1
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Tullius TW, Isaac RS, Dubocanin D, Ranchalis J, Churchman LS, Stergachis AB. RNA polymerases reshape chromatin architecture and couple transcription on individual fibers. Mol Cell 2024; 84:3209-3222.e5. [PMID: 39191261 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2024.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
RNA polymerases must initiate and pause within a complex chromatin environment, surrounded by nucleosomes and other transcriptional machinery. This environment creates a spatial arrangement along individual chromatin fibers ripe for both competition and coordination, yet these relationships remain largely unknown owing to the inherent limitations of traditional structural and sequencing methodologies. To address this, we employed long-read chromatin fiber sequencing (Fiber-seq) in Drosophila to visualize RNA polymerase (Pol) within its native chromatin context with single-molecule precision along up to 30 kb fibers. We demonstrate that Fiber-seq enables the identification of individual Pol II, nucleosome, and transcription factor footprints, revealing Pol II pausing-driven destabilization of downstream nucleosomes. Furthermore, we demonstrate pervasive direct distance-dependent transcriptional coupling between nearby Pol II genes, Pol III genes, and transcribed enhancers, modulated by local chromatin architecture. Overall, transcription initiation reshapes surrounding nucleosome architecture and couples nearby transcriptional machinery along individual chromatin fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Tullius
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - R Stefan Isaac
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Danilo Dubocanin
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jane Ranchalis
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Andrew B Stergachis
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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2
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Maslan A, Altemose N, Marcus J, Mishra R, Brennan LD, Sundararajan K, Karpen G, Straight AF, Streets A. Mapping protein-DNA interactions with DiMeLo-seq. Nat Protoc 2024:10.1038/s41596-024-01032-9. [PMID: 39237830 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-024-01032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
We recently developed directed methylation with long-read sequencing (DiMeLo-seq) to map protein-DNA interactions genome wide. DiMeLo-seq is capable of mapping multiple interaction sites on single DNA molecules, profiling protein binding in the context of endogenous DNA methylation, identifying haplotype-specific protein-DNA interactions and mapping protein-DNA interactions in repetitive regions of the genome that are difficult to study with short-read methods. With DiMeLo-seq, adenines in the vicinity of a protein of interest are methylated in situ by tethering the Hia5 methyltransferase to an antibody using protein A. Protein-DNA interactions are then detected by direct readout of adenine methylation with long-read, single-molecule DNA sequencing platforms such as Nanopore sequencing. Here we present a detailed protocol and practical guidance for performing DiMeLo-seq. This protocol can be run on nuclei from fresh, lightly fixed or frozen cells. The protocol requires 1-2 d for performing in situ targeted methylation, 1-5 d for library preparation depending on desired fragment length and 1-3 d for Nanopore sequencing depending on desired sequencing depth. The protocol requires basic molecular biology skills and equipment, as well as access to a Nanopore sequencer. We also provide a Python package, dimelo, for analysis of DiMeLo-seq data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Maslan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Altemose
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy Marcus
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Reet Mishra
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lucy D Brennan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Gary Karpen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of BioEngineering and BioMedical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, USA
| | - Aaron F Straight
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Streets
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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3
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Clerkin AB, Pagane N, West DW, Spakowitz AJ, Risca VI. Determining mesoscale chromatin structure parameters from spatially correlated cleavage data using a coarse-grained oligonucleosome model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.28.605011. [PMID: 39131347 PMCID: PMC11312488 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.28.605011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
The three-dimensional structure of chromatin has emerged as an important feature of eukaryotic gene regulation. Recent technological advances in DNA sequencing-based assays have revealed locus- and chromatin state-specific structural patterns at the length scale of a few nucleosomes (~1 kb). However, interpreting these data sets remains challenging. Radiation-induced correlated cleavage of chromatin (RICC-seq) is one such chromatin structure assay that maps DNA-DNA-contacts at base pair resolution by sequencing single-stranded DNA fragments released from irradiated cells. Here, we develop a flexible modeling and simulation framework to enable the interpretation of RICC-seq data in terms of oligonucleosome structure ensembles. Nucleosomes are modeled as rigid bodies with excluded volume and adjustable DNA wrapping, connected by linker DNA modeled as a worm-like chain. We validate the model's parameters against cryo-electron microscopy and sedimentation data. Our results show that RICC-seq is sensitive to nucleosome spacing, nucleosomal DNA wrapping, and the strength of inter-nucleosome interactions. We show that nucleosome repeat lengths consistent with orthogonal assays can be extracted from experimental RICC-seq data using a 1D convolutional neural net trained on RICC-seq signal predicted from simulated ensembles. We thus provide a suite of analysis tools that add quantitative structural interpretability to RICC-seq experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Brenner Clerkin
- Laboratory of Genome Architecture and Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Nicole Pagane
- Present affiliation: Computational and Systems Biology PhD Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Devany W. West
- Laboratory of Genome Architecture and Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | | | - Viviana I. Risca
- Laboratory of Genome Architecture and Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
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4
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Bubb KL, Hamm MO, Min JK, Ramirez-Corona B, Mueth NA, Ranchalis J, Vollger MR, Trapnell C, Cuperus JT, Queitsch C, Stergachis AB. The regulatory potential of transposable elements in maize. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.10.602892. [PMID: 39026747 PMCID: PMC11257541 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.10.602892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Since their initial discovery in maize, transposable elements (TEs) have emerged as being integral to the evolution of maize, accounting for 80% of its genome. However, the repetitive nature of TEs has hindered our understanding of their regulatory potential. Here, we demonstrate that long-read chromatin fiber sequencing (Fiber-seq) permits the comprehensive annotation of the regulatory potential of maize TEs. We uncover that only 94 LTR retrotransposons contain the functional epigenetic architecture required for mobilization within maize leaves. This epigenetic architecture degenerates with evolutionary age, resulting in solo TE enhancers being preferentially marked by simultaneous hyper-CpG methylation and chromatin accessibility, an architecture markedly divergent from canonical enhancers. We find that TEs shape maize gene regulation by creating novel promoters within the TE itself as well as through TE-mediated gene amplification. Lastly, we uncover a pervasive epigenetic code directing TEs to specific loci, including that locus that sparked McClintock's discovery of TEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry L. Bubb
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Morgan O. Hamm
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Joseph K. Min
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | | | - Nicholas A. Mueth
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Jane Ranchalis
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mitchell R. Vollger
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cole Trapnell
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Josh T. Cuperus
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Christine Queitsch
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Andrew B. Stergachis
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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5
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Freund MM, Harrison MM, Torres-Zelada EF. Exploring the reciprocity between pioneer factors and development. Development 2024; 151:dev201921. [PMID: 38958075 PMCID: PMC11266817 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Development is regulated by coordinated changes in gene expression. Control of these changes in expression is largely governed by the binding of transcription factors to specific regulatory elements. However, the packaging of DNA into chromatin prevents the binding of many transcription factors. Pioneer factors overcome this barrier owing to unique properties that enable them to bind closed chromatin, promote accessibility and, in so doing, mediate binding of additional factors that activate gene expression. Because of these properties, pioneer factors act at the top of gene-regulatory networks and drive developmental transitions. Despite the ability to bind target motifs in closed chromatin, pioneer factors have cell type-specific chromatin occupancy and activity. Thus, developmental context clearly shapes pioneer-factor function. Here, we discuss this reciprocal interplay between pioneer factors and development: how pioneer factors control changes in cell fate and how cellular environment influences pioneer-factor binding and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan M. Freund
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 52706, USA
| | - Melissa M. Harrison
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 52706, USA
| | - Eliana F. Torres-Zelada
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 52706, USA
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6
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Pellerin D, Del Gobbo GF, Couse M, Dolzhenko E, Nageshwaran SK, Cheung WA, Xu IRL, Dicaire MJ, Spurdens G, Matos-Rodrigues G, Stevanovski I, Scriba CK, Rebelo A, Roth V, Wandzel M, Bonnet C, Ashton C, Agarwal A, Peter C, Hasson D, Tsankova NM, Dewar K, Lamont PJ, Laing NG, Renaud M, Houlden H, Synofzik M, Usdin K, Nussenzweig A, Napierala M, Chen Z, Jiang H, Deveson IW, Ravenscroft G, Akbarian S, Eberle MA, Boycott KM, Pastinen T, Brais B, Zuchner S, Danzi MC. A common flanking variant is associated with enhanced stability of the FGF14-SCA27B repeat locus. Nat Genet 2024; 56:1366-1370. [PMID: 38937606 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-024-01808-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The factors driving or preventing pathological expansion of tandem repeats remain largely unknown. Here, we assessed the FGF14 (GAA)·(TTC) repeat locus in 2,530 individuals by long-read and Sanger sequencing and identified a common 5'-flanking variant in 70.34% of alleles analyzed (3,463/4,923) that represents the phylogenetically ancestral allele and is present on all major haplotypes. This common sequence variation is present nearly exclusively on nonpathogenic alleles with fewer than 30 GAA-pure triplets and is associated with enhanced stability of the repeat locus upon intergenerational transmission and increased Fiber-seq chromatin accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pellerin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giulia F Del Gobbo
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madeline Couse
- Centre for Computational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Sathiji K Nageshwaran
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Friedman Brain Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Neurogenetics Program, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Warren A Cheung
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Isaac R L Xu
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Marie-Josée Dicaire
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guinevere Spurdens
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Igor Stevanovski
- Genomics and Inherited Disease Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carolin K Scriba
- Centre for Medical Research University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Adriana Rebelo
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Virginie Roth
- Laboratoire de Génétique, CHRU de Nancy, Nancy, France
| | | | - Céline Bonnet
- Laboratoire de Génétique, CHRU de Nancy, Nancy, France
- INSERM-U1256 NGERE, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Catherine Ashton
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aman Agarwal
- Tisch Cancer Institute Bioinformatics for Next Generation Sequencing (BiNGS) Core, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cyril Peter
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Friedman Brain Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dan Hasson
- Tisch Cancer Institute Bioinformatics for Next Generation Sequencing (BiNGS) Core, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nadejda M Tsankova
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ken Dewar
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Phillipa J Lamont
- Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nigel G Laing
- Centre for Medical Research University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mathilde Renaud
- Laboratoire de Génétique, CHRU de Nancy, Nancy, France
- Service de Neurologie, CHRU de Nancy, Nancy, France
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHRU de Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Division of Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karen Usdin
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andre Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marek Napierala
- Department of Neurology, O'Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ira W Deveson
- Genomics and Inherited Disease Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gianina Ravenscroft
- Centre for Medical Research University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Friedman Brain Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Kym M Boycott
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tomi Pastinen
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
- UMKC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Bernard Brais
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephan Zuchner
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Matt C Danzi
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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7
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Sheng Y, Wang Y, Yang W, Wang XQ, Lu J, Pan B, Nan B, Liu Y, Ye F, Li C, Song J, Dou Y, Gao S, Liu Y. Semiconservative transmission of DNA N 6-adenine methylation in a unicellular eukaryote. Genome Res 2024; 34:740-756. [PMID: 38744529 PMCID: PMC11216311 DOI: 10.1101/gr.277843.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Although DNA N 6-adenine methylation (6mA) is best known in prokaryotes, its presence in eukaryotes has recently generated great interest. Biochemical and genetic evidence supports that AMT1, an MT-A70 family methyltransferase (MTase), is crucial for 6mA deposition in unicellular eukaryotes. Nonetheless, the 6mA transmission mechanism remains to be elucidated. Taking advantage of single-molecule real-time circular consensus sequencing (SMRT CCS), here we provide definitive evidence for semiconservative transmission of 6mA in Tetrahymena thermophila In wild-type (WT) cells, 6mA occurs at the self-complementary ApT dinucleotide, mostly in full methylation (full-6mApT); after DNA replication, hemi-methylation (hemi-6mApT) is transiently present on the parental strand, opposite to the daughter strand readily labeled by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU). In ΔAMT1 cells, 6mA predominantly occurs as hemi-6mApT. Hemi-to-full conversion in WT cells is fast, robust, and processive, whereas de novo methylation in ΔAMT1 cells is slow and sporadic. In Tetrahymena, regularly spaced 6mA clusters coincide with the linker DNA of nucleosomes arrayed in the gene body. Importantly, in vitro methylation of human chromatin by the reconstituted AMT1 complex recapitulates preferential targeting of hemi-6mApT sites in linker DNA, supporting AMT1's intrinsic and autonomous role in maintenance methylation. We conclude that 6mA is transmitted by a semiconservative mechanism: full-6mApT is split by DNA replication into hemi-6mApT, which is restored to full-6mApT by AMT1-dependent maintenance methylation. Our study dissects AMT1-dependent maintenance methylation and AMT1-independent de novo methylation, reveals a 6mA transmission pathway with a striking similarity to 5-methylcytosine (5mC) transmission at the CpG dinucleotide, and establishes 6mA as a bona fide eukaryotic epigenetic mark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Sheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity and Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity and Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wentao Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Xue Qing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Jiuwei Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Bo Pan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity and Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Bei Nan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity and Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity and Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Fei Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity and Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chun Li
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Jikui Song
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Yali Dou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Shan Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity and Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yifan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA;
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8
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Leduque B, Edera A, Vitte C, Quadrana L. Simultaneous profiling of chromatin accessibility and DNA methylation in complete plant genomes using long-read sequencing. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:6285-6297. [PMID: 38676941 PMCID: PMC11194078 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulations, including chromatin accessibility, nucleosome positioning and DNA methylation intricately shape genome function. However, current chromatin profiling techniques relying on short-read sequencing technologies fail to characterise highly repetitive genomic regions and cannot detect multiple chromatin features simultaneously. Here, we performed Simultaneous Accessibility and DNA Methylation Sequencing (SAM-seq) of purified plant nuclei. Thanks to the use of long-read nanopore sequencing, SAM-seq enables high-resolution profiling of m6A-tagged chromatin accessibility together with endogenous cytosine methylation in plants. Analysis of naked genomic DNA revealed significant sequence preference biases of m6A-MTases, controllable through a normalisation step. By applying SAM-seq to Arabidopsis and maize nuclei we obtained fine-grained accessibility and DNA methylation landscapes genome-wide. We uncovered crosstalk between chromatin accessibility and DNA methylation within nucleosomes of genes, TEs, and centromeric repeats. SAM-seq also detects DNA footprints over cis-regulatory regions. Furthermore, using the single-molecule information provided by SAM-seq we identified extensive cellular heterogeneity at chromatin domains with antagonistic chromatin marks, suggesting that bivalency reflects cell-specific regulations. SAM-seq is a powerful approach to simultaneously study multiple epigenetic features over unique and repetitive sequences, opening new opportunities for the investigation of epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile Leduque
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Alejandro Edera
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Clémentine Vitte
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE – Le Moulon, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Leandro Quadrana
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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9
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Nanda AS, Wu K, Irkliyenko I, Woo B, Ostrowski MS, Clugston AS, Sayles LC, Xu L, Satpathy AT, Nguyen HG, Alejandro Sweet-Cordero E, Goodarzi H, Kasinathan S, Ramani V. Direct transposition of native DNA for sensitive multimodal single-molecule sequencing. Nat Genet 2024; 56:1300-1309. [PMID: 38724748 PMCID: PMC11176058 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-024-01748-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Concurrent readout of sequence and base modifications from long unamplified DNA templates by Pacific Biosciences of California (PacBio) single-molecule sequencing requires large amounts of input material. Here we adapt Tn5 transposition to introduce hairpin oligonucleotides and fragment (tagment) limiting quantities of DNA for generating PacBio-compatible circular molecules. We developed two methods that implement tagmentation and use 90-99% less input than current protocols: (1) single-molecule real-time sequencing by tagmentation (SMRT-Tag), which allows detection of genetic variation and CpG methylation; and (2) single-molecule adenine-methylated oligonucleosome sequencing assay by tagmentation (SAMOSA-Tag), which uses exogenous adenine methylation to add a third channel for probing chromatin accessibility. SMRT-Tag of 40 ng or more human DNA (approximately 7,000 cell equivalents) yielded data comparable to gold standard whole-genome and bisulfite sequencing. SAMOSA-Tag of 30,000-50,000 nuclei resolved single-fiber chromatin structure, CTCF binding and DNA methylation in patient-derived prostate cancer xenografts and uncovered metastasis-associated global epigenome disorganization. Tagmentation thus promises to enable sensitive, scalable and multimodal single-molecule genomics for diverse basic and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun S Nanda
- Gladstone Institute for Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ke Wu
- Gladstone Institute for Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Iryna Irkliyenko
- Gladstone Institute for Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brian Woo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen-Diller Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Megan S Ostrowski
- Gladstone Institute for Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew S Clugston
- Helen-Diller Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leanne C Sayles
- Helen-Diller Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lingru Xu
- Helen-Diller Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone-University of California, San Francisco Institute for Genomic Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hao G Nguyen
- Helen-Diller Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - E Alejandro Sweet-Cordero
- Helen-Diller Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hani Goodarzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen-Diller Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sivakanthan Kasinathan
- Gladstone-University of California, San Francisco Institute for Genomic Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Vijay Ramani
- Gladstone Institute for Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Helen-Diller Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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10
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Rudnizky S, Murray PJ, Wolfe CH, Ha T. Single-Macromolecule Studies of Eukaryotic Genomic Maintenance. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2024; 75:209-230. [PMID: 38382570 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-090722-010601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Genomes are self-organized and self-maintained as long, complex macromolecules of chromatin. The inherent heterogeneity, stochasticity, phase separation, and chromatin dynamics of genome operation make it challenging to study genomes using ensemble methods. Various single-molecule force-, fluorescent-, and sequencing-based techniques rooted in different disciplines have been developed to fill critical gaps in the capabilities of bulk measurements, each providing unique, otherwise inaccessible, insights into the structure and maintenance of the genome. Capable of capturing molecular-level details about the organization, conformational changes, and packaging of genetic material, as well as processive and stochastic movements of maintenance factors, a single-molecule toolbox provides an excellent opportunity for collaborative research to understand how genetic material functions in health and malfunctions in disease. In this review, we discuss novel insights brought to genomic sciences by single-molecule techniques and their potential to continue to revolutionize the field-one molecule at a time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Rudnizky
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter J Murray
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Clara H Wolfe
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Taekjip Ha
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Dennis AF, Xu Z, Clark DJ. Examining chromatin heterogeneity through PacBio long-read sequencing of M.EcoGII methylated genomes: an m6A detection efficiency and calling bias correcting pipeline. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:e45. [PMID: 38634798 PMCID: PMC11109960 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have combined DNA methyltransferase footprinting of genomic DNA in nuclei with long-read sequencing, resulting in detailed chromatin maps for multi-kilobase stretches of genomic DNA from one cell. Theoretically, nucleosome footprints and nucleosome-depleted regions can be identified using M.EcoGII, which methylates adenines in any sequence context, providing a high-resolution map of accessible regions in each DNA molecule. Here, we report PacBio long-read sequence data for budding yeast nuclei treated with M.EcoGII and a bioinformatic pipeline which corrects for three key challenges undermining this promising method. First, detection of m6A in individual DNA molecules by the PacBio software is inefficient, resulting in false footprints predicted by random gaps of seemingly unmethylated adenines. Second, there is a strong bias against m6A base calling as AT content increases. Third, occasional methylation occurs within nucleosomes, breaking up their footprints. After correcting for these issues, our pipeline calculates a correlation coefficient-based score indicating the extent of chromatin heterogeneity within the cell population for every gene. Although the population average is consistent with that derived using other techniques, we observe a wide range of heterogeneity in nucleosome positions at the single-molecule level, probably reflecting cellular chromatin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison F Dennis
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhuwei Xu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David J Clark
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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12
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Tu K, Li X, Zhang Q, Huang W, Xie D. A data-adaptive methods in detecting exogenous methyltransferase accessible chromatin in human genome using nanopore sequencing. Bioinformatics 2024; 40:btae206. [PMID: 38613848 PMCID: PMC11256936 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btae206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Identifying chromatin accessibility is one of the key steps in studying the regulation of eukaryotic genomes. The combination of exogenous methyltransferase and nanopore sequencing provides an strategy to identify open chromatin over long genomic ranges at the single-molecule scale. However, endogenous methylation, non-open-chromatin-specific exogenous methylation and base-calling errors limit the accuracy and hinders its application to complex genomes. RESULTS We systematically evaluated the impact of these three influence factors, and developed a model-based computational method, methyltransferase accessible genome region finder (MAGNIFIER), to address the issues. By incorporating control data, MAGNIFIER attenuates the three influence factors with data-adaptive comparison strategy. We demonstrate that MAGNIFIER is not only sensitive to identify the open chromatin with much improved accuracy, but also able to detect the chromatin accessibility of repetitive regions that are missed by NGS-based methods. By incorporating long-read RNA-seq data, we revealed the association between the accessible Alu elements and non-classic gene isoforms. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Freely available on web at https://github.com/Goatofmountain/MAGNIFIER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailing Tu
- National Frontier Center of Disease Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- National Frontier Center of Disease Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Qilin Zhang
- National Frontier Center of Disease Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Key Laboratory for Applied Statistics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Dan Xie
- National Frontier Center of Disease Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
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13
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Cortese A, Vegezzi E, Houlden H. Contraction or sequence variant of an intergenic repeat-Alu element leads to inherited thyroid disease. Nat Genet 2024; 56:738-739. [PMID: 38714867 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-024-01723-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cortese
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
- Department of Brain and Behaviour Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | | | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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14
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Grasberger H, Dumitrescu AM, Liao XH, Swanson EG, Weiss RE, Srichomkwun P, Pappa T, Chen J, Yoshimura T, Hoffmann P, França MM, Tagett R, Onigata K, Costagliola S, Ranchalis J, Vollger MR, Stergachis AB, Chong JX, Bamshad MJ, Smits G, Vassart G, Refetoff S. STR mutations on chromosome 15q cause thyrotropin resistance by activating a primate-specific enhancer of MIR7-2/MIR1179. Nat Genet 2024; 56:877-888. [PMID: 38714869 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-024-01717-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Thyrotropin (TSH) is the master regulator of thyroid gland growth and function. Resistance to TSH (RTSH) describes conditions with reduced sensitivity to TSH. Dominantly inherited RTSH has been linked to a locus on chromosome 15q, but its genetic basis has remained elusive. Here we show that non-coding mutations in a (TTTG)4 short tandem repeat (STR) underlie dominantly inherited RTSH in all 82 affected participants from 12 unrelated families. The STR is contained in a primate-specific Alu retrotransposon with thyroid-specific cis-regulatory chromatin features. Fiber-seq and RNA-seq studies revealed that the mutant STR activates a thyroid-specific enhancer cluster, leading to haplotype-specific upregulation of the bicistronic MIR7-2/MIR1179 locus 35 kb downstream and overexpression of its microRNA products in the participants' thyrocytes. An imbalance in signaling pathways targeted by these micro-RNAs provides a working model for this cause of RTSH. This finding broadens our current knowledge of genetic defects altering pituitary-thyroid feedback regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Grasberger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexandra M Dumitrescu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiao-Hui Liao
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elliott G Swanson
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Roy E Weiss
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Theodora Pappa
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Junfeng Chen
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshimura
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Phillip Hoffmann
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, Université Libre de Bruxelles-Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Rebecca Tagett
- Michigan Medicine BRCF Bioinformatics Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Sabine Costagliola
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jane Ranchalis
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mitchell R Vollger
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew B Stergachis
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman-Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica X Chong
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman-Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael J Bamshad
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman-Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Guillaume Smits
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, Université Libre de Bruxelles-Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Center of Human Genetics, Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, and Department of Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gilbert Vassart
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Committee on Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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15
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Paterson AH, Queitsch C. Genome organization and botanical diversity. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1186-1204. [PMID: 38382084 PMCID: PMC11062460 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The rich diversity of angiosperms, both the planet's dominant flora and the cornerstone of agriculture, is integrally intertwined with a distinctive evolutionary history. Here, we explore the interplay between angiosperm genome organization and botanical diversity, empowered by genomic approaches ranging from genetic linkage mapping to analysis of gene regulation. Commonality in the genetic hardware of plants has enabled robust comparative genomics that has provided a broad picture of angiosperm evolution and implicated both general processes and specific elements in contributing to botanical diversity. We argue that the hardware of plant genomes-both in content and in dynamics-has been shaped by selection for rather substantial differences in gene regulation between plants and animals such as maize and human, organisms of comparable genome size and gene number. Their distinctive genome content and dynamics may reflect in part the indeterminate development of plants that puts strikingly different demands on gene regulation than in animals. Repeated polyploidization of plant genomes and multiplication of individual genes together with extensive rearrangement and differential retention provide rich raw material for selection of morphological and/or physiological variations conferring fitness in specific niches, whether natural or artificial. These findings exemplify the burgeoning information available to employ in increasing knowledge of plant biology and in modifying selected plants to better meet human needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Paterson
- Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Christine Queitsch
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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16
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Bai G, Dhillon N, Felton C, Meissner B, Saint-John B, Shelansky R, Meyerson E, Hrabeta-Robinson E, Hodjat B, Boeger H, Brooks AN. Probing chromatin accessibility with small molecule DNA intercalation and nanopore sequencing. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.20.585815. [PMID: 38562899 PMCID: PMC10983977 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.20.585815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Genome-wide identification of chromatin organization and structure has been generally probed by measuring accessibility of the underlying DNA to nucleases or methyltransferases. These methods either only observe the positioning of a single nucleosome or rely on large enzymes to modify or cleave the DNA. We developed adduct sequencing (Add-seq), a method to probe chromatin accessibility by treating chromatin with the small molecule angelicin, which preferentially intercalates into DNA not bound to core nucleosomes. We show that Nanopore sequencing of the angelicin-modified DNA is possible and allows visualization and analysis of long single molecules with distinct chromatin structure. The angelicin modification can be detected from the Nanopore current signal data using a neural network model trained on unmodified and modified chromatin-free DNA. Applying Add-seq to Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclei, we identified expected patterns of accessibility around annotated gene loci in yeast. We also identify individual clusters of single molecule reads displaying different chromatin structure at specific yeast loci, which demonstrates heterogeneity in the chromatin structure of the yeast population. Thus, using Add-seq, we are able to profile DNA accessibility in the yeast genome across long molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gali Bai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, United States of America
| | - Namrita Dhillon
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, United States of America
| | - Colette Felton
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, United States of America
| | - Brett Meissner
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, United States of America
| | - Brandon Saint-John
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, United States of America
| | - Robert Shelansky
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, United States of America
| | - Elliot Meyerson
- Cognizant AI Labs, San Francisco, California, 94105, United States of America
| | - Eva Hrabeta-Robinson
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, United States of America
| | - Babak Hodjat
- Cognizant AI Labs, San Francisco, California, 94105, United States of America
| | - Hinrich Boeger
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, United States of America
| | - Angela N. Brooks
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, United States of America
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17
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Guitart X, Porubsky D, Yoo D, Dougherty ML, Dishuck PC, Munson KM, Lewis AP, Hoekzema K, Knuth J, Chang S, Pastinen T, Eichler EE. Independent expansion, selection and hypervariability of the TBC1D3 gene family in humans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.12.584650. [PMID: 38654825 PMCID: PMC11037872 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.12.584650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
TBC1D3 is a primate-specific gene family that has expanded in the human lineage and has been implicated in neuronal progenitor proliferation and expansion of the frontal cortex. The gene family and its expression have been challenging to investigate because it is embedded in high-identity and highly variable segmental duplications. We sequenced and assembled the gene family using long-read sequencing data from 34 humans and 11 nonhuman primate species. Our analysis shows that this particular gene family has independently duplicated in at least five primate lineages, and the duplicated loci are enriched at sites of large-scale chromosomal rearrangements on chromosome 17. We find that most humans vary along two TBC1D3 clusters where human haplotypes are highly variable in copy number, differing by as many as 20 copies, and structure (structural heterozygosity 90%). We also show evidence of positive selection, as well as a significant change in the predicted human TBC1D3 protein sequence. Lastly, we find that, despite multiple duplications, human TBC1D3 expression is limited to a subset of copies and, most notably, from a single paralog group: TBC1D3-CDKL. These observations may help explain why a gene potentially important in cortical development can be so variable in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavi Guitart
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Porubsky
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - DongAhn Yoo
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Max L. Dougherty
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philip C. Dishuck
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katherine M. Munson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexandra P. Lewis
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kendra Hoekzema
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jordan Knuth
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tomi Pastinen
- Department of Pediatrics, Genomic Medicine Center, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Evan E. Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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18
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Gibson TJ, Larson ED, Harrison MM. Protein-intrinsic properties and context-dependent effects regulate pioneer factor binding and function. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:548-558. [PMID: 38365978 PMCID: PMC11261375 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Chromatin is a barrier to the binding of many transcription factors. By contrast, pioneer factors access nucleosomal targets and promote chromatin opening. Despite binding to target motifs in closed chromatin, many pioneer factors display cell-type-specific binding and activity. The mechanisms governing pioneer factor occupancy and the relationship between chromatin occupancy and opening remain unclear. We studied three Drosophila transcription factors with distinct DNA-binding domains and biological functions: Zelda, Grainy head and Twist. We demonstrated that the level of chromatin occupancy is a key determinant of pioneering activity. Multiple factors regulate occupancy, including motif content, local chromatin and protein concentration. Regions outside the DNA-binding domain are required for binding and chromatin opening. Our results show that pioneering activity is not a binary feature intrinsic to a protein but occurs on a spectrum and is regulated by a variety of protein-intrinsic and cell-type-specific features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Gibson
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Larson
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Melissa M Harrison
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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19
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Isaac RS, Tullius TW, Hansen KG, Dubocanin D, Couvillion M, Stergachis AB, Churchman LS. Single-nucleoid architecture reveals heterogeneous packaging of mitochondrial DNA. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:568-577. [PMID: 38347148 PMCID: PMC11370055 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Cellular metabolism relies on the regulation and maintenance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Hundreds to thousands of copies of mtDNA exist in each cell, yet because mitochondria lack histones or other machinery important for nuclear genome compaction, it remains unresolved how mtDNA is packaged into individual nucleoids. In this study, we used long-read single-molecule accessibility mapping to measure the compaction of individual full-length mtDNA molecules at near single-nucleotide resolution. We found that, unlike the nuclear genome, human mtDNA largely undergoes all-or-none global compaction, with most nucleoids existing in an inaccessible, inactive state. Highly accessible mitochondrial nucleoids are co-occupied by transcription and replication components and selectively form a triple-stranded displacement loop structure. In addition, we showed that the primary nucleoid-associated protein TFAM directly modulates the fraction of inaccessible nucleoids both in vivo and in vitro, acting consistently with a nucleation-and-spreading mechanism to coat and compact mitochondrial nucleoids. Together, these findings reveal the primary architecture of mtDNA packaging and regulation in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stefan Isaac
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas W Tullius
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katja G Hansen
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Danilo Dubocanin
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary Couvillion
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew B Stergachis
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - L Stirling Churchman
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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20
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Doughty BR, Hinks MM, Schaepe JM, Marinov GK, Thurm AR, Rios-Martinez C, Parks BE, Tan Y, Marklund E, Dubocanin D, Bintu L, Greenleaf WJ. Single-molecule chromatin configurations link transcription factor binding to expression in human cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.02.578660. [PMID: 38352517 PMCID: PMC10862896 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.02.578660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The binding of multiple transcription factors (TFs) to genomic enhancers activates gene expression in mammalian cells. However, the molecular details that link enhancer sequence to TF binding, promoter state, and gene expression levels remain opaque. We applied single-molecule footprinting (SMF) to measure the simultaneous occupancy of TFs, nucleosomes, and components of the transcription machinery on engineered enhancer/promoter constructs with variable numbers of TF binding sites for both a synthetic and an endogenous TF. We find that activation domains enhance a TF's capacity to compete with nucleosomes for binding to DNA in a BAF-dependent manner, TF binding on nucleosome-free DNA is consistent with independent binding between TFs, and average TF occupancy linearly contributes to promoter activation rates. We also decompose TF strength into separable binding and activation terms, which can be tuned and perturbed independently. Finally, we develop thermodynamic and kinetic models that quantitatively predict both the binding microstates observed at the enhancer and subsequent time-dependent gene expression. This work provides a template for quantitative dissection of distinct contributors to gene activation, including the activity of chromatin remodelers, TF activation domains, chromatin acetylation, TF concentration, TF binding affinity, and TF binding site configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michaela M Hinks
- Bioengineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julia M Schaepe
- Bioengineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Georgi K Marinov
- Genetics Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Abby R Thurm
- Biophysics Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Benjamin E Parks
- Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yingxuan Tan
- Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Emil Marklund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Danilo Dubocanin
- Genetics Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lacramioara Bintu
- Bioengineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - William J Greenleaf
- Genetics Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94205, USA
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21
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Sands B, Yun SR, Oshima J, Mendenhall AR. Maternal histone methyltransferases antagonistically regulate monoallelic expression in C. elegans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.22.576748. [PMID: 38328214 PMCID: PMC10849558 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.22.576748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Undefined epigenetic programs act to probabilistically silence individual autosomal alleles, generating unique individuals, even from genetic clones. This sort of random monoallelic expression can explain variation in traits and diseases that differences in genes and environments cannot. Here, we developed the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to study monoallelic expression in whole tissues, and defined a developmental genetic regulation pathway. We found maternal H3K9 histone methyltransferase (HMT) SET-25/SUV39/G9a works with HPL-2/HP1 and LIN-61/L3MBTL2 to randomly silence alleles in the intestinal progenitor E-cell of 8-cell embryos to cause monoallelic expression. SET-25 was antagonized by another maternal H3K9 HMT, MET-2/SETDB1, which works with LIN-65/ATF7ZIP and ARLE-14/ARL14EP to prevent monoallelic expression. The HMT-catalytic SET domains of both MET-2 and SET-25 were required for regulating monoallelic expression. Our data support a model wherein SET-25 and MET-2 regulate histones during development to generate patterns of somatic monoallelic expression that are persistent but not heritable.
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22
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Xie Y, Ruan F, Li Y, Luo M, Zhang C, Chen Z, Xie Z, Weng Z, Chen W, Chen W, Fang Y, Sun Y, Guo M, Wang J, Xu S, Wang H, Tang C. Spatial chromatin accessibility sequencing resolves high-order spatial interactions of epigenomic markers. eLife 2024; 12:RP87868. [PMID: 38236718 PMCID: PMC10945591 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
As the genome is organized into a three-dimensional structure in intracellular space, epigenomic information also has a complex spatial arrangement. However, most epigenetic studies describe locations of methylation marks, chromatin accessibility regions, and histone modifications in the horizontal dimension. Proper spatial epigenomic information has rarely been obtained. In this study, we designed spatial chromatin accessibility sequencing (SCA-seq) to resolve the genome conformation by capturing the epigenetic information in single-molecular resolution while simultaneously resolving the genome conformation. Using SCA-seq, we are able to examine the spatial interaction of chromatin accessibility (e.g. enhancer-promoter contacts), CpG island methylation, and spatial insulating functions of the CCCTC-binding factor. We demonstrate that SCA-seq paves the way to explore the mechanism of epigenetic interactions and extends our knowledge in 3D packaging of DNA in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yaning Li
- BGI Genomics, BGI-ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Meng Luo
- BGI Genomics, BGI-ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | | | - Zhichao Chen
- BGI Genomics, BGI-ShenzhenShenzhenChina
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhe Xie
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology and Physiology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Zhe Weng
- BGI Genomics, BGI-ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Weitian Chen
- BGI Genomics, BGI-ShenzhenShenzhenChina
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | | | | | - Yuxin Sun
- BGI Genomics, BGI-ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Mei Guo
- BGI Genomics, BGI-ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Juan Wang
- BGI Genomics, BGI-ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Shouping Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinChina
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23
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Boltengagen M, Verhagen D, Wolff MR, Oberbeckmann E, Hanke M, Gerland U, Korber P, Mueller-Planitz F. A single fiber view of the nucleosome organization in eukaryotic chromatin. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:166-185. [PMID: 37994698 PMCID: PMC10783498 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells are thought to arrange nucleosomes into extended arrays with evenly spaced nucleosomes phased at genomic landmarks. Here we tested to what extent this stereotypic organization describes the nucleosome organization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using Fiber-Seq, a long-read sequencing technique that maps entire nucleosome arrays on individual chromatin fibers in a high throughput manner. With each fiber coming from a different cell, Fiber-Seq uncovers cell-to-cell heterogeneity. The long reads reveal the nucleosome architecture even over repetitive DNA such as the ribosomal DNA repeats. The absolute nucleosome occupancy, a parameter that is difficult to obtain with conventional sequencing approaches, is a direct readout of Fiber-Seq. We document substantial deviations from the stereotypical nucleosome organization with unexpectedly long linker DNAs between nucleosomes, gene bodies missing entire nucleosomes, cell-to-cell heterogeneity in nucleosome occupancy, heterogeneous phasing of arrays and irregular nucleosome spacing. Nucleosome array structures are indistinguishable throughout the gene body and with respect to the direction of transcription arguing against transcription promoting array formation. Acute nucleosome depletion destroyed most of the array organization indicating that nucleosome remodelers cannot efficiently pack nucleosomes under those conditions. Given that nucleosomes are cis-regulatory elements, the cell-to-cell heterogeneity uncovered by Fiber-Seq provides much needed information to understand chromatin structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Boltengagen
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Daan Verhagen
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michael Roland Wolff
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Physics of Complex Biosystems, Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Elisa Oberbeckmann
- Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Matthias Hanke
- Physics of Complex Biosystems, Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gerland
- Physics of Complex Biosystems, Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Philipp Korber
- Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Felix Mueller-Planitz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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24
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de Boer CG, Taipale J. Hold out the genome: a roadmap to solving the cis-regulatory code. Nature 2024; 625:41-50. [PMID: 38093018 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06661-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Gene expression is regulated by transcription factors that work together to read cis-regulatory DNA sequences. The 'cis-regulatory code' - how cells interpret DNA sequences to determine when, where and how much genes should be expressed - has proven to be exceedingly complex. Recently, advances in the scale and resolution of functional genomics assays and machine learning have enabled substantial progress towards deciphering this code. However, the cis-regulatory code will probably never be solved if models are trained only on genomic sequences; regions of homology can easily lead to overestimation of predictive performance, and our genome is too short and has insufficient sequence diversity to learn all relevant parameters. Fortunately, randomly synthesized DNA sequences enable testing a far larger sequence space than exists in our genomes, and designed DNA sequences enable targeted queries to maximally improve the models. As the same biochemical principles are used to interpret DNA regardless of its source, models trained on these synthetic data can predict genomic activity, often better than genome-trained models. Here we provide an outlook on the field, and propose a roadmap towards solving the cis-regulatory code by a combination of machine learning and massively parallel assays using synthetic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl G de Boer
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Jussi Taipale
- Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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25
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Tullius TW, Isaac RS, Ranchalis J, Dubocanin D, Churchman LS, Stergachis AB. RNA polymerases reshape chromatin and coordinate transcription on individual fibers. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.22.573133. [PMID: 38187631 PMCID: PMC10769320 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.22.573133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
During eukaryotic transcription, RNA polymerases must initiate and pause within a crowded, complex environment, surrounded by nucleosomes and other transcriptional activity. This environment creates a spatial arrangement along individual chromatin fibers ripe for both competition and coordination, yet these relationships remain largely unknown owing to the inherent limitations of traditional structural and sequencing methodologies. To address these limitations, we employed long-read chromatin fiber sequencing (Fiber-seq) to visualize RNA polymerases within their native chromatin context at single-molecule and near single-nucleotide resolution along up to 30 kb fibers. We demonstrate that Fiber-seq enables the identification of single-molecule RNA Polymerase (Pol) II and III transcription associated footprints, which, in aggregate, mirror bulk short-read sequencing-based measurements of transcription. We show that Pol II pausing destabilizes downstream nucleosomes, with frequently paused genes maintaining a short-term memory of these destabilized nucleosomes. Furthermore, we demonstrate pervasive direct coordination and anti-coordination between nearby Pol II genes, Pol III genes, transcribed enhancers, and insulator elements. This coordination is largely limited to spatially organized elements within 5 kb of each other, implicating short-range chromatin environments as a predominant determinant of coordinated polymerase initiation. Overall, transcription initiation reshapes surrounding nucleosome architecture and coordinates nearby transcriptional machinery along individual chromatin fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Tullius
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - R Stefan Isaac
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jane Ranchalis
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Danilo Dubocanin
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - L Stirling Churchman
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew B Stergachis
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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26
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Chaisson MJP, Sulovari A, Valdmanis PN, Miller DE, Eichler EE. Advances in the discovery and analyses of human tandem repeats. Emerg Top Life Sci 2023; 7:361-381. [PMID: 37905568 PMCID: PMC10806765 DOI: 10.1042/etls20230074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Long-read sequencing platforms provide unparalleled access to the structure and composition of all classes of tandemly repeated DNA from STRs to satellite arrays. This review summarizes our current understanding of their organization within the human genome, their importance with respect to disease, as well as the advances and challenges in understanding their genetic diversity and functional effects. Novel computational methods are being developed to visualize and associate these complex patterns of human variation with disease, expression, and epigenetic differences. We predict accurate characterization of this repeat-rich form of human variation will become increasingly relevant to both basic and clinical human genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J P Chaisson
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, U.S.A
- The Genomic and Epigenomic Regulation Program, USC Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, U.S.A
| | - Arvis Sulovari
- Computational Biology, Cajal Neuroscience Inc, Seattle, WA 98102, U.S.A
| | - Paul N Valdmanis
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A
| | - Danny E Miller
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A
| | - Evan E Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A
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27
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Li D, Zhuo X, Harrison JK, Liu S, Wang T. Modbed track: Visualization of modified bases in single-molecule sequencing. CELL GENOMICS 2023; 3:100455. [PMID: 38116122 PMCID: PMC10726485 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in long-read sequencing technologies have not only dramatically increased sequencing read length but also have improved the accuracy of detecting chemical modifications to the canonical nucleotide bases, thus opening exciting venues to investigate the epigenome. Currently, the ability to visualize modified bases from long-read sequencing data in genome browsers is still limited, preventing users from easily and fully exploring these type of data. To address this limitation, the WashU Epigenome Browser introduces the modbed track type, which provides visualization of modification details in each single read as well as aggregated modifications of individual or multiple molecules across a dynamic range of resolutions. The modbed file can be uploaded for visualization as a local track or viewed with an accessible URL freely on the WashU Epigenome Browser at https://epigenomegateway.wustl.edu/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daofeng Li
- Department of Genetics, The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Xiaoyu Zhuo
- Department of Genetics, The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jessica K Harrison
- Department of Genetics, The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shane Liu
- Department of Genetics, The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Computer Science and Engineering Division, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Genetics, The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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28
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Jha A, Bohaczuk SC, Mao Y, Ranchalis J, Mallory BJ, Min AT, Hamm MO, Swanson E, Dubocanin D, Finkbeiner C, Li T, Whittington D, Noble WS, Stergachis AB, Vollger MR. DNA-m6A calling and integrated long-read epigenetic and genetic analysis with fibertools. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.20.537673. [PMID: 37131601 PMCID: PMC10153250 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.20.537673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Long-read DNA sequencing has recently emerged as a powerful tool for studying both genetic and epigenetic architectures at single-molecule and single-nucleotide resolution. Long-read epigenetic studies encompass both the direct identification of native cytosine methylation as well as the identification of exogenously placed DNA N6-methyladenine (DNA-m6A). However, detecting DNA-m6A modifications using single-molecule sequencing, as well as co-processing single-molecule genetic and epigenetic architectures, is limited by computational demands and a lack of supporting tools. Here, we introduce fibertools, a state-of-the-art toolkit that features a semi-supervised convolutional neural network for fast and accurate identification of m6A-marked bases using PacBio single-molecule long-read sequencing, as well as the co-processing of long-read genetic and epigenetic data produced using either PacBio or Oxford Nanopore sequencing platforms. We demonstrate accurate DNA-m6A identification (>90% precision and recall) along >20 kilobase long DNA molecules with a ~1,000-fold improvement in speed. In addition, we demonstrate that fibertools can readily integrate genetic and epigenetic data at single-molecule resolution, including the seamless conversion between molecular and reference coordinate systems, allowing for accurate genetic and epigenetic analyses of long-read data within structurally and somatically variable genomic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Jha
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephanie C. Bohaczuk
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yizi Mao
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jane Ranchalis
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Alan T. Min
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Morgan O. Hamm
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elliott Swanson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Danilo Dubocanin
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Connor Finkbeiner
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tony Li
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dale Whittington
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William Stafford Noble
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew B. Stergachis
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mitchell R. Vollger
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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29
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Chanou A, Weiβ M, Holler K, Sajid A, Straub T, Krietsch J, Sanchi A, Ummethum H, Lee CSK, Kruse E, Trauner M, Werner M, Lalonde M, Lopes M, Scialdone A, Hamperl S. Single molecule MATAC-seq reveals key determinants of DNA replication origin efficiency. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:12303-12324. [PMID: 37956271 PMCID: PMC10711542 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stochastic origin activation gives rise to significant cell-to-cell variability in the pattern of genome replication. The molecular basis for heterogeneity in efficiency and timing of individual origins is a long-standing question. Here, we developed Methylation Accessibility of TArgeted Chromatin domain Sequencing (MATAC-Seq) to determine single-molecule chromatin accessibility of four specific genomic loci. MATAC-Seq relies on preferential modification of accessible DNA by methyltransferases combined with Nanopore-Sequencing for direct readout of methylated DNA-bases. Applying MATAC-Seq to selected early-efficient and late-inefficient yeast replication origins revealed large heterogeneity of chromatin states. Disruption of INO80 or ISW2 chromatin remodeling complexes leads to changes at individual nucleosomal positions that correlate with changes in their replication efficiency. We found a chromatin state with an accessible nucleosome-free region in combination with well-positioned +1 and +2 nucleosomes as a strong predictor for efficient origin activation. Thus, MATAC-Seq identifies the large spectrum of alternative chromatin states that co-exist on a given locus previously masked in population-based experiments and provides a mechanistic basis for origin activation heterogeneity during eukaryotic DNA replication. Consequently, our single-molecule chromatin accessibility assay will be ideal to define single-molecule heterogeneity across many fundamental biological processes such as transcription, replication, or DNA repair in vitro and ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chanou
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Weiβ
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Karoline Holler
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Atiqa Sajid
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Straub
- Core Facility Bioinformatics, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jana Krietsch
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Sanchi
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henning Ummethum
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Clare S K Lee
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kruse
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Manuel Trauner
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcel Werner
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Maxime Lalonde
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Massimo Lopes
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Scialdone
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Hamperl
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
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30
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Dennis AF, Xu Z, Clark DJ. Examining chromatin heterogeneity through PacBio long-read sequencing of M.EcoGII methylated genomes: an m 6A detection efficiency and calling bias correcting pipeline. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.28.569045. [PMID: 38076871 PMCID: PMC10705563 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.28.569045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have combined DNA methyltransferase footprinting of genomic DNA in nuclei with long-read sequencing, resulting in detailed chromatin maps for multi-kilobase stretches of genomic DNA from one cell. Theoretically, nucleosome footprints and nucleosome-depleted regions can be identified using M.EcoGII, which methylates adenines in any sequence context, providing a high-resolution map of accessible regions in each DNA molecule. Here we report PacBio long-read sequence data for budding yeast nuclei treated with M.EcoGII and a bioinformatic pipeline which corrects for three key challenges undermining this promising method. First, detection of m6A in individual DNA molecules by the PacBio software is inefficient, resulting in false footprints predicted by random gaps of seemingly unmethylated adenines. Second, there is a strong bias against m6A base calling as AT content increases. Third, occasional methylation occurs within nucleosomes, breaking up their footprints. After correcting for these issues, our pipeline calculates a correlation coefficient-based score indicating the extent of chromatin heterogeneity within the cell population for every gene. Although the population average is consistent with that derived using other techniques, we observe a wide range of heterogeneity in nucleosome positions at the single-molecule level, probably reflecting cellular chromatin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David J. Clark
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
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31
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Wu S, Tao T, Zhang L, Zhu X, Zhou X. Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA): Unveiling its role in cancer progression and implications for early detection. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21327. [PMID: 38027570 PMCID: PMC10643110 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is a special class of circular DNA in eukaryotes, which is independent of conventional chromosomes. These circular molecules play important roles in biology, especially in cancer biology. The emergence of sequencing technologies such as CCDA-seq and Amplicon Architect has led to a progressive unraveling of the mystery of ecDNA. Consequently, insights into its function and potential applications have begun to surface. Among these studies, the most noteworthy research pertains to cancer-related investigations into ecDNA. Numerous studies have underscored the significance of ecDNA in the pathogenesis of cancer and its role in accelerating cancer evolution. This review provides an overview of the source, structure, and function of ecDNA, while compiling recent advancements in ecDNA in the field of cancer. Nonetheless, further research is imperative to determine its effectiveness and specificity as a biomarker for early cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Computational Systems Biology Lab (CSBL), The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Computational Systems Biology Lab (CSBL), The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Computational Systems Biology Lab (CSBL), The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Hu Y, Shen F, Yang X, Han T, Long Z, Wen J, Huang J, Shen J, Guo Q. Single-cell sequencing technology applied to epigenetics for the study of tumor heterogeneity. Clin Epigenetics 2023; 15:161. [PMID: 37821906 PMCID: PMC10568863 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-023-01574-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have traditionally attributed the initiation of cancer cells to genetic mutations, considering them as the fundamental drivers of carcinogenesis. However, recent research has shed light on the crucial role of epigenomic alterations in various cell types present within the tumor microenvironment, suggesting their potential contribution to tumor formation and progression. Despite these significant findings, the progress in understanding the epigenetic mechanisms regulating tumor heterogeneity has been impeded over the past few years due to the lack of appropriate technical tools and methodologies. RESULTS The emergence of single-cell sequencing has enhanced our understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms governing tumor heterogeneity by revealing the distinct epigenetic layers of individual cells (chromatin accessibility, DNA/RNA methylation, histone modifications, nucleosome localization) and the diverse omics (transcriptomics, genomics, multi-omics) at the single-cell level. These technologies provide us with new insights into the molecular basis of intratumoral heterogeneity and help uncover key molecular events and driving mechanisms in tumor development. CONCLUSION This paper provides a comprehensive review of the emerging analytical and experimental approaches of single-cell sequencing in various omics, focusing specifically on epigenomics. These approaches have the potential to capture and integrate multiple dimensions of individual cancer cells, thereby revealing tumor heterogeneity and epigenetic features. Additionally, this paper outlines the future trends of these technologies and their current technical limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Hu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China
- Graduate School, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Feng Shen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tingting Han
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China
- Graduate School, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhuowen Long
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiale Wen
- Graduate School, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junxing Huang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jiangfeng Shen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qing Guo
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China.
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Jores T, Hamm M, Cuperus JT, Queitsch C. Frontiers and techniques in plant gene regulation. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 75:102403. [PMID: 37331209 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Understanding plant gene regulation has been a priority for generations of plant scientists. However, due to its complex nature, the regulatory code governing plant gene expression has yet to be deciphered comprehensively. Recently developed methods-often relying on next-generation sequencing technology and state-of-the-art computational approaches-have started to further our understanding of the gene regulatory logic used by plants. In this review, we discuss these methods and the insights into the regulatory code of plants that they can yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Jores
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Morgan Hamm
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Josh T Cuperus
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Christine Queitsch
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Abdulhay NJ, Hsieh LJ, McNally CP, Ostrowski MS, Moore CM, Ketavarapu M, Kasinathan S, Nanda AS, Wu K, Chio US, Zhou Z, Goodarzi H, Narlikar GJ, Ramani V. Nucleosome density shapes kilobase-scale regulation by a mammalian chromatin remodeler. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:1571-1581. [PMID: 37696956 PMCID: PMC10584690 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all essential nuclear processes act on DNA packaged into arrays of nucleosomes. However, our understanding of how these processes (for example, DNA replication, RNA transcription, chromatin extrusion and nucleosome remodeling) occur on individual chromatin arrays remains unresolved. Here, to address this deficit, we present SAMOSA-ChAAT: a massively multiplex single-molecule footprinting approach to map the primary structure of individual, reconstituted chromatin templates subject to virtually any chromatin-associated reaction. We apply this method to distinguish between competing models for chromatin remodeling by the essential imitation switch (ISWI) ATPase SNF2h: nucleosome-density-dependent spacing versus fixed-linker-length nucleosome clamping. First, we perform in vivo single-molecule nucleosome footprinting in murine embryonic stem cells, to discover that ISWI-catalyzed nucleosome spacing correlates with the underlying nucleosome density of specific epigenomic domains. To establish causality, we apply SAMOSA-ChAAT to quantify the activities of ISWI ATPase SNF2h and its parent complex ACF on reconstituted nucleosomal arrays of varying nucleosome density, at single-molecule resolution. We demonstrate that ISWI remodelers operate as density-dependent, length-sensing nucleosome sliders, whose ability to program DNA accessibility is dictated by single-molecule nucleosome density. We propose that the long-observed, context-specific regulatory effects of ISWI complexes can be explained in part by the sensing of nucleosome density within epigenomic domains. More generally, our approach promises molecule-precise views of the essential processes that shape nuclear physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour J Abdulhay
- Gladstone Institute for Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Laura J Hsieh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Colin P McNally
- Gladstone Institute for Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Megan S Ostrowski
- Gladstone Institute for Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Camille M Moore
- Gladstone Institute for Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Sivakanthan Kasinathan
- Department of Pediatrics, Lucille Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Arjun S Nanda
- Gladstone Institute for Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ke Wu
- Gladstone Institute for Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Un Seng Chio
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ziling Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hani Goodarzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Geeta J Narlikar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Vijay Ramani
- Gladstone Institute for Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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35
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Vollger MR, Korlach J, Eldred KC, Swanson E, Underwood JG, Cheng YHH, Ranchalis J, Mao Y, Blue EE, Schwarze U, Munson KM, Saunders CT, Wenger AM, Allworth A, Chanprasert S, Duerden BL, Glass I, Horike-Pyne M, Kim M, Leppig KA, McLaughlin IJ, Ogawa J, Rosenthal EA, Sheppeard S, Sherman SM, Strohbehn S, Yuen AL, Reh TA, Byers PH, Bamshad MJ, Hisama FM, Jarvik GP, Sancak Y, Dipple KM, Stergachis AB. Synchronized long-read genome, methylome, epigenome, and transcriptome for resolving a Mendelian condition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.26.559521. [PMID: 37808736 PMCID: PMC10557686 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.26.559521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Resolving the molecular basis of a Mendelian condition (MC) remains challenging owing to the diverse mechanisms by which genetic variants cause disease. To address this, we developed a synchronized long-read genome, methylome, epigenome, and transcriptome sequencing approach, which enables accurate single-nucleotide, insertion-deletion, and structural variant calling and diploid de novo genome assembly, and permits the simultaneous elucidation of haplotype-resolved CpG methylation, chromatin accessibility, and full-length transcript information in a single long-read sequencing run. Application of this approach to an Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) participant with a chromosome X;13 balanced translocation of uncertain significance revealed that this translocation disrupted the functioning of four separate genes (NBEA, PDK3, MAB21L1, and RB1) previously associated with single-gene MCs. Notably, the function of each gene was disrupted via a distinct mechanism that required integration of the four 'omes' to resolve. These included nonsense-mediated decay, fusion transcript formation, enhancer adoption, transcriptional readthrough silencing, and inappropriate X chromosome inactivation of autosomal genes. Overall, this highlights the utility of synchronized long-read multi-omic profiling for mechanistically resolving complex phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R. Vollger
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Kiara C. Eldred
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Biological Structure, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elliott Swanson
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Yong-Han H. Cheng
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jane Ranchalis
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yizi Mao
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth E. Blue
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Public Health Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ulrike Schwarze
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katherine M. Munson
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Aimee Allworth
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sirisak Chanprasert
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Ian Glass
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martha Horike-Pyne
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Kathleen A. Leppig
- Genetic Services, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sam Sheppeard
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephanie M. Sherman
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Samuel Strohbehn
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amy L. Yuen
- Genetic Services, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Thomas A. Reh
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Biological Structure, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter H. Byers
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael J. Bamshad
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Fuki M. Hisama
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gail P. Jarvik
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yasemin Sancak
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katrina M. Dipple
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew B. Stergachis
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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36
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Mo W, Shu Y, Liu B, Long Y, Li T, Cao X, Deng X, Zhai J. Single-molecule targeted accessibility and methylation sequencing of centromeres, telomeres and rDNAs in Arabidopsis. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1439-1450. [PMID: 37599304 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The short read-length of next-generation sequencing makes it challenging to characterize highly repetitive regions (HRRs) such as centromeres, telomeres and ribosomal DNAs. Based on recent strategies that combined long-read sequencing and exogenous enzymatic labelling of open chromatin, we developed single-molecule targeted accessibility and methylation sequencing (STAM-seq) in plants by further integrating nanopore adaptive sampling to investigate the HRRs in wild-type Arabidopsis and DNA methylation mutants that are defective in CG- or non-CG methylation. We found that CEN180 repeats show higher chromatin accessibility and lower DNA methylation on their forward strand, individual rDNA units show a negative correlation between their DNA methylation and accessibility, and both accessibility and CHH methylation levels are lower at telomere compared to adjacent subtelomeric region. Moreover, DNA methylation-deficient mutants showed increased chromatin accessibility at HRRs, consistent with the role of DNA methylation in maintaining heterochromatic status in plants. STAM-seq can be applied to study accessibility and methylation of repetitive sequences across diverse plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weipeng Mo
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Shu
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanping Long
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xian Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jixian Zhai
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
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37
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Hook PW, Timp W. Beyond assembly: the increasing flexibility of single-molecule sequencing technology. Nat Rev Genet 2023; 24:627-641. [PMID: 37161088 PMCID: PMC10169143 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-023-00600-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The maturation of high-throughput short-read sequencing technology over the past two decades has shaped the way genomes are studied. Recently, single-molecule, long-read sequencing has emerged as an essential tool in deciphering genome structure and function, including filling gaps in the human reference genome, measuring the epigenome and characterizing splicing variants in the transcriptome. With recent technological developments, these single-molecule technologies have moved beyond genome assembly and are being used in a variety of ways, including to selectively sequence specific loci with long reads, measure chromatin state and protein-DNA binding in order to investigate the dynamics of gene regulation, and rapidly determine copy number variation. These increasingly flexible uses of single-molecule technologies highlight a young and fast-moving part of the field that is leading to a more accessible era of nucleic acid sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Hook
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Winston Timp
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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38
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Abstract
DNA sequencing has revolutionized medicine over recent decades. However, analysis of large structural variation and repetitive DNA, a hallmark of human genomes, has been limited by short-read technology, with read lengths of 100-300 bp. Long-read sequencing (LRS) permits routine sequencing of human DNA fragments tens to hundreds of kilobase pairs in size, using both real-time sequencing by synthesis and nanopore-based direct electronic sequencing. LRS permits analysis of large structural variation and haplotypic phasing in human genomes and has enabled the discovery and characterization of rare pathogenic structural variants and repeat expansions. It has also recently enabled the assembly of a complete, gapless human genome that includes previously intractable regions, such as highly repetitive centromeres and homologous acrocentric short arms. With the addition of protocols for targeted enrichment, direct epigenetic DNA modification detection, and long-range chromatin profiling, LRS promises to launch a new era of understanding of genetic diversity and pathogenic mutations in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Warburton
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; ,
- Center for Advanced Genomics Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert P Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; ,
- Center for Advanced Genomics Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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39
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Vandereyken K, Sifrim A, Thienpont B, Voet T. Methods and applications for single-cell and spatial multi-omics. Nat Rev Genet 2023; 24:494-515. [PMID: 36864178 PMCID: PMC9979144 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-023-00580-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 257.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The joint analysis of the genome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome and/or metabolome from single cells is transforming our understanding of cell biology in health and disease. In less than a decade, the field has seen tremendous technological revolutions that enable crucial new insights into the interplay between intracellular and intercellular molecular mechanisms that govern development, physiology and pathogenesis. In this Review, we highlight advances in the fast-developing field of single-cell and spatial multi-omics technologies (also known as multimodal omics approaches), and the computational strategies needed to integrate information across these molecular layers. We demonstrate their impact on fundamental cell biology and translational research, discuss current challenges and provide an outlook to the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy Vandereyken
- KU Leuven Institute for Single Cell Omics (LISCO), University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Alejandro Sifrim
- KU Leuven Institute for Single Cell Omics (LISCO), University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Bernard Thienpont
- KU Leuven Institute for Single Cell Omics (LISCO), University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Thierry Voet
- KU Leuven Institute for Single Cell Omics (LISCO), University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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40
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Mach P, Giorgetti L. Integrative approaches to study enhancer-promoter communication. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2023; 80:102052. [PMID: 37257410 PMCID: PMC10293802 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2023.102052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal control of gene expression in complex multicellular organisms relies on noncoding regulatory sequences such as enhancers, which activate transcription of target genes often over large genomic distances. Despite the advances in the identification and characterization of enhancers, the principles and mechanisms by which enhancers select and control their target genes remain largely unknown. Here, we review recent interdisciplinary and quantitative approaches based on emerging techniques that aim to address open questions in the field, notably how regulatory information is encoded in the DNA sequence, how this information is transferred from enhancers to promoters, and how these processes are regulated in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Mach
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. https://twitter.com/@MachPia
| | - Luca Giorgetti
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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41
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Kong Y, Mead EA, Fang G. Navigating the pitfalls of mapping DNA and RNA modifications. Nat Rev Genet 2023; 24:363-381. [PMID: 36653550 PMCID: PMC10722219 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-022-00559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Chemical modifications to nucleic acids occur across the kingdoms of life and carry important regulatory information. Reliable high-resolution mapping of these modifications is the foundation of functional and mechanistic studies, and recent methodological advances based on next-generation sequencing and long-read sequencing platforms are critical to achieving this aim. However, mapping technologies may have limitations that sometimes lead to inconsistent results. Some of these limitations are technical in nature and specific to certain types of technology. Here, however, we focus on common (yet not always widely recognized) pitfalls that are shared among frequently used mapping technologies and discuss strategies to help technology developers and users mitigate their effects. Although the emphasis is primarily on DNA modifications, RNA modifications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Kong
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edward A Mead
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gang Fang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Gibson TJ, Harrison MM. Protein-intrinsic properties and context-dependent effects regulate pioneer-factor binding and function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.18.533281. [PMID: 37066406 PMCID: PMC10103944 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.18.533281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin is a barrier to the binding of many transcription factors. By contrast, pioneer factors access nucleosomal targets and promote chromatin opening. Despite binding to target motifs in closed chromatin, many pioneer factors display cell-type specific binding and activity. The mechanisms governing pioneer-factor occupancy and the relationship between chromatin occupancy and opening remain unclear. We studied three Drosophila transcription factors with distinct DNA-binding domains and biological functions: Zelda, Grainy head, and Twist. We demonstrated that the level of chromatin occupancy is a key determinant of pioneering activity. Multiple factors regulate occupancy, including motif content, local chromatin, and protein concentration. Regions outside the DNA-binding domain are required for binding and chromatin opening. Our results show that pioneering activity is not a binary feature intrinsic to a protein but occurs on a spectrum and is regulated by a variety of protein-intrinsic and cell-type-specific features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Gibson
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI
| | - Melissa M. Harrison
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI
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43
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Weng Z, Ruan F, Chen W, Chen Z, Xie Y, Luo M, Xie Z, Zhang C, Wang J, Sun Y, Fang Y, Guo M, Tan C, Chen W, Tong Y, Li Y, Wang H, Tang C. BIND&MODIFY: a long-range method for single-molecule mapping of chromatin modifications in eukaryotes. Genome Biol 2023; 24:61. [PMID: 36991510 PMCID: PMC10052867 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-02896-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications of histones are associated with development and pathogenesis of disease. Existing approaches cannot provide insights into long-range interactions and represent the average chromatin state. Here we describe BIND&MODIFY, a method using long-read sequencing for profiling histone modifications and transcription factors on individual DNA fibers. We use recombinant fused protein A-M.EcoGII to tether methyltransferase M.EcoGII to protein binding sites to label neighboring regions by methylation. Aggregated BIND&MODIFY signal matches bulk ChIP-seq and CUT&TAG. BIND&MODIFY can simultaneously measure histone modification status, transcription factor binding, and CpG 5mC methylation at single-molecule resolution and also quantifies correlation between local and distal elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Weng
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | | | - Weitian Chen
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhichao Chen
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yeming Xie
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Meng Luo
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Zhe Xie
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Copenhagen 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chen Zhang
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Juan Wang
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Yitong Fang
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Mei Guo
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Chen Tan
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Wenfang Chen
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Yiqin Tong
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Yaning Li
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Hongqi Wang
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Chong Tang
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
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44
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Debo BM, Mallory BJ, Stergachis AB. Evaluation of N 6-methyldeoxyadenosine antibody-based genomic profiling in eukaryotes. Genome Res 2023; 33:427-434. [PMID: 36788024 PMCID: PMC10078290 DOI: 10.1101/gr.276696.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Low-level DNA N 6-methyldeoxyadenosine (DNA-m6A) has recently been reported across various eukaryotes. Although anti-m6A antibody-based approaches are commonly used to measure DNA-m6A levels, this approach is known to be confounded by DNA secondary structures, RNA contamination, and bacterial contamination. To evaluate for these confounding features, we introduce an approach for systematically validating the selectivity of antibody-based DNA-m6A methods and use a highly selective anti-DNA-m6A antibody to reexamine patterns of DNA-m6A in C. reinhardtii, A. thaliana, and D. melanogaster Our findings raise caution about the use of antibody-based methods for endogenous m6A quantification and mapping in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Debo
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin J Mallory
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Andrew B Stergachis
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA;
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7720, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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45
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Kim S, Wysocka J. Deciphering the multi-scale, quantitative cis-regulatory code. Mol Cell 2023; 83:373-392. [PMID: 36693380 PMCID: PMC9898153 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Uncovering the cis-regulatory code that governs when and how much each gene is transcribed in a given genome and cellular state remains a central goal of biology. Here, we discuss major layers of regulation that influence how transcriptional outputs are encoded by DNA sequence and cellular context. We first discuss how transcription factors bind specific DNA sequences in a dosage-dependent and cooperative manner and then proceed to the cofactors that facilitate transcription factor function and mediate the activity of modular cis-regulatory elements such as enhancers, silencers, and promoters. We then consider the complex and poorly understood interplay of these diverse elements within regulatory landscapes and its relationships with chromatin states and nuclear organization. We propose that a mechanistically informed, quantitative model of transcriptional regulation that integrates these multiple regulatory layers will be the key to ultimately cracking the cis-regulatory code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungsoo Kim
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joanna Wysocka
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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46
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Wang M, Xiong D, Wang X, Gu D, Meng C, Jiao X, Pan Z. The DNA adenine methylase of Salmonella Enteritidis promotes their intracellular replication by inhibiting arachidonic acid metabolism pathway in macrophages. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1080851. [PMID: 36937256 PMCID: PMC10018194 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1080851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages can participate in immune responses by altering their metabolism, and play important roles in controlling bacterial infections. However, Salmonella Enteritidis can survive and proliferate in macrophages. After the deletion of DNA adenine methylase (Dam), the proliferation of Salmonella Enteritidis in macrophages decreased, the molecular mechanism is still unclear. After infecting macrophages with Salmonella Enteritidis wild type and dam gene deletion strains, intracellular metabolites were extracted and detected by non-targeted metabolomics and fatty acid targeted metabolomics. We found Dam had significant effects on arachidonic acid and related metabolic pathways in macrophages. The dam gene can promote the proliferation of Salmonella Enteritidis in macrophages by inhibiting the metabolic pathway of cytosolic phospholipase A2-mediated arachidonic acid production and conversion to prostaglandin E2 in macrophages, reducing the secretion of the pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-6. In addition, inhibition of arachidonic acid-related pathways in macrophages by Arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone could restore the proliferation of dam gene deletion strains in macrophages. This study explored the role of Dam in the process of Salmonella Enteritidis invading host cells from the perspective of host cell metabolism, and provides new insights into the immune escape mechanism of Salmonella Enteritidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dan Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dan Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chuang Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xinan Jiao,
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Zhiming Pan,
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47
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Simultaneous profiling of histone modifications and DNA methylation via nanopore sequencing. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7939. [PMID: 36566265 PMCID: PMC9789962 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35650-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between histone modifications and DNA methylation drives the establishment and maintenance of the cellular epigenomic landscape, but it remains challenging to investigate the complex relationship between these epigenetic marks across the genome. Here we describe a nanopore-sequencing-based-method, nanoHiMe-seq, for interrogating the genome-wide localization of histone modifications and DNA methylation from single DNA molecules. nanoHiMe-seq leverages a nonspecific methyltransferase to exogenously label adenine bases proximal to antibody-targeted modified nucleosomes in situ. The labelled adenines and the endogenous methylated CpG sites are simultaneously detected on individual nanopore reads using a hidden Markov model, which is implemented in the nanoHiMe software package. We demonstrate the utility, robustness and sensitivity of nanoHiMe-seq by jointly profiling DNA methylation and histone modifications at low coverage depths, concurrently determining phased patterns of DNA methylation and histone modifications, and probing the intrinsic connectivity between these epigenetic marks across the genome.
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48
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Mansisidor AR, Risca VI. Chromatin accessibility: methods, mechanisms, and biological insights. Nucleus 2022; 13:236-276. [PMID: 36404679 PMCID: PMC9683059 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2022.2143106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Access to DNA is a prerequisite to the execution of essential cellular processes that include transcription, replication, chromosomal segregation, and DNA repair. How the proteins that regulate these processes function in the context of chromatin and its dynamic architectures is an intensive field of study. Over the past decade, genome-wide assays and new imaging approaches have enabled a greater understanding of how access to the genome is regulated by nucleosomes and associated proteins. Additional mechanisms that may control DNA accessibility in vivo include chromatin compaction and phase separation - processes that are beginning to be understood. Here, we review the ongoing development of accessibility measurements, we summarize the different molecular and structural mechanisms that shape the accessibility landscape, and we detail the many important biological functions that are linked to chromatin accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés R. Mansisidor
- Laboratory of Genome Architecture and Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Viviana I. Risca
- Laboratory of Genome Architecture and Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
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49
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Miura F, Miura M, Shibata Y, Furuta Y, Miyamura K, Ino Y, Bayoumi AMA, Oba U, Ito T. Identification, expression, and purification of DNA cytosine 5-methyltransferases with short recognition sequences. BMC Biotechnol 2022; 22:33. [PMID: 36333700 PMCID: PMC9636781 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-022-00765-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methyltransferases (MTases) are enzymes that induce methylation, one of the representative epigenetic modifications of DNA, and are also useful tools for analyzing epigenomes. However, regarding DNA cytosine 5-methylation, MTases identified so far have drawbacks in that their recognition sequences overlap with those for intrinsic DNA methylation in mammalian cells and/or that the recognition sequence is too long for fine epigenetic mapping. To identify MTases with short recognition sequences that never overlap with the CG dinucleotide, we systematically investigated the 25 candidate enzymes identified using a database search, which showed high similarity to known cytosine 5-MTases recognizing short sequences. Results We identified MTases with six new recognition sequences, including TCTG, CC, CNG, TCG, GCY, and GGCA. Because the recognition sequence never overlapped with the CG dinucleotide, MTases recognizing the CC dinucleotide were promising. Conclusions In the current study, we established a procedure for producing active CC-methylating MTases and applied it to nucleosome occupancy and methylome sequencing to prove the usefulness of the enzyme for fine epigenetic mapping. MTases that never overlap with CG dinucleotides would allow us to profile multiple epigenomes simultaneously.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12896-022-00765-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihito Miura
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Miki Miura
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Yukiko Shibata
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Furuta
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Division of Infection and Immunity, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0020 Japan
| | - Keisuke Miyamura
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Yuki Ino
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Asmaa M. A. Bayoumi
- grid.411806.a0000 0000 8999 4945Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, El-Minia, 61511 Egypt
| | - Utako Oba
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan ,grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Pediatrics, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Takashi Ito
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
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50
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Hung KL, Luebeck J, Dehkordi SR, Colón CI, Li R, Wong ITL, Coruh C, Dharanipragada P, Lomeli SH, Weiser NE, Moriceau G, Zhang X, Bailey C, Houlahan KE, Yang W, González RC, Swanton C, Curtis C, Jamal-Hanjani M, Henssen AG, Law JA, Greenleaf WJ, Lo RS, Mischel PS, Bafna V, Chang HY. Targeted profiling of human extrachromosomal DNA by CRISPR-CATCH. Nat Genet 2022; 54:1746-1754. [PMID: 36253572 PMCID: PMC9649439 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01190-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is a common mode of oncogene amplification but is challenging to analyze. Here, we adapt CRISPR-CATCH, in vitro CRISPR-Cas9 treatment and pulsed field gel electrophoresis of agarose-entrapped genomic DNA, previously developed for bacterial chromosome segments, to isolate megabase-sized human ecDNAs. We demonstrate strong enrichment of ecDNA molecules containing EGFR, FGFR2 and MYC from human cancer cells and NRAS ecDNA from human metastatic melanoma with acquired therapeutic resistance. Targeted enrichment of ecDNA versus chromosomal DNA enabled phasing of genetic variants, identified the presence of an EGFRvIII mutation exclusively on ecDNAs and supported an excision model of ecDNA genesis in a glioblastoma model. CRISPR-CATCH followed by nanopore sequencing enabled single-molecule ecDNA methylation profiling and revealed hypomethylation of the EGFR promoter on ecDNAs. We distinguished heterogeneous ecDNA species within the same sample by size and sequence with base-pair resolution and discovered functionally specialized ecDNAs that amplify select enhancers or oncogene-coding sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- King L Hung
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jens Luebeck
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Siavash R Dehkordi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Caterina I Colón
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rui Li
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ivy Tsz-Lo Wong
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ceyda Coruh
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Prashanthi Dharanipragada
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shirley H Lomeli
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Natasha E Weiser
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gatien Moriceau
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chris Bailey
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Kathleen E Houlahan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wenting Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rocío Chamorro González
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charles Swanton
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Christina Curtis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mariam Jamal-Hanjani
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Anton G Henssen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Berlin, and German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julie A Law
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William J Greenleaf
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Roger S Lo
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Paul S Mischel
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vineet Bafna
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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