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Chan JY, Loh JW, Lim JQ, Liany H, Lee ECY, Lee JY, Kannan B, Lim BY, Guo Z, Lim K, Ha JCH, Ng CCY, Ko TK, Huang D, Seow DYB, Cheng CL, Chan SH, Ngeow J, Teh BT, Lim ST, Ong CK. Single-cell landscape of idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease in identical twins. Blood 2024; 143:1837-1844. [PMID: 38170173 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023021992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (iMCD) is a rare cytokine-driven disorder characterized by systemic inflammation, generalized lymphadenopathy, and organ dysfunction. Here, we present an unusual occurrence of iMCD in identical twins and examined the immune milieu within the affected lymphoid organs and the host circulation using multiomic high-dimensional profiling. Using spatial enhanced resolution omics sequencing (Stereo-seq) transcriptomic profiling, we performed unsupervised spatially constrained clustering to identify different anatomic structures, mapping the follicles and interfollicular regions. After a cell segmentation approach, interleukin 6 (IL-6) pathway genes significantly colocalized with endothelial cells and fibroblastic reticular cells, confirming observations using a single-cell sequencing approach (10× Chromium). Furthermore, single-cell sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed an "inflammatory" peripheral monocytosis enriched for the expression of S100A family genes in both twins. In summary, we provided evidence of the putative cell-of-origin of IL-6 signals in iMCD and described a distinct monocytic host immune response phenotype through a unique identical twin model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Yongsheng Chan
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Discovery Hub, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Blood Cancer Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jui Wan Loh
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Discovery Hub, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Quan Lim
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Lymphoma Genomic Translational Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Herty Liany
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Lymphoma Genomic Translational Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jing Yi Lee
- Cancer Discovery Hub, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bavani Kannan
- Cancer Discovery Hub, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Yee Lim
- Cancer Discovery Hub, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zexi Guo
- Cancer Discovery Hub, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kerry Lim
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Lymphoma Genomic Translational Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeslin Chian Hung Ha
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Lymphoma Genomic Translational Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Tun Kiat Ko
- Cancer Discovery Hub, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dachuan Huang
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Lymphoma Genomic Translational Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Chee Leong Cheng
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sock Hoai Chan
- Cancer Genetics Service, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joanne Ngeow
- Cancer Genetics Service, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bin Tean Teh
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Soon Thye Lim
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Blood Cancer Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Choon Kiat Ong
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Lymphoma Genomic Translational Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
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Thapa R, Gupta G, Bhat AA, Almalki WH, Alzarea SI, Kazmi I, Saleem S, Khan R, Altwaijry N, Dureja H, Singh SK, Dua K. A review of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK3) inhibitors for cancers therapies. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127375. [PMID: 37839597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The intricate molecular pathways governing cancer development and progression have spurred intensive investigations into novel therapeutic targets. Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK3), a complex serine/threonine kinase, has emerged as a key player with intricate roles in various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and metabolism. Harnessing GSK3 inhibitors as potential candidates for cancer therapy has garnered significant interest due to their ability to modulate key signalling pathways that drive oncogenesis. The review encompasses a thorough examination of the molecular mechanisms underlying GSK3's involvement in cancer progression, shedding light on its interaction with critical pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/AKT, and NF-κB. Through these interactions, GSK3 exerts influence over tumour growth, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis, rendering it an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. The discussion includes preclinical and clinical studies, showcasing the inhibitors efficacy across a spectrum of cancer types, including pancreatic, ovarian, lung, and other malignancies. Insights from recent studies highlight the potential synergistic effects of combining GSK3 inhibitors with conventional chemotherapeutic agents or targeted therapies, opening avenues for innovative combinatorial approaches. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research surrounding GSK3 inhibitors as promising agents for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Thapa
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Mahal Road, Jaipur, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, India; School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248007, India.
| | - Asif Ahmad Bhat
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Mahal Road, Jaipur, India
| | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami I Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakir Saleem
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruqaiyah Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Deanship of Preparatory Year for the Health Colleges, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najla Altwaijry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harish Dureja
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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Schlicher L, Green LG, Romagnani A, Renner F. Small molecule inhibitors for cancer immunotherapy and associated biomarkers - the current status. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1297175. [PMID: 38022587 PMCID: PMC10644399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1297175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the success of cancer immunotherapy using large molecules against immune checkpoint inhibitors, the concept of using small molecules to interfere with intracellular negative regulators of anti-tumor immune responses has emerged in recent years. The main targets for small molecule drugs currently include enzymes of negative feedback loops in signaling pathways of immune cells and proteins that promote immunosuppressive signals within the tumor microenvironment. In the adaptive immune system, negative regulators of T cell receptor signaling (MAP4K1, DGKα/ζ, CBL-B, PTPN2, PTPN22, SHP1), co-receptor signaling (CBL-B) and cytokine signaling (PTPN2) have been preclinically validated as promising targets and initial clinical trials with small molecule inhibitors are underway. To enhance innate anti-tumor immune responses, inhibitory immunomodulation of cGAS/STING has been in the focus, and inhibitors of ENPP1 and TREX1 have reached the clinic. In addition, immunosuppressive signals via adenosine can be counteracted by CD39 and CD73 inhibition, while suppression via intratumoral immunosuppressive prostaglandin E can be targeted by EP2/EP4 antagonists. Here, we present the status of the most promising small molecule drug candidates for cancer immunotherapy, all residing relatively early in development, and the potential of relevant biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schlicher
- Cancer Cell Targeted Therapy, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luke G. Green
- Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Romagnani
- Cancer Cell Targeted Therapy, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Renner
- Cancer Cell Targeted Therapy, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
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Gokhale S, Victor E, Tsai J, Spirollari E, Matracz B, Takatsuka S, Jung J, Kitamura D, Xie P. Upregulated Expression of the IL-9 Receptor on TRAF3-Deficient B Lymphocytes Confers Ig Isotype Switching Responsiveness to IL-9 in the Presence of Antigen Receptor Engagement and IL-4. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1059-1073. [PMID: 36883978 PMCID: PMC10073299 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The pleiotropic cytokine IL-9 signals to target cells by binding to a heterodimeric receptor consisting of the unique subunit IL-9R and the common subunit γ-chain shared by multiple cytokines of the γ-chain family. In the current study, we found that the expression of IL-9R was strikingly upregulated in mouse naive follicular B cells genetically deficient in TNFR-associated factor 3 (TRAF3), a critical regulator of B cell survival and function. The highly upregulated IL-9R on Traf3-/- follicular B cells conferred responsiveness to IL-9, including IgM production and STAT3 phosphorylation. Interestingly, IL-9 significantly enhanced class switch recombination to IgG1 induced by BCR crosslinking plus IL-4 in Traf3-/- B cells, which was not observed in littermate control B cells. We further demonstrated that blocking the JAK-STAT3 signaling pathway abrogated the enhancing effect of IL-9 on class switch recombination to IgG1 induced by BCR crosslinking plus IL-4 in Traf3-/- B cells. Our study thus revealed, to our knowledge, a novel pathway that TRAF3 suppresses B cell activation and Ig isotype switching by inhibiting IL-9R-JAK-STAT3 signaling. Taken together, our findings provide (to our knowledge) new insights into the TRAF3-IL-9R axis in B cell function and have significant implications for the understanding and treatment of a variety of human diseases involving aberrant B cell activation such as autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Eton Victor
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Jemmie Tsai
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Eris Spirollari
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Brygida Matracz
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Shogo Takatsuka
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Jaeyong Jung
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Daisuke Kitamura
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey
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5
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Jung J, Gokhale S, Xie P. TRAF3: A novel regulator of mitochondrial physiology and metabolic pathways in B lymphocytes. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1081253. [PMID: 36776285 PMCID: PMC9911533 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1081253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, the organelle critical for cell survival and metabolism, are exploited by cancer cells and provide an important therapeutic target in cancers. Mitochondria dynamically undergo fission and fusion to maintain their diverse functions. Proteins controlling mitochondrial fission and fusion have been recognized as essential regulators of mitochondrial functions, mitochondrial quality control, and cell survival. In a recent proteomic study, we identified the key mitochondrial fission factor, MFF, as a new interacting protein of TRAF3, a known tumor suppressor of multiple myeloma and other B cell malignancies. This interaction recruits the majority of cytoplasmic TRAF3 to mitochondria, allowing TRAF3 to regulate mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial functions, and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in resting B lymphocytes. Interestingly, recent transcriptomic, metabolic and lipidomic studies have revealed that TRAF3 also vitally regulates multiple metabolic pathways in B cells, including phospholipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, and ribonucleotide metabolism. Thus, TRAF3 emerges as a novel regulator of mitochondrial physiology and metabolic pathways in B lymphocytes and B cell malignancies. Here we review current knowledge in this area and discuss relevant clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyong Jung
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Samantha Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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6
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Hornick EL, Stunz LL, Sabree S, Wu X, Witzig TE, Bishop GA. The Tumor Suppressor Protein TRAF3 Modulates GSK3 Activity and Susceptibility of B Lymphoma Cells to GSK3 Inhibition. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14205029. [PMID: 36291813 PMCID: PMC9599470 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) is an adapter protein that inhibits many signals that promote B cell survival and activation. Mice with a B cell-specific TRAF3 deficiency and humans with a rare haploinsufficiency in TRAF3 have enhanced development of BCLs as they age. Loss-of-function mutations in TRAF3 are common in B cell malignancies. Recent studies show that pharmacological inhibition of the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), which regulates cellular growth, survival, and metabolism, inhibits growth and survival of BCL-derived B cells. In this study, we found that TRAF3 and GSK3 associated in B cells. The relative levels of TRAF3 in BCL cell lines correlated positively with the ratio of inactive to total GSK3β, and negatively correlated with susceptibility to GSK3 inhibition by the GSK3 inhibitory drug 9-ING-41, currently in clinical trials. Uniquely in BCLs with low TRAF3, GSK3 inhibition caused increased loss of the TRAF3-regulated, anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1. GSK3 inhibition also blocked hyperresponsiveness to IL-6 receptor signaling in TRAF3-deficient BCL cells. Together, these results support the utility of 9-ING-41 as a treatment for BCL, and suggest that a decrease or loss of TRAF3 in BCLs could act as a biomarker for increased susceptibility to GSK3 inhibitor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Hornick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Laura L. Stunz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Shakoora Sabree
- Graduate Program in Immunology and MSTP Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Xiaosheng Wu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Thomas E. Witzig
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Gail A. Bishop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology and MSTP Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence:
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7
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Hornick EL, Wallis AM, Bishop GA. TRAF3 enhances type I interferon receptor signaling in T cells by modulating the phosphatase PTPN22. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabn5507. [PMID: 36166512 PMCID: PMC9728096 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abn5507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are among the most powerful tools that host cells deploy against intracellular pathogens. Their effectiveness is due both to the rapid, directly antiviral effects of IFN-stimulated gene products and to the effects of type I IFN on responding immune cells. Type I IFN signaling through its receptor, IFNAR, is tightly regulated at multiple steps in the signaling cascade, including at the level of IFNAR downstream effectors, which include the kinase JAK1 and the transcriptional regulator STAT1. Here, we found that tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) enhanced the activation of JAK1 and STAT1 specifically in CD4+ T cells by preventing recruitment of the negative regulatory phosphatase PTPN22 to the IFNAR complex. The balance between signals through IFNAR and other cytokine receptors influences CD4+ T cell differentiation and function during infections. Our work reveals TRAF3 and PTPN22 as key regulators of CD4+ T cell activation by type I IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Hornick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Alicia M. Wallis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Gail A. Bishop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
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8
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Li H, Hostager BS, Arkee T, Bishop GA. Multiple mechanisms for TRAF3-mediated regulation of the T cell costimulatory receptor GITR. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101097. [PMID: 34418432 PMCID: PMC8441216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) plays context-specific roles in multiple receptor-mediated signaling pathways in different cell types. Mice lacking TRAF3 in T cells display defective T-cell-mediated immune responses to immunization and infection and demonstrate defective early signaling via the TCR complex. However, the role of TRAF3 in the function of GITR/TNFRSF18, an important costimulatory member of the TNFR superfamily, is unclear. Here we investigated the impact of T cell TRAF3 status on both GITR expression and activation of specific kinases in the GITR signaling pathway in T cells. Our results indicate that TRAF3 negatively regulates GITR functions in several ways. First, expression of GITR protein was elevated in TRAF3-deficient T cells, resulting from both transcriptional and posttranslational regulation that led to greater GITR transcript levels, as well as enhanced GITR protein stability. TRAF3 associated with T cell GITR in a manner dependent upon GITR ligation. TRAF3 also inhibited several events of the GITR mediated early signaling cascade, in a manner independent of recruitment of phosphatases, a mechanism by which TRAF3 inhibits signaling through several other cytokine receptors. These results add new information to our understanding of GITR signaling and function in T cells, which is relevant to the potential use of GITR to enhance immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzeng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Bruce S Hostager
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Tina Arkee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Gail A Bishop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Research, Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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So T. The immunological significance of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors (TRAFs). Int Immunol 2021; 34:7-20. [PMID: 34453532 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor (TRAF) family of molecules are intracellular signaling adaptors and control diverse signaling pathways mediated not only by the TNFR superfamily and the Toll-like receptor/interleukin-1 receptor superfamily but also by unconventional cytokine receptors such as IL-6 and IL-17 receptors. There are seven family members, TRAF1 to TRAF7, in mammals. Exaggerated immune responses induced through TRAF signaling downstream of these receptors often lead to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis and autoinflammatory syndromes, and thus those signals are major targets for therapeutic intervention. For this reason, it has been very important to understand signaling mechanisms regulated by TRAFs that greatly impact on life/death decisions and the activation, differentiation and survival of cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Accumulating evidence suggests that dysregulated cellular expression and/or signaling of TRAFs causes overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines, which facilitates aberrant activation of immune cells. In this review, I will explain the structural and functional aspects that are responsible for the cellular activity and disease outcomes of TRAFs, and summarize the findings of recent studies on TRAFs in terms of how individual TRAF family molecules regulates biological and disease processes in the body in both positive and negative ways. This review also discusses how TRAF mutations contribute to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori So
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
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10
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Comprehensive CRISPR-Cas9 screens identify genetic determinants of drug responsiveness in multiple myeloma. Blood Adv 2021; 5:2391-2402. [PMID: 33950175 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of new drugs in the past years has substantially improved outcome in multiple myeloma (MM). However, the majority of patients eventually relapse and become resistant to one or multiple drugs. While the genetic landscape of relapsed/ resistant multiple myeloma has been elucidated, the causal relationship between relapse-specific gene mutations and the sensitivity to a given drug in MM has not systematically been evaluated. To determine the functional impact of gene mutations, we performed combined whole-exome sequencing (WES) of longitudinal patient samples with CRISPR-Cas9 drug resistance screens for lenalidomide, bortezomib, dexamethasone, and melphalan. WES of longitudinal samples from 16 MM patients identified a large number of mutations in each patient that were newly acquired or evolved from a small subclone (median 9, range 1-55), including recurrent mutations in TP53, DNAH5, and WSCD2. Focused CRISPR-Cas9 resistance screens against 170 relapse-specific mutations functionally linked 15 of them to drug resistance. These included cereblon E3 ligase complex members for lenalidomide, structural genes PCDHA5 and ANKMY2 for dexamethasone, RB1 and CDK2NC for bortezomib, and TP53 for melphalan. In contrast, inactivation of genes involved in the DNA damage repair pathway, including ATM, FANCA, RAD54B, and BRCC3, enhanced susceptibility to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Resistance patterns were highly drug specific with low overlap and highly correlated with the treatment-dependent clonal evolution in patients. The functional association of specific genetic alterations with drug sensitivity will help to personalize treatment of MM in the future.
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11
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Oxley KL, Hanson BM, Zani AN, Bishop GA. Activated B lymphocytes and tumor cell lysate as an effective cellular cancer vaccine. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:3093-3103. [PMID: 33765210 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02914-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines that utilize patient antigen-presenting cells to fight their own tumors have shown exciting promise in many preclinical studies, but have proven quite challenging to translate to clinical feasibility. Dendritic cells have typically been the cell of choice for such vaccine platforms, due to their ability to endocytose antigens nonspecifically, and their expression of multiple surface molecules that enhance antigen presentation. However, dendritic cells are present in low numbers in human peripheral blood and must be matured in culture before use in vaccines. Mature B lymphocytes, in contrast, are relatively abundant in peripheral blood, and can be quickly activated and expanded in overnight cultures. We devised an optimal stimulation cocktail that engages the B cell antigen receptor, CD40, TLR4 and TLR7, to activate B cells to present antigens from lysates of the recipient's tumor cells, precluding the need for known tumor antigens. This B cell vaccine (Bvac) improved overall survival from B16F1 melanoma challenge, as well as reduced tumor size and increased time to tumor appearance. Bvac upregulated B cell antigen presentation molecules, stimulated activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and induced T cell migration. Bvac provides an alternative cellular vaccine strategy that has considerable practical advantages for translation to clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyp L Oxley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa Bishop, 2296 Carver Biomedical Research Bldg., 340 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Brett M Hanson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa Bishop, 2296 Carver Biomedical Research Bldg., 340 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, AMITA Resurrection, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ashley N Zani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa Bishop, 2296 Carver Biomedical Research Bldg., 340 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gail A Bishop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa Bishop, 2296 Carver Biomedical Research Bldg., 340 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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12
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Tizaoui K, Terrazzino S, Cargnin S, Lee KH, Gauckler P, Li H, Shin JI, Kronbichler A. The role of PTPN22 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2021; 51:513-522. [PMID: 33866147 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of autoimmune diseases is increasing worldwide, thus stimulating studies on their etiopathogenesis, derived from a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Genetic association studies have shown the PTPN22 gene as a shared genetic risk factor with implications in multiple autoimmune disorders. By encoding a protein tyrosine phosphatase expressed by the majority of cells belonging to the innate and adaptive immune systems, the PTPN22 gene may have a fundamental role in the development of immune dysfunction. PTPN22 polymorphisms are associated with rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, and many other autoimmune conditions. In this review, we discuss the progress in our understanding of how PTPN22 impacts autoimmunity in both humans and animal models. In addition, we highlight the pathogenic significance of the PTPN22 gene, with particular emphasis on its role in T and B cells, and its function in innate immune cells, such as monocytes, dendritic and natural killer cells. We focus particularly on the complexity of PTPN22 interplay with biological processes of the immune system. Findings highlight the importance of studying the function of disease-associated PTPN22 variants in different cell types and open new avenues of investigation with the potential to drive further insights into mechanisms of PTPN22. These new insights will reveal important clues to the molecular mechanisms of prevalent autoimmune diseases and propose new potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalthoum Tizaoui
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Histology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Salvatore Terrazzino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Interdepartmental Research Center of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics (CRIFF), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Sarah Cargnin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Interdepartmental Research Center of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics (CRIFF), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Keum Hwa Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Philipp Gauckler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Han Li
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Andreas Kronbichler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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13
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Abstract
IL-6 is involved both in immune responses and in inflammation, hematopoiesis, bone metabolism and embryonic development. IL-6 plays roles in chronic inflammation (closely related to chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases and cancer) and even in the cytokine storm of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Acute inflammation during the immune response and wound healing is a well-controlled response, whereas chronic inflammation and the cytokine storm are uncontrolled inflammatory responses. Non-immune and immune cells, cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and transcription factors nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) play central roles in inflammation. Synergistic interactions between NF-κB and STAT3 induce the hyper-activation of NF-κB followed by the production of various inflammatory cytokines. Because IL-6 is an NF-κB target, simultaneous activation of NF-κB and STAT3 in non-immune cells triggers a positive feedback loop of NF-κB activation by the IL-6-STAT3 axis. This positive feedback loop is called the IL-6 amplifier (IL-6 Amp) and is a key player in the local initiation model, which states that local initiators, such as senescence, obesity, stressors, infection, injury and smoking, trigger diseases by promoting interactions between non-immune cells and immune cells. This model counters dogma that holds that autoimmunity and oncogenesis are triggered by the breakdown of tissue-specific immune tolerance and oncogenic mutations, respectively. The IL-6 Amp is activated by a variety of local initiators, demonstrating that the IL-6-STAT3 axis is a critical target for treating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Hirano
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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14
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Medara N, Lenzo JC, Walsh KA, Reynolds EC, Darby IB, O'Brien-Simpson NM. A review of T helper 17 cell-related cytokines in serum and saliva in periodontitis. Cytokine 2020; 138:155340. [PMID: 33144024 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease with a complex underlying immunopathology. Cytokines, as molecular mediators of inflammation, play a role in all stages of disease progression. T helper 17 (Th17) cells are thought to play a role in periodontitis. Th17 cell development and maintenance requires a pro-inflammatory cytokine milieu, with many of the cytokines implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Serum and saliva are easily accessible biofluids which can represent the systemic and local environment to promote the development of Th17 cells. Here we review human clinical studies that investigate IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-25, IL-31, IL-33, IFN-γ, sCD40L and TNF-α in serum and saliva in periodontitis. We highlight their putative role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and place them within a wider context of animal and other clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Medara
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Jason C Lenzo
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Katrina A Walsh
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia.
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Ivan B Darby
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
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15
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Wong AHH, Shin EM, Tergaonkar V, Chng WJ. Targeting NF-κB Signaling for Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082203. [PMID: 32781681 PMCID: PMC7463546 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematologic malignancy in the world. Even though survival rates have significantly risen over the past years, MM remains incurable, and is also far from reaching the point of being managed as a chronic disease. This paper reviews the evolution of MM therapies, focusing on anti-MM drugs that target the molecular mechanisms of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. We also provide our perspectives on contemporary research findings and insights for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Hang-Heng Wong
- Laboratory of NF-κB Signaling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore; (E.M.S.); (V.T.)
- AW Medical Company Limited, Macau, China
- Correspondence: (A.H.-H.W.); (W.-J.C.); Tel.: +65-6586-9709 (A.H.-H.W.); +65-6772-4612 (W.-J.C.)
| | - Eun Myoung Shin
- Laboratory of NF-κB Signaling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore; (E.M.S.); (V.T.)
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Laboratory of NF-κB Signaling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore; (E.M.S.); (V.T.)
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
- Department of Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Wee-Joo Chng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore
- Correspondence: (A.H.-H.W.); (W.-J.C.); Tel.: +65-6586-9709 (A.H.-H.W.); +65-6772-4612 (W.-J.C.)
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16
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Arkee T, Bishop GA. TRAF family molecules in T cells: Multiple receptors and functions. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 107:907-915. [PMID: 31749173 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mr1119-397r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The TNFR superfamily of receptors, the major focus of the recent TNFR Superfamily Conference held in June 2019, employ the TNFR-associated factor (TRAF) family of adaptor proteins in key aspects of their signaling pathways. Although many early studies investigated TRAF functions via exogenous overexpression in nonhematopoietic cell lines, it has subsequently become clear that whereas TRAFs share some overlap in function, each also plays unique biologic roles, that can be highly context dependent. This brief review summarizes the current state of knowledge of functions of each of the TRAF molecules that mediate important functions in T lymphocytes: TRAFs 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6. Due to our current appreciation of the contextual nature of TRAF function, our focus is upon findings made specifically in T lymphocytes. Key T cell functions for each TRAF are detailed, as well as future knowledge gaps of interest and importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Arkee
- Graduate Program in Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Gail A Bishop
- Graduate Program in Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Depts. of Microbiology & Immunology and Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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17
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Pan W, Wang Q, Chen Q. The cytokine network involved in the host immune response to periodontitis. Int J Oral Sci 2019; 11:30. [PMID: 31685798 PMCID: PMC6828663 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-019-0064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease involving the destruction of both soft and hard tissue in the periodontal region. Although dysbiosis of the local microbial community initiates local inflammation, over-activation of the host immune response directly activates osteoclastic activity and alveolar bone loss. Many studies have reported on the cytokine network involved in periodontitis and its crucial and pleiotropic effect on the recruitment of specific immunocytes, control of pathobionts and induction or suppression of osteoclastic activity. Nonetheless, particularities in the stimulation of pathogens in the oral cavity that lead to the specific and complex periodontal cytokine network are far from clarified. Thus, in this review, we begin with an up-to-date aetiological hypothesis of periodontal disease and summarize the roles of cytokines in the host immune response. In addition, we also summarize the latest cytokine-related therapeutic measures for periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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18
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Whillock AL, Mambetsariev N, Lin WW, Stunz LL, Bishop GA. TRAF3 regulates the oncogenic proteins Pim2 and c-Myc to restrain survival in normal and malignant B cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12884. [PMID: 31501481 PMCID: PMC6733949 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49390-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
TRAF3 is a versatile intracellular adapter protein with multiple context-specific roles. Uniquely in B cells, TRAF3 deficiency enhances survival and increases the risk of transformation, as loss of TRAF3 is observed in several types of B cell cancers. Here, we report a new mechanism for TRAF3 in the restraint of B cell survival. We found that TRAF3 deficiency was associated with induction of the pro-survival kinase Pim2 in mouse primary B cells and human malignant B cell lines. The increase in Pim2 was independent of NF-κB2 activation but was ameliorated with inhibition of STAT3 expression or function. TRAF3 deficiency also led to a Pim2-dependent increase in c-Myc protein levels and was associated with reduced c-Myc ubiquitination. TRAF3-deficient primary B cells were less sensitive to cell death induced by the Pim inhibitors SGI-1776 and TP-3654. Interestingly, human malignant B cell lines with low expression of TRAF3 were more sensitive to Pim inhibition-induced cell death. Combination treatment of TRAF3-deficient B cells and B cell tumor lines with c-Myc inhibitors enhanced their sensitivity to Pim inhibition, suggesting a possible therapeutic strategy. TRAF3 thus suppresses a Pim2-mediated B cell survival axis, which can be a potential target for treatment of B cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Whillock
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nurbek Mambetsariev
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wai W Lin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laura L Stunz
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Gail A Bishop
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. .,Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. .,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. .,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. .,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. .,VA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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19
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Kimura M, Nagashima H, Okuyama Y, Ishii N, So T. TRAF2 and TRAF5 associated with the signal transducing receptor gp130 limit IL-6-driven transphosphorylation of JAK1 through the inhibition of proximal JAK-JAK interaction. Int Immunol 2019; 30:291-299. [PMID: 29668931 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) and TRAF5 constitutively bind to glycoprotein 130 kDa (gp130) and inhibit IL-6-driven activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in CD4+ T cells, which limits the differentiation of pro-inflammatory IL-17-producing helper T cells that require IL-6-receptor (IL-6R) signals for their development. However, it is not known how the interaction between TRAF and gp130 negatively regulates STAT3 activity in the IL-6R complex. We hypothesized that TRAF proteins associated with gp130 might limit the activation of Janus kinase that is needed for the activation of STAT3. To test this, we transfected HEK293T cells to express gp130 and TRAF2 or TRAF5 together with two chimeric JAK1 proteins combined with either the N-terminal or the C-terminal protein fragment of firefly luciferase. Using this luciferase fragment complementation system, we found that the recovery of luciferase enzyme activity was coincident with proximal JAK1-JAK1 interaction and phosphorylation of JAK1 in the IL-6R complex and that the expression of TRAF protein significantly inhibited the recovery of luciferase activity. The binding of TRAF to gp130 via the C-terminal TRAF domain was essential for the inhibition. In accordance with this, upon stimulation of endogenous gp130 with a complex of IL-6 and IL-6R, Traf5-/- CD4+ T cells displayed significantly higher amounts of phosphorylated JAK1 than did their wild-type counterparts. Therefore, our results demonstrate that gp130-associated TRAF2 and TRAF5 inhibit the interaction between two JAK proteins in the IL-6R complex that is essential for initiating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Kimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nagashima
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuko Okuyama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoto Ishii
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takanori So
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
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20
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Murakami M, Kamimura D, Hirano T. Pleiotropy and Specificity: Insights from the Interleukin 6 Family of Cytokines. Immunity 2019; 50:812-831. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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21
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Mustelin T, Bottini N, Stanford SM. The Contribution of PTPN22 to Rheumatic Disease. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:486-495. [PMID: 30507064 PMCID: PMC6438733 DOI: 10.1002/art.40790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the unresolved questions in modern medicine is why certain individuals develop a disorder such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or lupus, while others do not. Contemporary science indicates that genetics is partly responsible for disease development, while environmental and stochastic factors also play a role. Among the many genes that increase the risk of autoimmune conditions, the risk allele encoding the W620 variant of protein tyrosine phosphatase N22 (PTPN22) is shared between multiple rheumatic diseases, suggesting that it plays a fundamental role in the development of immune dysfunction. Herein, we discuss how the presence of the PTPN22 risk allele may shape the signs and symptoms of these diseases. Besides the emerging clarity regarding how PTPN22 tunes T and B cell antigen receptor signaling, we discuss recent discoveries of important functions of PTPN22 in myeloid cell lineages. Taken together, these new insights reveal important clues to the molecular mechanisms of prevalent diseases like RA and lupus and may open new avenues for the development of personalized therapies that spare the normal function of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Mustelin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Room E507, Seattle, WA 99108, phone (206) 616-6130,
| | - Nunzio Bottini
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0656, La Jolla, CA 92093-0656, phone (858) 246-2398 (N.B.) and (858) 246-2397 (S.M.S.), (N.B.) and (S.M.S.)
| | - Stephanie M. Stanford
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0656, La Jolla, CA 92093-0656, phone (858) 246-2398 (N.B.) and (858) 246-2397 (S.M.S.), (N.B.) and (S.M.S.)
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22
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Genetic variants differentially associated with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus reveal the disease-specific biology. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2739. [PMID: 30804378 PMCID: PMC6390106 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Two rheumatic autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), have distinct clinical features despite their genetic similarities. We hypothesized that disease-specific variants exclusively associated with only one disease could contribute to disease-specific phenotypes. We calculated the strength of disease specificity for each variant in each disease against the other disease using summary association statistics reported in the largest genome-wide association studies of RA and SLE. Most of highly disease-specific associations were explained by non-coding variants that were significantly enriched within regulatory regions (enhancers or H3K4me3 histone modification marks) in specific cell or organ types. (e.g., In RA, regulatory T primary cells, CD4+ memory T primary cells, thymus and lung; In SLE, CD19+ B primary cells, mobilized CD34+ primary cells, regulatory T primary cells and monocytes). Consistently, genes in the disease-specific loci were significantly involved in T cell- and B cell-related gene sets in RA and SLE. In summary, this study identified disease-specific variants between RA and SLE, and provided statistical evidence for disease-specific cell types, organ and gene sets that may drive the disease-specific phenotypes.
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23
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Pedros C, Altman A, Kong KF. Role of TRAFs in Signaling Pathways Controlling T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation and T Cell-Dependent Antibody Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2412. [PMID: 30405612 PMCID: PMC6204373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (TFH) cells represent a highly specialized CD4+ T cell subpopulation that supports the generation of germinal centers (GC) and provides B cells with critical signals promoting antibody class switching, generation of high affinity antibodies, and memory formation. TFH cells are characterized by the expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR5, the transcription factor Bcl-6, costimulatory molecules ICOS, and PD-1, and the production of cytokine IL-21. The acquisition of a TFH phenotype is a complex and multistep process that involves signals received through engagement of the TCR along with a multitude of costimulatory molecules and cytokines receptors. Members of the Tumor necrosis factor Receptor Associated Factors (TRAF) represent one of the major classes of signaling mediators involved in the differentiation and functions of TFH cells. TRAF molecules are the canonical adaptor molecules that physically interact with members of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily (TNFRSF) and actively modulate their downstream signaling cascades through their adaptor function and/or E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. OX-40, GITR, and 4-1BB are the TRAF-dependent TNFRSF members that have been implicated in the differentiation and functions of TFH cells. On the other hand, emerging data demonstrate that TRAF proteins also participate in signaling from the TCR and CD28, which deliver critical signals leading to the differentiation of TFH cells. More intriguingly, we recently showed that the cytoplasmic tail of ICOS contains a conserved TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)-binding motif that is shared with TBK1-binding TRAF proteins. The presence of this TRAF-mimicking signaling module downstream of ICOS is required to mediate the maturation step during TFH differentiation. In addition, JAK-STAT pathways emanating from IL-2, IL-6, IL-21, and IL-27 cytokine receptors affect TFH development, and crosstalk between TRAF-mediated pathways and the JAK-STAT pathways can contribute to generate integrated signals required to drive and sustain TFH differentiation. In this review, we will introduce the molecular interactions and the major signaling pathways controlling the differentiation of TFH cells. In each case, we will highlight the contributions of TRAF proteins to these signaling pathways. Finally, we will discuss the role of individual TRAF proteins in the regulation of T cell-dependent humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pedros
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Amnon Altman
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kok-Fai Kong
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
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24
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Bishop GA, Stunz LL, Hostager BS. TRAF3 as a Multifaceted Regulator of B Lymphocyte Survival and Activation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2161. [PMID: 30319624 PMCID: PMC6165887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptor protein TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) serves as a powerful negative regulator in multiple aspects of B cell biology. Early in vitro studies in transformed cell lines suggested the potential of TRAF3 to inhibit signaling by its first identified binding receptor, CD40. However, because the canonical TRAF3 binding site on many receptors also mediates binding of other TRAFs, and whole-mouse TRAF3 deficiency is neonatally lethal, an accurate understanding of TRAF3's specific functions was delayed until conditional TRAF3-deficient mice were produced. Studies of B cell-specific TRAF3-deficient mice, complemented by investigations in normal and malignant mouse and human B cells, reveal that TRAF3 has powerful regulatory roles that are unique to this TRAF, as well as functions context-specific to the B cell. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of these roles and functions. These include inhibition of signaling by plasma membrane receptors, negative regulation of intracellular receptors, and restraint of cytoplasmic NF- κB pathways. TRAF3 is also now known to function as a resident nuclear protein, and to impact B cell metabolism. Through these and additional mechanisms TRAF3 exerts powerful restraint upon B cell survival and activation. It is thus perhaps not surprising that TRAF3 has been revealed as an important tumor suppressor in B cells. The many and varied functions of TRAF3 in B cells, and new directions to pursue in future studies, are summarized and discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail A. Bishop
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Laura L. Stunz
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Bruce S. Hostager
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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25
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Zhu S, Jin J, Gokhale S, Lu AM, Shan H, Feng J, Xie P. Genetic Alterations of TRAF Proteins in Human Cancers. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2111. [PMID: 30294322 PMCID: PMC6158389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R)-associated factor (TRAF) family of cytoplasmic adaptor proteins regulate the signal transduction pathways of a variety of receptors, including the TNF-R superfamily, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and cytokine receptors. TRAF-dependent signaling pathways participate in a diverse array of important cellular processes, including the survival, proliferation, differentiation, and activation of different cell types. Many of these TRAF-dependent signaling pathways have been implicated in cancer pathogenesis. Here we analyze the current evidence of genetic alterations of TRAF molecules available from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Catalog of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) as well as the published literature, including copy number variations and mutation landscape of TRAFs in various human cancers. Such analyses reveal that both gain- and loss-of-function genetic alterations of different TRAF proteins are commonly present in a number of human cancers. These include pancreatic cancer, meningioma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, head and neck cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer, bladder cancer, uterine cancer, melanoma, sarcoma, and B cell malignancies, among others. Furthermore, we summarize the key in vivo and in vitro evidence that demonstrates the causal roles of genetic alterations of TRAF proteins in tumorigenesis within different cell types and organs. Taken together, the information presented in this review provides a rationale for the development of therapeutic strategies to manipulate TRAF proteins or TRAF-dependent signaling pathways in different human cancers by precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sining Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Juan Jin
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Samantha Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Angeli M. Lu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Haiyan Shan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Feng
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Fisheries College of Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Member, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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Nagashima H, Ishii N, So T. Regulation of Interleukin-6 Receptor Signaling by TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2 and 5 During Differentiation of Inflammatory CD4 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1986. [PMID: 30214449 PMCID: PMC6126464 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) bind to unconventional membrane-bound receptors in many cell types and control their key signaling activity, in both positive and negative ways. TRAFs function in a variety of biological processes in health and disease, and dysregulation of TRAF expression or activity often leads to a patho-physiological outcome. We have identified a novel attribute of TRAF2 and TRAF5 in interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor signaling in CD4+ T cells. TRAF2 and TRAF5 are highly expressed by naïve CD4+ T cells and constitutively bind to the signal-transducing receptor common chain gp130 via the C-terminal TRAF domain. The binding between TRAF and gp130 limits the early signaling activity of the IL-6 receptor complex by preventing proximal interaction of Janus kinases (JAKs) associated with gp130. In this reason, TRAF2 and TRAF5 in naïve CD4+ T cells negatively regulate IL-6-mediated activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) that is required for the development of IL-17-secreting CD4+ TH17 cells. Indeed, Traf2-knockdown in differentiating Traf5−/− CD4+ T cells strongly promotes TH17 development. Traf5−/− donor CD4+ T cells exacerbate the development of neuroinflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in wild-type recipient mice. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the role for TRAF2 and TRAF5 in the regulation of IL-6-driven differentiation of pro-inflammatory CD4+ T cells, especially focusing on the molecular mechanism by which TRAF2 and TRAF5 inhibit the JAK-STAT pathway that is initiated in the IL-6 receptor signaling complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nagashima
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoto Ishii
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takanori So
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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27
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Wallis AM, Bishop GA. TRAF3 regulation of inhibitory signaling pathways in B and T lymphocytes by kinase and phosphatase localization. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:1089-1098. [PMID: 29345428 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mir0817-339rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This brief review presents current understanding of how the signaling adapter protein TRAF3 can both induce and block inhibitory signaling pathways in B and T lymphocytes, via association with kinases and phosphatases, and subsequent regulation of their localization within the cell. In B lymphocytes, signaling through the interleukin 6 receptor (IL-6R) induces association of TRAF3 with IL-6R-associated JAK1, to which TRAF3 recruits the phosphatase PTPN22 (protein tyrosine phosphatase number 22) to dephosphorylate JAK1 and STAT3, inhibiting IL-6R signaling. An important biological consequence of this inhibition is restraining the size of the plasma cell compartment, as their differentiation is IL-6 dependent. Similarly, in T lymphocytes, interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R) signaling recruits TRAF3, which in turn recruits the phosphatase TCPTP (T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase) to dephosphorylate JAK3. The resulting inhibition of IL-2R signaling limits the IL-2-dependent size of the T regulatory cell (Treg) compartment. TRAF3 also inhibits type 1 IFN receptor (IFNαR) signaling to T cells by this mechanism, restraining expression of IFN-stimulated gene expression. In contrast, TRAF3 association with two inhibitors of TCR signaling, C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) and PTPN22, promotes their localization to the cytoplasm, away from the membrane TCR complex. TRAF3 thus enhances TCR signaling and downstream T cell activation. Implications are discussed for these regulatory roles of TRAF3 in lymphocytes, as well as potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gail A Bishop
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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28
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Zhu S, Jin J, Gokhale S, Lu AM, Shan H, Feng J, Xie P. Genetic Alterations of TRAF Proteins in Human Cancers. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 30294322 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02111/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R)-associated factor (TRAF) family of cytoplasmic adaptor proteins regulate the signal transduction pathways of a variety of receptors, including the TNF-R superfamily, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and cytokine receptors. TRAF-dependent signaling pathways participate in a diverse array of important cellular processes, including the survival, proliferation, differentiation, and activation of different cell types. Many of these TRAF-dependent signaling pathways have been implicated in cancer pathogenesis. Here we analyze the current evidence of genetic alterations of TRAF molecules available from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Catalog of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) as well as the published literature, including copy number variations and mutation landscape of TRAFs in various human cancers. Such analyses reveal that both gain- and loss-of-function genetic alterations of different TRAF proteins are commonly present in a number of human cancers. These include pancreatic cancer, meningioma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, head and neck cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer, bladder cancer, uterine cancer, melanoma, sarcoma, and B cell malignancies, among others. Furthermore, we summarize the key in vivo and in vitro evidence that demonstrates the causal roles of genetic alterations of TRAF proteins in tumorigenesis within different cell types and organs. Taken together, the information presented in this review provides a rationale for the development of therapeutic strategies to manipulate TRAF proteins or TRAF-dependent signaling pathways in different human cancers by precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sining Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Juan Jin
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Samantha Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Angeli M Lu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Haiyan Shan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Feng
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Fisheries College of Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Member, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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29
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The oncogenic membrane protein LMP1 sequesters TRAF3 in B-cell lymphoma cells to produce functional TRAF3 deficiency. Blood Adv 2017; 1:2712-2723. [PMID: 29296923 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017009670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in genes encoding the signaling protein tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) are commonly found in human B-cell malignancies, especially multiple myeloma and B-cell lymphoma (BCL). B-cell TRAF3 deficiency results in enhanced cell survival, elevated activation receptor signaling, and increased activity of certain transcriptional pathways regulating expression of prosurvival proteins. A recent analysis of TRAF3 protein staining of ∼300 human BCL tissue samples revealed that a higher proportion of samples expressing the oncogenic Epstein-Barr virus-encoded protein latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) showed low/negative TRAF3 staining than predicted. LMP1, a dysregulated mimic of the CD40 receptor, binds TRAF3 more effectively than CD40. We hypothesized that LMP1 may sequester TRAF3, reducing its availability to inhibit prosurvival signaling pathways in the B cell. This hypothesis was addressed via 2 complementary approaches: (1) comparison of TRAF3-regulated activation and survival-related events with relative LMP1 expression in human BCL lines and (2) analysis of the impact upon such events in matched pairs of mouse BCL lines, both parental cells and subclones transfected with inducible LMP1, either wild-type LMP1 or a mutant LMP1 with defective TRAF3 binding. Results from both approaches showed that LMP1-expressing B cells display a phenotype highly similar to that of B cells lacking TRAF3 genes, indicating that LMP1 can render B cells functionally TRAF3 deficient without TRAF3 gene mutations, a finding of significant relevance to selecting pathway-targeted therapies for B-cell malignancies.
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30
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Hundhausen C, Roth A, Whalen E, Chen J, Schneider A, Long SA, Wei S, Rawlings R, Kinsman M, Evanko SP, Wight TN, Greenbaum CJ, Cerosaletti K, Buckner JH. Enhanced T cell responses to IL-6 in type 1 diabetes are associated with early clinical disease and increased IL-6 receptor expression. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:356ra119. [PMID: 27629486 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad9943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a key pathogenic cytokine in multiple autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, suggesting that dysregulation of the IL-6 pathway may be a common feature of autoimmunity. The role of IL-6 in type 1 diabetes (T1D) is not well understood. We show that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and STAT1 responses to IL-6 are significantly enhanced in CD4 and CD8 T cells from individuals with T1D compared to healthy controls. The effect is IL-6-specific because it is not seen with IL-10 or IL-27 stimulation, two cytokines that signal via STAT3. An important determinant of enhanced IL-6 responsiveness in T1D is IL-6 receptor surface expression, which correlated with phospho-STAT3 levels. Further, reduced expression of the IL-6R sheddase ADAM17 in T cells from patients indicated a mechanistic link to enhanced IL-6 responses in T1D. IL-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation was inversely correlated with time from diagnosis, suggesting that dysregulation of IL-6 signaling may be a marker of early disease. Finally, whole-transcriptome analysis of IL-6-stimulated CD4(+) T cells from patients revealed previously unreported IL-6 targets involved in T cell migration and inflammation, including lymph node homing markers CCR7 and L-selectin. In summary, our study demonstrates enhanced T cell responses to IL-6 in T1D due, in part, to an increase in IL-6R surface expression. Dysregulated IL-6 responsiveness may contribute to diabetes through multiple mechanisms including altered T cell trafficking and indicates that individuals with T1D may benefit from IL-6-targeted therapeutic intervention such as the one that is being currently tested (NCT02293837).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hundhausen
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Alena Roth
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Whalen
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Janice Chen
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Anya Schneider
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. Neurological Clinic and Clinical Neurophysiology, Central Clinic Augsburg, Stenglinstrasse 2, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - S Alice Long
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Shan Wei
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Rebecca Rawlings
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - MacKenzie Kinsman
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Stephen P Evanko
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Carla J Greenbaum
- Diabetes Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Karen Cerosaletti
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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31
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Sacchetti C, Bottini N. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases in Systemic Sclerosis: Potential Pathogenic Players and Therapeutic Targets. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2017; 19:28. [PMID: 28397126 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-017-0655-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis depends on a complex interplay between autoimmunity, vasculopathy, and fibrosis. Reversible phosphorylation on tyrosine residues, in response to growth factors and other stimuli, critically regulates each one of these three key pathogenic processes. Protein tyrosine kinases, the enzymes that catalyze addition of phosphate to tyrosine residues, are known players in systemic sclerosis, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors are undergoing clinical trials for treatment of this disease. Until recently, the role of tyrosine phosphatases-the enzymes that counteract the action of tyrosine kinases by removing phosphate from tyrosine residues-in systemic sclerosis has remained largely unknown. Here, we review the function of tyrosine phosphatases in pathways relevant to the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis and their potential promise as therapeutic targets to halt progression of this debilitating rheumatic disease. RECENT FINDINGS Protein tyrosine phosphatases are emerging as important regulators of a multitude of signaling pathways and undergoing validation as molecular targets for cancer and other common diseases. Recent advances in drug discovery are paving the ways to develop new classes of tyrosine phosphatase modulators to treat human diseases. Although so far only few reports have focused on tyrosine phosphatases in systemic sclerosis, these enzymes play a role in multiple pathways relevant to disease pathogenesis. Further studies in this field are warranted to explore the potential of tyrosine phosphatases as drug targets for systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Sacchetti
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC #0656, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nunzio Bottini
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC #0656, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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32
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Wallis AM, Wallace EC, Hostager BS, Yi Z, Houtman JCD, Bishop GA. TRAF3 enhances TCR signaling by regulating the inhibitors Csk and PTPN22. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2081. [PMID: 28522807 PMCID: PMC5437045 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02280-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptor protein TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF) 3 is required for effective TCR signaling and normal T cell effector functions, and associates with the CD3/CD28 complex upon activation. To determine how TRAF3 promotes proximal TCR signaling, we studied TRAF3-deficient mouse and human T cells, which showed a marked reduction in activating phosphorylation of the TCR-associated kinase Lck. The impact of TRAF3 on this very early signaling event led to the hypothesis that TRAF3 restrains one or both of two known inhibitors of Lck, C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) and protein tyrosine phosphatase N22 (PTPN22). TRAF3 associated with Csk, promoting the dissociation of Csk from the plasma membrane. TRAF3 also associated with and regulated the TCR/CD28 induced localization of PTPN22. Loss of TRAF3 resulted in increased amounts of both Csk and PTPN22 in T cell membrane fractions and decreased association of PTPN22 with Csk. These findings identify a new role for T cell TRAF3 in promoting T cell activation, by regulating localization and functions of early TCR signaling inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zuoan Yi
- Depts of Microbiology, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jon C D Houtman
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Depts of Microbiology, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Internal Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Gail A Bishop
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Biomedical Engineering, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Depts of Microbiology, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Internal Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,The University of Iowa and VAMC, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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33
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Joshua V, Schobers L, Titcombe PJ, Israelsson L, Rönnelid J, Hansson M, Catrina AI, Pruijn GJM, Malmström V. Antibody responses to de novo identified citrullinated fibrinogen peptides in rheumatoid arthritis and visualization of the corresponding B cells. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:284. [PMID: 27906052 PMCID: PMC5133744 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies against citrullinated proteins (ACPA) are common in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). ACPA can appear before disease onset and target many self-antigens. Citrullinated fibrin/fibrinogen represents a classical ACPA target antigen, and mass spectrometry of RA synovial fluid reveals elevated citrullinated (cit) fibrinogen (Fib) peptides compared to non-RA controls. We investigated the extent to which these less-studied peptides represent autoantibody targets and sought to visualize the corresponding cit-Fib-reactive B cells in RA patients. METHODS An in-house ELISA was established against four cit-Fib α-subunit peptides (cit-Fib α-35; cit-Fib α-216,218; cit-Fib α-263,271 and cit-Fib α-425,426) and serum from patients with established RA (n = 347) and disease controls with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) or ankylosing spondylitis (AS) (n = 236) were analyzed. RA patients were genotyped for HLA-DR alleles, PTPN22 R620W and screened for anti-CCP2 and cit-Fib protein antibodies. The cit-Fib peptides were also used to assemble antigen tetramers to identify cit-Fib-reactive B cells in peripheral blood by flow cytometry. RESULTS The frequencies of autoantibodies against different cit-Fib epitopes in RA patients compared to PsA/AS patients were: cit-Fib α-35 (RA 20%, vs PsA/AS 1%); cit-Fib α-216,218 (13% vs 0.5%); cit-Fib α-263,271 (21% vs 0.5%) and cit-Fib α-425,426 (17% vs 1%). The presence of autoantibodies against these peptides was associated with presence of anti-CCP2 and anti-cit-Fib protein antibodies. No association was found between HLA-DR shared epitope and antibodies to the different cit-Fib peptides. However, association was observed between the PTPN22 risk allele and positivity to cit-Fib α-35 and cit-Fib α-263,271. B cells carrying surface Ig reactive to these cit-Fib peptides were found in RA peripheral blood and these tend to be more common in PTPN22 risk allele carriers. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that several cit-Fib peptides are targeted by autoantibodies in RA, but not in PsA/AS, implicating that these are not due to arthritis but more specific for RA etiology. The RA-associated anti-cit protein response is broad with many parallel immune responses. The association between cit-Fib autoantibodies and the PTPN22 R620W risk allele supports the hypothesis of altered B cell regulation, such as autoreactive B cells evading tolerance checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Joshua
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Loes Schobers
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Philip J Titcombe
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Israelsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Rönnelid
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Monika Hansson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anca I Catrina
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ger J M Pruijn
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Bishop GA. TRAF3 as a powerful and multitalented regulator of lymphocyte functions. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:919-926. [PMID: 27154354 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2mr0216-063r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the roles of the signaling adapter protein tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 3 in regulating the functions of B and T lymphocytes. In B lymphocytes, TNFR-associated factor 3 inhibits signaling by TNFR superfamily receptors, Toll-like receptors, and interleukin-6R. In contrast, signaling to B cells by the virally encoded oncogenic protein latent membrane protein 1 is promoted by TNFR-associated factor 3. An important B cell-specific role for TNFR-associated factor 3 is the inhibition of homeostatic survival, directly relevant to the common occurrence of TNFR-associated factor 3 mutations in human B cell malignancies. TNFR-associated factor 3 was recently found to be a resident nuclear protein in B cells, where it interacts with and inhibits gene expression mediated by the cAMP response element-binding protein transcription complex, including expression of the prosurvival protein myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein 1. In T lymphocytes, TNFR-associated factor 3 is required for normal signaling by the T cell antigen receptor, while inhibiting signaling by the interleukin-2 receptor. Cytoplasmic TNFR -associated factor 3 restrains nuclear factor-κB2 activation in both T and B cells. Clinical implications and future directions for the study of this context-dependent signaling regulator are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail A Bishop
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; .,Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; and .,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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35
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Wang JZ, Zhang YH, Guo XH, Zhang HY, Zhang Y. The double-edge role of B cells in mediating antitumor T-cell immunity: Pharmacological strategies for cancer immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 36:73-85. [PMID: 27111515 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence reveals the controversial role of B cells in antitumor immunity, but the underlying mechanisms have to be explored. Three latest articles published in the issue 521 of Nature in 2015 reconfirmed the puzzling topic and put forward some explanations of how B cells regulate antitumor T-cell responses both positively and negatively. This paper attempts to demonstrate that different B-cell subpopulations have distinct immunological properties and that they are involved in either antitumor responses or immunosuppression. Recent studies supporting the positive and negative roles of B cells in tumor development were summarized comprehensively. Several specific B-cell subpopulations, such as IgG(+), IgA(+), IL-10(+), and regulatory B cells, were described in detail. The mechanisms underlying the controversial B-cell effects were mainly attributed to different B-cell subpopulations, different B-cell-derived cytokines, direct B cell-T cell interaction, different cancer categories, and different malignant stages, and the immunological interaction between B cells and T cells is mediated by dendritic cells. Promising B-cell-based antitumor strategies were proposed and novel B-cell regulators were summarized to present interesting therapeutic targets. Future investigations are needed to make sure that B-cell-based pharmacological strategies benefit cancer immunotherapy substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Zhang Wang
- Department of Medical Technology, College of Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056002, PR China.
| | - Yu-Hua Zhang
- Department of Library, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, PR China
| | - Xin-Hua Guo
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056002, PR China
| | - Hong-Yan Zhang
- Department of Medical Technology, College of Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056002, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Medical Technology, College of Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056002, PR China
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36
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Cildir G, Low KC, Tergaonkar V. Noncanonical NF-κB Signaling in Health and Disease. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:414-429. [PMID: 27068135 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Noncanonical NF-κB signaling differs from canonical NF-κB signaling by being activated through different cell surface receptors, cytoplasmic adaptors, and NF-κB dimers. Under normal physiological conditions, this noncanonical pathway has been implicated in diverse biological processes, including lymphoid organogenesis, B cell maturation, osteoclast differentiation, and various functions of other immune cells. Recently, dysfunction of this pathway has also been causally associated with numerous immune-mediated pathologies and human malignancies. Here, we summarize the core elements as well as the recently identified novel regulators of the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway. The involvement of this pathway in different pathologies and the potential therapeutic options that are currently envisaged are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Cildir
- Laboratory of NF-κB Signaling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Kee Chung Low
- Laboratory of NF-κB Signaling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Laboratory of NF-κB Signaling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117597, Singapore; Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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37
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Longitudinal study of living kidney donor glomerular dynamics after nephrectomy. Kidney Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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