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Herb M. NADPH Oxidase 3: Beyond the Inner Ear. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:219. [PMID: 38397817 PMCID: PMC10886416 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were formerly known as mere byproducts of metabolism with damaging effects on cellular structures. The discovery and description of NADPH oxidases (Nox) as a whole enzyme family that only produce this harmful group of molecules was surprising. After intensive research, seven Nox isoforms were discovered, described and extensively studied. Among them, the NADPH oxidase 3 is the perhaps most underrated Nox isoform, since it was firstly discovered in the inner ear. This stigma of Nox3 as "being only expressed in the inner ear" was also used by me several times. Therefore, the question arose whether this sentence is still valid or even usable. To this end, this review solely focuses on Nox3 and summarizes its discovery, the structural components, the activating and regulating factors, the expression in cells, tissues and organs, as well as the beneficial and detrimental effects of Nox3-mediated ROS production on body functions. Furthermore, the involvement of Nox3-derived ROS in diseases progression and, accordingly, as a potential target for disease treatment, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Herb
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany;
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany
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Liu W, Wang B, Zhou M, Liu D, Chen F, Zhao X, Lu Y. Redox Dysregulation in the Tumor Microenvironment Contributes to Cancer Metastasis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 39:472-490. [PMID: 37002890 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Redox dysregulation under pathological conditions results in excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, leading to oxidative stress and cellular oxidative damage. ROS function as a double-edged sword to modulate various types of cancer development and survival. Recent Advances: Emerging evidence has underlined that ROS impact the behavior of both cancer cells and tumor-associated stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and these cells have developed complex systems to adapt to high ROS environments during cancer progression. Critical Issues: In this review, we integrated current progress regarding the impact of ROS on cancer cells and tumor-associated stromal cells in the TME and summarized how ROS production influences cancer cell behaviors. Then, we summarized the distinct effects of ROS during different stages of tumor metastasis. Finally, we discussed potential therapeutic strategies for modulating ROS for the treatment of cancer metastasis. Future Directions: Targeting the ROS regulation during cancer metastasis will provide important insights into the design of effective single or combinatorial cancer therapeutic strategies. Well-designed preclinical studies and clinical trials are urgently needed to understand the complex regulatory systems of ROS in the TME. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 39, 472-490.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanning Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Boda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mingzhen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fulin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaodi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have developed complex systems to regulate the production and response to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Different ROS control diverse aspects of cell behaviour from signalling to death, and deregulation of ROS production and ROS limitation pathways are common features of cancer cells. ROS also function to modulate the tumour environment, affecting the various stromal cells that provide metabolic support, a blood supply and immune responses to the tumour. Although it is clear that ROS play important roles during tumorigenesis, it has been difficult to reliably predict the effect of ROS modulating therapies. We now understand that the responses to ROS are highly complex and dependent on multiple factors, including the types, levels, localization and persistence of ROS, as well as the origin, environment and stage of the tumours themselves. This increasing understanding of the complexity of ROS in malignancies will be key to unlocking the potential of ROS-targeting therapies for cancer treatment.
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Galvez-Fernandez M, Sanchez-Saez F, Domingo-Relloso A, Rodriguez-Hernandez Z, Tarazona S, Gonzalez-Marrachelli V, Grau-Perez M, Morales-Tatay JM, Amigo N, Garcia-Barrera T, Gomez-Ariza JL, Chaves FJ, Garcia-Garcia AB, Melero R, Tellez-Plaza M, Martin-Escudero JC, Redon J, Monleon D. Gene-environment interaction analysis of redox-related metals and genetic variants with plasma metabolic patterns in a general population from Spain: The Hortega Study. Redox Biol 2022; 52:102314. [PMID: 35460952 PMCID: PMC9048061 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Limited studies have evaluated the joint influence of redox-related metals and genetic variation on metabolic pathways. We analyzed the association of 11 metals with metabolic patterns, and the interacting role of candidate genetic variants, in 1145 participants from the Hortega Study, a population-based sample from Spain. Methods Urine antimony (Sb), arsenic, barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), molybdenum (Mo) and vanadium (V), and plasma copper (Cu), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) were measured by ICP-MS and AAS, respectively. We summarized 54 plasma metabolites, measured with targeted NMR, by estimating metabolic principal components (mPC). Redox-related SNPs (N = 291) were measured by oligo-ligation assay. Results In our study, the association with metabolic principal component (mPC) 1 (reflecting non-essential and essential amino acids, including branched chain, and bacterial co-metabolism versus fatty acids and VLDL subclasses) was positive for Se and Zn, but inverse for Cu, arsenobetaine-corrected arsenic (As) and Sb. The association with mPC2 (reflecting essential amino acids, including aromatic, and bacterial co-metabolism) was inverse for Se, Zn and Cd. The association with mPC3 (reflecting LDL subclasses) was positive for Cu, Se and Zn, but inverse for Co. The association for mPC4 (reflecting HDL subclasses) was positive for Sb, but inverse for plasma Zn. These associations were mainly driven by Cu and Sb for mPC1; Se, Zn and Cd for mPC2; Co, Se and Zn for mPC3; and Zn for mPC4. The most SNP-metal interacting genes were NOX1, GSR, GCLC, AGT and REN. Co and Zn showed the highest number of interactions with genetic variants associated to enriched endocrine, cardiovascular and neurological pathways. Conclusions Exposures to Co, Cu, Se, Zn, As, Cd and Sb were associated with several metabolic patterns involved in chronic disease. Carriers of redox-related variants may have differential susceptibility to metabolic alterations associated to excessive exposure to metals. In a population-based sample, cobalt, copper, selenium, zinc, arsenic, cadmium and antimony exposures were related to some metabolic patterns. Carriers of redox-related variants displayed differential susceptibility to metabolic alterations associated to excessive metal exposures. Cobalt and zinc showed a number of statistical interactions with variants from genes sharing biological pathways with a role in chronic diseases. The metabolic impact of metals combined with variation in redox-related genes might be large in the population, given metals widespread exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Galvez-Fernandez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain; Integrative Epidemiology Group, Department of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sanchez-Saez
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Hospital Clinic of Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain; Department of Statistics and Operational Research, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Arce Domingo-Relloso
- Integrative Epidemiology Group, Department of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain; Department of Statistics and Operational Research, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Zulema Rodriguez-Hernandez
- Integrative Epidemiology Group, Department of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain; Department of Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sonia Tarazona
- Applied Statistics and Operations Research and Quality Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vannina Gonzalez-Marrachelli
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Hospital Clinic of Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Grau-Perez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Institute for Biomedical Research, Hospital Clinic of Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain; Department of Statistics and Operational Research, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose M Morales-Tatay
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Hospital Clinic of Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain; Department of Pathology University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nuria Amigo
- Biosfer Teslab, Reus, Spain; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain; Center for Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamara Garcia-Barrera
- Research Center for Natural Resources, Health and the Environment (RENSMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Jose L Gomez-Ariza
- Research Center for Natural Resources, Health and the Environment (RENSMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - F Javier Chaves
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Hospital Clinic of Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain; Center for Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Barbara Garcia-Garcia
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Hospital Clinic of Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain; Center for Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Melero
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Hospital Clinic of Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Tellez-Plaza
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Integrative Epidemiology Group, Department of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain; Institute for Biomedical Research, Hospital Clinic of Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain.
| | - Juan C Martin-Escudero
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Josep Redon
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Hospital Clinic of Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Monleon
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Hospital Clinic of Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain; Department of Pathology University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research Network on Frailty and Health Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
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Advanced Oxidation Protein Product Promotes Oxidative Accentuation in Renal Epithelial Cells via the Soluble (Pro)renin Receptor-Mediated Intrarenal Renin-Angiotensin System and Nox4-H 2O 2 Signaling. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5710440. [PMID: 34873430 PMCID: PMC8642821 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5710440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Full-length (pro)renin receptor (fPRR), a research hotspot of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), plays a serious role in kidney injury. However, the relationship between fPRR and advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) remains largely unexplored. This study was aimed at exploring the effect of fPRR, especially its 28 kDa soluble form called soluble PRR (sPRR), in AOPP-induced oxidative stress in HK-2 cells, a renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line. Incubation of HK-2 cells with 100 μg/ml AOPP resulted in significant upregulation of fPRR expression and caused an approximately fourfold increase in medium sPRR secretion. However, unmodified albumin did not demonstrate the same effects under the same concentration. Treatment of HK-2 cells with the site-1 protease (S1P) inhibitor PF429242 (40 μM) or S1P siRNA significantly inhibited AOPP-induced sPRR generation. fPRR decoy inhibitor PRO20 and PF429242 treatment for 24 h remarkably attenuated the AOPP-induced upregulation of RAS components. Furthermore, PF429242 significantly reduced the AOPP-stimulated expression of NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) and H2O2 expression. The use of a small recombinant protein, named sPRR-His, reversed these alterations. In conclusion, these results provided the first demonstration of AOPP-promoted activation of sPRR. Increased renal proximal tubule Nox4-derived H2O2 contributed to the aggravation of oxidative stress. Targeting S1P-derived sPRR is a promising intervention strategy for chronic kidney disease.
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Villegas L, Nørremølle A, Freude K, Vilhardt F. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidases Are Everywhere in Brain Disease, but Not in Huntington's Disease? Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:736734. [PMID: 34803655 PMCID: PMC8602359 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.736734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by neuronal loss and tissue atrophy mainly in the striatum and cortex. In the early stages of the disease, impairment of neuronal function, synaptic dysfunction and white matter loss precedes neuronal death itself. Relative to other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, where the effects of either microglia or NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are recognized as important contributors to disease pathogenesis and progression, there is a pronounced lack of information in HD. This information void contrasts with evidence from human HD patients where blood monocytes and microglia are activated well before HD clinical symptoms (PET scans), and the clear signs of oxidative stress and inflammation in post mortem HD brain. Habitually, NOX activity and oxidative stress in the central nervous system (CNS) are equated with microglia, but research of the last two decades has carved out important roles for NOX enzyme function in neurons. Here, we will convey recent information about the function of NOX enzymes in neurons, and contemplate on putative roles of neuronal NOX in HD. We will focus on NOX-produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) as redox signaling molecules in/among neurons, and the specific roles of NOXs in important processes such as neurogenesis and lineage specification, neurite outgrowth and growth cone dynamics, and synaptic plasticity where NMDAR-dependent signaling, and long-term depression/potentiation are redox-regulated phenomena. HD animal models and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) studies have made it clear that the very same physiological processes are also affected in HD, and we will speculate on possible roles for NOX in the pathogenesis and development of disease. Finally, we also take into account the limited information on microglia in HD and relate this to any contribution of NOX enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisana Villegas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Nørremølle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristine Freude
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Frederik Vilhardt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Cencioni C, Comunanza V, Middonti E, Vallariello E, Bussolino F. The role of redox system in metastasis formation. Angiogenesis 2021; 24:435-450. [PMID: 33909153 PMCID: PMC8292271 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-021-09779-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The metastatic cancer disease represents the real and urgent clinical need in oncology. Therefore, an understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms sustaining the metastatic cascade is critical to advance cancer therapies. Recent studies highlight how redox signaling influences the behavior of metastatic cancer cells, contributes to their travel in bloodstream from the primary tumor to the distant organs and conditions the progression of the micrometastases or their dormant state. Radical oxygen species not only regulate intracellular processes but participate to paracrine circuits by diffusion to nearby cells, thus assuming unpredicted roles in the communication between metastatic cancer cells, blood circulating cells, and stroma cells at site of colonization. Here, we review recent insights in the role of radical oxygen species in the metastasis formation with a special focus on extravasation at metastatic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cencioni
- Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science "A. Ruberti", National Research Council (IASI-CNR), 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Comunanza
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - IRCCS-FPO, 10063, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Emanuele Middonti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - IRCCS-FPO, 10063, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Edoardo Vallariello
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - IRCCS-FPO, 10063, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Federico Bussolino
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10043, Orbassano, Italy.
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - IRCCS-FPO, 10063, Candiolo, Italy.
- , Strada Provinciale di Piobesi 142, Km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, Italy.
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Merő B, Koprivanacz K, Cserkaszky A, Radnai L, Vas V, Kudlik G, Gógl G, Sok P, Póti ÁL, Szeder B, Nyitray L, Reményi A, Geiszt M, Buday L. Characterization of the Intramolecular Interactions and Regulatory Mechanisms of the Scaffold Protein Tks4. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158103. [PMID: 34360869 PMCID: PMC8348221 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The scaffold protein Tks4 is a member of the p47phox-related organizer superfamily. It plays a key role in cell motility by being essential for the formation of podosomes and invadopodia. In addition, Tks4 is involved in the epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling pathway, in which EGF induces the translocation of Tks4 from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane. The evolutionarily-related protein p47phox and Tks4 share many similarities in their N-terminal region: a phosphoinositide-binding PX domain is followed by two SH3 domains (so called “tandem SH3”) and a proline-rich region (PRR). In p47phox, the PRR is followed by a relatively short, disordered C-terminal tail region containing multiple phosphorylation sites. These play a key role in the regulation of the protein. In Tks4, the PRR is followed by a third and a fourth SH3 domain connected by a long (~420 residues) unstructured region. In p47phox, the tandem SH3 domain binds the PRR while the first SH3 domain interacts with the PX domain, thereby preventing its binding to the membrane. Based on the conserved structural features of p47phox and Tks4 and the fact that an intramolecular interaction between the third SH3 and the PX domains of Tks4 has already been reported, we hypothesized that Tks4 is similarly regulated by autoinhibition. In this study, we showed, via fluorescence-based titrations, MST, ITC, and SAXS measurements, that the tandem SH3 domain of Tks4 binds the PRR and that the PX domain interacts with the third SH3 domain. We also investigated a phosphomimicking Thr-to-Glu point mutation in the PRR as a possible regulator of intramolecular interactions. Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P) was identified as the main binding partner of the PX domain via lipid-binding assays. In truncated Tks4 fragments, the presence of the tandem SH3, together with the PRR, reduced PtdIns(3)P binding, while the presence of the third SH3 domain led to complete inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Merő
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.M.); (K.K.); (A.C.); (L.R.); (V.V.); (G.K.); (B.S.)
| | - Kitti Koprivanacz
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.M.); (K.K.); (A.C.); (L.R.); (V.V.); (G.K.); (B.S.)
| | - Anna Cserkaszky
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.M.); (K.K.); (A.C.); (L.R.); (V.V.); (G.K.); (B.S.)
| | - László Radnai
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.M.); (K.K.); (A.C.); (L.R.); (V.V.); (G.K.); (B.S.)
| | - Virag Vas
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.M.); (K.K.); (A.C.); (L.R.); (V.V.); (G.K.); (B.S.)
| | - Gyöngyi Kudlik
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.M.); (K.K.); (A.C.); (L.R.); (V.V.); (G.K.); (B.S.)
| | - Gergő Gógl
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (G.G.); (L.N.)
| | - Péter Sok
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (P.S.); (Á.L.P.); (A.R.)
| | - Ádám L. Póti
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (P.S.); (Á.L.P.); (A.R.)
| | - Bálint Szeder
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.M.); (K.K.); (A.C.); (L.R.); (V.V.); (G.K.); (B.S.)
| | - László Nyitray
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (G.G.); (L.N.)
| | - Attila Reményi
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (P.S.); (Á.L.P.); (A.R.)
| | - Miklós Geiszt
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - László Buday
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (G.G.); (L.N.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University Medical School, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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Vermot A, Petit-Härtlein I, Smith SME, Fieschi F. NADPH Oxidases (NOX): An Overview from Discovery, Molecular Mechanisms to Physiology and Pathology. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:890. [PMID: 34205998 PMCID: PMC8228183 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing enzyme NADPH oxidase (NOX) was first identified in the membrane of phagocytic cells. For many years, its only known role was in immune defense, where its ROS production leads to the destruction of pathogens by the immune cells. NOX from phagocytes catalyzes, via one-electron trans-membrane transfer to molecular oxygen, the production of the superoxide anion. Over the years, six human homologs of the catalytic subunit of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase were found: NOX1, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, DUOX1, and DUOX2. Together with the NOX2/gp91phox component present in the phagocyte NADPH oxidase assembly itself, the homologs are now referred to as the NOX family of NADPH oxidases. NOX are complex multidomain proteins with varying requirements for assembly with combinations of other proteins for activity. The recent structural insights acquired on both prokaryotic and eukaryotic NOX open new perspectives for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms inherent to NOX regulation and ROS production (superoxide or hydrogen peroxide). This new structural information will certainly inform new investigations of human disease. As specialized ROS producers, NOX enzymes participate in numerous crucial physiological processes, including host defense, the post-translational processing of proteins, cellular signaling, regulation of gene expression, and cell differentiation. These diversities of physiological context will be discussed in this review. We also discuss NOX misregulation, which can contribute to a wide range of severe pathologies, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, lung fibrosis, cancer, or neurodegenerative diseases, giving this family of membrane proteins a strong therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise Vermot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France; (A.V.); (I.P.-H.)
| | - Isabelle Petit-Härtlein
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France; (A.V.); (I.P.-H.)
| | - Susan M. E. Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA;
| | - Franck Fieschi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France; (A.V.); (I.P.-H.)
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10
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Abstract
A link between oxidative stress and hypertension has been firmly established in multiple animal models of hypertension but remains elusive in humans. While initial studies focused on inactivation of nitric oxide by superoxide, our understanding of relevant reactive oxygen species (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite) and how they modify complex signaling pathways to promote hypertension has expanded significantly. In this review, we summarize recent advances in delineating the primary and secondary sources of reactive oxygen species (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases, uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria), the posttranslational oxidative modifications they induce on protein targets important for redox signaling, their interplay with endogenous antioxidant systems, and the role of inflammasome activation and endoplasmic reticular stress in the development of hypertension. We highlight how oxidative stress in different organ systems contributes to hypertension, describe new animal models that have clarified the importance of specific proteins, and discuss clinical studies that shed light on how these processes and pathways are altered in human hypertension. Finally, we focus on the promise of redox proteomics and systems biology to help us fully understand the relationship between ROS and hypertension and their potential for designing and evaluating novel antihypertensive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy K Griendling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Livia L Camargo
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
| | - Francisco Rios
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
| | - Rhéure Alves-Lopes
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
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Vellino S, Oddou C, Rivier P, Boyault C, Hiriart-Bryant E, Kraut A, Martin R, Coute Y, Knölker HJ, Valverde MA, Albigès-Rizo C, Destaing O. Cross-talk between the calcium channel TRPV4 and reactive oxygen species interlocks adhesive and degradative functions of invadosomes. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211651. [PMID: 33399853 PMCID: PMC7788461 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201910079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Invadosomes support cell invasion by coupling both acto-adhesive and extracellular matrix degradative functions, which are apparently antagonistic. β1-integrin dynamics regulate this coupling, but the actual sensing mechanism and effectors involved have not yet been elucidated. Using genetic and reverse genetic approaches combined with biochemical and imaging techniques, we now show that the calcium channel TRPV4 colocalizes with β1-integrins at the invadosome periphery and regulates its activation and the coupling of acto-adhesive and degradative functions. TRPV4-mediated regulation of podosome function depends on its ability to sense reactive oxygen species (ROS) in invadosomes' microenvironment and involves activation of the ROS/calcium-sensitive kinase Ask1 and binding of the motor MYO1C. Furthermore, disease-associated TRPV4 gain-of-function mutations that modulate ECM degradation are also implicated in the ROS response, which provides new perspectives in our understanding of the pathophysiology of TRPV4 channelopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanela Vellino
- Dynamique des systèmes d'adhérence, Institut for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche University Grenoble Alpes/INSERM U1209/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité mixte de recherche 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Christiane Oddou
- Dynamique des systèmes d'adhérence, Institut for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche University Grenoble Alpes/INSERM U1209/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité mixte de recherche 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Paul Rivier
- Dynamique des systèmes d'adhérence, Institut for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche University Grenoble Alpes/INSERM U1209/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité mixte de recherche 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Cyril Boyault
- Dynamique des systèmes d'adhérence, Institut for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche University Grenoble Alpes/INSERM U1209/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité mixte de recherche 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Edwige Hiriart-Bryant
- Dynamique des systèmes d'adhérence, Institut for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche University Grenoble Alpes/INSERM U1209/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité mixte de recherche 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Alexandra Kraut
- Laboratoire EDyP, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies of Grenoble-Biologie à Grande Echelle, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - René Martin
- Faculty of Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yohann Coute
- Laboratoire EDyP, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies of Grenoble-Biologie à Grande Echelle, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Miguel A. Valverde
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Corinne Albigès-Rizo
- Dynamique des systèmes d'adhérence, Institut for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche University Grenoble Alpes/INSERM U1209/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité mixte de recherche 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Olivier Destaing
- Dynamique des systèmes d'adhérence, Institut for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche University Grenoble Alpes/INSERM U1209/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité mixte de recherche 5309, La Tronche, France,Correspondence to Olivier Destaing:
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12
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Advances in Understanding TKS4 and TKS5: Molecular Scaffolds Regulating Cellular Processes from Podosome and Invadopodium Formation to Differentiation and Tissue Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218117. [PMID: 33143131 PMCID: PMC7663256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Scaffold proteins are typically thought of as multi-domain "bridging molecules." They serve as crucial regulators of key signaling events by simultaneously binding multiple participants involved in specific signaling pathways. In the case of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) binding, the activated EGFR contacts cytosolic SRC tyrosine-kinase, which then becomes activated. This process leads to the phosphorylation of SRC-substrates, including the tyrosine kinase substrates (TKS) scaffold proteins. The TKS proteins serve as a platform for the recruitment of key players in EGFR signal transduction, promoting cell spreading and migration. The TKS4 and the TKS5 scaffold proteins are tyrosine kinase substrates with four or five SH3 domains, respectively. Their structural features allow them to recruit and bind a variety of signaling proteins and to anchor them to the cytoplasmic surface of the cell membrane. Until recently, TKS4 and TKS5 had been recognized for their involvement in cellular motility, reactive oxygen species-dependent processes, and embryonic development, among others. However, a number of novel functions have been discovered for these molecules in recent years. In this review, we attempt to cover the diverse nature of the TKS molecules by discussing their structure, regulation by SRC kinase, relevant signaling pathways, and interaction partners, as well as their involvement in cellular processes, including migration, invasion, differentiation, and adipose tissue and bone homeostasis. We also describe related pathologies and the established mouse models.
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13
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Parascandolo A, Laukkanen MO. Carcinogenesis and Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling: Interaction of the NADPH Oxidase NOX1-5 and Superoxide Dismutase 1-3 Signal Transduction Pathways. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:443-486. [PMID: 29478325 PMCID: PMC6393772 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reduction/oxidation (redox) balance could be defined as an even distribution of reduction and oxidation complementary processes and their reaction end products. There is a consensus that aberrant levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), commonly observed in cancer, stimulate primary cell immortalization and progression of carcinogenesis. However, the mechanism how different ROS regulate redox balance is not completely understood. Recent Advances: In the current review, we have summarized the main signaling cascades inducing NADPH oxidase NOX1-5 and superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1-3 expression and their connection to cell proliferation, immortalization, transformation, and CD34+ cell differentiation in thyroid, colon, lung, breast, and hematological cancers. CRITICAL ISSUES Interestingly, many of the signaling pathways activating redox enzymes or mediating the effect of ROS are common, such as pathways initiated from G protein-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinase receptors involving protein kinase A, phospholipase C, calcium, and small GTPase signaling molecules. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The clarification of interaction of signal transduction pathways could explain how cells regulate redox balance and may even provide means to inhibit the accumulation of harmful levels of ROS in human pathologies.
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14
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are the largest group of cell surface receptors, which link cells to their environment. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can act as important cellular signaling molecules. The family of NADPH oxidases generates ROS in response to activated cell surface receptors. Recent Advances: Various signaling pathways linking GPCRs and activation of NADPH oxidases have been characterized. CRITICAL ISSUES Still, a more detailed analysis of G proteins involved in the GPCR-mediated activation of NADPH oxidases is needed. In addition, a more precise discrimination of NADPH oxidase activation due to either upregulation of subunit expression or post-translational subunit modifications is needed. Also, the role of noncanonical modulators of NADPH oxidase activation in the response to GPCRs awaits further analyses. FUTURE DIRECTIONS As GPCRs are one of the most popular classes of investigational drug targets, further detailing of G protein-coupled mechanisms in the activation mechanism of NADPH oxidases as well as better understanding of the link between newly identified NADPH oxidase interaction partners and GPCR signaling will provide new opportunities for improved efficiency and decreased off target effects of therapies targeting GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Petry
- 1 Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich , TU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Agnes Görlach
- 1 Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich , TU Munich, Munich, Germany .,2 DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) , Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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15
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Boudreau HE, Leto TL. Model Systems to Investigate NOX-Dependent Cell Migration and Invasiveness. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1982:473-485. [PMID: 31172490 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9424-3_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There is mounting evidence indicating that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in cell migration and invasion. Our previous studies have demonstrated the NADPH oxidase (NOX) family of enzymes are a source of ROS in different cell types undergoing migration. Several NOX enzymes are induced or activated in processes including wound repair and maintenance of epithelial barriers, as well as in promoting metastatic cell migration and invasiveness. This chapter outlines three different in vitro assays used to examine how NOX enzymes are involved in cell motility: scratch-wound repair, Matrigel invasion, and migration from confluent cell monolayer boundaries created by cell culture inserts. The three methods provide a range of experimental approaches for delineating roles of NOX enzymes in cell migration through manipulation of the expression or activities of the endogenous or overexpressed oxidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard E Boudreau
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas L Leto
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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16
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Nordzieke DE, Medraño-Fernandez I. The Plasma Membrane: A Platform for Intra- and Intercellular Redox Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7110168. [PMID: 30463362 PMCID: PMC6262572 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7110168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Membranes are of outmost importance to allow for specific signal transduction due to their ability to localize, amplify, and direct signals. However, due to the double-edged nature of reactive oxygen species (ROS)—toxic at high concentrations but essential signal molecules—subcellular localization of ROS-producing systems to the plasma membrane has been traditionally regarded as a protective strategy to defend cells from unwanted side-effects. Nevertheless, specialized regions, such as lipid rafts and caveolae, house and regulate the activated/inhibited states of important ROS-producing systems and concentrate redox targets, demonstrating that plasma membrane functions may go beyond acting as a securing lipid barrier. This is nicely evinced by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidases (NOX), enzymes whose primary function is to generate ROS and which have been shown to reside in specific lipid compartments. In addition, membrane-inserted bidirectional H2O2-transporters modulate their conductance precisely during the passage of the molecules through the lipid bilayer, ensuring time-scaled delivery of the signal. This review aims to summarize current evidence supporting the role of the plasma membrane as an organizing center that serves as a platform for redox signal transmission, particularly NOX-driven, providing specificity at the same time that limits undesirable oxidative damage in case of malfunction. As an example of malfunction, we explore several pathological situations in which an inflammatory component is present, such as inflammatory bowel disease and neurodegenerative disorders, to illustrate how dysregulation of plasma-membrane-localized redox signaling impacts normal cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela E Nordzieke
- Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Genetics of Eukaryotic Microorganisms, Georg August University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Iria Medraño-Fernandez
- Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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17
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Dülk M, Szeder B, Glatz G, Merő BL, Koprivanacz K, Kudlik G, Vas V, Sipeki S, Cserkaszky A, Radnai L, Buday L. EGF Regulates the Interaction of Tks4 with Src through Its SH2 and SH3 Domains. Biochemistry 2018; 57:4186-4196. [PMID: 29928795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Src is a central component of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling pathway. Our group recently showed that the Frank-ter Haar syndrome protein Tks4 (tyrosine kinase substrate with four Src homology 3 domains) is also involved in EGF signaling. Here we demonstrate that Tks4 and Src bind directly to each other and elucidate the details of the molecular mechanism of this complex formation. Results of GST pull-down and fluorescence polarization assays show that both a proline-rich SH3 binding motif (PSRPLPDAP, residues 466-474) and an adjacent phosphotyrosine-containing SH2 binding motif (pYEEI, residues 508-511) in Tks4 are responsible for Src binding. These motifs interact with the SH3 and SH2 domains of Src, respectively, leading to a synergistic enhancement of binding strength and a highly stable, "bidentate"-type of interaction. In agreement with these results, we found that the association of Src with Tks4 is permanent and the complex lasts at least 3 h in living cells. We conclude that the interaction of Tks4 with Src may result in the long term stabilization of the kinase in its active conformation, leading to prolonged Src activity following EGF stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metta Dülk
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , 1117 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Bálint Szeder
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , 1117 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Gábor Glatz
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology , Eötvös Loránd University , 1117 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Balázs L Merő
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , 1117 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Kitti Koprivanacz
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , 1117 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Gyöngyi Kudlik
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , 1117 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Virág Vas
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , 1117 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Sipeki
- Department of Medical Chemistry , Semmelweis University Medical School , 1094 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Anna Cserkaszky
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , 1117 Budapest , Hungary
| | - László Radnai
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , 1117 Budapest , Hungary
| | - László Buday
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , 1117 Budapest , Hungary.,Department of Medical Chemistry , Semmelweis University Medical School , 1094 Budapest , Hungary
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18
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Genna A, Gil-Henn H. FAK family kinases: The Yin and Yang of cancer cell invasiveness. Mol Cell Oncol 2018; 5:e1449584. [PMID: 30250911 PMCID: PMC6149990 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2018.1449584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2, also known as Pyk2) and its closely related focal adhesion kinase (FAK) modulate cancer cell invasion by coordinating the balance between focal adhesion-mediated migration and invadopodia-dependent extracellular matrix invasion. Our recent findings present Pyk2 and FAK as novel mediators of breast cancer invasiveness and as potential targets for blocking breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Genna
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Hava Gil-Henn
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
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19
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Iizuka S, Abdullah C, Buschman MD, Diaz B, Courtneidge SA. The role of Tks adaptor proteins in invadopodia formation, growth and metastasis of melanoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:78473-78486. [PMID: 27802184 PMCID: PMC5346654 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic cancer cells are characterized by their ability to degrade and invade through extracellular matrix. We previously showed that the Tks adaptor proteins, Tks4 and Tks5, are required for invadopodia formation and/or function in Src-transformed fibroblasts and a number of human cancer cell types. In this study, we investigated the role of Tks adaptor proteins in melanoma cell invasion and metastasis. Knockdown of either Tks4 or Tks5 in both mouse and human melanoma cell lines resulted in a decreased ability to form invadopodia and degrade extracellular matrix. In addition, Tks-knockdown melanoma cells had decreased proliferation in a 3-dimensional type l collagen matrix, but not in 2-dimensional culture conditions. We also investigated the role of Tks proteins in melanoma progression in vivo using xenografts and experimental metastasis assays. Consistent with our in vitro results, reduction of Tks proteins markedly reduced subcutaneous melanoma growth as well as metastatic growth in the lung. We explored the clinical relevance of Tks protein expression in human melanoma specimens using a tissue microarray. Compared to non-malignant nevi, both Tks proteins were highly expressed in melanoma tissues. Moreover, metastatic melanoma cases showed higher expression of Tks5 than primary melanoma cases. Taken together, these findings suggest the importance of Tks adaptor proteins in melanoma growth and metastasis in vivo, likely via functional invadopodia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Iizuka
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Christopher Abdullah
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew D Buschman
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Begoña Diaz
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Sara A Courtneidge
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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20
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Abstract
Tyrosine kinase substrate (Tks) adaptor proteins are considered important regulators of various physiological and/or pathological processes, particularly cell migration and invasion, and cancer progression. These proteins contain PX and SH3 domains, and act as scaffolds, bringing membrane and cellular components in close proximity in structures known as invadopodia or podosomes. Tks proteins, analogous to the related proteins p47phox, p40phox and NoxO1, also facilitate local generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which aid in signaling at invadopodia and/or podosomes to promote their activity. As their name suggests, Tks adaptor proteins are substrates for tyrosine kinases, especially Src. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we discuss the known structural and functional aspects of Tks adaptor proteins. As the science of Tks proteins is evolving, this article will point out where we stand and what still needs to be explored. We also underscore pathological conditions involving these proteins, providing a basis for future research to develop therapies for treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Saini
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sara A Courtneidge
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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21
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Genna A, Lapetina S, Lukic N, Twafra S, Meirson T, Sharma VP, Condeelis JS, Gil-Henn H. Pyk2 and FAK differentially regulate invadopodia formation and function in breast cancer cells. J Cell Biol 2017; 217:375-395. [PMID: 29133485 PMCID: PMC5748976 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201702184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Pyk2 is highly expressed in invasive breast cancer, but how it potentiates tumor cell invasiveness is unclear. Genna et al. find that Pyk2 and the closely related kinase FAK modulate breast cancer cell invasiveness by distinct mechanisms and coordinate the balance between focal adhesion–mediated migration and invadopodia-dependent extracellular matrix invasion. The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Pyk2 is highly expressed in invasive breast cancer, but the mechanism by which it potentiates tumor cell invasiveness is unclear at present. Using high-throughput protein array screening and bioinformatic analysis, we identified cortactin as a novel substrate and interactor of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2). Pyk2 colocalizes with cortactin to invadopodia of invasive breast cancer cells, where it mediates epidermal growth factor–induced cortactin tyrosine phosphorylation both directly and indirectly via Src-mediated Abl-related gene (Arg) activation, leading to actin polymerization in invadopodia, extracellular matrix degradation, and tumor cell invasion. Both Pyk2 and the closely related focal adhesion kinase (FAK) regulate tumor cell invasion, albeit via distinct mechanisms. Although Pyk2 regulates tumor cell invasion by controlling invadopodium-mediated functions, FAK controls invasiveness of tumor cells by regulating focal adhesion–mediated motility. Collectively, our findings identify Pyk2 as a unique mediator of invadopodium formation and function and also provide a novel insight into the mechanisms by which Pyk2 mediates tumor cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Genna
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | | | - Nikola Lukic
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Shams Twafra
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Tomer Meirson
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Ved P Sharma
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.,Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.,Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - John S Condeelis
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.,Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.,Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Hava Gil-Henn
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
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22
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NADPH Oxidases: Insights into Selected Functions and Mechanisms of Action in Cancer and Stem Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017. [PMID: 28626501 PMCID: PMC5463201 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9420539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOX) are reactive oxygen species- (ROS-) generating enzymes regulating numerous redox-dependent signaling pathways. NOX are important regulators of cell differentiation, growth, and proliferation and of mechanisms, important for a wide range of processes from embryonic development, through tissue regeneration to the development and spread of cancer. In this review, we discuss the roles of NOX and NOX-derived ROS in the functioning of stem cells and cancer stem cells and in selected aspects of cancer cell physiology. Understanding the functions and complex activities of NOX is important for the application of stem cells in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and development of new therapies toward invasive forms of cancers.
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23
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Hempel N, Trebak M. Crosstalk between calcium and reactive oxygen species signaling in cancer. Cell Calcium 2017; 63:70-96. [PMID: 28143649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling pathways is well established, with reciprocal regulation occurring at a number of subcellular locations. Many Ca2+ channels at the cell surface and intracellular organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria are regulated by redox modifications. In turn, Ca2+ signaling can influence the cellular generation of ROS, from sources such as NADPH oxidases and mitochondria. This relationship has been explored in great depth during the process of apoptosis, where surges of Ca2+ and ROS are important mediators of cell death. More recently, coordinated and localized Ca2+ and ROS transients appear to play a major role in a vast variety of pro-survival signaling pathways that may be crucial for both physiological and pathophysiological functions. While much work is required to firmly establish this Ca2+-ROS relationship in cancer, existing evidence from other disease models suggests this crosstalk is likely of significant importance in tumorigenesis. In this review, we describe the regulation of Ca2+ channels and transporters by oxidants and discuss the potential consequences of the ROS-Ca2+ interplay in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Hempel
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey PA 17033, United States; Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey PA 17033, United States.
| | - Mohamed Trebak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey PA 17033, United States; Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey PA 17033, United States.
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24
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Castro-Castro A, Marchesin V, Monteiro P, Lodillinsky C, Rossé C, Chavrier P. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of MT1-MMP-Dependent Cancer Cell Invasion. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2016; 32:555-576. [PMID: 27501444 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111315-125227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is responsible for most cancer-associated deaths. Accumulating evidence based on 3D migration models has revealed a diversity of invasive migratory schemes reflecting the plasticity of tumor cells to switch between proteolytic and nonproteolytic modes of invasion. Yet, initial stages of localized regional tumor dissemination require proteolytic remodeling of the extracellular matrix to overcome tissue barriers. Recent data indicate that surface-exposed membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), belonging to a group of membrane-anchored MMPs, plays a central role in pericellular matrix degradation during basement membrane and interstitial tissue transmigration programs. In addition, a large body of work indicates that MT1-MMP is targeted to specialized actin-rich cell protrusions termed invadopodia, which are responsible for matrix degradation. This review describes the multistep assembly of actin-based invadopodia in molecular details. Mechanisms underlying MT1-MMP traffic to invadopodia through endocytosis/recycling cycles, which are key to the invasive program of carcinoma cells, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pedro Monteiro
- Barts Cancer Institute, University of London John Vane Science Centre, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Catalina Lodillinsky
- Instituto de Oncologia Ángel H. Roffo, Research Area, Buenos Aires, C1417DTB, Argentina
| | - Carine Rossé
- Institut Curie, Paris, F-75248 France; .,PSL Research University, Paris, F-75005 France.,CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, F-75248 France
| | - Philippe Chavrier
- Institut Curie, Paris, F-75248 France; .,PSL Research University, Paris, F-75005 France.,CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, F-75248 France
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25
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Abstract
Since its discovery in 1999, a number of studies have evaluated the role of Nox1 NADPH oxidase in the cardiovascular system. Nox1 is activated in vascular cells in response to several different agonists, with its activity regulated at the transcriptional level as well as by NADPH oxidase complex formation, protein stabilization and post-translational modification. Nox1 has been shown to decrease the bioavailability of nitric oxide, transactivate the epidermal growth factor receptor, induce pro-inflammatory signalling, and promote cell migration and proliferation. Enhanced expression and activity of Nox1 under pathologic conditions results in excessive production of reactive oxygen species and dysregulated cellular function. Indeed, studies using genetic models of Nox1 deficiency or overexpression have revealed roles for Nox1 in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases ranging from atherosclerosis to hypertension, restenosis and ischaemia/reperfusion injury. These data suggest that Nox1 is a potential therapeutic target for vascular disease, and drug development efforts are ongoing to identify a specific bioavailable inhibitor of Nox1.
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Altenhöfer S, Radermacher KA, Kleikers PWM, Wingler K, Schmidt HHHW. Evolution of NADPH Oxidase Inhibitors: Selectivity and Mechanisms for Target Engagement. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:406-27. [PMID: 24383718 PMCID: PMC4543484 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidative stress, an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production versus consumption, may be involved in the pathogenesis of different diseases. The only known enzymes solely dedicated to ROS generation are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases with their catalytic subunits (NOX). After the clinical failure of most antioxidant trials, NOX inhibitors are the most promising therapeutic option for diseases associated with oxidative stress. RECENT ADVANCES Historical NADPH oxidase inhibitors, apocynin and diphenylene iodonium, are un-specific and not isoform selective. Novel NOX inhibitors stemming from rational drug discovery approaches, for example, GKT137831, ML171, and VAS2870, show improved specificity for NADPH oxidases and moderate NOX isoform selectivity. Along with NOX2 docking sequence (NOX2ds)-tat, a peptide-based inhibitor, the use of these novel small molecules in animal models has provided preliminary in vivo evidence for a pathophysiological role of specific NOX isoforms. CRITICAL ISSUES Here, we discuss whether novel NOX inhibitors enable reliable validation of NOX isoforms' pathological roles and whether this knowledge supports translation into pharmacological applications. Modern NOX inhibitors have increased the evidence for pathophysiological roles of NADPH oxidases. However, in comparison to knockout mouse models, NOX inhibitors have limited isoform selectivity. Thus, their use does not enable clear statements on the involvement of individual NOX isoforms in a given disease. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The development of isoform-selective NOX inhibitors and biologicals will enable reliable validation of specific NOX isoforms in disease models other than the mouse. Finally, GKT137831, the first NOX inhibitor in clinical development, is poised to provide proof of principle for the clinical potential of NOX inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Altenhöfer
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kim A Radermacher
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pamela W M Kleikers
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kirstin Wingler
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Harald H H W Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
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27
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Ádám C, Fekete A, Bőgel G, Németh Z, Tőkési N, Ovádi J, Liliom K, Pesti S, Geiszt M, Buday L. Accumulation of the PX domain mutant Frank-ter Haar syndrome protein Tks4 in aggresomes. Cell Commun Signal 2015; 13:33. [PMID: 26183326 PMCID: PMC4504077 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-015-0108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cells deploy quality control mechanisms to remove damaged or misfolded proteins. Recently, we have reported that a mutation (R43W) in the Frank-ter Haar syndrome protein Tks4 resulted in aberrant intracellular localization. Results Here we demonstrate that the accumulation of Tks4R43W depends on the intact microtubule network. Detergent-insoluble Tks4 mutant colocalizes with the centrosome and its aggregate is encaged by the intermediate filament protein vimentin. Both the microtubule inhibitor nocodazole and the histone deacetylase inhibitor Trichostatin A inhibit markedly the aggresome formation in cells expressing Tks4R43W. Finally, pretreatment of cells with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 markedly increases the level of aggresomes formed by Tks4R43W. Furthermore, two additional mutant Tks4 proteins (Tks41–48 or Tks41–341) have been investigated. Whereas the shorter Tks4 mutant, Tks41–48, shows no expression at all, the longer Tks4 truncation mutant accumulates in the nuclei of the cells. Conclusions Our results suggest that misfolded Frank-ter Haar syndrome protein Tks4R43W is transported via the microtubule system to the aggresomes. Lack of expression of Tks41–48 or aberrant intracellular expressions of Tks4R43W and Tks41–341 strongly suggest that these mutations result in dysfunctional proteins which are not capable of operating properly, leading to the development of FTHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Ádám
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Anna Fekete
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Bőgel
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsanna Németh
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Natália Tőkési
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Judit Ovádi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Károly Liliom
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Szabolcs Pesti
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Miklós Geiszt
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary. .,"Lendület" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group of the Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - László Buday
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary. .,Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary.
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Kleino I, Järviluoma A, Hepojoki J, Huovila AP, Saksela K. Preferred SH3 domain partners of ADAM metalloproteases include shared and ADAM-specific SH3 interactions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121301. [PMID: 25825872 PMCID: PMC4380453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) constitute a protein family essential for extracellular signaling and regulation of cell adhesion. Catalytic activity of ADAMs and their predicted potential for Src-homology 3 (SH3) domain binding show a strong correlation. Here we present a comprehensive characterization of SH3 binding capacity and preferences of the catalytically active ADAMs 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, and 19. Our results revealed several novel interactions, and also confirmed many previously reported ones. Many of the identified SH3 interaction partners were shared by several ADAMs, whereas some were ADAM-specific. Most of the ADAM-interacting SH3 proteins were adapter proteins or kinases, typically associated with sorting and endocytosis. Novel SH3 interactions revealed in this study include TOCA1 and CIP4 as preferred partners of ADAM8, and RIMBP1 as a partner of ADAM19. Our results suggest that common as well as distinct mechanisms are involved in regulation and execution of ADAM signaling, and provide a useful framework for addressing the pathways that connect ADAMs to normal and aberrant cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iivari Kleino
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annika Järviluoma
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Hepojoki
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Pekka Huovila
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kalle Saksela
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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29
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Bazalii АV. Recombinant fluorescent sensor of hydrogen peroxide HyPer fused with adaptor protein Ruk/CIN85: designing of expression vector and its functional characterization. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2015. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech8.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Brandes RP, Weissmann N, Schröder K. Nox family NADPH oxidases: Molecular mechanisms of activation. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 76:208-26. [PMID: 25157786 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases of the Nox family are important enzymatic sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Numerous homologue-specific mechanisms control the activity of this enzyme family involving calcium, free fatty acids, protein-protein interactions, intracellular trafficking, and posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation, or sumoylation. After a brief review on the classic pathways of Nox activation, this article will focus on novel mechanisms of homologue-specific activity control and on cell-specific aspects which govern Nox activity. From these findings of the recent years it must be concluded that the activity control of Nox enzymes is much more complex than anticipated. Moreover, depending on the cellular activity state, Nox enzymes are selectively activated or inactivated. The complex upstream signaling aspects of these events make the development of "intelligent" Nox inhibitors plausible, which selectively attenuate disease-related Nox-mediated ROS formation without altering physiological signaling ROS. This approach might be of relevance for Nox-mediated tissue injury in ischemia-reperfusion and inflammation and also for chronic Nox overactivation as present in cancer initiation and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf P Brandes
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- ECCPS, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Member of the DZL, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katrin Schröder
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Abstract
The occurrence of invadopodia has been, since its characterization, a hallmark of cancerous cell invasion and metastasis. These structures are now the subject of a controversy concerning their cellular function, molecular regulation, and assembly. The terms invadopodia and podosomes have been used interchangeably since their discovery back in 1980. Since then, these phenotypes are now more established and accepted by the scientific community as vital structures for 3D cancer cell motility. Many characteristics relating to invadopodia and podosomes have been elucidated, which might prove these structures as good targets for metastasis treatment. In this review, we briefly review the actin reorganization process needed in most types of cancer cell motility. We also review the important characteristics of invadopodia, including molecular components, assembly, markers, and the signaling pathways, providing a comprehensive model for invadopodia regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bechara A Saykali
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Lebanese American University , Beirut , Lebanon
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32
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE There is increasing evidence that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the central nervous system (CNS) involves the NOX family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases. Controlled ROS generation appears necessary for optimal functioning of the CNS through fine-tuning of redox-sensitive signaling pathways, while overshooting ROS generation will lead to oxidative stress and CNS disease. RECENT ADVANCES NOX enzymes are not only restricted to microglia (i.e. brain phagocytes) but also expressed in neurons, astrocytes, and the neurovascular system. NOX enzymes are involved in CNS development, neural stem cell biology, and the function of mature neurons. While NOX2 appears to be a major source of pathological oxidative stress in the CNS, other NOX isoforms might also be of importance, for example, NOX4 in stroke. Globally speaking, there is now convincing evidence for a role of NOX enzymes in various neurodegenerative diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, and psychosis-related disorders. CRITICAL ISSUES The relative importance of specific ROS sources (e.g., NOX enzymes vs. mitochondria; NOX2 vs. NOX4) in different pathological processes needs further investigation. The absence of specific inhibitors limits the possibility to investigate specific therapeutic strategies. The uncritical use of non-specific inhibitors (e.g., apocynin, diphenylene iodonium) and poorly validated antibodies may lead to misleading conclusions. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Physiological and pathophysiological studies with cell-type-specific knock-out mice will be necessary to delineate the precise functions of NOX enzymes and their implications in pathomechanisms. The development of CNS-permeant, specific NOX inhibitors will be necessary to advance toward therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Nayernia
- 1 Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Medical Faculty, Geneva University Hospitals, Centre Médical Universitaire , Geneva, Switzerland
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33
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Spuul P, Ciufici P, Veillat V, Leclercq A, Daubon T, Kramer IJ, Génot E. Importance of RhoGTPases in formation, characteristics, and functions of invadosomes. Small GTPases 2014; 5:e28195. [PMID: 24967648 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.28713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Podosomes and invadopodia (collectively known as invadosomes) are specialized plasma-membrane actin-based microdomains that combine adhesive properties with matrix degrading and/or mechanosensor activities. These organelles have been extensively studied in vitro and current concerted efforts aim at establishing their physiological relevance and subsequent association with human diseases. Proper functioning of the bone, immune, and vascular systems is likely to depend on these structures while their occurrence in cancer cells appears to be linked to tumor metastasis. The elucidation of the mechanisms driving invadosome assembly is a prerequisite to understanding their role in vivo and ultimately to controlling their functions. Adhesive and soluble ligands act via transmembrane receptors that propagate signals to the cytoskeleton via small G proteins of the Rho family, assisted by tyrosine kinases and scaffold proteins to induce invadosome formation and rearrangements. Oncogene expression and cell-cell interactions may also trigger their assembly. Manipulation of the signals that regulate invadosome formation and dynamics could therefore be a strategy to interfere with their functions in a multitude of pathological settings, such as excessive bone breakdown, infections, vascular remodeling, transendothelial diapedesis, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirjo Spuul
- Université de Bordeaux; Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1045; Bordeaux, France; IECB; European Institute of Chemistry and Biology; Pessac, France
| | - Paolo Ciufici
- Université de Bordeaux; Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1045; Bordeaux, France; IECB; European Institute of Chemistry and Biology; Pessac, France
| | - Véronique Veillat
- Université de Bordeaux; Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1045; Bordeaux, France; IECB; European Institute of Chemistry and Biology; Pessac, France
| | - Anne Leclercq
- Université de Bordeaux; Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1045; Bordeaux, France; IECB; European Institute of Chemistry and Biology; Pessac, France
| | - Thomas Daubon
- Université de Bordeaux; Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1045; Bordeaux, France; IECB; European Institute of Chemistry and Biology; Pessac, France
| | - IJsbrand Kramer
- Université de Bordeaux; Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1045; Bordeaux, France; IECB; European Institute of Chemistry and Biology; Pessac, France
| | - Elisabeth Génot
- Université de Bordeaux; Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1045; Bordeaux, France; IECB; European Institute of Chemistry and Biology; Pessac, France
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34
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Here, we review recent advances with regard to the role of Src kinase in the regulation of cytoskeleton organization, cell adhesion, and motility, focusing on redox circuitries engaging this kinase for anchorage and motility, control of cell survival to anoikis, as well as metabolic deregulation, all features belonging to the new hallmarks of cancer. RECENT ADVANCES Several recent insights have reported that, alongside the well-known phosphorylation/dephosphorylation control, cysteine oxidation is a further mechanism of enzyme activation for both c-Src kinase and its oncogenic counterparts. Indeed, mounting evidence portrays redox regulation of Src kinase as a compulsory outcome in growth factors/cytokines signaling, integrin engagement, motility and invasiveness of tissues, receptor cross-talking at plasmamembrane, as well as during carcinogenesis and progression toward tumor malignancy or fibrotic disease. In addition, the kinase is an upstream regulator of NADPH oxidase-driven oxidants, a critical step for invadopodia formation and metastatic spread. CRITICAL ISSUES Not satisfactorily unraveled yet, the exact role of Src kinase in redox cancer biology needs to be implemented with studies that are aimed at clarifying (i) the exact hierarchy between oxidants sources, Src redox-dependent activation and the regulation of cell motility, and (ii) the actual susceptibility of invading cells to redox-based treatments, owing to the well-recognized ability of cancer cells to find new strategies to adapt to new environments. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Once these critical issues are addressed, redox circuitries involving Src kinase should potentially be used as both biomarkers and targets for personalized therapies in the fight against cancer or fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Giannoni
- 1 Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence , Florence, Italy
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35
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Matsumoto M, Katsuyama M, Iwata K, Ibi M, Zhang J, Zhu K, Nauseef WM, Yabe-Nishimura C. Characterization of N-glycosylation sites on the extracellular domain of NOX1/NADPH oxidase. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 68:196-204. [PMID: 24361341 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Extensive evidence demonstrates the pathophysiological importance of NOX1, the catalytic subunit of superoxide-generating enzyme NADPH oxidase, as a source of reactive oxygen species in nonphagocytic cells. However, the biochemical properties of NOX1 have not been extensively characterized due to a lack of specific immunological tools. We used a newly raised NOX1 polyclonal antibody to investigate posttranslational modifications of NOX1 overexpressed in cultured cells and in the colon, where endogenous NOX1 is highly expressed. Immunoblots of lysates from cells expressing NOX1 revealed a doublet of 56 and 60kDa accompanied by a broad band of 60-90kDa. Based on differential sensitivity to glycosidases, the doublet was identified as two high-mannose-type glycoforms of NOX1, whereas the broad band represented NOX1 with complex-type N-linked oligosaccharides. Deglycosylated NOX1 migrated at ~53kDa and N-glycosylation was demonstrated in NOX1 derived from both rat and human. Site-directed mutagenesis identified N-glycosylation sites at Asn(161) and Asn(241) on the extracellular loop of mouse NOX1. Elimination of N-glycosylation on NOX1 did not affect its electron transferase activity, protein stability, targeting to the cell surface, or localization in F-actin-positive membrane protrusions. Taken together, these data identify the two specific sites of N-linked glycosylation of murine NOX1 and demonstrate that they are not required for normal enzyme activity, protein stability, and membrane trafficking. As is true for NOX2, the contribution of glycosylation in NOX1 to its biologic function(s) merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misaki Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Masato Katsuyama
- Radioisotope Center, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kazumi Iwata
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Masakazu Ibi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Jia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program and Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Coralville, IA 52241, USA; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
| | - Chihiro Yabe-Nishimura
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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Huang Y, Qian H, Wang X, Cheng Z, Ren J, Zhao W, Xie Y. Expression, purification and preliminary crystallographic studies of the C-terminal SH3 domain of human Tks4. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:343-6. [PMID: 24598923 PMCID: PMC3944698 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14001952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Src homology 3 (SH3) domain is a small, noncatalytic domain with a conserved sequence of about 60 amino-acid residues that interacts with proline-rich peptides to form a protein complex. In this study, the C-terminal SH3 domain of human Tks4 (residues 853-911) was expressed, purified and crystallized. X-ray diffraction data were collected to 2.3 Å resolution. The crystal belonged to the trigonal space group P3121 (or P3221), with unit-cell parameters a = b = 83.87, c = 108.44 Å, α = β = 90, γ = 120°. Calculating the self-rotation and the native Patterson function did not lead to the detection of any noncrystallographic translational symmetry. Six, seven or eight protein molecules are likely to be present in the asymmetric unit, resulting in a Matthews coefficient and approximate solvent content of 2.71 Å(3) Da(-1) and 55%, 2.32 Å(3) Da(-1) and 47%, and 2.03 Å(3) Da(-1) and 39%, respectively. To solve the crystal structure of the C-terminal SH3 domain of human Tks4, the isomorphous replacement method is presently being utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Huang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huolian Qian
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong Cheng
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jixia Ren
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weichen Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Xie
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
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Gu Z, Liu F, Tonkova EA, Lee SY, Tschumperlin DJ, Brenner MB. Soft matrix is a natural stimulator for cellular invasiveness. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 25:457-69. [PMID: 24336521 PMCID: PMC3923638 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-05-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ECM softness (low stiffness comparable to soft tissues) alone is sufficient to prevent cell-to-cell adherens junction formation, up-regulate MMP secretion, promote MMP activity, and induce invadosome-like protrusion formation. Such findings suggest that cell invasion in vivo is a spontaneous cell behavior in response to ECM stiffness. Directional mesenchymal cell invasion in vivo is understood to be a stimulated event and to be regulated by cytokines, chemokines, and types of extracellular matrix (ECM). Instead, by focusing on the cellular response to ECM stiffness, we found that soft ECM (low stiffness) itself is sufficient to prevent stable cell-to-cell adherens junction formation, up-regulate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) secretion, promote MMP activity, and induce invadosome-like protrusion (ILP) formation. Consistently, similar ILP formation was also detected in a three-dimensional directional invasion assay in soft matrix. Primary human fibroblasts spontaneously form ILPs in a very narrow range of ECM stiffness (0.1–0.4 kPa), and such ILP formation is Src family kinase dependent. In contrast, spontaneous ILP formation in malignant cancer cells and fibrosarcoma cells occurs across a much wider range of ECM stiffness, and these tumor cell ILPs are also more prominent at lower stiffness. These findings suggest that ECM softness is a natural stimulator for cellular invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhan Gu
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054 Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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Woolley JF, Corcoran A, Groeger G, Landry WD, Cotter TG. Redox-regulated growth factor survival signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013. [PMID: 23198948 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Once the thought of as unwanted byproducts of cellular respiration in eukaryotes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to facilitate essential physiological roles. It is now understood that ROS are critical mediators of intracellular signaling. Control of signal transduction downstream of growth factor receptors by ROS is a complex process whose details are only recently coming to light. RECENT ADVANCES Indeed, recent evidence points to control of signal propagation by ROS at multiple levels in the typical cascade. Growth factor stimulation activates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (Noxs) at the membrane, producing superoxide in the extracellular matrix, which is catalyzed to the membrane-permeable hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that mediates intracellular signaling events. CRITICAL ISSUES The potential for H2O2, however, to disrupt cellular functions by damaging proteins and nucleic acids demands that its levels are kept in check by receptor-associated peroxiredoxins. This interplay of Nox and peroxiredoxin activity moderates levels of H2O2 sufficiently to modify signaling partners locally. Among the best studied of these partners are redox-controlled phosphatases that are inactivated by H2O2. Phosphatases regulate signal propagation downstream of receptors, and thus their inactivation allows a further level of control. Transmission of information further downstream to targets such as transcription factors, themselves regulated by ROS, completes this pathway. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Thus, signal propagation or attenuation can be dictated by ROS at multiple points. Given the complex nature of these processes, we envisage the emerging trends in the field of redox signaling in the context of growth factor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Woolley
- Tumour Biology Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Bioscience Research Institute, University College , Cork, Ireland
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Tamura M, Matsui H, Tomita T, Sadakata H, Indo HP, Majima HJ, Kaneko T, Hyodo I. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species accelerate gastric cancer cell invasion. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2013; 54:12-7. [PMID: 24426185 PMCID: PMC3882482 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.13-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor invasion is the most important factor to decide patient's prognosis. The relation between reactive oxygen species and tumor invasion is mainly reported that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase in the cell membrane is a reactive oxygen species producer for formulating an invadopodia. On the other hand, mitochondrion was known as one of the most important reactive oxygen species-producer in the cell via an energy transfer system. However, the relation between mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and the tumor invasion was not well clarified. In this study, we evaluated the relation between mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and tumor invasion using a normal gastric mucosal cell-line (RGM-1) and a cancerous mutant RGM-1 cell-line (RGK-1). Manganese superoxide dismutase-expressing RGK-1 cell-lines were used for a scavenging mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. The cells have been evaluated their movement ability as follows; cellular ruffling frequencies, wound healing assay to evaluate horizontal cellular migration, and invasion assay using matrigel to analyze vertical cellular migration. All cellular movement abilities were inhibited by scavenging mitochondrial reactive oxygen species with manganese superoxide dismutase. Therefore mitochondrial reactive oxygen species was one of factors enhancing the tumor invasion in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Tamura
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-noudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Matsui
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-noudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tomita
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-noudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Hisato Sadakata
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-noudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Hiroko P Indo
- Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragawa, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hideyuki J Majima
- Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragawa, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kaneko
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-noudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Ichinosuke Hyodo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-noudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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Wagner B, Gorin Y. Src tyrosine kinase mediates platelet-derived growth factor BB-induced and redox-dependent migration in metanephric mesenchymal cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 306:F85-97. [PMID: 24197068 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00371.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult kidney is derived from the interaction between the metanephric blastema and the ureteric bud. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor β is essential for the development of the mature glomerular tuft, as mice deficient for this receptor lack mesangial cells. This study investigated the role of Src tyrosine kinase in PDGF-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and migration of metanephric mesenchymal cells (MMCs). Cultured embryonic MMCs from wild-type and PDGF receptor-deficient embryos were established. Migration was determined via wound-healing assay. Unlike PDGF AA, PDGF BB-induced greater migration in MMCs with respect to control. This was abrogated by neutralizing an antibody to PDGF BB. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors suppressed PDGF BB-induced migration. Conversely, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) inhibitors had no effect. Src inhibitors inhibited PDGF-induced cell migration, PI3K activity, and Akt phosphorylation. Adenoviral dominant negative Src (AD DN Src) abrogated PDGF BB-induced Akt phosphorylation. Hydrogen peroxide stimulated cell migration. PDGF BB-induced wound closure was inhibited by the antioxidants N-acetyl-l-cysteine, tiron, and the flavoprotein inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium. These cells express the NADPH oxidase homolog Nox4. Inhibiting Nox4 with antisense oligonucleotides or small interfering RNA (siRNA) suppressed PDGF-induced wound closure. Inhibition of Src with siRNA reduced PDGF BB-induced ROS generation as assessed by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate fluorescence. Furthermore, PDGF BB-stimulated ROS generation and migration were similarly suppressed by Ad DN Src. In MMCs, PDGF BB-induced migration is mediated by PI3K and Src in a redox-dependent manner involving Nox4. Src may be upstream to PI3K and Nox4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Wagner
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Div. of Nephrology MC 7882, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229-3900.
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Mao S, Huang S. The signaling pathway of NADPH oxidase and its role in glomerular diseases. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2013; 34:6-11. [PMID: 24156279 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2013.848892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox), a major source of reactive oxygen species, is a critical mediator of redox signaling. It is well-documented that oxidative stress is associated with the development of glomerular diseases (GN). Hence, the Nox was also thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of GN. However, the expression of Nox in various GN was not consistent, the mechanisms by which the activity of the Nox enzymes in regulating renal cells remains unclear. Signaling pathways might be very important in the pathogenesis of GN. We performed this review to provide a relatively complete signaling pathways flowchart for Nox to the investigators who were interested in the role of Nox in the pathogenesis of GN. Here, we reviewed the signal transduction pathway of Nox and its role in the pathogenesis of GN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Mao
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , People's Republic of China
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Fekete A, Bőgel G, Pesti S, Péterfi Z, Geiszt M, Buday L. EGF regulates tyrosine phosphorylation and membrane-translocation of the scaffold protein Tks5. J Mol Signal 2013; 8:8. [PMID: 23924390 PMCID: PMC3765130 DOI: 10.1186/1750-2187-8-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tks5/FISH is a scaffold protein comprising of five SH3 domains and one PX domain. Tks5 is a substrate of the tyrosine kinase Src and is required for the organization of podosomes/invadopodia implicated in invasion of tumor cells. Recent data have suggested that a close homologue of Tks5, Tks4, is implicated in the EGF signaling. Results Here, we report that Tks5 is a component of the EGF signaling pathway. In EGF-treated cells, Tks5 is tyrosine phosphorylated within minutes and the level of phosphorylation is sustained for at least 2 hours. Using specific kinase inhibitors, we demonstrate that tyrosine phosphorylation of Tks5 is catalyzed by Src tyrosine kinase. We show that treatment of cells with EGF results in plasma membrane translocation of Tks5. In addition, treatment of cells with LY294002, an inhibitor of PI 3-kinase, or mutation of the PX domain reduces tyrosine phosphorylation and membrane translocation of Tks5. Conclusions Our results identify Tks5 as a novel component of the EGF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fekete
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1113, Hungary
| | - Gábor Bőgel
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Pesti
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - Zalán Péterfi
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Geiszt
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary ; "Lendület" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group of the Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - László Buday
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1113, Hungary ; Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest 1094, Hungary
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Abstract
Remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) is a fundamental cell property that allows cells to alter their microenvironment and move through tissues. Invadopodia and podosomes are subcellular actin-rich structures that are specialized for matrix degradation and are formed by cancer and normal cells, respectively. Although initial studies focused on defining the core machinery of these two structures, recent studies have identified inputs from both growth factor and adhesion signaling as crucial for invasive activity. This Commentary will outline the current knowledge on the upstream signaling inputs to invadopodia and podosomes and their role in governing distinct stages of these invasive structures. We discuss invadopodia and podosomes as adhesion structures and highlight new data showing that invadopodia-associated adhesion rings promote the maturation of already-formed invadopodia. We present a model in which growth factor stimulation leads to phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity and formation of invadopodia, whereas adhesion signaling promotes exocytosis of proteinases at invadopodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hoshino
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-6840, USA
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Spencer NY, Zhou W, Li Q, Zhang Y, Luo M, Yan Z, Lynch TJ, Abbott D, Banfi B, Engelhardt JF. Hepatocytes produce TNF-α following hypoxia-reoxygenation and liver ischemia-reperfusion in a NADPH oxidase- and c-Src-dependent manner. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 305:G84-94. [PMID: 23639811 PMCID: PMC3725690 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00430.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell line studies have previously demonstrated that hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) leads to the production of NADPH oxidase 1 and 2 (NOX1 and NOX2)-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) required for the activation of c-Src and NF-κB. We now extend these studies into mouse models to evaluate the contribution of hepatocytes to the NOX- and c-Src-dependent TNF-α production that follows H/R in primary hepatocytes and liver ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). In vitro, c-Src-deficient primary hepatocytes produced less ROS and TNF-α following H/R compared with controls. In vivo, c-Src-KO mice also had impaired TNF-α and NF-κB responses following partial lobar liver I/R. Studies in NOX1 and p47phox knockout primary hepatocytes demonstrated that both NOX1 and p47phox are partially required for H/R-mediated TNF-α production. To further investigate the involvement of NADPH oxidases in the production of TNF-α following liver I/R, we performed additional in vivo experiments in knockout mice deficient for NOX1, NOX2, p47phox, Rac1, and/or Rac2. Cumulatively, these results demonstrate that NOX2 and its activator subunits (p47phox and Rac) control the secretion of TNF-α by the liver following I/R. Interestingly, in the absence of Kupffer cells and NOX2, NOX1 played a dominant role in TNF-α production following hepatic I/R. However, NOX1 deletion alone had little effect on I/R-induced TNF-α. Thus Kupffer cell-derived factors and NOX2 act to suppress hepatic NOX1-dependent TNF-α production. We conclude that c-Src and NADPH oxidase components are necessary for redox-mediated production of TNF-α following liver I/R and that hepatocytes play an important role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netanya Y. Spencer
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Weihong Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Yulong Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Meihui Luo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Ziying Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Thomas J. Lynch
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Duane Abbott
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Botond Banfi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - John F. Engelhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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van Horssen R, Willemse M, Haeger A, Attanasio F, Güneri T, Schwab A, Stock CM, Buccione R, Fransen JAM, Wieringa B. Intracellular NAD(H) levels control motility and invasion of glioma cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:2175-90. [PMID: 23307072 PMCID: PMC11113314 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic transformation involves reprogramming of cell metabolism, whereby steady-state levels of intracellular NAD(+) and NADH can undergo dramatic changes while ATP concentration is generally well maintained. Altered expression of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), the rate-limiting enzyme of NAD(+)-salvage, accompanies the changes in NAD(H) during tumorigenesis. Here, we show by genetic and pharmacological inhibition of NAMPT in glioma cells that fluctuation in intracellular [NAD(H)] differentially affects cell growth and morphodynamics, with motility/invasion capacity showing the highest sensitivity to [NAD(H)] decrease. Extracellular supplementation of NAD(+) or re-expression of NAMPT abolished the effects. The effects of NAD(H) decrease on cell motility appeared parallel coupled with diminished pyruvate-lactate conversion by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and with changes in intracellular and extracellular pH. The addition of lactic acid rescued and knockdown of LDH-A replicated the effects of [NAD(H)] on motility. Combined, our observations demonstrate that [NAD(H)] is an important metabolic component of cancer cell motility. Nutrient or drug-mediated modulation of NAD(H) levels may therefore represent a new option for blocking the invasive behavior of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco van Horssen
- Department of Cell Biology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Vaškovičová K, Žárský V, Rösel D, Nikolič M, Buccione R, Cvrčková F, Brábek J. Invasive cells in animals and plants: searching for LECA machineries in later eukaryotic life. Biol Direct 2013; 8:8. [PMID: 23557484 PMCID: PMC3663805 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6150-8-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive cell growth and migration is usually considered a specifically metazoan phenomenon. However, common features and mechanisms of cytoskeletal rearrangements, membrane trafficking and signalling processes contribute to cellular invasiveness in organisms as diverse as metazoans and plants – two eukaryotic realms genealogically connected only through the last common eukaryotic ancestor (LECA). By comparing current understanding of cell invasiveness in model cell types of both metazoan and plant origin (invadopodia of transformed metazoan cells, neurites, pollen tubes and root hairs), we document that invasive cell behavior in both lineages depends on similar mechanisms. While some superficially analogous processes may have arisen independently by convergent evolution (e.g. secretion of substrate- or tissue-macerating enzymes by both animal and plant cells), at the heart of cell invasion is an evolutionarily conserved machinery of cellular polarization and oriented cell mobilization, involving the actin cytoskeleton and the secretory pathway. Its central components - small GTPases (in particular RHO, but also ARF and Rab), their specialized effectors, actin and associated proteins, the exocyst complex essential for polarized secretion, or components of the phospholipid- and redox- based signalling circuits (inositol-phospholipid kinases/PIP2, NADPH oxidases) are aparently homologous among plants and metazoans, indicating that they were present already in LECA. Reviewer: This article was reviewed by Arcady Mushegian, Valerian Dolja and Purificacion Lopez-Garcia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Vaškovičová
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Weyemi U, Redon CE, Parekh PR, Dupuy C, Bonner WM. NADPH Oxidases NOXs and DUOXs as putative targets for cancer therapy. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2013; 13:502-514. [PMID: 22931418 PMCID: PMC6365101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) form a class of molecules with both positive and negative impacts on cellular health. Negatively, ROS may react with cellular constituents including proteins, lipids, and DNA to generate an array of oxidative lesions. These lesions may compromise genome stability which is critical for long-term cellular homeostasis and healthy progeny. Paradoxically, ROS also function as strong signalling molecules that mediate various growth-related responses, so their presence is also essential for cellular metabolism. While ROS are generated in an unregulated manner by physical stresses such as exposure to ionizing radiation and biochemical malfunctions such as mitochondrial leakage, cells also contain the NADPH oxidases NOXs and DUOXs, which specifically generate ROS in a wide variety of tissues. While the NOXs/DUOXs may be involved in maintaining optimal cellular redox levels, there is also accumulating evidence that NADPH oxidases-derived ROS may elevate the risk for genomic instability and cancer. Cancer cells may produce high levels of ROS, and in some cases, the source of these ROS has been linked to NOX/DUOX deregulation as reported for prostate cancer (NOX1 and NOX5), melanoma and glioblastoma (NOX4) among others. In addition, recent studies reveal that targeting NADPH oxidases with NOXs inhibitors may impair tumor growth in vivo; indicating that these proteins may be useful targets in future clinical strategies to fight cancer. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge concerning these enzymes, their roles in cancer, and their potential as targets in future cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urbain Weyemi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Reactive oxygen species in vascular formation and development. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:374963. [PMID: 23401740 PMCID: PMC3564431 DOI: 10.1155/2013/374963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are derived from the metabolism of oxygen and are traditionally viewed as toxic byproducts that cause damage to biomolecules. It is now becoming widely acknowledged that ROS are key modulators in a variety of biological processes and pathological states. ROS mediate key signaling transduction pathways by reversible oxidation of certain signaling components and are involved in the signaling of growth factors, G-protein-coupled receptors, Notch, and Wnt and its downstream cascades including MAPK, JAK-STAT, NF-κB, and PI3K/AKT. Vascular formation and development is one of the most important events during embryogenesis and is vital for postnasal tissue repair. In this paper, we will discuss how ROS regulate different steps in vascular development, including smooth muscle cell differentiation, angiogenesis, endothelial progenitor cells recruitment, and vascular cell migration.
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Kallenborn-Gerhardt W, Schröder K, Geisslinger G, Schmidtko A. NOXious signaling in pain processing. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 137:309-17. [PMID: 23146925 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain affects millions of people and often causes major health problems. Accumulating evidence indicates that the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion or hydrogen peroxide, is increased in the nociceptive system during chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain, and that ROS can act as specific signaling molecules in pain processing. Reduction of ROS levels by administration of scavengers or antioxidant compounds attenuated the nociceptive behavior in various animal models of chronic pain. However, the sources of increased ROS production during chronic pain and the role of ROS in pain processing are poorly understood. Current work revealed pain-relevant functions of the Nox family of NADPH oxidases, a group of electron-transporting transmembrane enzymes whose sole function seems to be the generation of ROS. In particular, significant expression of the Nox family members Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 in various cells of the nociceptive system has been discovered. Studies using knockout mice suggest that these Nox enzymes specifically contribute to distinct signaling pathways in chronic inflammatory and/or neuropathic pain states. Accordingly, targeting Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 could be a novel strategy for the treatment of chronic pain. Currently selective inhibitors of Nox enzymes are being developed. Here, we introduce the distinct roles of Nox enzymes in pain processing, we summarize recent findings in the understanding of ROS-dependent signaling pathways in the nociceptive system, and we discuss potential analgesic properties of currently available Nox inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Kallenborn-Gerhardt
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Corcoran A, Cotter TG. FLT3-driven redox-modulation of Ezrin regulates leukaemic cell migration. Free Radic Res 2012; 47:20-34. [PMID: 23009217 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.733385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The concept of reactive oxygen species (ROS) being produced via the activation of specific oncogenes provides a basis for generating genomic instability and pro-survival signalling in tumour cells. The purpose of this study was to identify downstream targets of NADPH oxidase (Nox)-derived ROS signalling in acute myeloid leukaemia cells, by performing a proteomic analysis utilizing two-dimensional phosphotyrosine immunoblotting. The majority of the targets identified were cytoskeletal-associated proteins including Ezrin, a known regulator of the cytoskeleton, which was examined further. The study demonstrated that inhibition of Nox enzymes, using diphenyleneiodonium chloride in the acute myeloid leukaemia cell line MOLM-13, resulted in a decrease in Ezrin tyrosine phosphorylation and also triggered a shift in Ezrin sub-cellular localization as detected by immunofluorescence. The change in Ezrin localization coincided with altered cell morphology, observed using scanning electron microscopy and a decreased ability to migrate through a polycarbonate transwell membrane. Similar effects were observed upon inhibition of the oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase FLT3 using the staurosporine derivate PKC412, implicating a role for FLT3 as an upstream regulator of Ezrin. Our results indicate that FLT3 drives production of ROS by Nox, which stimulates changes in Ezrin tyrosine phosphorylation and localization via redox regulation of Src. Furthermore, inhibition of FLT3 signalling leads to alterations in MOLM-13 cell morphology and has a significant influence on cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Corcoran
- Tumour Biology Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Biosciences Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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