1
|
Ye J, Zoller P. Essay: Quantum Sensing with Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Platforms for Fundamental Physics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:190001. [PMID: 38804927 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.190001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Atomic, molecular, and optical (AMO) physics has been at the forefront of the development of quantum science while laying the foundation for modern technology. With the growing capabilities of quantum control of many atoms for engineered many-body states and quantum entanglement, a key question emerges: what critical impact will the second quantum revolution with ubiquitous applications of entanglement bring to bear on fundamental physics? In this Essay, we argue that a compelling long-term vision for fundamental physics and novel applications is to harness the rapid development of quantum information science to define and advance the frontiers of measurement physics, with strong potential for fundamental discoveries. As quantum technologies, such as fault-tolerant quantum computing and entangled quantum sensor networks, become much more advanced than today's realization, we wonder what doors of basic science can these tools unlock. We anticipate that some of the most intriguing and challenging problems, such as quantum aspects of gravity, fundamental symmetries, or new physics beyond the minimal standard model, will be tackled at the emerging quantum measurement frontier. Part of a series of Essays which concisely present author visions for the future of their field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ye
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Peter Zoller
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria and Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lewis-Swan RJ, Castro JCZ, Barberena D, Rey AM. Exploiting Nonclassical Motion of a Trapped Ion Crystal for Quantum-Enhanced Metrology of Global and Differential Spin Rotations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:163601. [PMID: 38701452 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.163601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate prospects for the creation of nonclassical spin states in trapped ion arrays by coupling to a squeezed state of the collective motion of the ions. The correlations of the generated spin states can be tailored for quantum-enhanced sensing of global or differential rotations of subensembles of the spins by working with specific vibrational modes of the ion array. We propose a pair of protocols to utilize the generated states and demonstrate their viability even for small systems, while assessing limitations imposed by spin-motion entanglement and technical noise. Our work suggests new opportunities for the preparation of many-body states with tailored correlations for quantum-enhanced metrology in spin-boson systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Lewis-Swan
- Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
- Center for Quantum Research and Technology, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - J C Zuñiga Castro
- Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
- Center for Quantum Research and Technology, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - D Barberena
- JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - A M Rey
- JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ma X, Cai Z, Zhuang C, Liu X, Zhang Z, Liu K, Cao B, He J, Yang C, Bao C, Zeng R. Integrated microcavity electric field sensors using Pound-Drever-Hall detection. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1386. [PMID: 38360758 PMCID: PMC10869830 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45699-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Discerning weak electric fields has important implications for cosmology, quantum technology, and identifying power system failures. Photonic integration of electric field sensors is highly desired for practical considerations and offers opportunities to improve performance by enhancing microwave and lightwave interactions. Here, we demonstrate a high-Q microcavity electric field sensor (MEFS) by leveraging the silicon chip-based thin film lithium niobate photonic integrated circuits. Using the Pound-Drever-Hall detection scheme, our MEFS achieves a detection sensitivity of 5.2 μV/(m[Formula: see text]), which surpasses previous lithium niobate electro-optical electric field sensors by nearly two orders of magnitude, and is comparable to atom-based quantum sensing approaches. Furthermore, our MEFS has a bandwidth that can be up to three orders of magnitude broader than quantum sensing approaches and measures fast electric field amplitude and phase variations in real-time. The ultra-sensitive MEFSs represent a significant step towards building electric field sensing networks and broaden the application spectrum of integrated microcavities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhaoyu Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chijie Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhecheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kewei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinliang He
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Changxi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chengying Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Rong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zheng P, Semancik S, Barman I. Quantum Plexcitonic Sensing. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9529-9537. [PMID: 37819891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
While fundamental to quantum sensing, quantum state control has been traditionally limited to extreme conditions. This restricts the impact of the practical implementation of quantum sensing on a broad range of physical measurements. Plexcitons, however, provide a promising path under ambient conditions toward quantum state control and thus quantum sensing, owing to their origin from strong plasmon-exciton coupling. Herein, we harness plexcitons to demonstrate quantum plexcitonic sensing by strongly coupling excitonic particles to a plasmonic hyperbolic metasurface. As compared to classical sensing in the weak-coupling regime, our model of quantum plexcitonic sensing performs at a level that is ∼40 times more sensitive. Noise-modulated sensitivity studies reinforce the quantum advantage over classical sensing, featuring better sensitivity, smaller sensitivity uncertainty, and higher resilience against optical noise. The successful demonstration of quantum plexcitonic sensing opens the door for a variety of physical, chemical, and biological measurements by leveraging strongly coupled plasmon-exciton systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Steve Semancik
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Ishan Barman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cao JH, Chen F, Liu Q, Mao TW, Xu WX, Wu LN, You L. Detection of Entangled States Supported by Reinforcement Learning. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:073201. [PMID: 37656843 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.073201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Discrimination of entangled states is an important element of quantum-enhanced metrology. This typically requires low-noise detection technology. Such a challenge can be circumvented by introducing nonlinear readout process. Traditionally, this is realized by reversing the very dynamics that generates the entangled state, which requires a full control over the system evolution. In this Letter, we present nonlinear readout of highly entangled states by employing reinforcement learning to manipulate the spin-mixing dynamics in a spin-1 atomic condensate. The reinforcement learning found results in driving the system toward an unstable fixed point, whereby the (to be sensed) phase perturbation is amplified by the subsequent spin-mixing dynamics. Working with a condensate of 10 900 ^{87}Rb atoms, we achieve a metrological gain of 6.97_{-1.38}^{+1.30} dB beyond the classical precision limit. Our work will open up new possibilities in unlocking the full potential of entanglement caused quantum enhancement in experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tian-Wei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wen-Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ling-Na Wu
- Center for Theoretical Physics and School of Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Z, Colombo S, Shu C, Velez G, Pilatowsky-Cameo S, Schmied R, Choi S, Lukin M, Pedrozo-Peñafiel E, Vuletić V. Improving metrology with quantum scrambling. Science 2023; 380:1381-1384. [PMID: 37384680 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg9500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantum scrambling describes the spreading of information into many degrees of freedom in quantum systems, such that the information is no longer accessible locally but becomes distributed throughout the system. This idea can explain how quantum systems become classical and acquire a finite temperature, or how in black holes the information about the matter falling in is seemingly erased. We probe the exponential scrambling of a multiparticle system near a bistable point in phase space and utilize it for entanglement-enhanced metrology. A time-reversal protocol is used to observe a simultaneous exponential growth of both the metrological gain and the out-of-time-order correlator, thereby experimentally verifying the relation between quantum metrology and quantum information scrambling. Our results show that rapid scrambling dynamics capable of exponentially fast entanglement generation are useful for practical metrology, resulting in a 6.8(4)-decibel gain beyond the standard quantum limit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyang Li
- Department of Physics, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Simone Colombo
- Department of Physics, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Chi Shu
- Department of Physics, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Gustavo Velez
- Department of Physics, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Saúl Pilatowsky-Cameo
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Soonwon Choi
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mikhail Lukin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Edwin Pedrozo-Peñafiel
- Department of Physics, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Vladan Vuletić
- Department of Physics, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zheng W, Wang H, Schmieg R, Oesterle A, Polzik ES. Entanglement-Enhanced Magnetic Induction Tomography. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:203602. [PMID: 37267567 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.203602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic induction tomography (MIT) is a sensing protocol exploring conductive objects via their response to radio-frequency magnetic fields. MIT is used in nondestructive testing ranging from geophysics to medical applications. Atomic magnetometers, employed as MIT sensors, allow for significant improvement of the MIT sensitivity and for exploring its quantum limits. Here, we propose and verify a quantum-enhanced version of the atomic MIT by combining it with conditional spin squeezing and stroboscopic backaction evasion. We use this quantum enhancement to demonstrate sensitivity beyond the standard quantum limits of one-dimensional quantum MIT detecting a conductive sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Zheng
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen ø, Denmark
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center for Quantum Precision Measurement, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Hengyan Wang
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen ø, Denmark
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Rebecca Schmieg
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen ø, Denmark
| | - Alan Oesterle
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen ø, Denmark
| | - Eugene S Polzik
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen ø, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Krutyanskiy V, Galli M, Krcmarsky V, Baier S, Fioretto DA, Pu Y, Mazloom A, Sekatski P, Canteri M, Teller M, Schupp J, Bate J, Meraner M, Sangouard N, Lanyon BP, Northup TE. Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:050803. [PMID: 36800448 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.050803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We report on an elementary quantum network of two atomic ions separated by 230 m. The ions are trapped in different buildings and connected with 520(2) m of optical fiber. At each network node, the electronic state of an ion is entangled with the polarization state of a single cavity photon; subsequent to interference of the photons at a beam splitter, photon detection heralds entanglement between the two ions. Fidelities of up to (88.0+2.2-4.7)% are achieved with respect to a maximally entangled Bell state, with a success probability of 4×10^{-5}. We analyze the routes to improve these metrics, paving the way for long-distance networks of entangled quantum processors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Krutyanskiy
- Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Technikerstraße 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Galli
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - V Krcmarsky
- Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Technikerstraße 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S Baier
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - D A Fioretto
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Y Pu
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Mazloom
- Department of Physics, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington, D.C. 20057, USA
| | - P Sekatski
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Canteri
- Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Technikerstraße 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Teller
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J Schupp
- Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Technikerstraße 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J Bate
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Meraner
- Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Technikerstraße 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - N Sangouard
- Institut de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - B P Lanyon
- Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Technikerstraße 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T E Northup
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tunable itinerant spin dynamics with polar molecules. Nature 2023; 614:70-74. [PMID: 36725993 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05479-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Strongly interacting spins underlie many intriguing phenomena and applications1-4 ranging from magnetism to quantum information processing. Interacting spins combined with motion show exotic spin transport phenomena, such as superfluidity arising from pairing of spins induced by spin attraction5,6. To understand these complex phenomena, an interacting spin system with high controllability is desired. Quantum spin dynamics have been studied on different platforms with varying capabilities7-13. Here we demonstrate tunable itinerant spin dynamics enabled by dipolar interactions using a gas of potassium-rubidium molecules confined to two-dimensional planes, where a spin-1/2 system is encoded into the molecular rotational levels. The dipolar interaction gives rise to a shift of the rotational transition frequency and a collision-limited Ramsey contrast decay that emerges from the coupled spin and motion. Both the Ising and spin-exchange interactions are precisely tuned by varying the strength and orientation of an electric field, as well as the internal molecular state. This full tunability enables both static and dynamical control of the spin Hamiltonian, allowing reversal of the coherent spin dynamics. Our work establishes an interacting spin platform that allows for exploration of many-body spin dynamics and spin-motion physics using the strong, tunable dipolar interaction.
Collapse
|
10
|
Karnieli A, Tsesses S, Yu R, Rivera N, Zhao Z, Arie A, Fan S, Kaminer I. Quantum sensing of strongly coupled light-matter systems using free electrons. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd2349. [PMID: 36598994 PMCID: PMC9812396 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add2349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling in light-matter systems is a central concept in cavity quantum electrodynamics and is essential for many quantum technologies. Especially in the optical range, full control of highly connected multi-qubit systems necessitates quantum coherent probes with nanometric spatial resolution, which are currently inaccessible. Here, we propose the use of free electrons as high-resolution quantum sensors for strongly coupled light-matter systems. Shaping the free-electron wave packet enables the measurement of the quantum state of the entire hybrid systems. We specifically show how quantum interference of the free-electron wave packet gives rise to a quantum-enhanced sensing protocol for the position and dipole orientation of a subnanometer emitter inside a cavity. Our results showcase the great versatility and applicability of quantum interactions between free electrons and strongly coupled cavities, relying on the unique properties of free electrons as strongly interacting flying qubits with miniscule dimensions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aviv Karnieli
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shai Tsesses
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Renwen Yu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicholas Rivera
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Zhexin Zhao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ady Arie
- School of Electrical Engineering, Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shanhui Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fan X, Gabrielse G, Graham PW, Harnik R, Myers TG, Ramani H, Sukra BAD, Wong SSY, Xiao Y. One-Electron Quantum Cyclotron as a Milli-eV Dark-Photon Detector. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:261801. [PMID: 36608202 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.261801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We propose using trapped electrons as high-Q resonators for detecting meV dark photon dark matter. When the rest energy of the dark photon matches the energy splitting of the two lowest cyclotron levels, the first excited state of the electron cyclotron will be resonantly excited. A proof-of-principle measurement, carried out with one electron, demonstrates that the method is background free over a 7.4 day search. It sets a limit on dark photon dark matter at 148 GHz (0.6 meV) that is around 75 times better than previous constraints. Dark photon dark matter in the 0.1-1 meV mass range (20-200 GHz) could likely be detected at a similar sensitivity in an apparatus designed for dark photon detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Fan
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Center for Fundamental Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Gerald Gabrielse
- Center for Fundamental Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Peter W Graham
- Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Roni Harnik
- Superconducting Quantum Materials and Systems Center (SQMS), Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
- Theoretical Physics Division, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - Thomas G Myers
- Center for Fundamental Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Harikrishnan Ramani
- Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Benedict A D Sukra
- Center for Fundamental Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Samuel S Y Wong
- Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Yawen Xiao
- Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dutta P, Maurya SS, Patel K, Biswas K, Mangaonkar J, Sarkar S, D. Rapol U. A Decade of Advancement of Quantum Sensing and Metrology in India Using Cold Atoms and Ions. J Indian Inst Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-022-00335-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
|
13
|
Nichol BC, Srinivas R, Nadlinger DP, Drmota P, Main D, Araneda G, Ballance CJ, Lucas DM. An elementary quantum network of entangled optical atomic clocks. Nature 2022; 609:689-694. [PMID: 36071166 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Optical atomic clocks are our most precise tools to measure time and frequency1-3. Precision frequency comparisons between clocks in separate locations enable one to probe the space-time variation of fundamental constants4,5 and the properties of dark matter6,7, to perform geodesy8-10 and to evaluate systematic clock shifts. Measurements on independent systems are limited by the standard quantum limit; measurements on entangled systems can surpass the standard quantum limit to reach the ultimate precision allowed by quantum theory-the Heisenberg limit. Although local entangling operations have demonstrated this enhancement at microscopic distances11-16, comparisons between remote atomic clocks require the rapid generation of high-fidelity entanglement between systems that have no intrinsic interactions. Here we report the use of a photonic link17,18 to entangle two 88Sr+ ions separated by a macroscopic distance19 (approximately 2 m) to demonstrate an elementary quantum network of entangled optical clocks. For frequency comparisons between the ions, we find that entanglement reduces the measurement uncertainty by nearly [Formula: see text], the value predicted for the Heisenberg limit. Today's optical clocks are typically limited by dephasing of the probe laser20; in this regime, we find that entanglement yields a factor of 2 reduction in the measurement uncertainty compared with conventional correlation spectroscopy techniques20-22. We demonstrate this enhancement for the measurement of a frequency shift applied to one of the clocks. This two-node network could be extended to additional nodes23, to other species of trapped particles or-through local operations-to larger entangled systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B C Nichol
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - R Srinivas
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - D P Nadlinger
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - P Drmota
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - D Main
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - G Araneda
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C J Ballance
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - D M Lucas
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Katz O, Cetina M, Monroe C. N-Body Interactions between Trapped Ion Qubits via Spin-Dependent Squeezing. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:063603. [PMID: 36018637 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.063603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We describe a simple protocol for the single-step generation of N-body entangling interactions between trapped atomic ion qubits. We show that qubit state-dependent squeezing operations and displacement forces on the collective atomic motion can generate full N-body interactions. Similar to the Mølmer-Sørensen two-body Ising interaction at the core of most trapped ion quantum computers and simulators, the proposed operation is relatively insensitive to the state of motion. We show how this N-body gate operation allows for the single-step implementation of a family of N-bit gate operations such as the powerful N-Toffoli gate, which flips a single qubit if and only if all other N-1 qubits are in a particular state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Or Katz
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Marko Cetina
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Christopher Monroe
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- IonQ, Inc., College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhao J, Hwang MJ. Frustrated Superradiant Phase Transition. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:163601. [PMID: 35522483 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.163601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Frustration occurs when a system cannot find a lowest-energy configuration due to conflicting constraints. We show that a frustrated superradiant phase transition occurs when the ground-state superradiance of cavity fields due to local light-matter interactions cannot simultaneously minimize the positive photon hopping energies. We solve the Dicke trimer model on a triangle motif with both negative and positive hopping energies and show that the latter results in a sixfold degenerate ground-state manifold in which the translational symmetry is spontaneously broken. In the frustrated superradiant phase, we find that two sets of diverging time and fluctuation scales coexist, one governed by the mean-field critical exponent and another by a novel critical exponent. The latter is associated with the fluctuation in the difference of local order parameters and gives rise to site-dependent photon number critical exponents, which may serve as an experimental probe for the frustrated superradiant phase. We provide a qualitative explanation for the emergence of unconventional critical scalings and demonstrate that they are generic properties of the frustrated superradiant phase at the hand of a one-dimensional Dicke lattice with an odd number of sites. The mechanism for the frustrated superradiant phase transition discovered here applies to any lattice geometries where the antiferromagnetic ordering of neighboring sites are incompatible and therefore our work paves the way toward the exploration of frustrated phases of coupled light and matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinchen Zhao
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, China
| | - Myung-Joong Hwang
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, China
- Zu Chongzhi Center for Mathematics and Computational Science, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Marciniak CD, Feldker T, Pogorelov I, Kaubruegger R, Vasilyev DV, van Bijnen R, Schindler P, Zoller P, Blatt R, Monz T. Optimal metrology with programmable quantum sensors. Nature 2022; 603:604-609. [PMID: 35322252 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Quantum sensors are an established technology that has created new opportunities for precision sensing across the breadth of science. Using entanglement for quantum enhancement will allow us to construct the next generation of sensors that can approach the fundamental limits of precision allowed by quantum physics. However, determining how state-of-the-art sensing platforms may be used to converge to these ultimate limits is an outstanding challenge. Here we merge concepts from the field of quantum information processing with metrology, and successfully implement experimentally a programmable quantum sensor operating close to the fundamental limits imposed by the laws of quantum mechanics. We achieve this by using low-depth, parametrized quantum circuits implementing optimal input states and measurement operators for a sensing task on a trapped-ion experiment. With 26 ions, we approach the fundamental sensing limit up to a factor of 1.45 ± 0.01, outperforming conventional spin-squeezing with a factor of 1.87 ± 0.03. Our approach reduces the number of averages to reach a given Allan deviation by a factor of 1.59 ± 0.06 compared with traditional methods not using entanglement-enabled protocols. We further perform on-device quantum-classical feedback optimization to 'self-calibrate' the programmable quantum sensor with comparable performance. This ability illustrates that this next generation of quantum sensor can be used without previous knowledge of the device or its noise environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Raphael Kaubruegger
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Innsbruck, Austria.,Center for Quantum Physics, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Denis V Vasilyev
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Innsbruck, Austria.,Center for Quantum Physics, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rick van Bijnen
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Innsbruck, Austria.,Center for Quantum Physics, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Peter Zoller
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Innsbruck, Austria.,Center for Quantum Physics, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rainer Blatt
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Monz
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Innsbruck, Austria. .,Alpine Quantum Technologies, Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Afek G, Carney D, Moore DC. Coherent Scattering of Low Mass Dark Matter from Optically Trapped Sensors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:101301. [PMID: 35333080 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.101301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We propose a search for low mass dark matter particles through momentum recoils caused by their scattering from trapped, nanometer-scale objects. Our projections show that even with a modest array of femtogram-mass sensors, parameter space beyond the reach of existing experiments can be explored. The case of smaller, attogram-mass sensors is also analyzed-where dark matter can coherently scatter from the entire sensor-enabling a large enhancement in the scattering cross-section relative to interactions with single nuclei. Large arrays of such sensors have the potential to investigate new parameter space down to dark matter masses as low as 10 keV. If recoils from dark matter are detected by such sensors, their inherent directional sensitivity would allow an unambiguous identification of a dark matter signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gadi Afek
- Wright Laboratory, Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Daniel Carney
- Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - David C Moore
- Wright Laboratory, Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|