1
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Kockelkoren G, Lauritsen L, Shuttle CG, Kazepidou E, Vonkova I, Zhang Y, Breuer A, Kennard C, Brunetti RM, D'Este E, Weiner OD, Uline M, Stamou D. Molecular mechanism of GPCR spatial organization at the plasma membrane. Nat Chem Biol 2024; 20:142-150. [PMID: 37460675 PMCID: PMC10792125 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate many critical physiological processes. Their spatial organization in plasma membrane (PM) domains is believed to encode signaling specificity and efficiency. However, the existence of domains and, crucially, the mechanism of formation of such putative domains remain elusive. Here, live-cell imaging (corrected for topography-induced imaging artifacts) conclusively established the existence of PM domains for GPCRs. Paradoxically, energetic coupling to extremely shallow PM curvature (<1 µm-1) emerged as the dominant, necessary and sufficient molecular mechanism of GPCR spatiotemporal organization. Experiments with different GPCRs, H-Ras, Piezo1 and epidermal growth factor receptor, suggest that the mechanism is general, yet protein specific, and can be regulated by ligands. These findings delineate a new spatiomechanical molecular mechanism that can transduce to domain-based signaling any mechanical or chemical stimulus that affects the morphology of the PM and suggest innovative therapeutic strategies targeting cellular shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Kockelkoren
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Lauritsen
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher G Shuttle
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eleftheria Kazepidou
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivana Vonkova
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yunxiao Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Artù Breuer
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Celeste Kennard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Rachel M Brunetti
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elisa D'Este
- Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, Optical Microscopy Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Orion D Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Uline
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
| | - Dimitrios Stamou
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Atomos Biotech, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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2
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Lohse MJ, Bock A, Zaccolo M. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling: New Insights Define Cellular Nanodomains. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 64:387-415. [PMID: 37683278 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-040623-115054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors are the largest and pharmacologically most important receptor family and are involved in the regulation of most cell functions. Most of them reside exclusively at the cell surface, from where they signal via heterotrimeric G proteins to control the production of second messengers such as cAMP and IP3 as well as the activity of several ion channels. However, they may also internalize upon agonist stimulation or constitutively reside in various intracellular locations. Recent evidence indicates that their function differs depending on their precise cellular localization. This is because the signals they produce, notably cAMP and Ca2+, are mostly bound to cell proteins that significantly reduce their mobility, allowing the generation of steep concentration gradients. As a result, signals generated by the receptors remain confined to nanometer-sized domains. We propose that such nanometer-sized domains represent the basic signaling units in a cell and a new type of target for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Lohse
- ISAR Bioscience Institute, Planegg/Munich, Germany;
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Bock
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manuela Zaccolo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;
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3
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Lam T, Mastos C, Sloan EK, Halls ML. Pathological changes in GPCR signal organisation: Opportunities for targeted therapies for triple negative breast cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 241:108331. [PMID: 36513135 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has the poorest prognosis compared to other breast cancer subtypes, due to a historical lack of targeted therapies and high rates of relapse. Greater insight into the components of signalling pathways in TNBC tumour cells has led to the clinical evaluation, and in some cases approval, of targeted therapies. In the last decade, G protein-coupled receptors, such as the β2-adrenoceptor, have emerged as potential new therapeutic targets. Here, we describe how the β2-adrenoceptor accelerates TNBC progression in response to stress, and the unique signalling pathway activated by the β2-adrenoceptor to drive the invasion of an aggressive TNBC tumour cell. We highlight evidence that supports an altered organisation of GPCRs in tumour cells, and suggests that activation of the same GPCR in a different cellular location can control unique cell responses. Finally, we speculate how the relocation of GPCRs to the "wrong" place in tumour cells presents opportunities to develop targeted anti-cancer GPCR drugs with greater efficacy and minimal adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrance Lam
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Chantel Mastos
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Erica K Sloan
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Michelle L Halls
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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4
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Sanchez GA, Jutkiewicz EM, Ingram S, Smrcka AV. Coincident Regulation of PLC β Signaling by Gq-Coupled and μ-Opioid Receptors Opposes Opioid-Mediated Antinociception. Mol Pharmacol 2022; 102:269-279. [PMID: 36116788 PMCID: PMC11033930 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.122.000541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain management is an important problem worldwide. The current frontline approach for pain management is the use of opioid analgesics. The primary analgesic target of opioids is the μ-opioid receptor (MOR). Deletion of phospholipase Cβ3 (PLCβ3) or selective inhibition of Gβγ regulation of PLCβ3 enhances the potency of the antinociceptive effects of morphine suggesting a novel strategy for achieving opioid-sparing effects. Here we investigated a potential mechanism for regulation of PLC signaling downstream of MOR in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and found that MOR alone could not stimulate PLC but rather required a coincident signal from a Gq-coupled receptor. Knockout of PLCβ3 or pharmacological inhibition of its upstream regulators, Gβγ or Gq, ex vivo in periaqueductal gray slices increased the potency of the selective MOR agonist [D-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Gly5-ol]-enkephalin acetate salt in inhibiting presynaptic GABA release. Finally, inhibition of Gq- G protein-coupled receptor coupling in mice enhanced the antinociceptive effects of morphine. These data support a model where Gq and Gβγ-dependent signaling cooperatively regulate PLC activation to decrease MOR-dependent antinociceptive potency. Ultimately, this could lead to identification of new non-MOR targets that would allow for lower-dose utilization of opioid analgesics. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Previous work demonstrated that deletion of phospholipase Cβ3 (PLCβ3) in mice potentiates μ-opioid receptor (MOR)-dependent antinociception. How PLCβ3 is regulated downstream of MOR had not been clearly defined. We show that PLC-dependent diacylglycerol generation is cooperatively regulated by MOR-Gβγ and Gq-coupled receptor signaling through PLCβ3 and that blockade of either Gq-signaling or Gβγ signaling enhances the potency of opioids in ex vivo brain slices and in vivo. These results reveal potential novel strategies for improving opioid analgesic potency and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gissell A Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.A.S., E.M.J., A.V.S.) and Department of Neurologic Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon (S.I.)
| | - Emily M Jutkiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.A.S., E.M.J., A.V.S.) and Department of Neurologic Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon (S.I.)
| | - Susan Ingram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.A.S., E.M.J., A.V.S.) and Department of Neurologic Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon (S.I.)
| | - Alan V Smrcka
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.A.S., E.M.J., A.V.S.) and Department of Neurologic Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon (S.I.)
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5
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Kovtun O, Torres R, Bellocchio LG, Rosenthal SJ. Membrane Nanoscopic Organization of D2L Dopamine Receptor Probed by Quantum Dot Tracking. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:578. [PMID: 34436341 PMCID: PMC8401772 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11080578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The role of lateral mobility and nanodomain organization of G protein-coupled receptors in modulating subcellular signaling has been under increasing scrutiny. Investigation of D2 dopamine receptor diffusion dynamics is of particular interest, as these receptors have been linked to altered neurotransmission in affective disorders and represent the primary target for commonly prescribed antipsychotics. Here, we applied our single quantum dot tracking approach to decipher intrinsic diffusion patterns of the wild-type long isoform of the D2 dopamine receptor and its genetic variants previously identified in several cohorts of schizophrenia patients. We identified a subtle decrease in the diffusion rate of the Val96Ala mutant that parallels its previously reported reduced affinity for potent neuroleptics clozapine and chlorpromazine. Slower Val96Ala variant diffusion was not accompanied by a change in receptor-receptor transient interactions as defined by the diffraction-limited quantum dot colocalization events. In addition, we implemented a Voronoї tessellation-based algorithm to compare nanoclustering of the D2 dopamine receptor to the dominant anionic phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the plasma membrane of live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Kovtun
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; (R.T.); (L.G.B.)
| | - Ruben Torres
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; (R.T.); (L.G.B.)
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Laurel G. Bellocchio
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; (R.T.); (L.G.B.)
| | - Sandra Jean Rosenthal
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; (R.T.); (L.G.B.)
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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6
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Kibaly C, Alderete JA, Liu SH, Nasef HS, Law PY, Evans CJ, Cahill CM. Oxycodone in the Opioid Epidemic: High 'Liking', 'Wanting', and Abuse Liability. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:899-926. [PMID: 33245509 PMCID: PMC8155122 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-01013-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated that nearly a third of people who abuse drugs started with prescription opioid medicines. Approximately, 11.5 million Americans used prescription drugs recreationally in 2016, and in 2018, 46,802 Americans died as the result of an opioid overdose, including prescription opioids, heroin, and illicitly manufactured fentanyl (National Institutes on Drug Abuse (2020) Opioid Overdose Crisis. https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/opioids/opioid-overdose-crisis . Accessed 06 June 2020). Yet physicians will continue to prescribe oral opioids for moderate-to-severe pain in the absence of alternative therapeutics, underscoring the importance in understanding how drug choice can influence detrimental outcomes. One of the opioid prescription medications that led to this crisis is oxycodone, where misuse of this drug has been rampant. Being one of the most highly prescribed opioid medications for treating moderate-to-severe pain as reflected in the skyrocketed increase in retail sales of 866% between 1997 and 2007, oxycodone was initially suggested to be less addictive than morphine. The false-claimed non-addictive formulation of oxycodone, OxyContin, further contributed to the opioid crisis. Abuse was often carried out by crushing the pills for immediate burst release, typically by nasal insufflation, or by liquefying the pills for intravenous injection. Here, we review oxycodone pharmacology and abuse liability as well as present the hypothesis that oxycodone may exhibit a unique pharmacology that contributes to its high likability and abuse susceptibility. We will discuss various mechanisms that likely contribute to the high abuse rate of oxycodone including clinical drug likability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, differences in its actions within mesolimbic reward circuity compared to other opioids, and the possibility of differential molecular and cellular receptor interactions that contribute to its selective effects. We will also discuss marketing strategies and drug difference that likely contributes to the oxycodone opioid use disorders and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherkaouia Kibaly
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Jacob A Alderete
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven H Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hazem S Nasef
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ping-Yee Law
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Evans
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Catherine M Cahill
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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7
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Roberts MJ, May LT, Keen AC, Liu B, Lam T, Charlton SJ, Rosethorne EM, Halls ML. Inhibition of the Proliferation of Human Lung Fibroblasts by Prostacyclin Receptor Agonists is Linked to a Sustained cAMP Signal in the Nucleus. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:669227. [PMID: 33995100 PMCID: PMC8116805 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.669227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic and progressive fibrotic lung disease, and current treatments are limited by their side effects. Proliferation of human lung fibroblasts in the pulmonary interstitial tissue is a hallmark of this disease and is driven by prolonged ERK signalling in the nucleus in response to growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Agents that increase cAMP have been suggested as alternative therapies, as this second messenger can inhibit the ERK cascade. We previously examined a panel of eight Gαs-cAMP-coupled G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) endogenously expressed in human lung fibroblasts. Although the cAMP response was important for the anti-fibrotic effects of GPCR agonists, the magnitude of the acute cAMP response was not predictive of anti-fibrotic efficacy. Here we examined the reason for this apparent disconnect by stimulating the Gαs-coupled prostacyclin receptor and measuring downstream signalling at a sub-cellular level. MRE-269 and treprostinil caused sustained cAMP signalling in the nucleus and complete inhibition of PDGF-induced nuclear ERK and fibroblast proliferation. In contrast, iloprost caused a transient increase in nuclear cAMP, there was no effect of iloprost on PDGF-induced ERK in the nucleus, and this agonist was much less effective at reversing PDGF-induced proliferation. This suggests that sustained elevation of cAMP in the nucleus is necessary for efficient inhibition of PDGF-induced nuclear ERK and fibroblast proliferation. This is an important first step towards understanding of the signalling events that drive GPCR inhibition of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine J Roberts
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Lauren T May
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Alastair C Keen
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Bonan Liu
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Terrance Lam
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Steven J Charlton
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Excellerate Bioscience Ltd., BioCity, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M Rosethorne
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle L Halls
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic, Australia
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8
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Cuitavi J, Hipólito L, Canals M. The Life Cycle of the Mu-Opioid Receptor. Trends Biochem Sci 2021; 46:315-328. [PMID: 33127216 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Opioid receptors (ORs) are undisputed targets for the treatment of pain. Unfortunately, targeting these receptors therapeutically poses significant challenges including addiction, dependence, tolerance, and the appearance of side effects, such as respiratory depression and constipation. Moreover, misuse of prescription and illicit narcotics has resulted in the current opioid crisis. The mu-opioid receptor (MOR) is the cellular mediator of the effects of most commonly used opioids, and is a prototypical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) where new pharmacological, signalling and cell biology concepts have been coined. This review summarises the knowledge of the life cycle of this therapeutic target, including its biogenesis, trafficking to and from the plasma membrane, and how the regulation of these processes impacts its function and is related to pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cuitavi
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Lucía Hipólito
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, the Midlands, UK.
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9
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Comeo E, Trinh P, Nguyen AT, Nowell CJ, Kindon ND, Soave M, Stoddart LA, White JM, Hill SJ, Kellam B, Halls ML, May LT, Scammells PJ. Development and Application of Subtype-Selective Fluorescent Antagonists for the Study of the Human Adenosine A 1 Receptor in Living Cells. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6670-6695. [PMID: 33724031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine A1 receptor (A1AR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that provides important therapeutic opportunities for a number of conditions including congestive heart failure, tachycardia, and neuropathic pain. The development of A1AR-selective fluorescent ligands will enhance our understanding of the subcellular mechanisms underlying A1AR pharmacology facilitating the development of more efficacious and selective therapies. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and application of a novel series of A1AR-selective fluorescent probes based on 8-functionalized bicyclo[2.2.2]octylxanthine and 3-functionalized 8-(adamant-1-yl) xanthine scaffolds. These fluorescent conjugates allowed quantification of kinetic and equilibrium ligand binding parameters using NanoBRET and visualization of specific receptor distribution patterns in living cells by confocal imaging and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. As such, the novel A1AR-selective fluorescent antagonists described herein can be applied in conjunction with a series of fluorescence-based techniques to foster understanding of A1AR molecular pharmacology and signaling in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Comeo
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Division of Biomolecular Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, B15 2TT and University of Nottingham, Birmingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Phuc Trinh
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Anh T Nguyen
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Kindon
- Division of Biomolecular Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, B15 2TT and University of Nottingham, Birmingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Soave
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, B15 2TT and University of Nottingham, Birmingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh A Stoddart
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, B15 2TT and University of Nottingham, Birmingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M White
- School of Chemistry and the Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, B15 2TT and University of Nottingham, Birmingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Barrie Kellam
- Division of Biomolecular Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, B15 2TT and University of Nottingham, Birmingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle L Halls
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Lauren T May
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Peter J Scammells
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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10
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Abreu N, Levitz J. Optogenetic Techniques for Manipulating and Sensing G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2173:21-51. [PMID: 32651908 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0755-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) form the largest class of membrane receptors in the mammalian genome with nearly 800 human genes encoding for unique subtypes. Accordingly, GPCR signaling is implicated in nearly all physiological processes. However, GPCRs have been difficult to study due in part to the complexity of their function which can lead to a plethora of converging or diverging downstream effects over different time and length scales. Classic techniques such as pharmacological control, genetic knockout and biochemical assays often lack the precision required to probe the functions of specific GPCR subtypes. Here we describe the rapidly growing set of optogenetic tools, ranging from methods for optical control of the receptor itself to optical sensing and manipulation of downstream effectors. These tools permit the quantitative measurements of GPCRs and their downstream signaling with high specificity and spatiotemporal precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nohely Abreu
- Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua Levitz
- Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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11
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van de Meene A, McAloney L, Wilson SM, Zhou J, Zeng W, McMillan P, Bacic A, Doblin MS. Interactions between Cellulose and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans and Arabinoxylans in the Regenerating Wall of Suspension Culture Cells of the Ryegrass Lolium multiflorum. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010127. [PMID: 33440743 PMCID: PMC7828102 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cell walls (PCWs) form the outer barrier of cells that give the plant strength and directly interact with the environment and other cells in the plant. PCWs are composed of several polysaccharides, of which cellulose forms the main fibrillar network. Enmeshed between these fibrils of cellulose are non-cellulosic polysaccharides (NCPs), pectins, and proteins. This study investigates the sequence, timing, patterning, and architecture of cell wall polysaccharide regeneration in suspension culture cells (SCC) of the grass species Lolium multiflorum (Lolium). Confocal, superresolution, and electron microscopies were used in combination with cytochemical labeling to investigate polysaccharide deposition in SCC after protoplasting. Cellulose was the first polysaccharide observed, followed shortly thereafter by (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, which is also known as mixed-linkage glucan (MLG), arabinoxylan (AX), and callose. Cellulose formed fibrils with AX and produced a filamentous-like network, whereas MLG formed punctate patches. Using colocalization analysis, cellulose and AX were shown to interact during early stages of wall generation, but this interaction reduced over time as the wall matured. AX and MLG interactions increased slightly over time, but cellulose and MLG were not seen to interact. Callose initially formed patches that were randomly positioned on the protoplast surface. There was no consistency in size or location over time. The architecture observed via superresolution microscopy showed similarities to the biophysical maps produced using atomic force microscopy and can give insight into the role of polysaccharides in PCWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison van de Meene
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.v.d.M.); (L.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (A.B.)
| | - Lauren McAloney
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.v.d.M.); (L.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (A.B.)
| | - Sarah M. Wilson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.v.d.M.); (L.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (A.B.)
| | - JiZhi Zhou
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.v.d.M.); (L.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (A.B.)
| | - Wei Zeng
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.v.d.M.); (L.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (A.B.)
- Sino-Australia Plant Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an 311300, China
| | - Paul McMillan
- Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.v.d.M.); (L.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (A.B.)
- Sino-Australia Plant Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an 311300, China
- Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, Latrobe Institute for Agriculture & Food (LIAF), Latrobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.v.d.M.); (L.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (A.B.)
- Sino-Australia Plant Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an 311300, China
- Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, Latrobe Institute for Agriculture & Food (LIAF), Latrobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Correspondence:
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12
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Pineyro G, Nagi K. Signaling diversity of mu- and delta- opioid receptor ligands: Re-evaluating the benefits of β-arrestin/G protein signaling bias. Cell Signal 2020; 80:109906. [PMID: 33383156 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Opioid analgesics are elective for treating moderate to severe pain but their use is restricted by severe side effects. Signaling bias has been proposed as a viable means for improving this situation. To exploit this opportunity, continuous efforts are devoted to understand how ligand-specific modulations of receptor functions could mediate the different in vivo effects of opioids. Advances in the field have led to the development of biased agonists based on hypotheses that allocated desired and undesired effects to specific signaling pathways. However, the prevalent hypothesis associating β-arrestin to opioid side effects was recently challenged and multiple of the newly developed biased drugs may not display the superior side effects profile that was sought. Moreover, biased agonism at opioid receptors is now known to be time- and cell-dependent, which adds a new layer of complexity for bias estimation. Here, we first review the signaling mechanisms underlying desired and undesired effects of opioids. We then describe biased agonism at opioid receptors and discuss the different perspectives that support the desired and undesired effects of opioids in view of exploiting biased signaling for therapeutic purposes. Finally, we explore how signaling kinetics and cellular background can influence the magnitude and directionality of bias at those receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Pineyro
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine research center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Karim Nagi
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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13
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GRKs as Key Modulators of Opioid Receptor Function. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112400. [PMID: 33147802 PMCID: PMC7692057 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the link between agonist-induced phosphorylation of the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) and the associated physiological effects is critical for the development of novel analgesic drugs and is particularly important for understanding the mechanisms responsible for opioid-induced tolerance and addiction. The family of G protein receptor kinases (GRKs) play a pivotal role in such processes, mediating phosphorylation of residues at the C-tail of opioid receptors. Numerous strategies, such as phosphosite specific antibodies and mass spectrometry have allowed the detection of phosphorylated residues and the use of mutant knock-in mice have shed light on the role of GRK regulation in opioid receptor physiology. Here we review our current understanding on the role of GRKs in the actions of opioid receptors, with a particular focus on the MOR, the target of most commonly used opioid analgesics such as morphine or fentanyl.
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14
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Gillis A, Kliewer A, Kelly E, Henderson G, Christie MJ, Schulz S, Canals M. Critical Assessment of G Protein-Biased Agonism at the μ-Opioid Receptor. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 41:947-959. [PMID: 33097283 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
G protein-biased agonists of the μ-opioid receptor (MOPr) have been proposed as an improved class of opioid analgesics. Recent studies have been unable to reproduce the original experiments in the β-arrestin2-knockout mouse that led to this proposal, and alternative genetic models do not support the G protein-biased MOPr agonist hypothesis. Furthermore, assessment of putatively biased ligands has been confounded by several factors, including assay amplification. As such, the extent to which current lead compounds represent mechanistically novel, extremely G protein-biased agonists is in question, as is the underlying assumption that β-arrestin2 mediates deleterious opioid effects. Addressing these current challenges represents a pressing issue to successfully advance drug development at this receptor and improve upon current opioid analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gillis
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrea Kliewer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Eamonn Kelly
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Graeme Henderson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Macdonald J Christie
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany.
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK.
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15
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Kovtun O, Torres R, Ferguson RS, Josephs T, Rosenthal SJ. Single Quantum Dot Tracking Unravels Agonist Effects on the Dopamine Receptor Dynamics. Biochemistry 2020; 60:1031-1043. [PMID: 32584548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
D2 dopamine receptors (DRD2s) belong to a family of G protein-coupled receptors that modulate synaptic dopaminergic tone via regulation of dopamine synthesis, storage, and synaptic release. DRD2s are the primary target for traditional antipsychotic medications; dysfunctional DRD2 signaling has been linked to major depressive disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, addiction, Parkinson's, and schizophrenia. DRD2 lateral diffusion appears to be an important post-translational regulatory mechanism; however, the dynamic response of DRD2s to ligand-induced activation is poorly understood. Dynamic imaging of the long isoform of DRD2 (D2L) fused to an N-terminal antihemagglutinin (HA) epitope and transiently expressed in HEK-293 cells was achieved through a combination of a high-affinity biotinylated anti-HA antigen-binding fragment (Fab) and streptavidin-conjugated quantum dots (QD). Significant reduction (∼40%) in the rate of lateral diffusion of QD-tagged D2L proteins was observed under agonist (quinpirole; QN)-stimulated conditions compared to basal conditions. QN-induced diffusional slowing was accompanied by an increase in frequency, lifetime, and confinement of temporary arrest of lateral diffusion (TALL), an intrinsic property of single receptor lateral motion. The role of the actin cytoskeleton in QN-induced diffusional slowing of D2L was also explored. The observed dynamic changes appear to be a sensitive indicator of the receptor activity status and might also spatially and temporally shape the receptor-mediated downstream signaling. This dynamic information could potentially be useful in informing drug discovery efforts based on single-molecule pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Kovtun
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Ruben Torres
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Riley S Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Travis Josephs
- Neuroscience Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Sandra J Rosenthal
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
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16
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Möller J, Isbilir A, Sungkaworn T, Osberg B, Karathanasis C, Sunkara V, Grushevskyi EO, Bock A, Annibale P, Heilemann M, Schütte C, Lohse MJ. Single-molecule analysis reveals agonist-specific dimer formation of µ-opioid receptors. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:946-954. [PMID: 32541966 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key signaling proteins that mostly function as monomers, but for several receptors constitutive dimer formation has been described and in some cases is essential for function. Using single-molecule microscopy combined with super-resolution techniques on intact cells, we describe here a dynamic monomer-dimer equilibrium of µ-opioid receptors (µORs), where dimer formation is driven by specific agonists. The agonist DAMGO, but not morphine, induces dimer formation in a process that correlates both temporally and in its agonist- and phosphorylation-dependence with β-arrestin2 binding to the receptors. This dimerization is independent from, but may precede, µOR internalization. These data suggest a new level of GPCR regulation that links dimer formation to specific agonists and their downstream signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Möller
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ali Isbilir
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Titiwat Sungkaworn
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Brendan Osberg
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Bioinformatics and Omics Data Science Platform, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christos Karathanasis
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Eugene O Grushevskyi
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Bock
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paolo Annibale
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mike Heilemann
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christof Schütte
- Zuse Institute Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin J Lohse
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany. .,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. .,Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany. .,ISAR Bioscience Institute, Munich/Planegg, Germany.
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17
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Lemos Duarte M, Devi LA. Post-translational Modifications of Opioid Receptors. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:417-432. [PMID: 32459993 PMCID: PMC7323054 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are key events in signal transduction since they affect protein function by regulating their abundance and/or activity. PTMs involve the covalent attachment of functional groups to specific amino acids. Since they tend to be generally reversible, PTMs serve as regulators of signal transduction pathways. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are major signaling proteins that undergo multiple types of PTMs. In this Review, we focus on the opioid receptors, members of GPCR family A, and highlight recent advances in the field that have underscored the importance of PTMs in the functional regulation of these receptors. Since opioid receptor activity plays a central role in the development of tolerance and addiction to morphine and other drugs of abuse, understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating receptor activity is of fundamental importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Lemos Duarte
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lakshmi A Devi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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18
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Iftinca M, Basso L, Flynn R, Kwok C, Roland C, Hassan A, Defaye M, Ramachandran R, Trang T, Altier C. Chronic morphine regulates TRPM8 channels via MOR-PKCβ signaling. Mol Brain 2020; 13:61. [PMID: 32290846 PMCID: PMC7155267 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Postoperative shivering and cold hypersensitivity are major side effects of acute and chronic opioid treatments respectively. TRPM8 is a cold and menthol-sensitive channel found in a subset of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) nociceptors. Deletion or inhibition of the TRPM8 channel was found to prevent the cold hyperalgesia induced by chronic administration of morphine. Here, we examined the mechanisms by which morphine was able to promote cold hypersensitivity in DRG neurons and transfected HEK cells. Mice daily injected with morphine for 5 days developed cold hyperalgesia. Treatment with morphine did not alter the expressions of cold sensitive TREK-1, TRAAK and TRPM8 in DRGs. However, TRPM8-expressing DRG neurons isolated from morphine-treated mice exhibited hyperexcitability. Sustained morphine treatment in vitro sensitized TRPM8 responsiveness to cold or menthol and reduced activation-evoked desensitization of the channel. Blocking phospholipase C (PLC) as well as protein kinase C beta (PKCβ), but not protein kinase A (PKA) or Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), restored channel desensitization. Identification of two PKC phosphorylation consensus sites, S1040 and S1041, in the TRPM8 and their site-directed mutation were able to prevent the MOR-induced reduction in TRPM8 desensitization. Our results show that activation of MOR by morphine 1) promotes hyperexcitability of TRPM8-expressing neurons and 2) induces a PKCβ-mediated reduction of TRPM8 desensitization. This MOR-PKCβ dependent modulation of TRPM8 may underlie the onset of cold hyperalgesia caused by repeated administration of morphine. Our findings point to TRPM8 channel and PKCβ as important targets for opioid-induced cold hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mircea Iftinca
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Lilian Basso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Robyn Flynn
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute. Cumming School of Medicine. University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Charlie Kwok
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute. Cumming School of Medicine. University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Corinne Roland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ahmed Hassan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Manon Defaye
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Rithwik Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology. Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Tuan Trang
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute. Cumming School of Medicine. University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Christophe Altier
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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19
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Li XX, Lee JD, Kemper C, Woodruff TM. The Complement Receptor C5aR2: A Powerful Modulator of Innate and Adaptive Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 202:3339-3348. [PMID: 31160390 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Complement activation generates the core effector protein C5a, a potent immune molecule that is linked to multiple inflammatory diseases. Two C5a receptors, C5aR1 (C5aR, CD88) and C5aR2 (C5L2, GPR77), mediate the biological activities of C5a. Although C5aR1 has broadly acknowledged proinflammatory roles, C5aR2 remains at the center of controversy, with existing findings supporting both immune-activating and immune-dampening functions. Recent progress has been made toward resolving these issues. Instead of being a pure recycler and sequester of C5a, C5aR2 is capable of mediating its own set of signaling events and through these events exerting significant immunomodulatory effects not only toward C5aR1 but also other pattern recognition receptors and innate immune systems, such as NLRP3 inflammasomes. This review highlights the existing knowns and unknowns concerning C5aR2 and provides a timely update on recent breakthroughs which are expected to have a substantial impact on future fundamental and translational C5aR2 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xaria X Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; and
| | - John D Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; and
| | - Claudia Kemper
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; and
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20
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Khalid E, Chang JP. β-Arrestin-dependent signaling in GnRH control of hormone secretion from goldfish gonadotrophs and somatotrophs. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 287:113340. [PMID: 31778712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In goldfish, two native isoforms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH2 and GnRH3) stimulate luteinizing hormone (LH) and growth hormone (GH) release from pituitary cells through activation of cell-surface GnRH-receptors (GnRHRs) on gonadotrophs and somatotrophs. Interestingly, GnRH2 and GnRH3 induce LH and GH release via non-identical post-receptor signal transduction pathways in a ligand- and cell-type-selective manner. In this study, we examined the involvement of β-arrestins in the control of GnRH-induced LH and GH secretion from dispersed goldfish pituitary cells. Treatment with Barbadin, which interferes with β-arrestin and β2-adaptin subunit interaction, reduced LH responses to GnRH2 and GnRH3, as well as GH responses to GnRH2; but enhanced GnRH3-induced GH secretion. Barbadin also had positive influences on basal hormone release, and basal GH release in particular, as well as basal activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and GnRH-induced ERK activation. These findings indicate that β-arrestins play permissive roles in the control of GnRH-stimulated LH release. However, in somatotrophs, β-arrestins, perhaps by mediating agonist-selective endosomal trafficking of engaged GnRHRs, participate in GnRH-isoform-specific GH release responses (stimulatory and inhibitory for GnRH2-GnRHR and GnRH3-GnRHR activation, respectively). The correlative stimulatory influences of Barbadin on basal hormone release and ERK activation suggest that β-arrestins may negatively regulate basal secretion through modulation of basal ERK activity. These results provide the first direct evidence of a role for β-arrestins in hormone secretion from an untransformed primary pituitary cell model, and establish these proteins as important receptor-proximal players in mediating functional selectivity downstream of goldfish GnRHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enezi Khalid
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2E9, Canada
| | - John P Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2E9, Canada.
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21
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Kunselman JM, Zajac AS, Weinberg ZY, Puthenveedu MA. Homologous Regulation of Mu Opioid Receptor Recycling by G βγ , Protein Kinase C, and Receptor Phosphorylation. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:702-710. [PMID: 31575621 PMCID: PMC6820217 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.117267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane trafficking and receptor signaling are two fundamental cellular processes that interact constantly. Although how trafficking regulates signaling is well studied, how signaling pathways regulate trafficking is less well understood. Here, we use the mu opioid receptor (MOR), the primary target for opioid analgesics, to define a signaling pathway that dynamically regulates postendocytic receptor recycling. By directly visualizing individual MOR recycling events, we show that agonist increases MOR recycling. Inhibition of G βγ, phospholipase C, or protein kinase C mimicked agonist removal, whereas activation of G βγ increased recycling even after agonist removal. Phosphorylation of serine 363 on the C-terminal tail of MOR was required and sufficient for agonist-mediated regulation of MOR recycling. Our results identify a feedback loop that regulates MOR recycling via G βγ , protein kinase C, and receptor phosphorylation. This could serve as a general model for how signaling regulates postendocytic trafficking of G protein-coupled receptors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) localization in the endosome is being increasingly recognized as an important and distinct component of GPCR signaling and physiology. This study identifies a G protein-dependent and protein kinase C-dependent signaling pathway that dynamically regulates the endosomal localization of the mu opioid receptor, the primary target of opioid analgesics and abused drugs. This pathway could provide a mechanism to manipulate spatial encoding of opioid signaling and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Kunselman
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program (J.M.K., M.A.P.) and Department of Pharmacology (J.M.K., Z.Y.W., M.A.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (A.S.Z., M.A.P.)
| | - Amanda S Zajac
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program (J.M.K., M.A.P.) and Department of Pharmacology (J.M.K., Z.Y.W., M.A.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (A.S.Z., M.A.P.)
| | - Zara Y Weinberg
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program (J.M.K., M.A.P.) and Department of Pharmacology (J.M.K., Z.Y.W., M.A.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (A.S.Z., M.A.P.)
| | - Manojkumar A Puthenveedu
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program (J.M.K., M.A.P.) and Department of Pharmacology (J.M.K., Z.Y.W., M.A.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (A.S.Z., M.A.P.)
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22
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Retamal JS, Ramírez-García PD, Shenoy PA, Poole DP, Veldhuis NA. Internalized GPCRs as Potential Therapeutic Targets for the Management of Pain. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:273. [PMID: 31798411 PMCID: PMC6874167 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral and central neurons in the pain pathway are well equipped to detect and respond to extracellular stimuli such as pro-inflammatory mediators and neurotransmitters through the cell surface expression of receptors that can mediate rapid intracellular signaling. Following injury or infection, activation of cell surface G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) initiates cell signaling processes that lead to the generation of action potentials in neurons or inflammatory responses such as cytokine secretion by immune cells. However, it is now appreciated that cell surface events alone may not be sufficient for all receptors to generate their complete signaling repertoire. Following an initial wave of signaling at the cell surface, active GPCRs can engage with endocytic proteins such as the adaptor protein β-arrestin (βArr) to promote clathrin-mediated internalization. Classically, βArr-mediated internalization of GPCRs was hypothesized to terminate signaling, yet for multiple GPCRs known to contribute to pain, it has been demonstrated that endocytosis can also promote a unique "second wave" of signaling from intracellular membranes, including those of endosomes and the Golgi, that is spatiotemporally distinct from initial cell-surface events. In the context of pain, understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive spatiotemporal signaling of GPCRs is invaluable for understanding how pain occurs and persists, and how current analgesics achieve efficacy or promote side-effects. This review article discusses the importance of receptor localization for signaling outcomes of pro- and anti-nociceptive GPCRs, and new analgesic opportunities emerging through the development of "location-biased" ligands that favor binding with intracellular GPCR populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffri S Retamal
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Paulina D Ramírez-García
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Priyank A Shenoy
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel P Poole
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Veldhuis
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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23
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Civciristov S, Huang C, Liu B, Marquez EA, Gondin AB, Schittenhelm RB, Ellisdon AM, Canals M, Halls ML. Ligand-dependent spatiotemporal signaling profiles of the μ-opioid receptor are controlled by distinct protein-interaction networks. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:16198-16213. [PMID: 31515267 PMCID: PMC6827304 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-dependent differences in the regulation and internalization of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) have been linked to the severity of adverse effects that limit opiate use in pain management. MOR activation by morphine or [d-Ala2,N-MePhe4, Gly-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO) causes differences in spatiotemporal signaling dependent on MOR distribution at the plasma membrane. Morphine stimulation of MOR activates a Gαi/o–Gβγ–protein kinase C (PKC) α phosphorylation pathway that limits MOR distribution and is associated with a sustained increase in cytosolic extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity. In contrast, DAMGO causes a redistribution of the MOR at the plasma membrane (before receptor internalization) that facilitates transient activation of cytosolic and nuclear ERK. Here, we used proximity biotinylation proteomics to dissect the different protein-interaction networks that underlie the spatiotemporal signaling of morphine and DAMGO. We found that DAMGO, but not morphine, activates Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1). Both Rac1 and nuclear ERK activity depended on the scaffolding proteins IQ motif-containing GTPase-activating protein-1 (IQGAP1) and Crk-like (CRKL) protein. In contrast, morphine increased the proximity of the MOR to desmosomal proteins, which form specialized and highly-ordered membrane domains. Knockdown of two desmosomal proteins, junction plakoglobin or desmocolin-1, switched the morphine spatiotemporal signaling profile to mimic that of DAMGO, resulting in a transient increase in nuclear ERK activity. The identification of the MOR-interaction networks that control differential spatiotemporal signaling reported here is an important step toward understanding how signal compartmentalization contributes to opioid-induced responses, including anti-nociception and the development of tolerance and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srgjan Civciristov
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cheng Huang
- Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bonan Liu
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elsa A Marquez
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arisbel B Gondin
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ralf B Schittenhelm
- Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew M Ellisdon
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle L Halls
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
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24
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DiCello JJ, Rajasekhar P, Eriksson EM, Saito A, Gondin AB, Veldhuis NA, Canals M, Carbone SE, Poole DP. Clathrin and GRK2/3 inhibitors block δ-opioid receptor internalization in myenteric neurons and inhibit neuromuscular transmission in the mouse colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 317:G79-G89. [PMID: 31091149 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00085.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis is a major mechanism through which cellular signaling by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is terminated. However, recent studies demonstrate that GPCRs are internalized in an active state and continue to signal from within endosomes, resulting in effects on cellular function that are distinct to those arising at the cell surface. Endocytosis inhibitors are commonly used to define the importance of GPCR internalization for physiological and pathophysiological processes. Here, we provide the first detailed examination of the effects of these inhibitors on neurogenic contractions of gastrointestinal smooth muscle, a key preliminary step to evaluate the importance of GPCR endocytosis for gut function. Inhibitors of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (Pitstop2, PS2) or G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2/3-dependent phosphorylation (Takeda compound 101, Cmpd101), significantly reduced GPCR internalization. However, they also attenuated cholinergic contractions through different mechanisms. PS2 abolished contractile responses by colonic muscle to SNC80 and morphine, which strongly and weakly internalize δ-opioid and μ-opioid receptors, respectively. PS2 did not affect the increased myogenic contractile activity following removal of an inhibitory neural influence (tetrodotoxin) but suppressed electrically evoked neurogenic contractions. Ca2+ signaling by myenteric neurons in response to exogenous ATP was unaffected by PS2, suggesting inhibitory actions on neurotransmitter release rather than neurotransmission. In contrast, Cmpd101 attenuated contractions to the cholinergic agonist carbachol, indicating direct effects on smooth muscle. We conclude that, although PS2 and Cmpd101 are effective blockers of GPCR endocytosis in enteric neurons, these inhibitors are unsuitable for the study of neurally mediated gut function due to their inhibitory effects on neuromuscular transmission and smooth muscle contractility.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Internalization of activated G protein-coupled receptors is a major determinant of the type and duration of subsequent downstream signaling events. Inhibitors of endocytosis effectively block opioid receptor internalization in enteric neurons. The clathrin-dependent endocytosis inhibitor Pitstop2 blocks effects of opioids on neurogenic contractions of the colon in an internalization-independent manner. These inhibitors also significantly impact cholinergic neuromuscular transmission. We conclude that these tools are unsuitable for examination of the contribution of neuronal G protein-coupled receptor endocytosis to gastrointestinal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J DiCello
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pradeep Rajasekhar
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emily M Eriksson
- Divisions of Population Health & Immunity and Infection and Immunity, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ayame Saito
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arisbel B Gondin
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Veldhuis
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simona E Carbone
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel P Poole
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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25
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Chavez-Abiega S, Goedhart J, Bruggeman FJ. Physical biology of GPCR signalling dynamics inferred from fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 55:204-211. [PMID: 31319372 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The physical biology of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling can be inferred from imaging of single molecules and single living cells. In this opinion paper, we highlight recent developments in technologies to study GPCR signalling in vitro and in cyto. We start from mobility and localisation characteristics of single receptors in membranes. Subsequently, we discuss the kinetics of shifts in receptor-conformation equilibrium due to allosteric binding events and G protein activation. We continue with recent insights into downstream signalling and the role of delayed negative feedback to suppress GPCR signalling. Finally, we discuss new strategies to reveal how the multiplex signalling responses of cells to ligand mixtures, mediated by their entire receptor arsenal, can be disentangled, using single-cell data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Chavez-Abiega
- Section Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, NL-1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Section Systems Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Goedhart
- Section Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, NL-1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Johannes Bruggeman
- Section Systems Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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26
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Temporal dependence of shifts in mu opioid receptor mobility at the cell surface after agonist binding observed by single-particle tracking. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7297. [PMID: 31086197 PMCID: PMC6514008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43657-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Agonist binding to the mu opioid receptor (MOR) results in conformational changes that allow recruitment of G-proteins, activation of downstream effectors and eventual desensitization and internalization, all of which could affect receptor mobility. The present study employed single particle tracking (SPT) of quantum dot labeled FLAG-tagged MORs to examine shifts in MOR mobility after agonist binding. FLAG-MORs on the plasma membrane were in both mobile and immobile states under basal conditions. Activation of FLAG-MORs with DAMGO caused an acute increase in the fraction of mobile MORs, and free portions of mobile tracks were partially dependent on interactions with G-proteins. In contrast, 10-minute exposure to DAMGO or morphine increased the fraction of immobile FLAG-MORs. While the decrease in mobility with prolonged DAMGO exposure corresponded to an increase in colocalization with clathrin, the increase in colocalization was present in both mobile and immobile FLAG-MORs. Thus, no single mobility state of the receptor accounted for colocalization with clathrin. These findings demonstrate that SPT can be used to track agonist-dependent changes in MOR mobility over time, but that the mobility states observed likely arise from a diverse set of interactions and will be most informative when examined in concert with particular downstream effectors.
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27
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Seyedabadi M, Ghahremani MH, Albert PR. Biased signaling of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs): Molecular determinants of GPCR/transducer selectivity and therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 200:148-178. [PMID: 31075355 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) convey signals across membranes via interaction with G proteins. Originally, an individual GPCR was thought to signal through one G protein family, comprising cognate G proteins that mediate canonical receptor signaling. However, several deviations from canonical signaling pathways for GPCRs have been described. It is now clear that GPCRs can engage with multiple G proteins and the line between cognate and non-cognate signaling is increasingly blurred. Furthermore, GPCRs couple to non-G protein transducers, including β-arrestins or other scaffold proteins, to initiate additional signaling cascades. Receptor/transducer selectivity is dictated by agonist-induced receptor conformations as well as by collateral factors. In particular, ligands stabilize distinct receptor conformations to preferentially activate certain pathways, designated 'biased signaling'. In this regard, receptor sequence alignment and mutagenesis have helped to identify key receptor domains for receptor/transducer specificity. Furthermore, molecular structures of GPCRs bound to different ligands or transducers have provided detailed insights into mechanisms of coupling selectivity. However, receptor dimerization, compartmentalization, and trafficking, receptor-transducer-effector stoichiometry, and ligand residence and exposure times can each affect GPCR coupling. Extrinsic factors including cell type or assay conditions can also influence receptor signaling. Understanding these factors may lead to the development of improved biased ligands with the potential to enhance therapeutic benefit, while minimizing adverse effects. In this review, evidence for ligand-specific GPCR signaling toward different transducers or pathways is elaborated. Furthermore, molecular determinants of biased signaling toward these pathways and relevant examples of the potential clinical benefits and pitfalls of biased ligands are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Seyedabadi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Education Development Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | | - Paul R Albert
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Neuroscience, University of Ottawa, Canada.
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28
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Gondin AB, Halls ML, Canals M, Briddon SJ. GRK Mediates μ-Opioid Receptor Plasma Membrane Reorganization. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:104. [PMID: 31118885 PMCID: PMC6504784 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential regulation of the μ-opioid receptor (MOP) has been linked to the development of opioid tolerance and dependence which both limit the clinical use of opioid analgesics. At a cellular level, MOP regulation occurs via receptor phosphorylation, desensitization, plasma membrane redistribution, and internalization. Here, we used fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) to detect and quantify ligand-dependent changes in the plasma membrane organization of MOP expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. The low internalizing agonist morphine and the antagonist naloxone did not alter constitutive MOP plasma membrane organization. In contrast, the internalizing agonist DAMGO changed MOP plasma membrane organization in a pertussis toxin-insensitive manner and by two mechanisms. Firstly, it slowed MOP diffusion in a manner that was independent of internalization but dependent on GRK2/3. Secondly, DAMGO reduced the surface receptor number and the proportion of mobile receptors, and increased receptor clustering in a manner that was dependent on clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Overall, these results suggest the existence of distinct sequential MOP reorganization events at the plasma membrane and provide insights into the specific protein interactions that control MOP plasma membrane organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arisbel B Gondin
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle L Halls
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, United Kingdom
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29
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Civciristov S, Halls ML. Signalling in response to sub-picomolar concentrations of active compounds: Pushing the boundaries of GPCR sensitivity. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:2382-2401. [PMID: 30801691 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence for ultra-sensitive responses to active compounds at concentrations below picomolar levels by proteins and receptors found in species ranging from bacteria to mammals. We have recently shown that such ultra-sensitivity is also demonstrated by a wide range of prototypical GPCRs, and we have determined the molecular mechanisms behind these responses for three family A GPCRs: the relaxin receptor, RXFP1; the β2 -adrenoceptor; and the M3 muscarinic ACh receptor. Interestingly, there are reports of similar ultra-sensitivity by more than 15 human GPCR families, in addition to other human receptors and channels. These occur through a diverse range of signalling pathways and produce modulation of important physiological processes, including neuronal transmission, chemotaxis, gene transcription, protein/ion uptake and secretion, muscle contraction and relaxation, and phagocytosis. Here, we summarise the accumulating evidence of ultra-sensitive receptor signalling to show that this is a common, though currently underappreciated, property of GPCRs. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Adrenoceptors-New Roles for Old Players. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srgjan Civciristov
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle L Halls
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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30
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Localised GPCR signalling as revealed by FRET biosensors. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 57:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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31
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Weinberg ZY, Puthenveedu MA. Regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling by plasma membrane organization and endocytosis. Traffic 2019; 20:121-129. [PMID: 30536564 PMCID: PMC6415975 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The trafficking of G protein coupled-receptors (GPCRs) is one of the most exciting areas in cell biology because of recent advances demonstrating that GPCR signaling is spatially encoded. GPCRs, acting in a diverse array of physiological systems, can have differential signaling consequences depending on their subcellular localization. At the plasma membrane, GPCR organization could fine-tune the initial stages of receptor signaling by determining the magnitude of signaling and the type of effectors to which receptors can couple. This organization is mediated by the lipid composition of the plasma membrane, receptor-receptor interactions, and receptor interactions with intracellular scaffolding proteins. GPCR organization is subsequently changed by ligand binding and the regulated endocytosis of these receptors. Activated GPCRs can modulate the dynamics of their own endocytosis through changing clathrin-coated pit dynamics, and through the scaffolding adaptor protein β-arrestin. This endocytic regulation has signaling consequences, predominantly through modulation of the MAPK cascade. This review explores what is known about receptor sorting at the plasma membrane, protein partners that control receptor endocytosis, and the ways in which receptor sorting at the plasma membrane regulates downstream trafficking and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara Y Weinberg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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32
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Weinberg ZY, Crilly SE, Puthenveedu MA. Spatial encoding of GPCR signaling in the nervous system. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 57:83-89. [PMID: 30708280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several GPCRs, including receptors previously thought to signal primarily from the cell surface, have been recently shown to signal from many intracellular compartments. This raises the idea that signaling by any given receptor is spatially encoded in the cell, with distinct sites of signal origin dictating distinct downstream consequences. We will discuss recent developments that address this novel facet of GPCR physiology, focusing on the spatial segregation of signaling from the cell surface, endosomes, and the Golgi by receptors relevant to the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara Y Weinberg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Stephanie E Crilly
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Manojkumar A Puthenveedu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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33
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Tobin SJ, Wakefield DL, Terenius L, Vukojević V, Jovanović-Talisman T. Ethanol and Naltrexone Have Distinct Effects on the Lateral Nano-organization of Mu and Kappa Opioid Receptors in the Plasma Membrane. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:667-676. [PMID: 30418735 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex spatiotemporal organization of proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane is an important determinant of receptor function. Certain substances, such as ethanol, can penetrate into the hydrophobic regions of the plasma membrane. By altering protein-lipid and protein-protein interactions, these substances can modify the dynamic lateral organization and the function of plasma membrane receptors. To assess changes in plasma membrane receptor organization, we used photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM). This single molecule localization microscopy technique was employed to quantitatively characterize the effects of pharmacologically relevant concentrations of ethanol and naltrexone (an opioid receptor antagonist and medication used to treat alcohol use disorders) on the lateral nano-organization of mu and kappa opioid receptors (MOR and KOR, respectively). Ethanol affected the lateral organization of MOR and KOR similarly: It reduced the size and occupancy of opioid receptor nanodomains and increased the fraction of opioid receptors residing outside of nanodomains. In contrast, naltrexone affected MOR and KOR lateral organization differently. It significantly increased KOR surface density, nanodomain size, and the occupancy of KOR nanodomains. However, naltrexone marginally affected these parameters for MOR. Pretreatment with naltrexone largely protected against ethanol-induced changes in MOR and KOR lateral organization. Based on these data, we propose a putative mechanism of naltrexone action that operates in addition to its canonical antagonistic effect on MOR- and KOR-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Tobin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Devin L. Wakefield
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Lars Terenius
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Vladana Vukojević
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Tijana Jovanović-Talisman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California 91010, United States
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34
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Combining Optical Approaches with Human Inducible Pluripotent Stem Cells in G Protein-Coupled Receptor Drug Screening and Development. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8040180. [PMID: 30567417 PMCID: PMC6315445 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug discovery for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) stands at an interesting juncture. Screening programs are slowly moving away from model heterologous cell systems such as human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells to more relevant cellular, tissue and whole animal platforms. Investigators are now developing analytical approaches as means to undertake different aspects of drug discovery by scaling into increasingly more relevant models all the way down to the single cell level. Such approaches include cellular, tissue slice and whole animal models where biosensors that track signaling events and receptor conformational profiles can be used. Here, we review aspects of biosensor-based imaging approaches that might be used in inducible pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) and organoid models, and focus on how such models must be characterized in order to apply them in drug screening.
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Modulation of Opioid Transport at the Blood-Brain Barrier by Altered ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporter Expression and Activity. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040192. [PMID: 30340346 PMCID: PMC6321372 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids are highly effective analgesics that have a serious potential for adverse drug reactions and for development of addiction and tolerance. Since the use of opioids has escalated in recent years, it is increasingly important to understand biological mechanisms that can increase the probability of opioid-associated adverse events occurring in patient populations. This is emphasized by the current opioid epidemic in the United States where opioid analgesics are frequently abused and misused. It has been established that the effectiveness of opioids is maximized when these drugs readily access opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). Indeed, opioid delivery to the brain is significantly influenced by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In particular, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters that are endogenously expressed at the BBB are critical determinants of CNS opioid penetration. In this review, we will discuss current knowledge on the transport of opioid analgesic drugs by ABC transporters at the BBB. We will also examine how expression and trafficking of ABC transporters can be modified by pain and/or opioid pharmacotherapy, a novel mechanism that can promote opioid-associated adverse drug events and development of addiction and tolerance.
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Civciristov S, Ellisdon AM, Suderman R, Pon CK, Evans BA, Kleifeld O, Charlton SJ, Hlavacek WS, Canals M, Halls ML. Preassembled GPCR signaling complexes mediate distinct cellular responses to ultralow ligand concentrations. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/551/eaan1188. [PMID: 30301787 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan1188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of cell surface signaling proteins, participate in nearly all physiological processes, and are the targets of 30% of marketed drugs. Typically, nanomolar to micromolar concentrations of ligand are used to activate GPCRs in experimental systems. We detected GPCR responses to a wide range of ligand concentrations, from attomolar to millimolar, by measuring GPCR-stimulated production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) with high spatial and temporal resolution. Mathematical modeling showed that femtomolar concentrations of ligand activated, on average, 40% of the cells in a population provided that a cell was activated by one to two binding events. Furthermore, activation of the endogenous β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) and muscarinic acetylcholine M3 receptor (M3R) by femtomolar concentrations of ligand in cell lines and human cardiac fibroblasts caused sustained increases in nuclear translocation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and cytosolic protein kinase C (PKC) activity, respectively. These responses were spatially and temporally distinct from those that occurred in response to higher concentrations of ligand and resulted in a distinct cellular proteomic profile. This highly sensitive signaling depended on the GPCRs forming preassembled, higher-order signaling complexes at the plasma membrane. Recognizing that GPCRs respond to ultralow concentrations of neurotransmitters and hormones challenges established paradigms of drug action and provides a previously unappreciated aspect of GPCR activation that is quite distinct from that typically observed with higher ligand concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srgjan Civciristov
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew M Ellisdon
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ryan Suderman
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Theoretical Division and Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Cindy K Pon
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Bronwyn A Evans
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Oded Kleifeld
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Steven J Charlton
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.,Excellerate Bioscience Ltd, MediCity, Nottingham NG90 6BH, UK
| | - William S Hlavacek
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Theoretical Division and Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Michelle L Halls
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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Pena DA, Duarte ML, Pramio DT, Devi LA, Schechtman D. Exploring Morphine-Triggered PKC-Targets and Their Interaction with Signaling Pathways Leading to Pain via TrkA. Proteomes 2018; 6:proteomes6040039. [PMID: 30301203 PMCID: PMC6313901 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes6040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well accepted that treatment of chronic pain with morphine leads to μ opioid receptor (MOR) desensitization and the development of morphine tolerance. MOR activation by the selective peptide agonist, D-Ala2, N-MePhe4, Gly-ol]-enkephalin(DAMGO), leads to robust G protein receptor kinase activation, β-arrestin recruitment, and subsequent receptor endocytosis, which does not occur in an activation by morphine. However, MOR activation by morphine induces receptor desensitization, in a Protein kinase C (PKC) dependent manner. PKC inhibitors have been reported to decrease receptor desensitization, reduce opiate tolerance, and increase analgesia. However, the exact role of PKC in these processes is not clearly delineated. The difficulties in establishing a particular role for PKC have been, in part, due to the lack of reagents that allow the selective identification of PKC targets. Recently, we generated a conformation state-specific anti-PKC antibody that preferentially recognizes the active state of this kinase. Using this antibody to selectively isolate PKC substrates and a proteomics strategy to establish the identity of the proteins, we examined the effect of morphine treatment on the PKC targets. We found an enhanced interaction of a number of proteins with active PKC, in the presence of morphine. In this article, we discuss the role of these proteins in PKC-mediated MOR desensitization and analgesia. In addition, we posit a role for some of these proteins in mediating pain by TrKA activation, via the activation of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1). Finally, we discuss how these new PKC interacting proteins and pathways could be targeted for the treatment of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene A Pena
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-220, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Lemos Duarte
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Dimitrius T Pramio
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-220, Brazil.
| | - Lakshmi A Devi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Deborah Schechtman
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-220, Brazil.
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38
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Mechanisms of signalling and biased agonism in G protein-coupled receptors. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2018; 19:638-653. [DOI: 10.1038/s41580-018-0049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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39
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Miess E, Gondin AB, Yousuf A, Steinborn R, Mösslein N, Yang Y, Göldner M, Ruland JG, Bünemann M, Krasel C, Christie MJ, Halls ML, Schulz S, Canals M. Multisite phosphorylation is required for sustained interaction with GRKs and arrestins during rapid μ-opioid receptor desensitization. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/539/eaas9609. [PMID: 30018083 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aas9609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
G protein receptor kinases (GRKs) and β-arrestins are key regulators of μ-opioid receptor (MOR) signaling and trafficking. We have previously shown that high-efficacy opioids such as DAMGO stimulate a GRK2/3-mediated multisite phosphorylation of conserved C-terminal tail serine and threonine residues, which facilitates internalization of the receptor. In contrast, morphine-induced phosphorylation of MOR is limited to Ser375 and is not sufficient to drive substantial receptor internalization. We report how specific multisite phosphorylation controlled the dynamics of GRK and β-arrestin interactions with MOR and show how such phosphorylation mediated receptor desensitization. We showed that GRK2/3 was recruited more quickly than was β-arrestin to a DAMGO-activated MOR. β-Arrestin recruitment required GRK2 activity and MOR phosphorylation, but GRK recruitment also depended on the phosphorylation sites in the C-terminal tail, specifically four serine and threonine residues within the 370TREHPSTANT379 motif. Our results also suggested that other residues outside this motif participated in the initial and transient recruitment of GRK and β-arrestins. We identified two components of high-efficacy agonist desensitization of MOR: a sustained component, which required GRK2-mediated phosphorylation and a potential soluble factor, and a rapid component, which was likely mediated by GRK2 but independent of receptor phosphorylation. Elucidating these complex receptor-effector interactions represents an important step toward a mechanistic understanding of MOR desensitization that leads to the development of tolerance and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Miess
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Arisbel B Gondin
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Arsalan Yousuf
- Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Ralph Steinborn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Nadja Mösslein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Yunshi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin Göldner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Julia G Ruland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Bünemann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Cornelius Krasel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - MacDonald J Christie
- Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Michelle L Halls
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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Rogacki MK, Golfetto O, Tobin SJ, Li T, Biswas S, Jorand R, Zhang H, Radoi V, Ming Y, Svenningsson P, Ganjali D, Wakefield DL, Sideris A, Small AR, Terenius L, Jovanović‐Talisman T, Vukojević V. Dynamic lateral organization of opioid receptors (kappa, mu wt and mu N40D ) in the plasma membrane at the nanoscale level. Traffic 2018; 19:690-709. [PMID: 29808515 PMCID: PMC6120469 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Opioid receptors are important pharmacological targets for the management of numerous medical conditions (eg, severe pain), but they are also the gateway to the development of deleterious side effects (eg, opiate addiction). Opioid receptor signaling cascades are well characterized. However, quantitative information regarding their lateral dynamics and nanoscale organization in the plasma membrane remains limited. Since these dynamic properties are important determinants of receptor function, it is crucial to define them. Herein, the nanoscale lateral dynamics and spatial organization of kappa opioid receptor (KOP), wild type mu opioid receptor (MOPwt ), and its naturally occurring isoform (MOPN40D ) were quantitatively characterized using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and photoactivated localization microscopy. Obtained results, supported by ensemble-averaged Monte Carlo simulations, indicate that these opioid receptors dynamically partition into different domains. In particular, significant exclusion from GM1 ganglioside-enriched domains and partial association with cholesterol-enriched domains was observed. Nanodomain size, receptor population density and the fraction of receptors residing outside of nanodomains were receptor-specific. KOP-containing domains were the largest and most densely populated, with the smallest fraction of molecules residing outside of nanodomains. The opposite was true for MOPN40D . Moreover, cholesterol depletion dynamically regulated the partitioning of KOP and MOPwt , whereas this effect was not observed for MOPN40D .
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej K. Rogacki
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceCenter for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Ottavia Golfetto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteCalifornia
| | - Steven J. Tobin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteCalifornia
| | - Tianyi Li
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceCenter for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Sunetra Biswas
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteCalifornia
| | - Raphael Jorand
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteCalifornia
| | - Huiying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteCalifornia
| | - Vlad Radoi
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceCenter for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Yu Ming
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceCenter for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceCenter for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Daniel Ganjali
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringThe Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Devin L. Wakefield
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteCalifornia
| | - Athanasios Sideris
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringThe Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Alexander R. Small
- Department of Physics and AstronomyCalifornia State Polytechnic UniversityPomonaCalifornia
| | - Lars Terenius
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceCenter for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
- Department of Molecular and Cellular NeurosciencesThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCalifornia
| | | | - Vladana Vukojević
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceCenter for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
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41
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-ninth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2016 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior, and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia, stress and social status, tolerance and dependence, learning and memory, eating and drinking, drug abuse and alcohol, sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology, mental illness and mood, seizures and neurologic disorders, electrical-related activity and neurophysiology, general activity and locomotion, gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions, cardiovascular responses, respiration and thermoregulation, and immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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42
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Lack of beta-arrestin signaling in the absence of active G proteins. Nat Commun 2018; 9:341. [PMID: 29362459 PMCID: PMC5780443 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02661-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-independent, arrestin-dependent signaling is a paradigm that broadens the signaling scope of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) beyond G proteins for numerous biological processes. However, arrestin signaling in the collective absence of functional G proteins has never been demonstrated. Here we achieve a state of “zero functional G” at the cellular level using HEK293 cells depleted by CRISPR/Cas9 technology of the Gs/q/12 families of Gα proteins, along with pertussis toxin-mediated inactivation of Gi/o. Together with HEK293 cells lacking β-arrestins (“zero arrestin”), we systematically dissect G protein- from arrestin-driven signaling outcomes for a broad set of GPCRs. We use biochemical, biophysical, label-free whole-cell biosensing and ERK phosphorylation to identify four salient features for all receptors at “zero functional G”: arrestin recruitment and internalization, but—unexpectedly—complete failure to activate ERK and whole-cell responses. These findings change our understanding of how GPCRs function and in particular of how they activate ERK1/2. Arrestins terminate signaling from GPCRs, but several lines of evidence suggest that they are also able to transduce signals independently of G proteins. Here, the authors systematically ablate G proteins in cell lines, and show that arrestins are unable to act as genuine signal initiators.
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43
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Leong C, Neumann C, Ramasamy S, Rout B, Yi Wee L, Bigliardi-Qi M, Bigliardi PL. Investigating endogenous µ-opioid receptors in human keratinocytes as pharmacological targets using novel fluorescent ligand. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188607. [PMID: 29211767 PMCID: PMC5718609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids in skin function during stress response, regeneration, ageing and, particularly in regulating sensation. In chronic pruritus, topical treatment with Naltrexone changes μ-opioid receptor (μ-OR) localization to relieve itch. The molecular mechanisms behind the effects of Naltrexone on μ-OR function in reduction of itching behavior has not been studied. There is an immediate need to understand the endogenous complexity of μ-OR dynamics in normal and pathological skin conditions. Here we evaluate real-time behavior of μ-OR-Endomorphine complexes in the presence of agonist and antagonists. The μ-OR ligand Endomorphine-1 (EM) was conjugated to the fluorescent dye Tetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA) to investigate the effects of agonist and antagonists in N/TERT-1 keratinocytes. The cellular localization of the EM-TAMRA was followed through time resolved confocal microscopy and population analysis was performed by flow cytometry. The in vitro analyses demonstrate fast internalization and trafficking of the endogenous EM-TAMRA-μ-OR interactions in a qualitative manner. Competition with Endomorphine-1, Naltrexone and CTOP show both canonical and non-canonical effects in basal and differentiated keratinocytes. Acute and chronic treatment with Naltrexone and Endomorphine-1 increases EM-TAMRA binding to skin cells. Although Naltrexone is clinically effective in relieving itch, the mechanisms behind re-distribution of μ-ORs during clinical treatments are not known. Our study has given insight into cellular mechanisms of μ-OR ligand-receptor interactions after opioid agonist and antagonist treatments in vitro. These findings potentially offer opportunities in using novel treatment strategies for skin and peripheral sensory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Leong
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology & Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christine Neumann
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology & Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Srinivas Ramasamy
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology & Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bhimsen Rout
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology & Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lim Yi Wee
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science Technology & Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mei Bigliardi-Qi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology & Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: , (PB); , (MB)
| | - Paul L. Bigliardi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology & Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- National University Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, University Medicine Cluster, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: , (PB); , (MB)
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44
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Abstract
Opioids are powerful analgesics, but also carry significant side effects and abuse potential. Here we describe a modulator of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR1), the transient receptor potential channel subfamily vanilloid member 1 (TRPV1). We show that TRPV1 binds MOR1 and blocks opioid-dependent phosphorylation of MOR1 while leaving G protein signaling intact. Phosphorylation of MOR1 initiates recruitment and activation of the β-arrestin pathway, which is responsible for numerous opioid-induced adverse effects, including the development of tolerance and respiratory depression. Phosphorylation stands in contrast to G protein signaling, which is responsible for the analgesic effect of opioids. Calcium influx through TRPV1 causes a calcium/calmodulin-dependent translocation of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) away from the plasma membrane, thereby blocking its ability to phosphorylate MOR1. Using TRPV1 to block phosphorylation of MOR1 without affecting G protein signaling is a potential strategy to improve the therapeutic profile of opioids.
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45
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Grundmann M, Kostenis E. Temporal Bias: Time-Encoded Dynamic GPCR Signaling. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:1110-1124. [PMID: 29074251 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that cells can time-encode signals for secure transport and perception of information, and it appears that this dynamic signaling is a common principle of nature to code information in time. G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling networks are no exception as their composition and signal transduction appear temporally flexible. In this review, we discuss the potential mechanisms by which GPCRs code biological information in time to create 'temporal bias.' We highlight dynamic signaling patterns from the second messenger to the receptor-ligand level and shed light on the dynamics of G-protein cycles, the kinetics of ligand-receptor interaction, and the occurrence of distinct signaling waves within the cell. A dynamic feature such as temporal bias adds to the complexity of GPCR signaling bias and gives rise to the question whether this trait could be exploited to gain control over time-encoded cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Grundmann
- Molecular-, Cellular- and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Kidney Disease Research, Bayer Pharma AG, Aprather Weg 18a, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Molecular-, Cellular- and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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46
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Halls ML, Canals M. Genetically Encoded FRET Biosensors to Illuminate Compartmentalised GPCR Signalling. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 39:148-157. [PMID: 29054309 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Genetically encoded Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensors have been instrumental to our understanding of how intracellular signalling is organised and regulated within cells. In the last decade, the toolbox, dynamic range and applications of these sensors have expanded beyond basic cell biology applications. In particular, FRET biosensors have shed light onto the mechanisms that control the intracellular organisation of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling and have allowed the visualisation of signalling events with unprecedented temporal and spatial resolution. Here we review the use of these sensors in the GPCR field and how it has already provided invaluable advances towards our understanding of the complexity of GPCR signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Halls
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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47
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da Silva Junior ED, Sato M, Merlin J, Broxton N, Hutchinson DS, Ventura S, Evans BA, Summers RJ. Factors influencing biased agonism in recombinant cells expressing the human α 1A -adrenoceptor. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:2318-2333. [PMID: 28444738 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Agonists acting at GPCRs promote biased signalling via Gα or Gβγ subunits, GPCR kinases and β-arrestins. Since the demonstration of biased agonism has implications for drug discovery, it is essential to consider confounding factors contributing to bias. We have examined bias at human α1A -adrenoceptors stably expressed at low levels in CHO-K1 cells, identifying off-target effects at endogenous receptors that contribute to ERK1/2 phosphorylation in response to the agonist oxymetazoline. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Intracellular Ca2+ mobilization was monitored in a Flexstation® using Fluo 4-AM. The accumulation of cAMP and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were measured using AlphaScreen® proximity assays, and mRNA expression was measured by RT-qPCR. Ligand bias was determined using the operational model of agonism. KEY RESULTS Noradrenaline, phenylephrine, methoxamine and A61603 increased Ca2+ mobilization, cAMP accumulation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. However, oxymetazoline showed low efficacy for Ca+2 mobilization, no effect on cAMP generation and high efficacy for ERK1/2 phosphorylation. The apparent functional selectivity of oxymetazoline towards ERK1/2 was related to off-target effects at 5-HT1B receptors endogenously expressed in CHO-K1 cells. Phenylephrine and methoxamine showed genuine bias towards ERK1/2 phosphorylation compared to Ca2+ and cAMP pathways, whereas A61603 displayed bias towards cAMP accumulation compared to ERK1/2 phosphorylation. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS We have shown that while adrenergic agonists display bias at human α1A -adrenoceptors, the marked bias of oxymetazoline for ERK1/2 phosphorylation originates from off-target effects. Commonly used cell lines express a repertoire of endogenous GPCRs that may confound studies on biased agonism at recombinant receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masaaki Sato
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jon Merlin
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie Broxton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Dana S Hutchinson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sabatino Ventura
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bronwyn A Evans
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Roger J Summers
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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48
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Weinberg ZY, Zajac AS, Phan T, Shiwarski DJ, Puthenveedu MA. Sequence-Specific Regulation of Endocytic Lifetimes Modulates Arrestin-Mediated Signaling at the µ Opioid Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 91:416-427. [PMID: 28153854 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.106633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional selectivity at the µ opioid receptor (µR), a prototypical G-protein-coupled receptor that is a physiologically relevant target for endogenous opioid neurotransmitters and analgesics, has been a major focus for drug discovery in the recent past. Functional selectivity is a cumulative effect of the magnitudes of individual signaling pathways, e.g., the Gαi-mediated and the arrestin-mediated pathways for µR. The present work tested the hypothesis that lifetimes of agonist-induced receptor-arrestin clusters at the cell surface control the magnitude of arrestin signaling, and therefore functional selectivity, at µR. We show that endomorphin-2 (EM2), an arrestin-biased ligand for µR, lengthens surface lifetimes of receptor-arrestin clusters significantly compared with morphine. The lengthening of lifetimes required two specific leucines on the C-terminal tail of µR. Mutation of these leucines to alanines decreased the magnitude of arrestin-mediated signaling by EM2 without affecting G-protein signaling, suggesting that lengthened endocytic lifetimes were required for arrestin-biased signaling by EM2. Lengthening surface lifetimes by pharmacologically slowing endocytosis was sufficient to increase arrestin-mediated signaling by both EM2 and the clinically relevant agonist morphine. Our findings show that distinct ligands can leverage specific sequence elements on µR to regulate receptor endocytic lifetimes and the magnitude of arrestin-mediated signaling, and implicate these sequences as important determinants of functional selectivity in the opioid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara Y Weinberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amanda S Zajac
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tiffany Phan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel J Shiwarski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Manojkumar A Puthenveedu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Withey SL, Hill R, Lyndon A, Dewey WL, Kelly E, Henderson G. Effect of Tamoxifen and Brain-Penetrant Protein Kinase C and c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Inhibitors on Tolerance to Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression in Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 361:51-59. [PMID: 28130265 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.238329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory depression is the major cause of death in opioid overdose. We have previously shown that prolonged treatment of mice with morphine induces profound tolerance to the respiratory-depressant effects of the drug (Hill et al., 2016). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether tolerance to opioid-induced respiratory depression is mediated by protein kinase C (PKC) and/or c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). We found that although mice treated for up to 6 days with morphine developed tolerance, as measured by the reduced responsiveness to an acute challenge dose of morphine, administration of the brain-penetrant PKC inhibitors tamoxifen and calphostin C restored the ability of acute morphine to produce respiratory depression in morphine-treated mice. Importantly, reversal of opioid tolerance was dependent on the nature of the opioid ligand used to induce tolerance, as these PKC inhibitors did not reverse tolerance induced by prolonged treatment of mice with methadone nor did they reverse the protection to acute morphine-induced respiratory depression afforded by prolonged treatment with buprenorphine. We found no evidence for the involvement of JNK in morphine-induced tolerance to respiratory depression. These results indicate that PKC represents a major mechanism underlying morphine tolerance, that the mechanism of opioid tolerance to respiratory depression is ligand-dependent, and that coadministration of drugs with PKC-inhibitory activity and morphine (as well as heroin, largely metabolized to morphine in the body) may render individuals more susceptible to overdose death by reversing tolerance to the effects of morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Withey
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.L.W., R.H., A.L., E.K., G.H.); and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (W.L.D.)
| | - Rob Hill
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.L.W., R.H., A.L., E.K., G.H.); and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (W.L.D.)
| | - Abigail Lyndon
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.L.W., R.H., A.L., E.K., G.H.); and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (W.L.D.)
| | - William L Dewey
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.L.W., R.H., A.L., E.K., G.H.); and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (W.L.D.)
| | - Eamonn Kelly
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.L.W., R.H., A.L., E.K., G.H.); and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (W.L.D.)
| | - Graeme Henderson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.L.W., R.H., A.L., E.K., G.H.); and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (W.L.D.)
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50
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Foster SR, Bräuner-Osborne H. Investigating Internalization and Intracellular Trafficking of GPCRs: New Techniques and Real-Time Experimental Approaches. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 245:41-61. [PMID: 29018878 DOI: 10.1007/164_2017_57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ability to regulate the interaction between cells and their extracellular environment is essential for the maintenance of appropriate physiological function. For G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), this regulation occurs through multiple mechanisms that provide spatial and temporal control for signal transduction. One of the major mechanisms for GPCR regulation involves their endocytic trafficking, which serves to internalize the receptors from the plasma membrane and thereby attenuate G protein-dependent signaling. However, there is accumulating evidence to suggest that GPCRs can signal independently of G proteins, as well as from intracellular compartments including endosomes. It is in this context that receptor internalization and intracellular trafficking have attracted renewed interest within the GPCR field. In this chapter, we will review the current understanding and methodologies that have been used to investigate internalization and intracellular signaling of GPCRs, with a particular focus on emerging real-time techniques. These recent developments have improved our understanding of the complexities of GPCR internalization and intracellular signaling and suggest that the broader biological relevance and potential therapeutic implications of these processes remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Foster
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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