1
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Kuczynski EA, Carnevalli L, Sinclair C. Longitudinal tracking of T cell lymphomas in mice using flow cytometry. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102144. [PMID: 36905629 PMCID: PMC10024047 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell hematological cancer has a complex interplay with host immune cells, but the ability to experimentally discriminate transferred cancer cells from host cells by flow cytometry is technically challenging. Here, we present a flow cytometry protocol to evaluate cancer cell and host immune phenotypes following transplant of a T cell lymphoma bearing a congenic marker (CD45.2) into a syngeneic host (CD45.1). We describe steps for isolation of primary immune cells from mice, staining preparation with flow cytometry antibody cocktails, and analysis by flow cytometry. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Kuczynski et al.1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charles Sinclair
- Flagship Pioneering, Suite 500E, 55 Cambridge Parkway, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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2
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Zhou Y, Quan G, Liu Y, Shi N, Wu Y, Zhang R, Gao X, Luo L. The application of Interleukin-2 family cytokines in tumor immunotherapy research. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1090311. [PMID: 36936961 PMCID: PMC10018032 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1090311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Interleukin-2 Family contains six kinds of cytokines, namely IL-2, IL-15, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-21, all of which share a common γ chain. Many cytokines of the IL-2 family have been reported to be a driving force in immune cells activation. Therefore, researchers have tried various methods to study the anti-tumor effect of cytokines for a long time. However, due to the short half-life, poor stability, easy to lead to inflammatory storms and narrow safety treatment window of cytokines, this field has been tepid. In recent years, with the rapid development of protein engineering technology, some engineered cytokines have a significant effect in tumor immunotherapy, showing an irresistible trend of development. In this review, we will discuss the current researches of the IL-2 family and mainly focus on the application and achievements of engineered cytokines in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyihua Zhou
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Guiqi Quan
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yahui Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Ran Zhang, ; Xiang Gao, ; Longlong Luo,
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ran Zhang, ; Xiang Gao, ; Longlong Luo,
| | - Longlong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ran Zhang, ; Xiang Gao, ; Longlong Luo,
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3
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Zhao Y, Wei K, Chi H, Xia Z, Li X. IL-7: A promising adjuvant ensuring effective T cell responses and memory in combination with cancer vaccines? Front Immunol 2022; 13:1022808. [PMID: 36389666 PMCID: PMC9650235 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1022808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines exhibit specificity, effectiveness, and safety as an alternative immunotherapeutic strategy to struggle against malignant diseases, especially with the rapid development of mRNA cancer vaccines in recent years. However, how to maintain long-term immune memory after vaccination, especially T cells memory, to fulfill lasting surveillance against cancers, is still a challenging issue for researchers all over the world. IL-7 is critical for the development, maintenance, and proliferation of T lymphocytes, highlighting its potential role as an adjuvant in the development of cancer vaccines. Here, we summarized the IL-7/IL-7 receptor signaling in the development of T lymphocytes, the biological function of IL-7 in the maintenance and survival of T lymphocytes, the performance of IL-7 in pre-clinical and clinical trials of cancer vaccines, and the rationale to apply IL-7 as an adjuvant in cancer vaccine-based therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kongyuan Wei
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hao Chi
- Clinical Medical Collage, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhijia Xia
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Zhijia Xia, ; Xiaosong Li,
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Clinical Molecular Medicine Testing Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhijia Xia, ; Xiaosong Li,
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4
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Xu N, Sun K, Wang YZ, Chen WM, Wang J, Li LD, Wang X, Hao Y, Chang Y, Liu YR, Huang XJ, Qin YZ. Low IL7R Expression at Diagnosis Predicted Relapse in Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients With t(8;21). Front Immunol 2022; 13:909104. [PMID: 35874754 PMCID: PMC9302488 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.909104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAcute myeloid leukemia (AML) with t(8;21) needs to be further stratified. In addition to leukemia cells, immune cells in tumor microenvironment participate in tumor initiation, growth and progression. Interleukins (ILs)/interleukin receptors (ILRs) interaction plays important roles in the antitumor immune response. IL7R is reported to be relevant to prognosis in solid tumor and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, the prognostic significance of IL7R in t(8;21) AML remains to be clarified.MethodsBone marrows collected from 156 newly diagnosed t(8;21) AML patients were used for testing IL7R transcript level by TaqMan-based real-time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR), and RNAseq were performed in 15 of them. Moreover, IL7R expression at diagnosis were measured by RQ-PCR and flow cytometry (FCM) simultaneously in other 13 t(8;21) AML patients.Resultst(8;21) AML patients had varied IL7R transcript levels and were categorized into low-expression (IL7R-L) and high-expression (IL7R-H) groups; IL7R-L was significantly associated with a lower relapse-free survival (RFS) rate (P=0.0027) and KITD816/D820 mutation (P=0.0010). Furthermore, IL7R-L was associated with a lower RFS rate in KITD816/D820 group (P=0.013) and IL7R-H/KITD816/D820 patients had similar RFS to KITN822/e8/WT patients (P=0.35). GO analysis enrichment showed that down-regulated genes were predominantly involved in the regulation of T cell and leukocyte activation, proliferation and differentiation in IL7R-L group. IL7R-L had significantly lower levels of Granzymes A/B, CCR7, CD28 and CD27 than IL7R-H group (all P<0.05). FCM analysis showed IL7R protein was primarily expressed in CD4+ T and CD8+ T cell subset. A significant association was found between the transcript level of IL7R and the percentage of CD8+ T cells in nucleated cells (P=0.015) but not CD4+ T cells (P=0.47).ConclusionLow IL7R transcript level of bone marrow at diagnosis predicted relapse in t(8;21) AML, which might be caused by the difference in the amount, status and function of T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Humans
- Interleukin-7 Receptor alpha Subunit/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Mutation
- Prognosis
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Recurrence
- Tumor Microenvironment
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5
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TCRα reporter mice reveal contribution of dual TCRα expression to T cell repertoire and function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32574-32583. [PMID: 33288689 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013188117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that a subpopulation of T cells expresses two T cell receptor (TCR) clonotypes, though the extent and functional significance of this is not established. To definitively evaluate dual TCRα cells, we generated mice with green fluorescent protein and red fluorescent protein reporters linked to TCRα, revealing that ∼16% of T cells express dual TCRs, notably higher than prior estimates. Importantly, dual TCR expression has functional consequences, as dual TCR cells predominated response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, comprising up to 60% of virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during acute responses. Dual receptor expression selectively influenced immune memory, as postinfection memory CD4+ populations contained significantly increased frequencies of dual TCR cells. These data reveal a previously unappreciated contribution of dual TCR cells to the immune repertoire and highlight their potential effects on immune responses.
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6
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Guzella TS, Barreto VM, Carneiro J. Partitioning stable and unstable expression level variation in cell populations: A theoretical framework and its application to the T cell receptor. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007910. [PMID: 32841238 PMCID: PMC7498022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic variation in the copy number of gene products expressed by cells or tissues has been the focus of intense investigation. To what extent the observed differences in cellular expression levels are persistent or transient is an intriguing question. Here, we develop a quantitative framework that resolves the expression variation into stable and unstable components. The difference between the expression means in two cohorts isolated from any cell population is shown to converge to an asymptotic value, with a characteristic time, τT, that measures the timescale of the unstable dynamics. The asymptotic difference in the means, relative to the initial value, measures the stable proportion of the original population variance Rα2. Empowered by this insight, we analysed the T-cell receptor (TCR) expression variation in CD4 T cells. About 70% of TCR expression variance is stable in a diverse polyclonal population, while over 80% of the variance in an isogenic TCR transgenic population is volatile. In both populations the TCR levels fluctuate with a characteristic time of 32 hours. This systematic characterisation of the expression variation dynamics, relying on time series of cohorts’ means, can be combined with technologies that measure gene or protein expression in single cells or in bulk. No two cells are identical. Even isogenic cells, living in the same environment and expressing the same set of genes display measurable differences or variation in the expression level of any of these genes. How much of the differences in expression levels are permanent and how much of these differences vanish in time has intrigued us for generations. We develop a theoretical framework based on a stochastic model and put it to work in the analysis of T cell receptor expression level in CD4 T cells. We show that T cell populations with genetically diverse receptors display stable variation in receptor expression but, surprisingly, we detect persistent differences in receptor levels among uniform transgenic T cells. The analysis, being based on the mean cohort expression levels logarithm, can be applied to techniques that measure expression at single-cell level and also to the myriad of genomics and proteomics techniques that measure expression in bulk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vasco M. Barreto
- CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail: (VMB); (JC)
| | - Jorge Carneiro
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- * E-mail: (VMB); (JC)
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7
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Marković I, Savvides SN. Modulation of Signaling Mediated by TSLP and IL-7 in Inflammation, Autoimmune Diseases, and Cancer. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1557. [PMID: 32849527 PMCID: PMC7396566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) and Interleukin-7 (IL-7) are widely studied cytokines within distinct branches of immunology. On one hand, TSLP is crucially important for mediating type 2 immunity at barrier surfaces and has been linked to widespread allergic and inflammatory diseases of the airways, skin, and gut. On the other hand, IL-7 operates at the foundations of T-cell and innate lymphoid cell (ILC) development and homeostasis and has been associated with cancer. Yet, TSLP and IL-7 are united by key commonalities in their structure and the structural basis of the receptor assemblies they mediate to initiate cellular signaling, in particular their cross-utilization of IL-7Rα. As therapeutic targeting of TSLP and IL-7 via diverse approaches is reaching advanced stages and in light of the plethora of mechanistic and structural data on receptor signaling mediated by the two cytokines, the time is ripe to provide integrated views of such knowledge. Here, we first discuss the major pathophysiological roles of TSLP and IL-7 in autoimmune diseases, inflammation and cancer. Subsequently, we curate structural and mechanistic knowledge about receptor assemblies mediated by the two cytokines. Finally, we review therapeutic avenues targeting TSLP and IL-7 signaling. We envision that such integrated view of the mechanism, structure, and modulation of signaling assemblies mediated by TSLP and IL-7 will enhance and fine-tune the development of more effective and selective approaches to further interrogate the role of TSLP and IL-7 in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Marković
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Savvas N Savvides
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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8
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Flip the coin: IL-7 and IL-7R in health and disease. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:1584-1593. [PMID: 31745336 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0479-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine IL-7 and its receptor, IL-7R, are critical for T cell and, in the mouse, B cell development, as well as differentiation and survival of naive T cells, and generation and maintenance of memory T cells. They are also required for innate lymphoid cell (ILC) development and maintenance, and consequently for generation of lymphoid structures and barrier defense. Here we discuss the central role of IL-7 and IL-7R in the lymphoid system and highlight the impact of their deregulation, placing a particular emphasis on their 'dark side' as promoters of cancer development. We also explore therapeutic implications and opportunities associated with either positive or negative modulation of the IL-7-IL-7R signaling axis.
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9
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Abstract
Generating and maintaining a diverse repertoire of naive T cells is essential for protection against pathogens, and developing a mechanistic and quantitative description of the processes involved lies at the heart of our understanding of vertebrate immunity. Here, we review the biology of naive T cells from birth to maturity and outline how the integration of mathematical models and experiments has helped us to develop a full picture of their life histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Seddon
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Yates
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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10
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Webb LV, Barbarulo A, Huysentruyt J, Vanden Berghe T, Takahashi N, Ley S, Vandenabeele P, Seddon B. Survival of Single Positive Thymocytes Depends upon Developmental Control of RIPK1 Kinase Signaling by the IKK Complex Independent of NF-κB. Immunity 2019; 50:348-361.e4. [PMID: 30737145 PMCID: PMC6382466 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) signaling is considered critical for single positive (SP) thymocyte development because loss of upstream activators of NF-κB, such as the IKK complex, arrests their development. We found that the compound ablation of RelA, cRel, and p50, required for canonical NF-κB transcription, had no impact upon thymocyte development. While IKK-deficient thymocytes were acutely sensitive to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced cell death, Rel-deficient cells remained resistant, calling into question the importance of NF-κB as the IKK target required for thymocyte survival. Instead, we found that IKK controlled thymocyte survival by repressing cell-death-inducing activity of the serine/threonine kinase RIPK1. We observed that RIPK1 expression was induced during development of SP thymocytes and that IKK was required to prevent RIPK1-kinase-dependent death of SPs in vivo. Finally, we showed that IKK was required to protect Rel-deficient thymocytes from RIPK1-dependent cell death, underscoring the NF-κB-independent function of IKK during thymic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise V Webb
- Present address: Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratories, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Alessandro Barbarulo
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Jelle Huysentruyt
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB-UGent Research Building FSVM, Technologiepark 927, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Vanden Berghe
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB-UGent Research Building FSVM, Technologiepark 927, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nozomi Takahashi
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB-UGent Research Building FSVM, Technologiepark 927, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Ley
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB-UGent Research Building FSVM, Technologiepark 927, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Benedict Seddon
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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11
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Carnevalli LS, Sinclair C, Taylor MA, Gutierrez PM, Langdon S, Coenen-Stass AML, Mooney L, Hughes A, Jarvis L, Staniszewska A, Crafter C, Sidders B, Hardaker E, Hudson K, Barry ST. PI3Kα/δ inhibition promotes anti-tumor immunity through direct enhancement of effector CD8 + T-cell activity. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:158. [PMID: 30587236 PMCID: PMC6307194 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PI3K inhibitors with differential selectivity to distinct PI3K isoforms have been tested extensively in clinical trials, largely to target tumor epithelial cells. PI3K signaling also regulates the immune system and inhibition of PI3Kδ modulate the tumor immune microenvironment of pre-clinical mouse tumor models by relieving T-regs-mediated immunosuppression. PI3K inhibitors as a class and PI3Kδ specifically are associated with immune-related side effects. However, the impact of mixed PI3K inhibitors in tumor immunology is under-explored. Here we examine the differential effects of AZD8835, a dual PI3Kα/δ inhibitor, specifically on the tumor immune microenvironment using syngeneic models. Continuous suppression of PI3Kα/δ was not required for anti-tumor activity, as tumor growth inhibition was potentiated by an intermittent dosing/schedule in vivo. Moreover, PI3Kα/δ inhibition delivered strong single agent anti-tumor activity, which was associated with dynamic suppression of T-regs, improved CD8+ T-cell activation and memory in mouse syngeneic tumor models. Strikingly, AZD8835 promoted robust CD8+ T-cell activation dissociated from its effect on T-regs. This was associated with enhancing effector cell viability/function. Together these data reveal novel mechanisms by which PI3Kα/δ inhibitors interact with the immune system and validate the clinical compound AZD8835 as a novel immunoncology drug, independent of effects on tumor cells. These data support further clinical investigation of PI3K pathway inhibitors as immuno-oncology agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa S Carnevalli
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit AstraZeneca, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK.
| | - Charles Sinclair
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit AstraZeneca, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Molly A Taylor
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit AstraZeneca, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | | | - Sophie Langdon
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit AstraZeneca, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK.,Present Address: University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Anna M L Coenen-Stass
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit AstraZeneca, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Lorraine Mooney
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK.,Present Address: Alderley Park Limited, Preclinical Services, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Adina Hughes
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit AstraZeneca, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Laura Jarvis
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit AstraZeneca, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Anna Staniszewska
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit AstraZeneca, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Claire Crafter
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit AstraZeneca, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Ben Sidders
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit AstraZeneca, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Elizabeth Hardaker
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit AstraZeneca, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Kevin Hudson
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK.,Present Address: 2theNth, Adelphi Group, Bollington, SK10 5JB, UK
| | - Simon T Barry
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit AstraZeneca, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK.
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12
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Balakrishnan A, Jama B, Morris GP. Endogenous co‐expression of two T cell receptors promotes lymphopenia‐induced proliferation via increased affinity for self‐antigen. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:1097-1104. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ab0618-214rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amritha Balakrishnan
- Department of PathologyUniversity of California San Diego La Jolla California USA
| | - Burhan Jama
- Department of PathologyUniversity of California San Diego La Jolla California USA
| | - Gerald P. Morris
- Department of PathologyUniversity of California San Diego La Jolla California USA
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13
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Lythe G, Molina-París C. Some deterministic and stochastic mathematical models of naïve T-cell homeostasis. Immunol Rev 2018; 285:206-217. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grant Lythe
- School of Mathematics; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
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14
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Rane S, Hogan T, Seddon B, Yates AJ. Age is not just a number: Naive T cells increase their ability to persist in the circulation over time. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2003949. [PMID: 29641514 PMCID: PMC5894957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2003949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The processes regulating peripheral naive T-cell numbers and clonal diversity remain poorly understood. Conceptually, homeostatic mechanisms must fall into the broad categories of neutral (simple random birth–death models), competition (regulation of cell numbers through quorum-sensing, perhaps via limiting shared resources), adaptation (involving cell-intrinsic changes in homeostatic fitness, defined as net growth rate over time), or selection (involving the loss or outgrowth of cell populations deriving from intercellular variation in fitness). There may also be stably maintained heterogeneity within the naive T-cell pool. To distinguish between these mechanisms, we confront very general models of these processes with an array of experimental data, both new and published. While reduced competition for homeostatic stimuli may impact cell survival or proliferation in neonates or under moderate to severe lymphopenia, we show that the only mechanism capable of explaining multiple, independent experimental studies of naive CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell homeostasis in mice from young adulthood into old age is one of adaptation, in which cells act independently and accrue a survival or proliferative advantage continuously with their post-thymic age. However, aged naive T cells may also be functionally impaired, and so the accumulation of older cells via ‘conditioning through experience’ may contribute to reduced immune responsiveness in the elderly. The body maintains large populations of naive T cells, a type of white blood cell that is able to respond specifically to pathogens. This arsenal is essential for our capacity to fight novel infections throughout our lifespan, and their numbers remain quite stable despite a gradual decline in the production of new naive T cells as we age. However, the mechanisms that underlie this stability are not well understood. In this study, we address this problem by testing a variety of potential mechanisms, each framed as a mathematical model, against multiple datasets obtained from experiments performed in mice. Our analysis supports a mechanism by which naïve T cells gradually increase their ability to survive the longer they reside in the circulation. Paradoxically, however, naïve T cells may also lose their ability to respond effectively to infections as they age. Together, these processes may drive the accumulation of older, functionally impaired T cells, potentially at the expense of younger and more immunologically potent cells, as we age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Rane
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Thea Hogan
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benedict Seddon
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Yates
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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15
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Lythe G, Callard RE, Hoare RL, Molina-París C. How many TCR clonotypes does a body maintain? J Theor Biol 2015; 389:214-24. [PMID: 26546971 PMCID: PMC4678146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We consider the lifetime of a T cell clonotype, the set of T cells with the same T cell receptor, from its thymic origin to its extinction in a multiclonal repertoire. Using published estimates of total cell numbers and thymic production rates, we calculate the mean number of cells per TCR clonotype, and the total number of clonotypes, in mice and humans. When there is little peripheral division, as in a mouse, the number of cells per clonotype is small and governed by the number of cells with identical TCR that exit the thymus. In humans, peripheral division is important and a clonotype may survive for decades, during which it expands to comprise many cells. We therefore devise and analyse a computational model of homeostasis of a multiclonal population. Each T cell in the model competes for self pMHC stimuli, cells of any one clonotype only recognising a small fraction of the many subsets of stimuli. A constant mean total number of cells is maintained by a balance between cell division and death, and a stable number of clonotypes by a balance between thymic production of new clonotypes and extinction of existing ones. The number of distinct clonotypes in a human body may be smaller than the total number of naive T cells by only one order of magnitude. The number of T cells of one clonotype is an integer. The history of a clonotype starts with release from the thymus, and ends with extinction. Competition and cross-reactivity are included in a natural way. The average number of cells per clonotype, in a human body, is only of order 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Lythe
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Robin E Callard
- Institute for Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK; Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Rollo L Hoare
- Institute for Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK; Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Carmen Molina-París
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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16
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A Zap70-dependent feedback circuit is essential for efficient selection of CD4 lineage thymocytes. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:406-16. [PMID: 25601273 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
During positive selection of CD4(+), CD8(+) double positive (DP) thymocytes, expression of the tyrosine kinase Zap70 is subject to developmental regulation. Signalling downstream of T-cell receptor (TCR) induces Zap70 expression, forming a positive feedback circuit. Although previous studies show this circuit is required for generation of CD8 lineage cells, it is not known whether selection of CD4 T cells also depends on intact developmental regulation of Zap70. To address this, we analysed development of Class II-restricted thymocytes in mice lacking the Zap70 transcriptional circuitry. Rescue of Zap70 expression in Zap70(-/-) mice using a tetracycline-inducible Zap70 transgene, that is not subject to positive feedback by TCR signalling, restored positive selection of Class-II-restricted thymocytes. However, in conditions of static Zap70 expression, approximately half of selecting thymocytes failed to commit normally to the CD4 lineage. Instead, cells that failed to develop into CD4 T cells resembled CD8 lineage precursor DP thymocytes but failed to survive in vivo. Therefore, the Zap70 feedback circuit is essential to efficiently mediate the CD4 lineage differentiation programme in response to Class II selecting ligands.
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17
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Marshall D, Sinclair C, Tung S, Seddon B. Differential requirement for IL-2 and IL-15 during bifurcated development of thymic regulatory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5525-33. [PMID: 25348623 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The developmental pathways of regulatory T cells (T(reg)) generation in the thymus are not fully understood. In this study, we reconstituted thymic development of Zap70-deficient thymocytes with a tetracycline-inducible Zap70 transgene to allow temporal dissection of T(reg) development. We find that T(reg) develop with distinctive kinetics, first appearing by day 4 among CD4 single-positive (SP) thymocytes. Accepted models of CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T(reg) selection suggest development via CD25(+)Foxp3(-) CD4 SP precursors. In contrast, our kinetic analysis revealed the presence of abundant CD25(-)Foxp3(+) cells that are highly efficient at maturing to CD25(+)Foxp3(+) cells in response to IL-2. CD25(-)Foxp3(+) cells more closely resembled mature T(reg) both with respect to kinetics of development and avidity for self-peptide MHC. These population also exhibited distinct requirements for cytokines during their development. CD25(-)Foxp3(+) cells were IL-15 dependent, whereas generation of CD25(+)Foxp3(+) specifically required IL-2. Finally, we found that IL-2 and IL-15 arose from distinct sources in vivo. IL-15 was of stromal origin, whereas IL-2 was of exclusively from hemopoetic cells that depended on intact CD4 lineage development but not either Ag-experienced or NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Marshall
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Sinclair
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Sim Tung
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Benedict Seddon
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
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18
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Han BY, Wu S, Foo CS, Horton RM, Jenne CN, Watson SR, Whittle B, Goodnow CC, Cyster JG. Zinc finger protein Zfp335 is required for the formation of the naïve T cell compartment. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25343476 PMCID: PMC4371841 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of naïve T lymphocytes is critical for immune function yet the
mechanisms governing their maturation remain incompletely understood. We have
identified a mouse mutant, bloto, that harbors a hypomorphic
mutation in the zinc finger protein Zfp335.
Zfp335bloto/bloto mice exhibit a naïve T cell
deficiency due to an intrinsic developmental defect that begins to manifest in the
thymus and continues into the periphery, affecting T cells that have recently
undergone thymic egress. The effects of Zfp335bloto are multigenic and
cannot be attributed to altered thymic selection, proliferation or Bcl2-dependent
survival. Zfp335 binds to promoter regions via a consensus motif, and its target
genes are enriched in categories related to protein metabolism, mitochondrial
function, and transcriptional regulation. Restoring the expression of one target,
Ankle2, partially rescues T cell maturation. These findings identify Zfp335 as a
transcription factor and essential regulator of late-stage intrathymic and
post-thymic T cell maturation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03549.001 To defend our bodies against a variety of foreign microbes, our immune system makes
cells called T cells that can identify these invaders and help to destroy them. There
are several types of T cells that play different roles in the immune response: some
activate other immune cells, while others destroy cells that have been infected by
viruses or other pathogens. T cells develop in a specialized organ called the thymus, where they go through a
rigorous selection process before being released as mature T cells into the rest of
the body. This selection process includes eliminating individual T cells that are
found to be sub-standard, perhaps because they might mistake our own cells for enemy
cells. However, many of the details of the later stages of T cell development are not
fully understood. Han et al. have now found that a protein called Zfp335 that is involved in the
production of mature T cells. Mice carrying a mutation in the gene that makes this
protein have fewer mature T cells than normal mice. Han et al. also reveal that
Zfp335 is a transcription factor that can control whether or not other genes are
expressed as proteins, and further show that one of these proteins, Ankle2, has an
important role in the production of mature T cells. A next step in the work is to define exactly how Zfp335 controls the expression of
these genes. It will also be important to determine whether mutations in Zfp335
contribute to human T-cell immunodeficiency. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03549.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Y Han
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Chuan-Sheng Foo
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Robert M Horton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Craig N Jenne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Susan R Watson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Belinda Whittle
- Australian Phenomics Facility, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Chris C Goodnow
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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19
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Schim van der Loeff I, Hsu LY, Saini M, Weiss A, Seddon B. Zap70 is essential for long-term survival of naive CD8 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2873-80. [PMID: 25092893 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Survival of naive T cells requires engagement of TCR with self-peptide major histocompatibility Ags. The signaling pathways required to transmit this survival signal are poorly understood. In this study, we asked whether the tyrosine kinase Zap70 is required to transmit survival signals in naive CD8 T cells. In the absence of Zap70 expression, thymic development is completely blocked. Using a tetracycline-inducible Zap70 transgene (TetZap70), thymic development of Zap70-deficient TCR transgenic F5 mice was restored. Feeding mice doxycycline to induce Zap70 expression resulted in repopulation of the peripheral naive compartment. Zap70 transgene expression was then ablated by withdrawal of doxycycline. Survival of Zap70-deficient naive CD8 T cells depended on host environment. In hosts with a replete T cell compartment, naive T cells died rapidly in the absence of Zap70 expression. In lymphopenic hosts, Zap70-deficient T cells survived far longer, in an IL-7-dependent manner, but failed to undergo lymphopenia-induced proliferation. Analyzing mixed bone marrow chimeras revealed that intact Zap70-dependent signaling was important for integration of recent thymic emigrants into the mature naive compartment. Finally, we asked whether adaptor function conferred by Zap70 tyrosines 315 and 319 was necessary for transmission of homeostatic TCR signals. This was done by analyzing F5 mice expressing mutant Zap70 in which these residues had been mutated to alanines (Zap70(YYAA)). Inducible Zap70 expression rescued thymic development in F5 TetZap70 Zap70(YYAA) mice. However, in the absence of wild-type Zap70 expression, the Zap70(YYAA) mutant failed to transmit either survival or proliferative homeostatic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Schim van der Loeff
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lih-Yun Hsu
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Manoj Saini
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom; and
| | - Art Weiss
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Benedict Seddon
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom; and
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20
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Sinclair C, Seddon B. Overlapping and asymmetric functions of TCR signaling during thymic selection of CD4 and CD8 lineages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5151-9. [PMID: 24771853 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TCR signaling plays a central role in directing developmental fates of thymocytes. Current models suggest TCR signal duration directs CD4 versus CD8 lineage development. To investigate the role of TCR signaling during positive selection directly, we switched signaling off in a cohort of selecting thymocytes and followed, in time, their subsequent fate. We did this using an inducible Zap70 transgenic mouse model that allowed Zap70-dependent signaling to be turned on and then off again. Surprisingly, loss of TCR signaling in CD4(+)CD8(lo) thymocytes did not prevent their development into committed CD4 single positives (SPs), nor their continued maturation to HSA(lo) SPs. However, numbers of CD4 SPs underwent a substantial decline following loss of Zap70 expression, suggesting an essential survival role for the kinase. Termination of TCR signaling is considered an essential step in CD8 lineage development. Loss of Zap70 expression, however, resulted in the rapid death of CD8 lineage precursor thymocytes and a failure to generate CD8 SPs. Significantly, extending the window of Zap70 expression was sufficient for generation and export of both CD4 and CD8 T cells. These data reveal a parallel requirement for TCR-mediated survival signaling, but an asymmetric requirement for TCR-mediated maturation signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Sinclair
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Benedict Seddon
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
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21
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Silva A, Cornish G, Ley SC, Seddon B. NF-κB signaling mediates homeostatic maturation of new T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E846-55. [PMID: 24550492 PMCID: PMC3948292 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1319397111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-7 is critical for the maintenance of the peripheral T-cell compartment of the adaptive immune system. IL-7 receptor α (IL-7Rα) expression is subject to developmental regulation and new T cells induce expression as they leave the thymus, which is essential for their long-term survival. It is not understood how this expression is regulated. Here, we identify a role for the Nuclear Factor κ-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in controlling expression of IL-7Rα in new T cells. Perturbations to NF-κB signaling, either by deletion of Inhibitor of Kappa-B Kinase-2 (IKK2) or by inhibiting Rel dimer activity, prevented normal IL-7Rα expression in new T cells. Defective IL-7Rα expression resulted in impaired survival and homeostatic cell division responses by T cells that could be attributed to their failure to express IL-7Rα normally. Surprisingly, NF-κB signaling was only required transiently in new T cells to allow their normal expression of IL-7Rα, because IKK2 deletion in mature T cells had no effect on IL-7Rα expression or their normal homeostatic responsiveness. Therefore, we identify a developmental function for NF-κB signaling in the homeostatic maturation of new T cells, by regulating IL-7Rα expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Silva
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Steven C. Ley
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
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22
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Sinclair C, Bains I, Yates AJ, Seddon B. Asymmetric thymocyte death underlies the CD4:CD8 T-cell ratio in the adaptive immune system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E2905-14. [PMID: 23858460 PMCID: PMC3732981 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1304859110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been recognized that the T-cell compartment has more CD4 helper than CD8 cytotoxic T cells, and this is most evident looking at T-cell development in the thymus. However, it remains unknown how thymocyte development so favors CD4 lineage development. To identify the basis of this asymmetry, we analyzed development of synchronized cohorts of thymocytes in vivo and estimated rates of thymocyte death and differentiation throughout development, inferring lineage-specific efficiencies of selection. Our analysis suggested that roughly equal numbers of cells of each lineage enter selection and found that, overall, a remarkable ∼75% of cells that start selection fail to complete the process. Importantly it revealed that class I-restricted thymocytes are specifically susceptible to apoptosis at the earliest stage of selection. The importance of differential apoptosis was confirmed by placing thymocytes under apoptotic stress, resulting in preferential death of class I-restricted thymocytes. Thus, asymmetric death during selection is the key determinant of the CD4:CD8 ratio in which T cells are generated by thymopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Sinclair
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom; and
| | - Iren Bains
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew J. Yates
- Departments of Systems and Computational Biology and
- Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Benedict Seddon
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom; and
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23
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Ribeiro D, Melão A, Barata JT. IL-7R-mediated signaling in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Adv Biol Regul 2013; 53:211-222. [PMID: 23234870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7), a cytokine produced in the bone marrow, thymus and other organs, is mandatory for normal human T-cell development and peripheral homeostasis. Different studies, including phase I clinical trials, have indicated the potential therapeutic value of recombinant IL-7 in the context of anti-cancer immunotherapy and as a booster of immune reconstitution. However, the two main pathways activated by IL-7, JAK/STAT5 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR, have both been implicated in cancer and there is considerable evidence that IL-7 and its receptor (IL-7R), formed by IL-7Rα (encoded by IL7R) and γc, may partake in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) development. In this context, the most compelling data comes from recent studies demonstrating that around 10% of T-ALL patients display IL7R gain-of-function mutations leading, in most cases, to disulfide bond-dependent homodimerization of two mutant receptors and consequent constitutive activation of downstream signaling, with ensuing cell transformation in vitro and tumorigenic ability in vivo. Here, we review the data on the involvement of IL-7 and IL-7R in T-ALL, further discussing the peculiarities of IL-7R-mediated signaling in human leukemia T-cells that may be of therapeutic value, namely regarding the potential use of PI3K and mTOR pharmacological inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ribeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Unversidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
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24
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Hogan T, Shuvaev A, Commenges D, Yates A, Callard R, Thiebaut R, Seddon B. Clonally diverse T cell homeostasis is maintained by a common program of cell-cycle control. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 190:3985-93. [PMID: 23475214 PMCID: PMC3619530 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymphopenia induces T cells to undergo cell divisions as part of a homeostatic response mechanism. The clonal response to lymphopenia is extremely diverse, and it is unknown whether this heterogeneity represents distinct mechanisms of cell-cycle control or whether a common mechanism can account for the diversity. We addressed this question by combining in vivo and mathematical modeling of lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP) of two distinct T cell clonotypes. OT-I T cells undergo rapid LIP accompanied by differentiation that superficially resembles Ag-induced proliferation, whereas F5 T cells divide slowly and remain naive. Both F5 and OT-I LIP responses were most accurately described by a single stochastic division model where the rate of cell division was exponentially decreased with increasing cell numbers. The model successfully identified key biological parameters of the response and accurately predicted the homeostatic set point of each clone. Significantly, the model was successful in predicting interclonal competition between OT-I and F5 T cells, consistent with competition for the same resource(s) required for homeostatic proliferation. Our results show that diverse and heterogeneous clonal T cell responses can be accounted for by a single common model of homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Hogan
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
| | - Andrey Shuvaev
- INSERM U897, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie et de Développement, Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Daniel Commenges
- INSERM U897, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie et de Développement, Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Andrew Yates
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY10461
| | - Robin Callard
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
| | - Rodolphe Thiebaut
- INSERM U897, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie et de Développement, Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Benedict Seddon
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
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25
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Abstract
Abstract
The primary consequence of positive selection is to render thymocytes responsive to cytokines and chemokines expressed in the thymic medulla. In the present study, our main objective was to discover which cytokines could support the differentiation of positively selected thymocytes. To this end, we have developed an in vitro model suitable for high-throughput analyses of positive selection and CD8 T-cell differentiation. The model involves coculture of TCRhiCD5intCD69− double-positive (DP) thymocytes with peptide-pulsed OP9 cells and γc-cytokines. We report that IL-4, IL-7, and IL-21 have nonredundant effects on positively selected DP thymocytes. IL-7 signaling phosphorylates STAT5 and ERK; induces Foxo1, Klf2, and S1pr1; and supports the differentiation of classic CD8 T cells. IL-4 activates STAT6 and ERK and supports the differentiation of CD8intPD-L1hiCD44hiEOMES+ innate CD8 T cells. IL-21 is produced by thymic epithelial cells and the IL-21 receptor-α is strongly induced on DP thymocytes undergoing positive selection. IL-21 signaling phosphorylates STAT3 and STAT5, but not ERK, and does not support CD8 T-cell differentiation. However, IL-21 has a unique ability to up-regulate BCL-6, expand DP thymocytes undergoing positive selection, and increase the production of mature T cells. Our data suggest that injection of recombinant IL-21 might enhance thymic output in subjects with age- or disease-related thymic atrophy.
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26
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Self-peptides in TCR repertoire selection and peripheral T cell function. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013; 373:49-67. [PMID: 23612987 DOI: 10.1007/82_2013_319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate antigen receptors are anticipatory in their antigen recognition and display a vast diversity. Antigen receptors are assembled through V(D)J recombination, in which one of each Variable, (Diverse), and Joining gene segment are randomly utilized and recombined. Both gene rearrangement and mutational insertion are generated through randomness; therefore, the process of antigen receptors generation requires a rigorous testing system to select every receptor which is useful to recognize foreign antigens, but which would cause no harm to self cells. In the case of T cell receptors (TCR), such a quality control responsibility rests in thymic positive and negative selection. In this review, we focus on the critical involvement of self-peptides in the generation of a T cell repertoire, discuss the role of T cell thymic development in shaping the specificity of TCR repertoire, and directing function fitness of mature T cells in periphery. Here, we consider thymic positive selection to be not merely a one-time maturing experience for an individual T cell, but a life-long imprinting which influences the function of each individual T cell in periphery.
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27
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Ligons DL, Tuncer C, Linowes BA, Akcay IM, Kurtulus S, Deniz E, Atasever Arslan B, Cevik SI, Keller HR, Luckey MA, Feigenbaum L, Möröy T, Ersahin T, Atalay R, Erman B, Park JH. CD8 lineage-specific regulation of interleukin-7 receptor expression by the transcriptional repressor Gfi1. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:34386-99. [PMID: 22865857 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.378687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 receptor α (IL-7Rα) is essential for T cell survival and differentiation. Glucocorticoids are potent enhancers of IL-7Rα expression with diverse roles in T cell biology. Here we identify the transcriptional repressor, growth factor independent-1 (Gfi1), as a novel intermediary in glucocorticoid-induced IL-7Rα up-regulation. We found Gfi1 to be a major inhibitory target of dexamethasone by microarray expression profiling of 3B4.15 T-hybridoma cells. Concordantly, retroviral transduction of Gfi1 significantly blunted IL-7Rα up-regulation by dexamethasone. To further assess the role of Gfi1 in vivo, we generated bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic mice, in which a modified Il7r locus expresses GFP to report Il7r gene transcription. By introducing this BAC reporter transgene into either Gfi1-deficient or Gfi1-transgenic mice, we document in vivo that IL-7Rα transcription is up-regulated in the absence of Gfi1 and down-regulated when Gfi1 is overexpressed. Strikingly, the in vivo regulatory role of Gfi1 was specific for CD8(+), and not CD4(+) T cells or immature thymocytes. These results identify Gfi1 as a specific transcriptional repressor of the Il7r gene in CD8 T lymphocytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davinna L Ligons
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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