1
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Lee J, Whitney JB. Immune checkpoint inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for HIV eradication: current insights and future directions. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:179-186. [PMID: 38747727 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV-1 infection contributes substantially to global morbidity and mortality, with no immediate promise of an effective prophylactic vaccine. Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses HIV replication, but latent viral reservoirs allow the virus to persist and reignite active replication if ART is discontinued. Moreover, inflammation and immune disfunction persist despite ART-mediated suppression of HIV. Immune checkpoint molecules facilitate immune dysregulation and viral persistence. However, their therapeutic modulation may offer an avenue to enhance viral immune control for patients living with HIV-1 (PLWH). RECENT FINDINGS The success of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy in oncology suggests that targeting these same immune pathways might be an effective therapeutic approach for treating PLWH. Several ICIs have been evaluated for their ability to reinvigorate exhausted T cells, and possibly reverse HIV latency, in both preclinical and clinical HIV-1 studies. SUMMARY Although there are very encouraging findings showing enhanced CD8 + T-cell function with ICI therapy in HIV infection, it remains uncertain whether ICIs alone could demonstrably impact the HIV reservoir. Moreover, safety concerns and significant clinical adverse events present a hurdle to the development of ICI approaches. This review provides an update on the current knowledge regarding the development of ICIs for the remission of HIV-1 in PWH. We detail recent findings from simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaque models, clinical trials in PLWH, and the role of soluble immune checkpoint molecules in HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Lee
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Armani-Tourret M, Bone B, Tan TS, Sun W, Bellefroid M, Struyve T, Louella M, Yu XG, Lichterfeld M. Immune targeting of HIV-1 reservoir cells: a path to elimination strategies and cure. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:328-344. [PMID: 38337034 PMCID: PMC11131351 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-024-01010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Successful approaches for eradication or cure of HIV-1 infection are likely to include immunological mechanisms, but remarkably little is known about how human immune responses can recognize and interact with the few HIV-1-infected cells that harbour genome-intact viral DNA, persist long term despite antiretroviral therapy and represent the main barrier to a cure. For a long time regarded as being completely shielded from host immune responses due to viral latency, these cells do, on closer examination with single-cell analytic techniques, display discrete footprints of immune selection, implying that human immune responses may be able to effectively engage and target at least some of these cells. The failure to eliminate rebound-competent virally infected cells in the majority of persons likely reflects the evolution of a highly selected pool of reservoir cells that are effectively camouflaged from immune recognition or rely on sophisticated approaches for resisting immune-mediated killing. Understanding the fine-tuned interplay between host immune responses and viral reservoir cells will help to design improved interventions that exploit the immunological vulnerabilities of HIV-1 reservoir cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Armani-Tourret
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin Bone
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Toong Seng Tan
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Weiwei Sun
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maxime Bellefroid
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tine Struyve
- HIV Cure Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Louella
- Community Advisory Board, Delaney AIDS Research Enterprise (DARE), San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xu G Yu
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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3
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Ruggiu M, Guérin MV, Corre B, Bardou M, Alonso R, Russo E, Garcia Z, Feldmann L, Lemaître F, Dusseaux M, Grandjean CL, Bousso P. Anti-PD-1 therapy triggers Tfh cell-dependent IL-4 release to boost CD8 T cell responses in tumor-draining lymph nodes. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20232104. [PMID: 38417020 PMCID: PMC10901238 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20232104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Anti-PD-1 therapy targets intratumoral CD8+ T cells to promote clinical responses in cancer patients. Recent evidence suggests an additional activity in the periphery, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we show that anti-PD-1 mAb enhances CD8+ T cell responses in tumor-draining lymph nodes by stimulating cytokine production in follicular helper T cells (Tfh). In two different models, anti-PD-1 mAb increased the activation and proliferation of tumor-specific T cells in lymph nodes. Surprisingly, anti-PD-1 mAb did not primarily target CD8+ T cells but instead stimulated IL-4 production by Tfh cells, the major population bound by anti-PD-1 mAb. Blocking IL-4 or inhibiting the Tfh master transcription factor BCL6 abrogated anti-PD-1 mAb activity in lymph nodes while injection of IL-4 complexes was sufficient to recapitulate anti-PD-1 mAb activity. A similar mechanism was observed in a vaccine model. Finally, nivolumab also boosted human Tfh cells in humanized mice. We propose that Tfh cells and IL-4 play a key role in the peripheral activity of anti-PD-1 mAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Ruggiu
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | - Marion V. Guérin
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | - Béatrice Corre
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | - Margot Bardou
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | - Ruby Alonso
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | - Erica Russo
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | - Zacarias Garcia
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | - Lea Feldmann
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Lemaître
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Bousso
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
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4
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Harper J, Betts MR, Lichterfeld M, Müller-Trutwin M, Margolis D, Bar KJ, Li JZ, McCune JM, Lewin SR, Kulpa D, Ávila-Ríos S, Diallo DD, Lederman MM, Paiardini M. Erratum to: Progress Note 2024: Curing HIV; Not in My Lifetime or Just Around the Corner? Pathog Immun 2024; 8:179-222. [PMID: 38505662 PMCID: PMC10949969 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v8i2.696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.20411/pai.v8i2.665.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Harper
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - David Margolis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Katharine J. Bar
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan Z. Li
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph M. McCune
- HIV Frontiers, Global Health Accelerator, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Deanna Kulpa
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Santiago Ávila-Ríos
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Michael M. Lederman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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5
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Harper J, Betts MR, Lichterfeld M, Müller-Trutwin M, Margolis D, Bar KJ, Li JZ, McCune JM, Lewin SR, Kulpa D, Ávila-Ríos S, Diallo DD, Lederman MM, Paiardini M. Progress Note 2024: Curing HIV; Not in My Lifetime or Just Around the Corner? Pathog Immun 2024; 8:115-157. [PMID: 38455668 PMCID: PMC10919397 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v8i2.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Once a death sentence, HIV is now considered a manageable chronic disease due to the development of antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens with minimal toxicity and a high barrier for genetic resistance. While highly effective in arresting AIDS progression and rendering the virus untransmissible in people living with HIV (PLWH) with undetectable viremia (U=U) [1, 2]), ART alone is incapable of eradicating the "reservoir" of resting, latently infected CD4+ T cells from which virus recrudesces upon treatment cessation. As of 2022 estimates, there are 39 million PLWH, of whom 86% are aware of their status and 76% are receiving ART [3]. As of 2017, ART-treated PLWH exhibit near normalized life expectancies without adjustment for socioeconomic differences [4]. Furthermore, there is a global deceleration in the rate of new infections [3] driven by expanded access to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), HIV testing in vulnerable populations, and by ART treatment [5]. Therefore, despite outstanding issues pertaining to cost and access in developing countries, there is strong enthusiasm that aggressive testing, treatment, and effective viral suppression may be able to halt the ongoing HIV epidemic (ie, UNAIDS' 95-95-95 targets) [6-8]; especially as evidenced by recent encouraging observations in Sydney [9]. Despite these promising efforts to limit further viral transmission, for PLWH, a "cure" remains elusive; whether it be to completely eradicate the viral reservoir (ie, cure) or to induce long-term viral remission in the absence of ART (ie, control; Figure 1). In a previous salon hosted by Pathogens and Immunity in 2016 [10], some researchers were optimistic that a cure was a feasible, scalable goal, albeit with no clear consensus on the best route. So, how are these cure strategies panning out? In this commentary, 8 years later, we will provide a brief overview on recent advances and failures towards identifying determinants of viral persistence and developing a scalable cure for HIV. Based on these observations, and as in the earlier salon, we have asked several prominent HIV cure researchers for their perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Harper
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - David Margolis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Katharine J. Bar
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan Z. Li
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph M. McCune
- HIV Frontiers, Global Health Accelerator, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Deanna Kulpa
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Santiago Ávila-Ríos
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Michael M. Lederman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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6
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Arenas VR, Rugeles MT, Perdomo-Celis F, Taborda N. Recent advances in CD8 + T cell-based immune therapies for HIV cure. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17481. [PMID: 37441388 PMCID: PMC10333625 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Achieving a cure for HIV infection is a global priority. There is substantial evidence supporting a central role for CD8+ T cells in the natural control of HIV, suggesting the rationale that these cells may be exploited to achieve remission or cure of this infection. In this work, we review the major challenges for achieving an HIV cure, the models of HIV remission, and the mechanisms of HIV control mediated by CD8+ T cells. In addition, we discuss strategies based on this cell population that could be used in the search for an HIV cure. Finally, we analyze the current challenges and perspectives to translate this basic knowledge toward scalable HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María T. Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | - Natalia Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellin, Colombia
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7
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Retnakumar SV, Chauvin C, Bayry J. The implication of anti-PD-1 therapy in cancer patients for the vaccination against viral and other infectious diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 245:108399. [PMID: 37001736 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of 'T cell exhaustion', a state of T cell dysfunction observed during chronic infections and cancers, has been a major obstacle in mounting appropriate immune responses against infectious agents or tumor antigens. The exhausted T cells are characterized by poor effector functions mainly due to the overexpression of inhibitory receptors such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing 3 (TIM3), lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3), and T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) domain (TIGIT), commonly referred to as immune checkpoint (ICP) molecules. ICP blockade, especially of PD-1 that can potentially reverse T cell exhaustion and thereby re-stimulate the impaired immune system, is widely used in clinics as a promising therapeutic strategy for various cancers and is more recently being investigated in infectious diseases as well. In fact, cancer patients represent a population of immunocompromised individuals who are more susceptible to infections and associated complications, and thus the need for protective vaccinations against these diseases is of prime importance in this category. When it comes to vaccinating anti-PD-1-treated cancer patients against infectious diseases including COVID-19 and influenza, a special focus should be brought on the revived immune cells, which could be dynamically affected by the antigenic stimulation. However, since cancer patients are not generally included in clinical trials for designing vaccines against infectious diseases, the possible interaction between vaccine immune responses and ICP therapy is largely unexplored. Mechanistically, the reversal of T cell exhaustion by ICP in an otherwise immunocompromised population could be beneficial for the vaccine's efficacy, helping the immune system to mount a robust immune response. Nevertheless, patients with cancer undergoing anti-PD-1 blockade are known to experience immune-related adverse effects (irAEs). The risk of increasing the irAEs due to the overstimulation of the immune system during vaccination is a major concern. Therefore, while routine vaccination is indispensable for the protection of cancer patients, the impact of PD-1 blockade on vaccine responses against infectious agents requires careful consideration to avoid undesirable adverse effects that could impair the efficacy of anti-cancer treatment.
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8
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Jasinska AJ, Apetrei C, Pandrea I. Walk on the wild side: SIV infection in African non-human primate hosts-from the field to the laboratory. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1060985. [PMID: 36713371 PMCID: PMC9878298 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1060985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV emerged following cross-species transmissions of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) that naturally infect non-human primates (NHPs) from Africa. While HIV replication and CD4+ T-cell depletion lead to increased gut permeability, microbial translocation, chronic immune activation, and systemic inflammation, the natural hosts of SIVs generally avoid these deleterious consequences when infected with their species-specific SIVs and do not progress to AIDS despite persistent lifelong high viremia due to long-term coevolution with their SIV pathogens. The benign course of natural SIV infection in the natural hosts is in stark contrast to the experimental SIV infection of Asian macaques, which progresses to simian AIDS. The mechanisms of non-pathogenic SIV infections are studied mainly in African green monkeys, sooty mangabeys, and mandrills, while progressing SIV infection is experimentally modeled in macaques: rhesus macaques, pigtailed macaques, and cynomolgus macaques. Here, we focus on the distinctive features of SIV infection in natural hosts, particularly (1): the superior healing properties of the intestinal mucosa, which enable them to maintain the integrity of the gut barrier and prevent microbial translocation, thus avoiding excessive/pathologic immune activation and inflammation usually perpetrated by the leaking of the microbial products into the circulation; (2) the gut microbiome, the disruption of which is an important factor in some inflammatory diseases, yet not completely understood in the course of lentiviral infection; (3) cell population shifts resulting in target cell restriction (downregulation of CD4 or CCR5 surface molecules that bind to SIV), control of viral replication in the lymph nodes (expansion of natural killer cells), and anti-inflammatory effects in the gut (NKG2a/c+ CD8+ T cells); and (4) the genes and biological pathways that can shape genetic adaptations to viral pathogens and are associated with the non-pathogenic outcome of the natural SIV infection. Deciphering the protective mechanisms against SIV disease progression to immunodeficiency, which have been established through long-term coevolution between the natural hosts and their species-specific SIVs, may prompt the development of novel therapeutic interventions, such as drugs that can control gut inflammation, enhance gut healing capacities, or modulate the gut microbiome. These developments can go beyond HIV infection and open up large avenues for correcting gut damage, which is common in many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J. Jasinska
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (DOM), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (DOM), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Ivona Pandrea,
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9
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Fardoos R, Nyquist SK, Asowata OE, Kazer SW, Singh A, Ngoepe A, Giandhari J, Mthabela N, Ramjit D, Singh S, Karim F, Buus S, Anderson F, Porterfield JZ, Sibiya AL, Bipath R, Moodley K, Kuhn W, Berger B, Nguyen S, de Oliveira T, Ndung’u T, Goulder P, Shalek AK, Leslie A, Kløverpris HN. HIV specific CD8 + T RM-like cells in tonsils express exhaustive signatures in the absence of natural HIV control. Front Immunol 2022; 13:912038. [PMID: 36330531 PMCID: PMC9623418 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.912038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoid tissues are an important HIV reservoir site that persists in the face of antiretroviral therapy and natural immunity. Targeting these reservoirs by harnessing the antiviral activity of local tissue-resident memory (TRM) CD8+ T-cells is of great interest, but limited data exist on TRM-like cells within lymph nodes of people living with HIV (PLWH). Here, we studied tonsil CD8+ T-cells obtained from PLWH and uninfected controls from South Africa. We show that these cells are preferentially located outside the germinal centers (GCs), the main reservoir site for HIV, and display a low cytolytic and a transcriptionally TRM-like profile distinct from blood CD8+ T-cells. In PLWH, CD8+ TRM-like cells are expanded and adopt a more cytolytic, activated, and exhausted phenotype not reversed by antiretroviral therapy (ART). This phenotype was enhanced in HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells from tonsils compared to matched blood suggesting a higher antigen burden in tonsils. Single-cell transcriptional and clonotype resolution showed that these HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells in the tonsils express heterogeneous signatures of T-cell activation, clonal expansion, and exhaustion ex-vivo. Interestingly, this signature was absent in a natural HIV controller, who expressed lower PD-1 and CXCR5 levels and reduced transcriptional evidence of T-cell activation, exhaustion, and cytolytic activity. These data provide important insights into lymphoid tissue-derived HIV-specific CD8+ TRM-like phenotypes in settings of HIV remission and highlight their potential for immunotherapy and targeting of the HIV reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabiah Fardoos
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah K. Nyquist
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Program in Computational and Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Samuel W. Kazer
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Alveera Singh
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Abigail Ngoepe
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Giandhari
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Dirhona Ramjit
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Samita Singh
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Farina Karim
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Søren Buus
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank Anderson
- Discipline of General Surgery, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - J. Zachary Porterfield
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, - Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine - Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Andile L. Sibiya
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology & Head & Neck Surgery, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rishan Bipath
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, King Edward VIII hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kumeshan Moodley
- Department of Ear Nose and Throat, General Justice Gizenga Mpanza Regional Hospital (Stanger Hospital), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Warren Kuhn
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology & Head & Neck Surgery, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Ear Nose and Throat, General Justice Gizenga Mpanza Regional Hospital (Stanger Hospital), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Bonnie Berger
- Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Lab and Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Son Nguyen
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Tulio de Oliveira
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thumbi Ndung’u
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
- University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Goulder
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alex K. Shalek
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik N. Kløverpris
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immunological studies of spontaneous HIV and simian virus (SIV) controllers have identified virus-specific CD8 + T cells as a key immune mechanism of viral control. The purpose of this review is to consider how knowledge about the mechanisms that are associated with CD8 + T cell control of HIV/SIV in natural infection can be harnessed in HIV remission strategies. RECENT FINDINGS We discuss characteristics of CD8 + T-cell responses that may be critical for suppressing HIV replication in spontaneous controllers comprising HIV antigen recognition including specific human leukocyte antigen types, broadly cross-reactive T cell receptors and epitope targeting, enhanced expansion and antiviral functions, and localization of virus-specific T cells near sites of reservoir persistence. We also discuss the need to better understand the timing of CD8 + T-cell responses associated with viral control of HIV/SIV during acute infection and after treatment interruption as well as the mechanisms by which HIV/SIV-specific CD8 + T cells coordinate with other immune responses to achieve control. SUMMARY We propose implications as to how this knowledge from natural infection can be applied in the design and evaluation of CD8 + T-cell-based remission strategies and offer questions to consider as these strategies target distinct CD8 + T-cell-dependent mechanisms of viral control.
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Nasser H, Takahashi N, Eltalkhawy YM, Reda O, Lotfi S, Nasu K, Sakuragi JI, Suzu S. Inhibitory and Stimulatory Effects of IL-32 on HIV-1 Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 209:970-978. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine IL-32 is elevated in the plasma and tissues of HIV-1–infected individuals. However, its significance in HIV-1 infection remains unclear because IL-32 inhibits and stimulates viral production in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and CD4+ T cells, respectively. In this study, we initially found that the inhibitory effect on human MDMs depends on SAMHD1, a dNTP triphosphohydrolase that inhibits viral reverse transcription. IL-32 increased the unphosphorylated active form of SAMHD1, which was consistent with the reduced expression of the upstream cyclin-dependent kinases. Indeed, IL-32 lost its anti–HIV-1 activity in MDMs when SAMHD1 was depleted. These results explain why IL-32 inhibits HIV-1 in MDMs but not CD4+ T cells, because SAMHD1 restricts HIV-1 in noncycling MDMs but not in cycling CD4+ T cells. Another unique feature of IL-32 is the induction of the immunosuppressive molecule IDO1, which is beneficial for HIV-1 infection. In this study, we found that IL-32 also upregulates other immunosuppressive molecules, including PD-L1, in MDMs. Moreover, IL-32 promoted the motility of MDMs, which potentially facilitates intercellular HIV-1 transmission. Our findings indicate that IL-32 has both the direct inhibitory effect on HIV-1 production in MDMs and the indirect stimulatory effects through phenotypic modulation of MDMs, and they suggest that the stimulatory effects may outweigh the inhibitory effect because the window for IL-32 to inhibit HIV-1 is relatively confined to SAMHD1-mediated reverse transcription suppression in the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Nasser
- *Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; and
| | - Naofumi Takahashi
- *Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; and
| | - Youssef M. Eltalkhawy
- *Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; and
| | - Omnia Reda
- *Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; and
| | - Sameh Lotfi
- *Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; and
| | - Kanako Nasu
- *Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; and
| | - Jun-ichi Sakuragi
- †Division of Microbiology, Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinya Suzu
- *Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; and
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12
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PD-1 blockade following ART interruption enhances control of pathogenic SIV in rhesus macaques. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202148119. [PMID: 35939675 PMCID: PMC9388156 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202148119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed death-1 (PD-1) blockade during chronic Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection results in restoration of CD8 T-cell function and enhances viral control. Here, we tested the therapeutic benefits of PD-1 blockade administered soon after anti-retrovial therapy (ART) interruption (ATI) by treating SIV-infected and ART-suppressed macaques with either an anti-PD-1 antibody (n = 7) or saline (n = 4) at 4 wk after ATI. Following ATI, the plasma viremia increased rapidly in all animals, and the frequency of SIV-specific CD8 T cells also increased in some animals. PD-1 blockade post ATI resulted in higher proliferation of total memory CD8 and CD4 T cells and natural killer cells. PD-1 blockade also resulted in higher proliferation of SIV-specific CD8 T cells and promoted their differentiation toward better functional quality. Importantly, four out of the seven anti-PD-1 antibody-treated animals showed a rapid decline in plasma viremia by 100- to 2300-fold and this was observed only in animals that showed measurable SIV-specific CD8 T cells post PD-1 blockade. These results demonstrate that PD-1 blockade following ATI can significantly improve the function of anti-viral CD8 T cells and enhance viral control and strongly suggests its potential synergy with other immunotherapies that induce functional CD8 T-cell response under ART. These results have important implications for HIV cure research.
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13
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Mamuti M, Wang Y, Zhao YD, Wang JQ, Wang J, Fan YL, Xiao WY, Hou DY, Yang J, Zheng R, An HW, Wang H. A Polyvalent Peptide CD40 Nanoagonist for Targeted Modulation of Dendritic Cells and Amplified Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109432. [PMID: 35426184 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Targeted immunomodulation through biomolecule-based nanostructures, especially to dendritic cells (DCs), holds great promise for effective cancer therapy. However, construction of high-performance agonist by mimicking natural ligand to activate immune cell signaling is a great challenge so far. Here, a peptide-based nanoagonist toward CD40 (PVA-CD40) with preorganized interfacial topological structure that activates lymph node DCs efficiently and persistently, achieving amplified immune therapeutic efficacy is described. The on-site fabrication of PVA-CD40 is realized through the click conjugation of two functional peptides including the "CD40 anchoring arm" and the "assembly-driving motor." The resultant polyvalent interface rapidly triggers the receptor oligomerization and downstream signaling. Strikingly, one shot administration of PVA-CD40 elicits maturation period of DCs up to 2.3-fold comparing to that of CD40 antibody. Finally, combining the PVA-CD40 with anti-PD-1 antibody results in subsequent inhibition of tumor growth in both B16F10 and 4T1 mice tumor models with survival rate up to 37%, while none of the mice survives in the clinically relevant CD40 mAb and anti-PD-1 combination-treated group. It is envisioned that the fabrication of antibody-like superstructures in vivo provides an efficient platform for modulating the duration of immune response to achieve optimal therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhetaerjiang Mamuti
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Dan Zhao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Qi Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Lei Fan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wu-Yi Xiao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Da-Yong Hou
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jia Yang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Rui Zheng
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Wei An
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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14
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Li L, Zhang Y, Ren Y, Cheng Z, Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhao H, Lu H. Pan-Cancer Single-Cell Analysis Reveals the Core Factors and Pathway in Specific Cancer Stem Cells of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:849798. [PMID: 35646860 PMCID: PMC9136039 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.849798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Upper gastrointestinal cancer (UGIC) is an aggressive carcinoma with increasing incidence and poor outcomes worldwide. Here, we collected 39,057 cells, and they were annotated into nine cell types. By clustering cancer stem cells (CSCs), we discovered the ubiquitous existence of sub-cluster CSCs in all UGICs, which is named upper gastrointestinal cancer stem cells (UGCSCs). The identification of UGCSC function is coincident with the carcinogen of UGICs. We compared the UGCSC expression profile with 215,291 single cells from six other cancers and discovered that UGCSCs are specific tumor stem cells in UGIC. Exploration of the expression network indicated that inflammatory genes (CXCL8, CXCL3, PIGR, and RNASE1) and Wnt pathway genes (GAST, REG1A, TFF3, and ZG16B) are upregulated in tumor stem cells of UGICs. These results suggest a new mechanism for carcinogenesis in UGIC: mucosa damage and repair caused by poor eating habits lead to chronic inflammation, and the persistent chronic inflammation triggers the Wnt pathway; ultimately, this process induces UGICs. These findings establish the core signal pathway that connects poor eating habits and UGIC. Our system provides deeper insights into UGIC carcinogens and a platform to promote gastrointestinal cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leijie Li
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujia Zhang
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongyong Ren
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Cheng
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuening Zhang
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinbo Wang
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Hui Lu
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Lu,
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Munson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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16
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Expression Profile and Biological Role of Immune Checkpoints in Disease Progression of HIV/SIV Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030581. [PMID: 35336991 PMCID: PMC8955100 DOI: 10.3390/v14030581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During HIV/SIV infection, the upregulation of immune checkpoint (IC) markers, programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT), lymphocyte-activation gene-3 (LAG-3), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (Tim-3), CD160, 2B4 (CD244), and V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), can lead to chronic T cell exhaustion. These ICs play predominant roles in regulating the progression of HIV/SIV infection by mediating T cell responses as well as enriching latent viral reservoirs. It has been demonstrated that enhanced expression of ICs on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells could inhibit cell proliferation and cytokine production. Overexpression of ICs on CD4+ T cells could also format and prolong HIV/SIV persistence. IC blockers have shown promising clinical results in HIV therapy, implying that targeting ICs may optimize antiretroviral therapy in the context of HIV suppression. Here, we systematically review the expression profile, biological regulation, and therapeutic efficacy of targeted immune checkpoints in HIV/SIV infection.
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17
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Exacerbated AIDS progression by PD-1 blockade during therapeutic vaccination in chronically SIV-infected rhesus macaques after ART treatment interruption. J Virol 2021; 96:e0178521. [PMID: 34818070 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01785-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of latent HIV-1-infected cells, named the latent reservoir, is the major barrier to HIV-1 eradication, and the formation and maintenance of latent reservoir might be exacerbated by activation of the immunoinhibitory pathway and dysfunction of CD8+ T cells during HIV-1 infection. Our previous findings demonstrated that prophylactic vaccination combined with PD-1 blockade generated distinct immune response profiles and conferred effective control of highly pathogenic SIVmac239 infection in rhesus macaques. However, to our surprise, herein we found that a therapeutic vaccination in combination with PD-1 blockade resulted in activation of the viral reservoir, faster viral rebound after treatment interruption, accelerated acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) progression and ultimately death in chronically SIV-infected macaques after ART treatment interruption. Our study further demonstrated that the SIV provirus was preferentially enriched in PD-1+CD4+ T cells due to their susceptibility to viral entry, potent proliferation ability and inability to perform viral transcription. In addition, the viral latency was effectively reactivated upon PD-1 blockade. Together, these results suggest that PD-1 blockade may be a double-edged sword for HIV-1 immunotherapy, and they provide important insight for the rational design of immunotherapy strategies toward an HIV-1 cure. Importance As one of the most challenging public health problems, there is no clinically effective cure strategies against HIV-1 infection yet. We have demonstrated that prophylactic vaccination combined with PD-1 blockade generated distinct immune response profiles and conferred better control of highly pathogenic SIVmac239 infection in rhesus macaques. In the present study, to our surprise, PD-1 blockade during therapeutic vaccination accelerated the reactivation of latent reservoir and then AIDS progression in chronically SIV-infected macaques after ART treatment interruption. Our further study demonstrated that the latent SIV provirus was preferentially enriched in PD-1+CD4+ T cells because of its susceptibility of viral entry, inhibition of SIV transcription and potent ability of proliferation, and the viral latency was effectively reactivated by PD-1 blockade. Therefore, PD-1 blockade might be a double-edged sword for AIDS therapy. These findings provoke extensive interests to further exploit novel therapeutic treatment against HIV-1 infection and other emerging infectious diseases.
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