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Hanamura K, Washburn HR, Sheffler-Collins SI, Xia NL, Henderson N, Tillu DV, Hassler S, Spellman DS, Zhang G, Neubert TA, Price TJ, Dalva MB. Extracellular phosphorylation of a receptor tyrosine kinase controls synaptic localization of NMDA receptors and regulates pathological pain. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2002457. [PMID: 28719605 PMCID: PMC5515392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2002457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular phosphorylation of proteins was suggested in the late 1800s when it was demonstrated that casein contains phosphate. More recently, extracellular kinases that phosphorylate extracellular serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues of numerous proteins have been identified. However, the functional significance of extracellular phosphorylation of specific residues in the nervous system is poorly understood. Here we show that synaptic accumulation of GluN2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and pathological pain are controlled by ephrin-B-induced extracellular phosphorylation of a single tyrosine (p*Y504) in a highly conserved region of the fibronectin type III (FN3) domain of the receptor tyrosine kinase EphB2. Ligand-dependent Y504 phosphorylation modulates the EphB-NMDAR interaction in cortical and spinal cord neurons. Furthermore, Y504 phosphorylation enhances NMDAR localization and injury-induced pain behavior. By mediating inducible extracellular interactions that are capable of modulating animal behavior, extracellular tyrosine phosphorylation of EphBs may represent a previously unknown class of mechanism mediating protein interaction and function. The activity of proteins can be finely and reversibly tuned by post-translational modifications. The attachment of phosphate groups to tyrosine residues is one of such modifications. While the existence of extracellular phosphoproteins has been known, the functional significance of extracellular phosphorylation is poorly understood. Here we describe a single extracellular tyrosine whose inducible phosphorylation may represent an archetype for a new class of mechanism mediating protein—protein interaction and regulating protein function. We show that the interaction between EphB2—which occurs upon receptor activation by its ligand ephrin-B—and the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) depends on extracellular phosphorylation of EphB2. This interaction regulates the localization of the NMDA receptor to synaptic sites in neurons. In vivo, EphB2 is phosphorylated in response to injury, and the subsequent up-regulation of the interaction between EphB2 and NMDA receptors enhances injury-induced pain behavior and mechanical hypersensitivity in mice. Importantly, our study defines a specific extracellular phosphorylation event as a mechanism driving protein interaction and suggests that extracellular phosphorylation of proteins is an underappreciated mechanism contributing to the development and function of the nervous system and synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hanamura
- Department of Neuroscience and Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi City, Gunma, Japan
| | - Halley R. Washburn
- Department of Neuroscience and Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sean I. Sheffler-Collins
- Department of Neuroscience and Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nan L. Xia
- Department of Neuroscience and Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nathan Henderson
- Department of Neuroscience and Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dipti V. Tillu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shayne Hassler
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniel S. Spellman
- Department of Cell Biology and Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Guoan Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Neubert
- Department of Cell Biology and Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Theodore J. Price
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, United States of America
| | - Matthew B. Dalva
- Department of Neuroscience and Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Oscillating Magnet Array-Based Nanomagnetic Gene Transfection: A Valuable Tool for Molecular Neurobiology Studies. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7020028. [PMID: 28336862 PMCID: PMC5333013 DOI: 10.3390/nano7020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To develop treatments for neurodegenerative disorders, it is critical to understand the biology and function of neurons in both normal and diseased states. Molecular studies of neurons involve the delivery of small biomolecules into cultured neurons via transfection to study genetic variants. However, as cultured primary neurons are sensitive to temperature change, stress, and shifts in pH, these factors make biomolecule delivery difficult, particularly non-viral delivery. Herein we used oscillating nanomagnetic gene transfection to successfully transfect SH-SY5Y cells as well as primary hippocampal and cortical neurons on different days in vitro. This novel technique has been used to effectively deliver genetic material into various cell types, resulting in high transfection efficiency and viability. From these observations and other related studies, we suggest that oscillating nanomagnetic gene transfection is an effective method for gene delivery into hard-to-transfect neuronal cell types.
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Uda Y, Xu S, Matsumura T, Takei Y. P2Y4 Nucleotide Receptor in Neuronal Precursors Induces Glutamatergic Subtype Markers in Their Descendant Neurons. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 6:474-482. [PMID: 26972684 PMCID: PMC4834041 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) produce all neuronal subtypes involved in the nervous system. The mechanism regulating their subtype selection is not fully understood. We found that the expression of the nucleotide receptor P2Y4 was transiently augmented in the course of neuronal differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which was after loss of pluripotency but prior to terminal differentiation of neurons. The activation of P2Y4 in the differentiating ESCs resulted in an increased proportion of neurons expressing vesicular glutamate transporter (vGluT), a marker of glutamatergic subtype. A subpopulation of type 2 NSCs of the adult mouse hippocampus expressed P2Y4. Its activation induced the expression of glutamatergic subtype markers, vGluT and TBR1, in their descendant neurons. Reciprocally, inhibition of the P2Y4 signaling abolished the effects of nucleotides on those expressions. Our results provide evidence that differentiating NSCs pass through a stage in which nucleotides can affect subtype marker expression of their descendant neurons. Nucleotides can induce expression of glutamatergic neuronal markers The induction is mediated by the nucleotide receptor P2Y4 P2Y4 expression is augmented transiently in neuronal differentiation
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Affiliation(s)
- Youichi Uda
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, 46-29 Shimo-adachi-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shuai Xu
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, 46-29 Shimo-adachi-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takafumi Matsumura
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, 46-29 Shimo-adachi-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takei
- Department of Nanobio Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, 46-29 Shimo-adachi-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Yalak G, Olsen BR. Proteomic database mining opens up avenues utilizing extracellular protein phosphorylation for novel therapeutic applications. J Transl Med 2015; 13:125. [PMID: 25927841 PMCID: PMC4427915 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0482-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in extracellular signaling suggest that extracellular protein phosphorylation is a regulatory mechanism outside the cell. The list of reported active extracellular protein kinases and phosphatases is growing, and phosphorylation of an increasing number of extracellular matrix molecules and extracellular domains of trans-membrane proteins is being documented. Here, we use public proteomic databases, collagens – the major components of the extracellular matrix, extracellular signaling molecules and proteolytic enzymes as examples to assess what the roles of extracellular protein phosphorylation may be in health and disease. We propose that novel tools be developed to help assess the role of extracellular protein phosphorylation and translate the findings for biomedical applications. Furthermore, we suggest that the phosphorylation state of extracellular matrix components as well as the presence of extracellular kinases be taken into account when designing translational medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garif Yalak
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard Medical School/Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Bjorn R Olsen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard Medical School/Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Lee SI, Yun J, Baek JY, Jeong YJ, Kim JA, Kang JS, Park SH, Kim SK, Park SK. NgR1 Expressed in P19 Embryonal Carcinoma Cells Differentiated by Retinoic Acid Can Activate STAT3. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:105-9. [PMID: 25729271 PMCID: PMC4342729 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.2.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
NgR1, a Nogo receptor, is involved in inhibition of neurite outgrowth and axonal regeneration and regulation of synaptic plasticity. P19 embryonal carcinoma cells were induced to differentiate into neuron-like cells using all trans-retinoic acid and the presence and/or function of cellular molecules, such as NgR1, NMDA receptors and STAT3, were examined. Neuronally differentiated P19 cells expressed the mRNA and protein of NgR1, which could stimulate the phosphorylation of STAT3 when activated by Nogo-P4 peptide, an active segment of Nogo-66. During the whole period of differentiation, mRNAs of all of the NMDA receptor subtypes tested (NR1, NR2A-2D) were consistently expressed, which meant that neuronally differentiated P19 cells maintained some characteristics of neurons, especially central nervous system neurons. Our results suggests that neuronally differentiated P19 cells expressing NgR1 may be an efficient and convenient in vitro model for studying the molecular mechanism of cellular events that involve NgR1 and its binding partners, and for screening compounds that activate or inhibit NgR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su In Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | - Jieun Yun
- Bioevaluation Center, KRIBB, Ochang 363-883, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Baek
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | - Yun-Ji Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | - Jin-Ah Kim
- Bioevaluation Center, KRIBB, Ochang 363-883, Korea
| | | | - Sun Hong Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Korea
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Song-Kyu Park
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea. ; Research Driven Hospital, Korea University Guro Hospital, Biomedical Research Center, Seoul 152-703, Korea
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Suehiro K, Nakamura Y, Xu S, Uda Y, Matsumura T, Yamaguchi Y, Okamura H, Yamashita T, Takei Y. Ecto-domain phosphorylation promotes functional recovery from spinal cord injury. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4972. [PMID: 24826969 PMCID: PMC4021324 DOI: 10.1038/srep04972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of Nogo-66 receptor (NgR) can promote recovery following spinal cord injury. The ecto-domain of NgR can be phosphorylated by protein kinase A (PKA), which blocks activation of the receptor. Here, we found that infusion of PKA plus ATP into the damaged spinal cord can promote recovery of locomotor function. While significant elongation of cortical-spinal axons was not detectable even in the rats showing enhanced recovery, neuronal precursor cells were observed in the region where PKA plus ATP were directly applied. NgR1 was expressed in neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPs) derived from the adult spinal cord. Both an NgR1 antagonist NEP1-40 and ecto-domain phosphorylation of NgR1 promote neuronal cell production of the NSPs, in vitro. Thus, inhibition of NgR1 in NSPs can promote neuronal cell production, which could contribute to the enhanced recovery of locomotor function following infusion of PKA and ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suehiro
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuka Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuai Xu
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Youichi Uda
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takafumi Matsumura
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okamura
- DDepartment of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takei
- Department of Nanobio Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Hays SA, Rennaker RL, Kilgard MP. Targeting plasticity with vagus nerve stimulation to treat neurological disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2013; 207:275-99. [PMID: 24309259 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63327-9.00010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pathological neural activity in a variety of neurological disorders could be treated by directing plasticity to specifically renormalize aberrant neural circuits, thereby restoring normal function. Brief bursts of acetylcholine and norepinephrine can enhance the neural plasticity associated with coincident events. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) represents a safe and effective means to trigger the release of these neuromodulators with a high degree of temporal control. VNS-event pairing can generate highly specific and long-lasting plasticity in sensory and motor cortex. Based on the capacity to drive specific changes in neural circuitry, VNS paired with experience has been successful in effectively ameliorating animal models of chronic tinnitus, stroke, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Targeted plasticity therapy utilizing VNS is currently being translated to humans to treat chronic tinnitus and improve motor recovery after stroke. This chapter will discuss the current progress of VNS paired with experience to drive specific plasticity to treat these neurological disorders and will evaluate additional future applications of targeted plasticity therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth A Hays
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX, USA; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, Richardson, TX, USA
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Plank C, Zelphati O, Mykhaylyk O. Magnetically enhanced nucleic acid delivery. Ten years of magnetofection-progress and prospects. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:1300-31. [PMID: 21893135 PMCID: PMC7103316 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids carry the building plans of living systems. As such, they can be exploited to make cells produce a desired protein, or to shut down the expression of endogenous genes or even to repair defective genes. Hence, nucleic acids are unique substances for research and therapy. To exploit their potential, they need to be delivered into cells which can be a challenging task in many respects. During the last decade, nanomagnetic methods for delivering and targeting nucleic acids have been developed, methods which are often referred to as magnetofection. In this review we summarize the progress and achievements in this field of research. We discuss magnetic formulations of vectors for nucleic acid delivery and their characterization, mechanisms of magnetofection, and the application of magnetofection in viral and nonviral nucleic acid delivery in cell culture and in animal models. We summarize results that have been obtained with using magnetofection in basic research and in preclinical animal models. Finally, we describe some of our recent work and end with some conclusions and perspectives.
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9
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High transfection efficiency of neural stem cells with magnetofection. Biotechniques 2011; 50:187-9. [PMID: 21486240 DOI: 10.2144/000113628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary neural stem cells (NSCs) can be cultivated and differentiated in vitro but are difficult to transfect using conventional methods. We describe a simple and rapid magnetofection-based method suitable for the lab bench as well as for high-throughput projects. Our method yields high transfection efficiency and can be used for deciphering the genetic control of neural cell differentiation.
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10
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Sobani ZA, Quadri SA, Enam SA. Stem cells for spinal cord regeneration: Current status. Surg Neurol Int 2010; 1:93. [PMID: 21246060 PMCID: PMC3019362 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.74240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Nearly 11,000 cases of spinal cord injury (SCI) are reported in the United States annually. Current management options give a median survival time of 38 years; however, no rehabilitative measures are available. Stem cells have been under constant research given their ability to differentiate into neural cell lines replacing non functional tissue. Efforts have been made to establish new synapses and provide a conducive environment, by grafting cells from autologous and fetal sources; including embryonic or adult stem cells, Schwann cells, genetically modified fibroblasts, bone stromal cells, and olfactory ensheathing cells and combinations/ variants thereof. Methods: In order to discuss the underlying mechanism of SCI along with the previously mentioned sources of stem cells in context to SCI, a simple review of literature was conducted. An extensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed data base and online search engines and articles published in the last 15 years were considered along with some historical articles where a background was required. Results: Stem cell transplantation for SCI is at the forefront with animal and in vitro studies providing a solid platform to enable well-designed human studies. Olfactory ensheathing cells seem to be the most promising; whilst bone marrow stromal cells appear as strong candidates for an adjunctive role. Conclusion: The key strategy in developing the therapeutic basis of stem cell transplantation for spinal cord regeneration is to weed out the pseudo-science and opportunism. All the trials should be based on stringent scientific criteria and effort to bypass that should be strongly discouraged at the international level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zain A Sobani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, P.O. Box 3500, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
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11
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Schwab ME. Functions of Nogo proteins and their receptors in the nervous system. Nat Rev Neurosci 2010; 11:799-811. [PMID: 21045861 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The membrane protein Nogo-A was initially characterized as a CNS-specific inhibitor of axonal regeneration. Recent studies have uncovered regulatory roles of Nogo proteins and their receptors--in precursor migration, neurite growth and branching in the developing nervous system--as well as a growth-restricting function during CNS maturation. The function of Nogo in the adult CNS is now understood to be that of a negative regulator of neuronal growth, leading to stabilization of the CNS wiring at the expense of extensive plastic rearrangements and regeneration after injury. In addition, Nogo proteins interact with various intracellular components and may have roles in the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) structure, processing of amyloid precursor protein and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin E Schwab
- University of Zurich and ETH, Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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12
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Wang Y, Khaing ZZ, Li N, Hall B, Schmidt CE, Ellington AD. Aptamer antagonists of myelin-derived inhibitors promote axon growth. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9726. [PMID: 20300533 PMCID: PMC2838799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin of the adult central nervous system (CNS) is one of the major sources of inhibitors of axon regeneration following injury. The three known myelin-derived inhibitors (Nogo, MAG, and OMgp) bind with high affinity to the Nogo-66 receptor (NgR) on axons and limit neurite outgrowth. Here we show that RNA aptamers can be generated that bind with high affinity to NgR, compete with myelin-derived inhibitors for binding to NgR, and promote axon elongation of neurons in vitro even in the presence of these inhibitors. Aptamers may have key advantages over protein antagonists, including low immunogenicity and the possibility of ready modification during chemical synthesis for stability, signaling, or immobilization. This first demonstration that aptamers can directly influence neuronal function suggests that aptamers may prove useful for not only healing spinal cord and other neuronal damage, but may be more generally useful as neuromodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zin Z. Khaing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Na Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brad Hall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christine E. Schmidt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Ellington
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gil V, Bichler Z, Lee JK, Seira O, Llorens F, Bribian A, Morales R, Claverol-Tinture E, Soriano E, Sumoy L, Zheng B, Del Río JA. Developmental expression of the oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein in the mouse telencephalon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 20:1769-79. [PMID: 19892785 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhp246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein expressed by neurons and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. Attempts have been made to identify the functions of the myelin-associated inhibitory proteins (MAIPs) after axonal lesion or in neurodegeneration. However, the developmental roles of some of these proteins and their receptors remain elusive. Recent studies indicate that NgR1 and the recently discovered receptor PirB restrict cortical synaptic plasticity. However, the putative factors that trigger these effects are unknown. Because Nogo-A is mostly associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and myelin associated glycoprotein appears late during development, the putative participation of OMgp should be considered. Here, we examine the pattern of development of OMgp immunoreactive elements during mouse telencephalic development. OMgp immunoreactivity in the developing cortex follows the establishment of the thalamo-cortical barrel field. At the cellular level, we located OMgp neuronal membranes in dendrites and axons as well as in brain synaptosome fractions and axon varicosities. Lastly, the analysis of the barrel field in OMgp-deficient mice revealed that although thalamo-cortical connections were formed, their targeting in layer IV was altered, and numerous axons ectopically invaded layers II-III. Our data support the idea that early expressed MAIPs play an active role during development and point to OMgp participating in thalamo-cortical connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Gil
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology laboratory, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona E-08028, Spain
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Shintani Y, Takashima S, Kato H, Komamura K, Kitakaze M. Extracellular protein kinase CK2 is a novel associating protein of neuropilin-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 385:618-23. [PMID: 19486891 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.05.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) is a multifunctional transmembrane protein which has a short cytoplasmic region with no particular functional domain, and is considered to act as a co-receptor for both VEGFs and semaphorins. However, the molecular mechanisms by which NRP1 carries out such versatile functions are still poorly understood. Here we identified protein kinase CK2 holoenzyme as a novel NRP1 binding protein by our combined purification strategy using epitope-tag immunoprecipitation followed by reverse-phase column chromatography. Further we showed that CK2 binds to the extracellular domain of NRP1 which is also phosphorylated by CK2 both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings of novel molecular interactions and modification of NRP1 may provide a new clue to understand the diverse functions of NRP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Shintani
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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15
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Takei Y. Phosphorylation inhibits Nogo signalling, an endogenous inhibitor of adult central nervous system regeneration. Neurosci Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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