey Oudin
- Université de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Arnaud Lanoue
- Université de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | | | - Dinesh A Nagegowda
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Nicolas Papon
- Univ Angers, Univ Brest, IRF, SFR, ICAT, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Sébastien Besseau
- Université de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Marc Clastre
- Université de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- Université de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Yin X, Liu J, Kou C, Lu J, Zhang H, Song W, Li Y, Xue Z, Hua X. Deciphering the network of cholesterol biosynthesis in Paris polyphylla laid a base for efficient diosgenin production in plant chassis. Metab Eng 2023; 76:232-246. [PMID: 36849090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol serves as a key precursor for many high-value chemicals such as plant-derived steroidal saponins and steroidal alkaloids, but a plant chassis for effective biosynthesis of high levels of cholesterol has not been established. Plant chassis have significant advantages over microbial chassis in terms of membrane protein expression, precursor supply, product tolerance, and regionalization synthesis. Here, using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression technology, Nicotiana benthamiana, and a step-by-step screening approach, we identified nine enzymes (SSR1-3, SMO1-3, CPI-5, CYP51G, SMO2-2, C14-R-2, 8,7SI-4, C5-SD1, and 7-DR1-1) from the medicinal plant Paris polyphylla and established detailed biosynthetic routes from cycloartenol to cholesterol. Specfically, we optimized HMGR, a key gene of the mevalonate pathway, and co-expressed it with the PpOSC1 gene to achieve a high level of cycloartenol (28.79 mg/g dry weight, which is a sufficient amount of precursor for cholesterol biosynthesis) synthesis in the leaves of N. benthamiana. Subsequently, using a one-by-one elimination method we found that six of these enzymes (SSR1-3, SMO1-3, CPI-5, CYP51G, SMO2-2, and C5-SD1) were crucial for cholesterol production in N. benthamiana, and we establihed a high-efficiency cholesterol synthesis system with a yield of 5.63 mg/g dry weight. Using this strategy, we also discovered the biosynthetic metabolic network responsible for the synthesis of a common aglycon of steroidal saponin, diosgenin, using cholesterol as a substrate, obtaining a yield of 2.12 mg/g dry weight in N. benthamiana. Our study provides an effective strategy to characterize the metabolic pathways of medicinal plants that lack a system for in vivo functional verification, and also lays a foundation for the synthesis of active steroid saponins in plant chassis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yin
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Chengxi Kou
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaojiao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - He Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Song
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.
| | - Yuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.
| | - Zheyong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.
| | - Xin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yang Y, Ding L, Zhou Y, Guo Z, Yu R, Zhu J. Establishment of recombinant Catharanthus roseus stem cells stably overexpressing ORCA4 for terpenoid indole alkaloids biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 196:783-792. [PMID: 36848864 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Catharanthus roseus is a perennial herb of the Apocynaceae family, from which about 200 kinds of alkaloids have been characterized. Most alkaloids from C. roseus are terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs), such as vinblastine and vincristine, which are widely used in the clinic for their good antitumor activity. However, they were only biosynthesized in C. roseus, and their content in C. roseus is extremely low. The access to these valuable compounds is by plant extraction or chemical semisynthesis from their precursors catharanthine and vindoline. Since catharanthine and vindoline are also obtained from C. roseus, the supply of vinblastine and vincristine makes it difficult to meet market demands. Therefore, how to improve the yield of TIAs is an attractive issue. In this study, we compared the regulatory effect of two critical transcription factors, octadecanoid-derivative responsive Catharanthus AP2-domain protein 3 (ORCA3) and octadecanoid-derivative responsive Catharanthus AP2-domain protein 4 (ORCA4), on the biosynthesis of TIAs in C. roseus. The results showed that overexpressing both two transcription factors could increase the accumulation of TIAs. The effect was more significant when ORCA4 was overexpressed. To acquire C. roseus TIAs on a continuous and consistent basis, we then created and acquired C. roseus stem cells stably overexpressing ORCA4. This is the first time a recombinant C. roseus stem cell system with stable ORCA4 overexpression has been developed, which not only provides new ideas for future research in this area but also breaches new life into the industrial application of using plant cell culture to obtain natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjian Yang
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Liuyu Ding
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zizheng Guo
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Rongmin Yu
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Walsh CT. Tailoring enzyme strategies and functional groups in biosynthetic pathways. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:326-386. [PMID: 36268810 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00048b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 to 2022Secondary metabolites are assembled by drawing off and committing some of the flux of primary metabolic building blocks to sets of enzymes that tailor the maturing scaffold to increase architectural and framework complexity, often balancing hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. In this review we examine the small number of chemical strategies that tailoring enzymes employ in maturation of scaffolds. These strategies depend both on the organic functional groups present at each metabolic stage and one of two tailoring enzyme strategies. Nonoxidative tailoring enzymes typically transfer electrophilic fragments, acyl, alkyl and glycosyl groups, from a small set of thermodynamically activated but kinetically stable core metabolites. Oxidative tailoring enzymes can be oxygen-independent or oxygen-dependent. The oxygen independent oxidoreductases are often reversible nicotinamide-utilizing redox catalysts, flipping the nucleophilicity and electrophilicity of functional groups in pathway intermediates. O2-dependent oxygenases, both mono- and dioxygenases, act by orthogonal, one electron strategies, generating carbon radical species. At sp3 substrate carbons, product alcohols may then behave as nucleophiles for subsequent waves of enzymatic tailoring. At sp2 carbons in olefins, electrophilic epoxides have opposite reactivity and often function as "disappearing groups", opened by intramolecular nucleophiles during metabolite maturation. "Thwarted" oxygenases generate radical intermediates that rearrange internally and are not captured oxygenatively.
Collapse
|
42
|
Schuhmacher M, Hoogendoorn S. Out With a Bang: Celebrating Global Chemical Biology. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:218-222. [PMID: 36648442 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
On November 8-10, 2022, 163 participants from all over the world gathered at the Campus Biotech in Geneva, Switzerland to share in the latest research in chemical biology. The fourth international symposium of the Swiss National Centres of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology coincided with the end of this successful research consortium, and as such this event marked a celebration of the past 12 years of chemical biology research in Switzerland. The inspiring talks delivered by the 15 well-known scientists, balanced in gender, expertise, and geographic location, as well as the numerous poster presentations by junior scientists showcased the breadth of global chemical biology and the bright future ahead.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milena Schuhmacher
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sascha Hoogendoorn
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhao X, Zhang Y, Lai J, Deng Y, Hao Y, Wang S, Yang J. The SlDOG1 Affect Biosynthesis of Steroidal Glycoalkaloids by Regulating GAME Expression in Tomato. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043360. [PMID: 36834772 PMCID: PMC9960814 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroidal alkaloids (SAs) and steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are common constituents of plant species belonging to the Solanaceae family. However, the molecular mechanism regulating the formation of SAs and SGAs remains unknown. Here, genome-wide association mapping was used to elucidate SA and SGA regulation in tomatoes: a SlGAME5-like glycosyltransferase (Solyc10g085240) and the transcription factor SlDOG1 (Solyc10g085210) were significantly associated with steroidal alkaloid composition. In this study, it was found that rSlGAME5-like can catalyze a variety of substrates for glycosidation and can catalyze SA and flavonol pathways to form O-glucoside and O-galactoside in vitro. The overexpression of SlGAME5-like promoted α-tomatine, hydroxytomatine, and flavonol glycoside accumulation in tomatoes. Furthermore, assessments of natural variation combined with functional analyses identified SlDOG1 as a major determinant of tomato SGA content, which also promoted SA and SGA accumulation via the regulation of GAME gene expression. This study provides new insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying SGA production in tomatoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuecheng Zhao
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yueran Zhang
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jun Lai
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yuan Deng
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yingchen Hao
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shouchuang Wang
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (J.Y.); Tel.: +86-898-66276381 (J.Y.)
| | - Jun Yang
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (J.Y.); Tel.: +86-898-66276381 (J.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Nguyen TAM, Grzech D, Chung K, Xia Z, Nguyen TD, Dang TTT. Discovery of a cytochrome P450 enzyme catalyzing the formation of spirooxindole alkaloid scaffold. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1125158. [PMID: 36818833 PMCID: PMC9936145 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1125158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Spirooxindole alkaloids feature a unique scaffold of an oxindole ring sharing an atom with a heterocyclic moiety. These compounds display an extensive range of biological activities such as anticancer, antibiotics, and anti-hypertension. Despite their structural and functional significance, the establishment and rationale of the spirooxindole scaffold biosynthesis are yet to be elucidated. Herein, we report the discovery and characterization of a cytochrome P450 enzyme from kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) responsible for the formation of the spirooxindole alkaloids 3-epi-corynoxeine (3R, 7R) and isocorynoxeine (3S, 7S) from the corynanthe-type (3R)-secoyohimbane precursors. Expression of the newly discovered enzyme in Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast allows for the efficient in vivo and in vitro production of spirooxindoles. This discovery highlights the versatility of plant cytochrome P450 enzymes in building unusual alkaloid scaffolds and opens a gateway to access the prestigious spirooxindole pharmacophore and its derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuan-Anh M. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Dagny Grzech
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Khoa Chung
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zhicheng Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Trinh-Don Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Thu-Thuy T. Dang
- Department of Chemistry, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Fan M, Zou L, Tian K, Chen G, Cheng K, Li Y. Chemistry, bioactivity, biosynthesis, and total synthesis of stemmadenine alkaloids. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1022-1044. [PMID: 36728407 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00052k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to July 2022Stemmadenine alkaloids are a restrictive sub-group of monoterpene indole alkaloids, represented by two congeners: stemmadenine and vallesamine. Their skeleton is defined by the cleavage of the C-3-C-7 bond of the Strychnos group's pentacyclic scaffold in monoterpene indole alkaloids. The parent alkaloid stemmadenine acts as a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of several major monoterpene indole alkaloid families, including regular Strychnos alkaloids, Aspidosperma alkaloids, and Iboga alkaloids. In this review, a complete coverage of the stemmadenine alkaloids, from the early reports till the present day at 2022, are presented, and their diverse biological activities are briefly described. Moreover, the biosynthetic proposal for stemmadenine and the proposed biogenetic conversion of stemmadenine-type alkaloids into vallesamine-type congeners are discussed in detail. Moreover, the successful synthetic strategies to access the strained stemmadenine scaffolds are fully reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Fan
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liangbang Zou
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kaidi Tian
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guoqing Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kai Cheng
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Li
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kwan BD, Seligmann B, Nguyen TD, Franke J, Dang TTT. Leveraging synthetic biology and metabolic engineering to overcome obstacles in plant pathway elucidation. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 71:102330. [PMID: 36599248 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Major hurdles in plant biosynthetic pathway elucidation and engineering include the need for rapid testing of enzyme candidates and the lack of complex substrates that are often not accumulated in the plant, amenable to synthesis, or commercially available. Linking metabolic engineering with gene discovery in both yeast and plant holds great promise to expedite the elucidation process and, at the same time, provide a platform for the sustainable production of plant metabolites. In this review, we highlight how synthetic biology and metabolic engineering alleviated longstanding obstacles in plant pathway elucidation. Recent advances in developing these chassis that showcase established and emerging strategies in accelerating biosynthetic gene discovery will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke D Kwan
- Department of Chemistry, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, 3427 University Way, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Benedikt Seligmann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Botany, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Trinh-Don Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, 3427 University Way, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Jakob Franke
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Botany, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Thu-Thuy T Dang
- Department of Chemistry, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, 3427 University Way, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Jiang CX, Yu JX, Fei X, Pan XJ, Zhu NN, Lin CL, Zhou D, Zhu HR, Qi Y, Wu ZG. Gene coexpression networks allow the discovery of two strictosidine synthases underlying monoterpene indole alkaloid biosynthesis in Uncaria rhynchophylla. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 226:1360-1373. [PMID: 36442554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) from Uncaria rhynchophylla (UR) have huge medicinal properties in treating Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and depression. Although many bioactive UR-MIA products have been isolated as drugs, their biosynthetic pathway remains largely unexplored. In this study, untargeted metabolome identified 79 MIA features in UR tissues (leaf, branch stem, hook stem, and stem), of which 30 MIAs were differentially accumulated among different tissues. Short time series expression analysis captured 58 pathway genes and 12 hub regulators responsible for UR-MIA biosynthesis and regulation, which were strong links with main UR-MIA features. Coexpression networks further pointed to two strictosidine synthases (UrSTR1/5) that were coregulated with multiple MIA-related genes and highly correlated with UR-MIA features (r > 0.7, P < 0.005). Both UrSTR1/5 catalyzed the formation of strictosidine with tryptamine and secologanin as substrates, highlighting the importance of key residues (UrSTR1: Glu309, Tyr155; UrSTR5: Glu295, Tyr141). Further, overexpression of UrSTR1/5 in UR hairy roots constitutively increased the biosynthesis of bioactive UR-MIAs (rhynchophylline, isorhynchophylline, corynoxeine, etc), whereas RNAi of UrSTR1/5 significantly decreased UR-MIA biosynthesis. Collectively, our work not only provides candidates for reconstituting the biosynthesis of bioactive UR-MIAs in heterologous hosts but also highlights a powerful strategy for mining natural product biosynthesis in medicinal plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jia-Xing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xuan Fei
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ning-Ning Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Chong-Liang Lin
- The 1(st) Affiliated Hospital of WMU, The 1(st) School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325025, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hao-Ru Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zhuang Z, Zhong X, Li Q, Liu T, Yang Q, Lin GQ, He QL, Zhao Q, Liu W. Production of the antifungal biopesticide physcion through the combination of microbial fermentation and chemical post-treatment. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:2. [PMID: 38647644 PMCID: PMC10991666 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00625-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Physcion is an anthraquinone compound observed dominantly in medicinal herbs. This anthraquinone possesses a variety of pharmaceutically important activities and has been developed to be a widely used antifungal biopesticide. Herein, we report on the effective preparation of 3R-torosachrysone (4), a tetrahydroanthracene precursor of physcion, in Aspergillus oryzae NSAR1 by heterologous expression of related genes mined from the phlegmacins-producing ascomycete Talaromyces sp. F08Z-0631. Conditions for converting 4 into physcion were studied and optimized, leading to the development of a concise approach for extracting high-purity physcion from the alkali-treated fermentation broth of the 4-producing A. oryzae strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhuang
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xueqing Zhong
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qinghua Li
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Tian Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Lin
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qing-Li He
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Qunfei Zhao
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhu J, An T, Zha W, Gao K, Li T, Zi J. Manipulation of IME4 expression, a global regulation strategy for metabolic engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
|
50
|
Sun S, Shen X, Li Y, Li Y, Wang S, Li R, Zhang H, Shen G, Guo B, Wei J, Xu J, St-Pierre B, Chen S, Sun C. Single-cell RNA sequencing provides a high-resolution roadmap for understanding the multicellular compartmentation of specialized metabolism. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:179-190. [PMID: 36522449 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01291-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs) are among the most diverse specialized metabolites in plants and are of great pharmaceutical importance. We leveraged single-cell transcriptomics to explore the spatial organization of MIA metabolism in Catharanthus roseus leaves, and the transcripts of 20 MIA genes were first localized, updating the model of MIA biosynthesis. The MIA pathway was partitioned into three cell types, consistent with the results from RNA in situ hybridization experiments. Several candidate transporters were predicted to be essential players shuttling MIA intermediates between inter- and intracellular compartments, supplying potential targets to increase the overall yields of desirable MIAs in native plants or heterologous hosts through metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. This work provides not only a universal roadmap for elucidating the spatiotemporal distribution of biological processes at single-cell resolution, but also abundant cellular and genetic resources for further investigation of the higher-order organization of MIA biosynthesis, transport and storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Shen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rucan Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huibo Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guoan Shen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Baolin Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Benoit St-Pierre
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, Tours, France.
| | - Shilin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Chao Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|