1
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Deguine J, Xavier RJ. B cell tolerance and autoimmunity: Lessons from repertoires. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20231314. [PMID: 39093312 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immune cell function is regulated by a highly diverse receptor recombined from variable germline-encoded segments that can recognize an almost unlimited array of epitopes. While this diversity enables the recognition of any pathogen, it also poses a risk of self-recognition, leading to autoimmunity. Many layers of regulation are present during both the generation and activation of B cells to prevent this phenomenon, although they are evidently imperfect. In recent years, our ability to analyze immune repertoires at scale has drastically increased, both through advances in sequencing and single-cell analyses. Here, we review the current knowledge on B cell repertoire analyses, focusing on their implication for autoimmunity. These studies demonstrate that a failure of tolerance occurs at multiple independent checkpoints in different autoimmune contexts, particularly during B cell maturation, plasmablast differentiation, and within germinal centers. These failures are marked by distinct repertoire features that may be used to identify disease- or patient-specific therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Deguine
- Immunology Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard , Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Immunology Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard , Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Tsokos GC. The immunology of systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:1332-1343. [PMID: 39009839 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01898-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been a great challenge. Reductionist approaches to understand the nature of the disease have identified many pathogenetic contributors that parallel clinical heterogeneity. This Review outlines the immunological control of SLE and looks to experimental tools and approaches that are improving our understanding of the complex contribution of interacting genetics, environment, sex and immunoregulatory factors and their interface with processes inherent to tissue parenchymal cells. Efforts to advance precision medicine in the care of patients with SLE along with treatment strategies to correct the immune system hold hope and are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Tsokos
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Deffenbaugh JL, Jung KJ, Murphy SP, Liu Y, Rau CN, Petersen-Cherubini CL, Collins PL, Chung D, Lovett-Racke AE. Novel model of multiple sclerosis induced by EBV-like virus generates a unique B cell population. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 394:578408. [PMID: 39098102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is deemed a necessary, yet insufficient factor in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, myelin basic protein-specific transgenic T cell receptor mice were infected with murid gammaherpesvirus 68 virus (MHV68), an EBV-like virus that infects mice, resulting in the onset neurological deficits at a significantly higher frequency than influenza or mock-infected mice. MHV68 infected mice exhibited signs including optic neuritis and ataxia which are frequently observed in MS patients but not in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. MHV68-infected mice exhibited increased focal immune cell infiltration in the central nervous system. Single cell RNA sequencing identified the emergence of a population of B cells that express genes associated with antigen presentation and costimulation, indicating that gammaherpesvirus infection drives a distinct, pro-inflammatory transcriptional program in B cells that may promote autoreactive T cell responses in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Deffenbaugh
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, USA.
| | - Kyeong-Joo Jung
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, USA.
| | - Shawn P Murphy
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, USA.
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, USA.
| | - Christina N Rau
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, USA.
| | - Cora L Petersen-Cherubini
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, USA
| | - Patrick L Collins
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, USA.
| | - Dongjun Chung
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, USA; Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, USA.
| | - Amy E Lovett-Racke
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, USA.
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4
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Lu B, Zhang Y, Wang J, Yang D, Liu M, Ma L, Yi W, Liang Y, Xu Y, Fan H, Liu W, Tang J, Zeng S, Cai L, Zhang L, Nie J, Zhang F, Gu X, Rosa Duque JS, Lu G, Zhang Y. PD1 +CD4 + T cells promote receptor editing and suppress autoreactivity of CD19 +CD21 low B cells within the lower respiratory airways in adenovirus pneumonia. Mucosal Immunol 2024:S1933-0219(24)00071-0. [PMID: 39038753 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Human adenovirus (HAdV) pneumonia poses a major health burden for young children, however, factors that contribute to disease severity remain elusive. We analyzed immune cells from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of children with HAdV pneumonia and found that CD19+CD21low B cells were significantly enriched in the BAL and were associated with increased autoantibody concentrations and disease severity. Myeloid cells, PD-1+CD4+ T helper cells and CD21low B cells formed tertiary lymphoid structures within the respiratory tracts. Myeloid cells promoted autoantibody production by expressing high amounts of B cell activating factor (BAFF). In contrast, PD-1+CD4+ T helper cells induced production of IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies but suppressed autoreactive IgGs by initiating B cell receptor editing. In summary, this study reveals cellular components involved in protective versus autoreactive immune pathways in the respiratory tract, and these findings provide potential therapeutic targets for severe HAdV lower respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingtai Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China; Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Diyuan Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Liuheyi Ma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Weijing Yi
- Zybio Inc., Chongqing Municipality, 400039, China
| | - Yufeng Liang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Yingyi Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Huifeng Fan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Jue Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Sengqiang Zeng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Li Cai
- Department of Hospital Infection Control, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Junli Nie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Fen Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Gu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Jaime S Rosa Duque
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Gen Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China.
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
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5
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Sachinidis A, Lamprinou M, Dimitroulas T, Garyfallos A. Targeting T-bet expressing B cells for therapeutic interventions in autoimmunity. Clin Exp Immunol 2024; 217:159-166. [PMID: 38647337 PMCID: PMC11239558 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxae036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Apart from serving as a Th1 lineage commitment regulator, transcription factor T-bet is also expressed in other immune cell types and thus orchestrates their functions. In case of B cells, more specifically, T-bet is responsible for their isotype switching to specific IgG sub-classes (IgG2a/c in mice and IgG1/3 in humans). In various autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and/or rheumatoid arthritis, subsets of T-bet expressing B cells, known as age-associated B cells (CD19+CD11c+CD21-T-bet+) and/or double-negative B cells (CD19+IgD-CD27-T-bet+), display an expansion and seem to drive disease pathogenesis. According to data, mostly derived from mice models of autoimmunity, the targeting of these specific B-cell populations is capable of ameliorating the general health status of the autoimmune subjects. Here, in this review article, we present a variety of therapeutic approaches for both mice and humans, suffering from an autoimmune disease, and we discuss the effects of each approach on T-bet+ B cells. In general, we highlight the importance of specifically targeting T-bet+ B cells for therapeutic interventions in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Sachinidis
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Malamatenia Lamprinou
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodoros Dimitroulas
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandros Garyfallos
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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6
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Forsyth KS, Jiwrajka N, Lovell CD, Toothacre NE, Anguera MC. The conneXion between sex and immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:487-502. [PMID: 38383754 PMCID: PMC11216897 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-00996-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
There are notable sex-based differences in immune responses to pathogens and self-antigens, with female individuals exhibiting increased susceptibility to various autoimmune diseases, and male individuals displaying preferential susceptibility to some viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal infections. Although sex hormones clearly contribute to sex differences in immune cell composition and function, the presence of two X chromosomes in female individuals suggests that differential gene expression of numerous X chromosome-linked immune-related genes may also influence sex-biased innate and adaptive immune cell function in health and disease. Here, we review the sex differences in immune system composition and function, examining how hormones and genetics influence the immune system. We focus on the genetic and epigenetic contributions responsible for altered X chromosome-linked gene expression, and how this impacts sex-biased immune responses in the context of pathogen infection and systemic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Forsyth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nikhil Jiwrajka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Claudia D Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Natalie E Toothacre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Montserrat C Anguera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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7
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Liu X, Li C, Wang Y, Zhang S, Liu W. ZEB2 drives the differentiation of age-associated B cell in autoimmune diseases. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:1362-1364. [PMID: 38594098 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Cuifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Institute of Clinical Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shaocun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Wanli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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8
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von Hofsten S, Fenton KA, Pedersen HL. Human and Murine Toll-like Receptor-Driven Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5351. [PMID: 38791389 PMCID: PMC11120885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is linked to the differential roles of toll-like receptors (TLRs), particularly TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9. TLR7 overexpression or gene duplication, as seen with the Y-linked autoimmune accelerator (Yaa) locus or TLR7 agonist imiquimod, correlates with increased SLE severity, and specific TLR7 polymorphisms and gain-of-function variants are associated with enhanced SLE susceptibility and severity. In addition, the X-chromosome location of TLR7 and its escape from X-chromosome inactivation provide a genetic basis for female predominance in SLE. The absence of TLR8 and TLR9 have been shown to exacerbate the detrimental effects of TLR7, leading to upregulated TLR7 activity and increased disease severity in mouse models of SLE. The regulatory functions of TLR8 and TLR9 have been proposed to involve competition for the endosomal trafficking chaperone UNC93B1. However, recent evidence implies more direct, regulatory functions of TLR9 on TLR7 activity. The association between age-associated B cells (ABCs) and autoantibody production positions these cells as potential targets for treatment in SLE, but the lack of specific markers necessitates further research for precise therapeutic intervention. Therapeutically, targeting TLRs is a promising strategy for SLE treatment, with drugs like hydroxychloroquine already in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah von Hofsten
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway;
| | - Kristin Andreassen Fenton
- Centre of Clinical Research and Education, University Hospital of North Norway, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway;
| | - Hege Lynum Pedersen
- Centre of Clinical Research and Education, University Hospital of North Norway, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway;
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9
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Kleberg L, Courey-Ghaouzi AD, Lautenbach MJ, Färnert A, Sundling C. Regulation of B-cell function and expression of CD11c, T-bet, and FcRL5 in response to different activation signals. Eur J Immunol 2024:e2350736. [PMID: 38700378 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
CD11c, FcRL5, or T-bet are commonly expressed by B cells expanding during inflammation, where they can make up >30% of mature B cells. However, the association between the proteins and differentiation and function in the host response remains largely unclear. We have assessed the co-expression of CD11c, T-bet, and FcRL5 in an in vitro B-cell culture system to determine how stimulation via the BCR, toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), and different cytokines influence CD11c, T-bet, and FcRL5 expression. We observed different expression dynamics for all markers, but a largely overlapping regulation of CD11c and FcRL5 in response to BCR and TLR9 activation, while T-bet was strongly dependent on IFN-γ signaling. Investigating plasma cell differentiation and APC functions, there was no association between marker expression and antibody secretion or T-cell help. Rather the functions were associated with TLR9-signalling and B-cell-derived IL-6 production, respectively. These results suggest that the expression of CD11c, FcRL5, and T-bet and plasma cell differentiation and improved APC functions occur in parallel and are regulated by similar activation signals, but they are not interdependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linn Kleberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alan-Dine Courey-Ghaouzi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maximilian Julius Lautenbach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Färnert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Qin Y, Ma J, Vinuesa CG. Monogenic lupus: insights into disease pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2024; 36:191-200. [PMID: 38420886 PMCID: PMC7616038 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000001008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to provide an overview of the genes and molecular pathways involved in monogenic lupus, the implications for genome diagnosis, and the potential therapies targeting these molecular mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS To date, more than 30 genes have been identified as contributors to monogenic lupus. These genes are primarily related to complement deficiency, activation of the type I interferon (IFN) pathway, disruption of B-cell and T-cell tolerance and metabolic pathways, which reveal the multifaceted nature of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis. SUMMARY In-depth study of the causes of monogenic lupus can provide valuable insights into of pathogenic mechanisms of SLE, facilitate the identification of effective biomarkers, and aid in developing therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Qin
- China Australia Centre for Personalized Immunology (CACPI), Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Jianyang Ma
- China Australia Centre for Personalized Immunology (CACPI), Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Carola G. Vinuesa
- China Australia Centre for Personalized Immunology (CACPI), Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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11
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Rui K, Che N, Ma K, Zou H, Xiao F, Lu L. Coming of age: the formation and function of age-associated B cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:311-312. [PMID: 38409250 PMCID: PMC10978825 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01143-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Rui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical Immunology of Jiangsu University, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Nan Che
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kongyang Ma
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, The Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Hejian Zou
- Department of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Xiao
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, HKU Shenzhen Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Centre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Liwei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, HKU Shenzhen Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Centre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China.
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12
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Knox JJ, Cancro MP. ABCs begin with ZEB2. Immunol Cell Biol 2024; 102:229-231. [PMID: 38525813 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Age-associated B cells (ABCs) are a stable subset of memory B lymphocytes that develop during microbial infections and in autoimmune diseases. Despite growing appreciation of their phenotypic and functional characteristics, the transcriptional networks involved in ABC fate commitment and maintenance have remained elusive. In their recent publication, Dai et al. tackle this problem, leveraging both mouse models and human diseases to reveal zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2) as a key transcriptional regulator of ABC lineage specification. In aggregate, their results show that ZEB2, a member of the zinc finger E homeobox binding family, promotes ABC differentiation by repressing alternative differentiative fates and targeting genes important for ABC character and function. Moreover, their results strengthen the case for causal links between ABC fate and function in autoimmune pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Knox
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michael P Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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He Y, Vinuesa CG. Germinal center versus extrafollicular responses in systemic autoimmunity: Who turns the blade on self? Adv Immunol 2024; 162:109-133. [PMID: 38866437 PMCID: PMC7616122 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Spontaneously formed germinal centers (GCs) have been reported in most mouse models of human autoimmune disease and autoimmune patients, and have long been considered a source of somatically-mutated and thus high affinity autoantibodies, but their role in autoimmunity is becoming increasingly controversial, particularly in the context of systemic autoimmune diseases like lupus. On the one hand, there is good evidence that some pathogenic lupus antibodies have acquired somatic mutations that increase affinity for self-antigens. On the other hand, recent studies that have genetically prevented GC formation, suggest that GCs are dispensable for systemic autoimmunity, pointing instead to pathogenic extrafollicular (EF) B-cell responses. Furthermore, several lines of evidence suggest germinal centers may in fact be somewhat protective in the context of autoimmunity. Here we review how some of the conflicting evidence arose, and current views on the role of GCs in autoimmunity, outlining mechanisms by which GC may eliminate self-reactivity. We also discuss recent advances in understanding extrafollicular B cell subsets that participate in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuke He
- China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China; Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.
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Bemark M, Pitcher MJ, Dionisi C, Spencer J. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue: a microbiota-driven hub of B cell immunity. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:211-223. [PMID: 38402045 PMCID: PMC11227984 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The diverse gut microbiota, which is associated with mucosal health and general wellbeing, maintains gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) in a chronically activated state, including sustainment of germinal centers in a context of high antigenic load. This influences the rules for B cell engagement with antigen and the potential consequences. Recent data have highlighted differences between GALT and other lymphoid tissues. For example, GALT propagates IgA responses against glycans that show signs of having been generated in germinal centers. Other findings suggest that humans are among those species where GALT supports the diversification, propagation, and possibly selection of systemic B cells. Here, we review novel findings that identify GALT as distinctive, and able to support these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Bemark
- Department of Translational Medicine - Human Immunology, Lund University, J Waldenströms gata 35, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Michael J Pitcher
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, St Thomas' Street, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Chiara Dionisi
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, St Thomas' Street, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jo Spencer
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, St Thomas' Street, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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Phillips R. ZEB2 promotes formation of age-related B cells. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2024; 20:138. [PMID: 38332243 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-024-01089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
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