1
|
Sun H, Huang T, Alam MM, Li J, Jang DW, Wang T, Chen H, Ho YP, Gao Z. Minimizing Contact Resistance and Flicker Noise in Micro Graphene Hall Sensors Using Persistent Carbene Modified Gold Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:31473-31479. [PMID: 38850243 PMCID: PMC11194764 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Scalable micro graphene Hall sensors (μGHSs) hold tremendous potential for highly sensitive and label-free biomagnetic sensing in physiological solutions. To enhance the performance of these devices, it is crucial to optimize frequency-dependent flicker noise to reduce the limit of detection (LOD), but it remains a great challenge due to the large contact resistance at the graphene-metal contact. Here we present a surface modification strategy employing persistent carbene on gold electrodes to reduce the contact resistivity by a factor of 25, greatly diminishing μGHS flicker noise by a factor of 1000 to 3.13 × 10-14 V2/Hz while simultaneously lowering the magnetic LOD SB1/2 to 1440 nT/Hz1/2 at 1 kHz under a 100 μA bias current. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the lowest SB1/2 reported for scalable μGHSs fabricated through wafer-scale photolithography. The reduction in contact noise is attributed to the π-π stacking interaction between the graphene and the benzene rings of persistent carbene, as well as the decrease in the work function of gold as confirmed by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy. By incorporating a microcoil into the μGHS, we have demonstrated the real-time detection of superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SNPs), achieving a remarkable LOD of ∼528 μg/L. This advancement holds great potential for the label-free detection of magnetic biomarkers, e.g., ferritin, for the early diagnosis of diseases associated with iron overload, such as hereditary hemochromatosis (HHC).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Sun
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University
of Hong Kong, Shatin,
New Territories 999077, Hong Kong SAR,
China
| | - Ting Huang
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University
of Hong Kong, Shatin,
New Territories 999077, Hong Kong SAR,
China
| | - Md Masruck Alam
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University
of Hong Kong, Shatin,
New Territories 999077, Hong Kong SAR,
China
| | - Jingwei Li
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University
of Hong Kong, Shatin,
New Territories 999077, Hong Kong SAR,
China
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dong Wook Jang
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University
of Hong Kong, Shatin,
New Territories 999077, Hong Kong SAR,
China
| | - Tianle Wang
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University
of Hong Kong, Shatin,
New Territories 999077, Hong Kong SAR,
China
| | - Haohan Chen
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University
of Hong Kong, Shatin,
New Territories 999077, Hong Kong SAR,
China
- School
of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yi-Ping Ho
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University
of Hong Kong, Shatin,
New Territories 999077, Hong Kong SAR,
China
- Centre
for Novel Biomaterials, The Chinese University
of Hong Kong, Shatin,
New Territories 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong
Kong Branch of CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State
Key
Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University
of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
SAR, China
| | - Zhaoli Gao
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University
of Hong Kong, Shatin,
New Territories 999077, Hong Kong SAR,
China
- Shun
Hing Institute of Advanced Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- CUHK
Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518172, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Leuthner M, Reisbeck M, Helou M, Hayden O. Towards a Point-of-Care Test of CD4 + T Lymphocyte Concentrations for Immune Status Monitoring with Magnetic Flow Cytometry. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:520. [PMID: 38675331 PMCID: PMC11051966 DOI: 10.3390/mi15040520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
For the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, the regular assessment of the immune status is indispensable. The quantification of CD4+ T lymphocytes in blood by gold standard optical flow cytometry is not point-of-care testing (POCT) compatible. This incompatibility is due to unavoidable pre-analytics, expensive and bulky optics with limited portability, and complex workflow integration. Here, we propose a non-optical, magnetic flow cytometry (MFC) workflow that offers effortless integration opportunities, including minimal user interaction, integrated sample preparation and up-concentration, and miniaturization. Furthermore, we demonstrate immunomagnetic CD4+ T lymphocyte labeling in whole blood with subsequent quantification using sheath-less MFC. Showing linearity over two log scales and being largely unimpaired by hematocrit, evidence is provided for POCT capabilities of HIV patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Leuthner
- Heinz-Nixdorf-Chair of Biomedical Electronics, School of Computation, Information and Technology & Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, TranslaTUM, Einsteinstraße 25, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Reisbeck
- Heinz-Nixdorf-Chair of Biomedical Electronics, School of Computation, Information and Technology & Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, TranslaTUM, Einsteinstraße 25, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Helou
- EarlyBio GmbH, Bottroper Weg 2, 13507 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Hayden
- Heinz-Nixdorf-Chair of Biomedical Electronics, School of Computation, Information and Technology & Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, TranslaTUM, Einsteinstraße 25, 81675 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nian M, Chen B, He M, Hu B. A Cascaded Phase-Transfer Microfluidic Chip with Magnetic Probe for High-Activity Sorting, Purification, Release, and Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells. Anal Chem 2024; 96:766-774. [PMID: 38158582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidic chips have emerged as a promising tool for sorting and enriching circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood, while the efficacy and purity of CTC sorting greatly depend on chip design. Herein, a novel cascaded phase-transfer microfluidic chip was developed for high-efficiency sorting, purification, release, and detection of MCF-7 cells (as a model CTC) in blood samples. MCF-7 cells were specifically captured by EpCAM aptamer-modified magnetic beads and then introduced into the designed cascaded phase-transfer microfluidic chip that consisted of three functional regions (sorting, purification, and release zone). In the sorting zone, the MCF-7 cells moved toward the inner wall of the channel and entered the purification zone for primary separation from white blood cells; in the purification zone, the MCF-7 cells were transferred to the phosphate-buffered saline flow under the interaction of Dean forces and central magnetic force, achieving high purification of MCF-7 cells from blood samples; in the release zone, MCF-7 cells were further transferred into the nuclease solution and fixed in groove by the strong magnetic force and hydrodynamic force, and the continuously flowing nuclease solution cleaved the aptamer on the trapped MCF-7 cells, causing gentle release of MCF-7 cells for subsequent inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) detection or further cultivation. By measurement of the endogenous element Zn in the cells using ICP-MS for cell counting, an average cell recovery of 84% for MCF-7 cells was obtained in spiked blood samples. The developed method was applied in the analysis of real blood samples from healthy people and breast cancer patients, and CTCs were successfully detected in all tested patient samples (16/16). Additionally, the removal of the magnetic probes on the cell surface significantly improved cell viability up to 99.3%. Therefore, the developed cascaded phase-transfer microfluidic chip ICP-MS system possessed high integration for CTCs analysis with high cell viability, cell recovery, and purity, showing great advantages in early clinical cancer diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miaoxiang Nian
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Man He
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Qian Q, Wei Y, Xu Y, Zheng M, Wang C, Zhang S, Xie X, Ye C, Mi X. Microfluidic magnetic detection system combined with a DNA framework-mediated immune-sandwich assay for rapid and sensitive detection of tumor-derived exosomes. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:139. [PMID: 38025882 PMCID: PMC10630345 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00617-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-derived circulating exosomes (TDEs) are being pursued as informative and noninvasive biomarkers. However, quantitatively detecting TDEs is still challenging. Herein, we constructed a DNA tetrahedral-structured probe (TSP)-mediated microfluidic magnetic detection system (μFMS) to provide a rapid and sensitive platform for analyzing TDEs. CD63 aptamer-modified Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were constructed to form magnetic nano-report probes (MNRs). The microfluidic chips were fabricated from glass functionalized with DNA TSP-modified aldehyde groups and a PDMS layer designed with serpentine microchannels. An induction coil-based magnetic detector was used to measure the magnetic signal. The linear dynamic range of the μFMS system for TDE assays was 1.98 × 103-1.98 × 107 particles/mL with a limit of detection of 1.98 × 103 particles/mL in PBS. There was no significant difference in TDE detection between the simulated serum and PBS, which indicated the feasibility of the constructed μFMS system for TDE analysis in complex biological systems. In terms of cost, reaction time and operation procedure, this μFMS has the potential to be developed as a clinical point-of-care testing tool for cancer diagnosis and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuling Qian
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai, 200050 China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yutong Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai, 200050 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- School of Information Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210 China
| | - Yi Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai, 200050 China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210 China
| | - Mengmeng Zheng
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210 China
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Shulin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai, 200050 China
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai, 200050 China
| | - Chaofeng Ye
- School of Information Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210 China
| | - Xianqiang Mi
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai, 200050 China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024 China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Surappa S, Multani P, Parlatan U, Sinawang PD, Kaifi J, Akin D, Demirci U. Integrated "lab-on-a-chip" microfluidic systems for isolation, enrichment, and analysis of cancer biomarkers. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2942-2958. [PMID: 37314731 PMCID: PMC10834032 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01076c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The liquid biopsy has garnered considerable attention as a complementary clinical tool for the early detection, molecular characterization and monitoring of cancer over the past decade. In contrast to traditional solid biopsy techniques, liquid biopsy offers a less invasive and safer alternative for routine cancer screening. Recent advances in microfluidic technologies have enabled handling of liquid biopsy-derived biomarkers with high sensitivity, throughput, and convenience. The integration of these multi-functional microfluidic technologies into a 'lab-on-a-chip' offers a powerful solution for processing and analyzing samples on a single platform, thereby reducing the complexity, bio-analyte loss and cross-contamination associated with multiple handling and transfer steps in more conventional benchtop workflows. This review critically addresses recent developments in integrated microfluidic technologies for cancer detection, highlighting isolation, enrichment, and analysis strategies for three important sub-types of cancer biomarkers: circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA and exosomes. We first discuss the unique characteristics and advantages of the various lab-on-a-chip technologies developed to operate on each biomarker subtype. This is then followed by a discussion on the challenges and opportunities in the field of integrated systems for cancer detection. Ultimately, integrated microfluidic platforms form the core of a new class of point-of-care diagnostic tools by virtue of their ease-of-operation, portability and high sensitivity. Widespread availability of such tools could potentially result in more frequent and convenient screening for early signs of cancer at clinical labs or primary care offices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushruta Surappa
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Priyanka Multani
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Ugur Parlatan
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Prima Dewi Sinawang
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jussuf Kaifi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Demir Akin
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
- Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence for Translational Diagnostics (CCNE-TD), School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shah N, Iyer V, Zhang Z, Gao Z, Park J, Yelleswarapu V, Aflatouni F, Charlie Johnson AT, Issadore D. Highly stable integration of graphene Hall sensors on a microfluidic platform for magnetic sensing in whole blood. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:71. [PMID: 37275264 PMCID: PMC10232500 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The detection and analysis of rare cells in complex media such as blood is increasingly important in biomedical research and clinical diagnostics. Micro-Hall detectors (μHD) for magnetic detection in blood have previously demonstrated ultrahigh sensitivity to rare cells. This sensitivity originates from the minimal magnetic background in blood, obviating cumbersome and detrimental sample preparation. However, the translation of this technology to clinical applications has been limited by inherently low throughput (<1 mL/h), susceptibility to clogging, and incompatibility with commercial CMOS foundry processing. To help overcome these challenges, we have developed CMOS-compatible graphene Hall sensors for integration with PDMS microfluidics for magnetic sensing in blood. We demonstrate that these graphene μHDs can match the performance of the best published μHDs, can be passivated for robust use with whole blood, and can be integrated with microfluidics and sensing electronics for in-flow detection of magnetic beads. We show a proof-of-concept validation of our system on a silicon substrate and detect magnetic agarose beads, as a model for cells, demonstrating promise for future integration in clinical applications with a custom CMOS chip.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nishal Shah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Vasant Iyer
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Zhaoli Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Juhwan Park
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Venkata Yelleswarapu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Firooz Aflatouni
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - A. T. Charlie Johnson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - David Issadore
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Iyer V, Issadore DA, Aflatouni F. The next generation of hybrid microfluidic/integrated circuit chips: recent and upcoming advances in high-speed, high-throughput, and multifunctional lab-on-IC systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2553-2576. [PMID: 37114950 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01163h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Since the field's inception, pioneers in microfluidics have made significant progress towards realizing complete lab-on-chip systems capable of sophisticated sample analysis and processing. One avenue towards this goal has been to join forces with the related field of microelectronics, using integrated circuits (ICs) to perform on-chip actuation and sensing. While early demonstrations focused on using microfluidic-IC hybrid chips to miniaturize benchtop instruments, steady advancements in the field have enabled a new generation of devices that expand past miniaturization into high-performance applications that would not be possible without IC hybrid integration. In this review, we identify recent examples of labs-on-chip that use high-resolution, high-speed, and multifunctional electronic and photonic chips to expand the capabilities of conventional sample analysis. We focus on three particularly active areas: a) high-throughput integrated flow cytometers; b) large-scale microelectrode arrays for stimulation and multimodal sensing of cells over a wide field of view; c) high-speed biosensors for studying molecules with high temporal resolution. We also discuss recent advancements in IC technology, including on-chip data processing techniques and lens-free optics based on integrated photonics, that are poised to further advance microfluidic-IC hybrid chips.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasant Iyer
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - David A Issadore
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Firooz Aflatouni
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Natalia A, Zhang L, Sundah NR, Zhang Y, Shao H. Analytical device miniaturization for the detection of circulating biomarkers. NATURE REVIEWS BIOENGINEERING 2023; 1:1-18. [PMID: 37359772 PMCID: PMC10064972 DOI: 10.1038/s44222-023-00050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Diverse (sub)cellular materials are secreted by cells into the systemic circulation at different stages of disease progression. These circulating biomarkers include whole cells, such as circulating tumour cells, subcellular extracellular vesicles and cell-free factors such as DNA, RNA and proteins. The biophysical and biomolecular state of circulating biomarkers carry a rich repertoire of molecular information that can be captured in the form of liquid biopsies for disease detection and monitoring. In this Review, we discuss miniaturized platforms that allow the minimally invasive and rapid detection and analysis of circulating biomarkers, accounting for their differences in size, concentration and molecular composition. We examine differently scaled materials and devices that can enrich, measure and analyse specific circulating biomarkers, outlining their distinct detection challenges. Finally, we highlight emerging opportunities in biomarker and device integration and provide key future milestones for their clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Auginia Natalia
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Noah R. Sundah
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huilin Shao
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Isolation, Detection and Analysis of Circulating Tumour Cells: A Nanotechnological Bioscope. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010280. [PMID: 36678908 PMCID: PMC9864919 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the dreaded diseases to which a sizeable proportion of the population succumbs every year. Despite the tremendous growth of the health sector, spanning diagnostics to treatment, early diagnosis is still in its infancy. In this regard, circulating tumour cells (CTCs) have of late grabbed the attention of researchers in the detection of metastasis and there has been a huge surge in the surrounding research activities. Acting as a biomarker, CTCs prove beneficial in a variety of aspects. Nanomaterial-based strategies have been devised to have a tremendous impact on the early and rapid examination of tumor cells. This review provides a panoramic overview of the different nanotechnological methodologies employed along with the pharmaceutical purview of cancer. Initiating from fundamentals, the recent nanotechnological developments toward the detection, isolation, and analysis of CTCs are comprehensively delineated. The review also includes state-of-the-art implementations of nanotechnological advances in the enumeration of CTCs, along with future challenges and recommendations thereof.
Collapse
|
10
|
Baur M, Reisbeck M, Hayden O, Utschick W. Joint Particle Detection and Analysis by a CNN and Adaptive Norm Minimization Approach. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2022; 69:2468-2479. [PMID: 35104207 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2022.3147701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Optical flow cytometry is used as the gold standard in single cell function diagnostics with the drawback of involving high complexity and operator costs. Magnetic flow cytometers try to overcome this problem by replacing optical labeling with magnetic nanoparticles to assign each cell a magnetic fingerprint. This allows operators to obtain rich cell information from a biological sample with minimal sample preparation at near in-vivo conditions in a decentralized environment. A central task in flow cytometry is the determination of cell concentrations and cell parameters, e.g. hydrodynamic diameter. For the acquisition of this information, signal processing is an essential component. Previous approaches mainly focus on the processing of one-cell signals, leaving out superimposed signals originating from cells passing the magnetic sensors in close proximity. In this work, we present a framework for joint cell/particle detection and analysis, which is capable of processing one-cell as well as multi-cell signals. We employ deep learning and compressive sensing in this approach, which involves the minimization of an adaptive norm. We evaluate our method on simulated and experimental signals, the latter being obtained with polymer microparticles. Our results show that the framework is capable of counting cells with a relative error smaller than 2 %. Inference of cell parameters works reliably at both low and high noise levels.
Collapse
|
11
|
Immunomagnetic microscopy of tumor tissues using quantum sensors in diamond. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2118876119. [PMID: 35082154 PMCID: PMC8812536 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118876119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Histological imaging is essential for the biomedical research and clinical diagnosis of human cancer. Although optical microscopy provides a standard method, it is a persistent goal to develop new imaging methods for more precise histological examination. Here, we use nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond as quantum sensors and demonstrate micrometer-resolution immunomagnetic microscopy (IMM) for human tumor tissues. We immunomagnetically labeled cancer biomarkers in tumor tissues with magnetic nanoparticles and imaged them in a 400-nm resolution diamond-based magnetic microscope. There is barely magnetic background in tissues, and the IMM can resist the impact of a light background. The distribution of biomarkers in the high-contrast magnetic images was reconstructed as that of the magnetic moment of magnetic nanoparticles by employing deep-learning algorithms. In the reconstructed magnetic images, the expression intensity of the biomarkers was quantified with the absolute magnetic signal. The IMM has excellent signal stability, and the magnetic signal in our samples had not changed after more than 1.5 y under ambient conditions. Furthermore, we realized multimodal imaging of tumor tissues by combining IMM with hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, or immunofluorescence microscopy in the same tissue section. Overall, our study provides a different histological method for both molecular mechanism research and accurate diagnosis of human cancer.
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Magnetic cell separation has become a key methodology for the isolation of target cell populations from biological suspensions, covering a wide spectrum of applications from diagnosis and therapy in biomedicine to environmental applications or fundamental research in biology. There now exists a great variety of commercially available separation instruments and reagents, which has permitted rapid dissemination of the technology. However, there is still an increasing demand for new tools and protocols which provide improved selectivity, yield and sensitivity of the separation process while reducing cost and providing a faster response. This review aims to introduce basic principles of magnetic cell separation for the neophyte, while giving an overview of recent research in the field, from the development of new cell labeling strategies to the design of integrated microfluidic cell sorters and of point-of-care platforms combining cell selection, capture, and downstream detection. Finally, we focus on clinical, industrial and environmental applications where magnetic cell separation strategies are amongst the most promising techniques to address the challenges of isolating rare cells.
Collapse
|
13
|
Chícharo A, Caetano DM, Cardoso S, Freitas P. Evolution in Automatized Detection of Cells: Advances in Magnetic Microcytometers for Cancer Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1379:413-444. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-04039-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
14
|
Abstract
Emerging research in biosensors has attracted much attention worldwide, particularly in response to the recent pandemic outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Nevertheless, initiating research in biosensing applied to the diagnosis of diseases is still challenging for researchers, be it in the preferences of biosensor platforms, selection of biomarkers, detection strategies, or other aspects (e.g., cutoff values) to fulfill the clinical purpose. There are two sides to the development of a diagnostic tool: the biosensor development side and the clinical side. From the development side, the research engineers seek the typical characteristics of a biosensor: sensitivity, selectivity, linearity, stability, and reproducibility. On the other side are the physicians that expect a diagnostic tool that provides fast acquisition of patient information to obtain an early diagnosis or an efficient patient stratification, which consequently allows for making assertive and efficient clinical decisions. The development of diagnostic devices always involves assay developer researchers working as pivots to bridge both sides whose role is to find detection strategies suitable to the clinical needs by understanding (1) the intended use of the technology and its basic principle and (2) the preferable type of test: qualitative or quantitative, sample matrix challenges, biomarker(s) threshold (cutoff value), and if the system requires a mono- or multiplex assay format. This review highlights the challenges for the development of biosensors for clinical assessment and its broad application in multidisciplinary fields. This review paper highlights the following biosensor technologies: magnetoresistive (MR)-based, transistor-based, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), and optical-based biosensors. Its working mechanisms are discussed with their pros and cons. The article also gives an overview of the most critical parameters that are optimized by developing a diagnostic tool.
Collapse
|
15
|
Affiliation(s)
- Gungun Lin
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices Faculty of Science University of Technology Sydney Ultimo New South Wales Australia
- ARC Research Hub for Integrated Device for End‐User Analysis at Low Levels Faculty of Science University of Technology Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lemma S, Perrone AM, De Iaco P, Gasparre G, Kurelac I. Current methodologies to detect circulating tumor cells: a focus on ovarian cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:4111-4126. [PMID: 34659879 PMCID: PMC8493391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of circulating tumor cells (CTC) in liquid biopsies opens a window of opportunities for the optimization of clinical management of oncologic patients. In ovarian cancer (OC), which involves atypical routes of metastatic spread, CTC analyses may also offer novel insights about the mechanisms behind malignant progression of the disease. However, current methodologies struggle to precisely define CTC number in the peripheral blood of OC patients, and the isolation of viable cells for further characterization is still challenging. The biggest limitation is the lack of methodological standardization for OC CTC detection, preventing comprehensive definition of their clinical potential required for the transfer to practice. Here we describe and compare methods for CTC analysis that have been implemented for OC thus far, discussing pros, cons and improvements needed. We identify biophysical separation approaches as optimal for CTC enrichment. On the other hand, the identification of specific tumor antigens or gene transcripts, despite displaying drawbacks related to tumor heterogeneity, still remains the best approach for OC CTC detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lemma
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of BolognaVia Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Study and Research Center on Gynecological Neoplasias, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of BolognaVia Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna M Perrone
- Study and Research Center on Gynecological Neoplasias, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of BolognaVia Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Division of Oncologic Gynecology, IRCCS-Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierandrea De Iaco
- Study and Research Center on Gynecological Neoplasias, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of BolognaVia Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Division of Oncologic Gynecology, IRCCS-Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gasparre
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of BolognaVia Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Study and Research Center on Gynecological Neoplasias, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of BolognaVia Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ivana Kurelac
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of BolognaVia Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Study and Research Center on Gynecological Neoplasias, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of BolognaVia Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna40138 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tripathy A, Nine MJ, Silva FS. Biosensing platform on ferrite magnetic nanoparticles: Synthesis, functionalization, mechanism and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 290:102380. [PMID: 33819727 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ferrite magnetic nanoparticles (FMNPs) are gaining popularity to design biosensors for high-performance clinical diagnosis. The fusion of information shows that FMNPs based biosensors require well-tuned FMNPs as detection probes to produce large and specific biological signals with minimal non-specific binding. Nevertheless, there is a noticeable lacuna of information to solve the issues related to suitable synthesis route, particle size reduction, functionalization, sensitivity towards targeted intercellular biological tiny particles, and lower signal-to-noise ratio. Therefore it allows exploring unique characteristics of FMNPs to design a suitable sensing device for intracellular measurements and diseases detection. This review focuses on the extensively used synthesis routes, their advantages and limitations, crystalline structure, functionalization, along with recent applications of FMNPs in biosensors, taking into consideration their analytical figures of merit and range of linearity. This work also addresses the current progress, key factors for sensitivity, selectivity and productivity improvement along with the challenges, future trends and perspectives of FMNPs based biosensors.
Collapse
|
18
|
Idiago-López J, Moreno-Antolín E, de la Fuente JM, Fratila RM. Nanoparticles and bioorthogonal chemistry joining forces for improved biomedical applications. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:1261-1292. [PMID: 36132873 PMCID: PMC9419263 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00873g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal chemistry comprises chemical reactions that can take place inside complex biological environments, providing outstanding tools for the investigation and elucidation of biological processes. Its use in combination with nanotechnology can lead to further developments in diverse areas of biomedicine, such as molecular bioimaging, targeted delivery, in situ drug activation, study of cell-nanomaterial interactions, biosensing, etc. Here, we summarise the recent efforts to bring together the unique properties of nanoparticles and the remarkable features of bioorthogonal reactions to create a toolbox of new or improved biomedical applications. We show how, by joining forces, bioorthogonal chemistry and nanotechnology can overcome some of the key current limitations in the field of nanomedicine, providing better, faster and more sensitive nanoparticle-based bioimaging and biosensing techniques, as well as therapeutic nanoplatforms with superior efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Idiago-López
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50009 Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Spain
| | - Eduardo Moreno-Antolín
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50009 Spain
| | - Jesús M de la Fuente
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50009 Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Spain
| | - Raluca M Fratila
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50009 Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Huang CC, Ray P, Chan M, Zhou X, Hall DA. An aptamer-based magnetic flow cytometer using matched filtering. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 169:112362. [PMID: 32911314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Facing unprecedented population-ageing, the management of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) urgently needs a point-of-care (PoC) testing infrastructure. Magnetic flow cytometers are one such solution for rapid cancer cellular detection in a PoC setting. In this work, we report a giant magnetoresistive spin-valve (GMR SV) biosensor array with a multi-stripe sensor geometry and matched filtering to improve detection accuracy without compromising throughput. The carefully designed sensor geometry generates a characteristic signature when cells labeled with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) pass by thus enabling multi-parametric measurement like optical flow cytometers (FCMs). Enumeration and multi-parametric information were successfully measured across two decades of throughput (37 - 2730 cells/min). 10-μm polymer microspheres were used as a biomimetic model where MNPs and MNP-decorated polymer conjugates were flown over the GMR SV sensor array and detected with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as low as 2.5 dB due to the processing gain afforded by the matched filtering. The performance was compared against optical observation, exhibiting a 92% detection efficiency. The system achieved a 95% counting accuracy for biomimetic models and 98% for aptamer-based pancreatic cancer cell detection. This system demonstrates the ability to perform reliable flow cytometry toward PoC diagnostics to benefit NCD control plans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Huang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Partha Ray
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Matthew Chan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Xiahan Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Drew A Hall
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Armbrecht L, Rutschmann O, Szczerba BM, Nikoloff J, Aceto N, Dittrich PS. Quantification of Protein Secretion from Circulating Tumor Cells in Microfluidic Chambers. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903237. [PMID: 32537399 PMCID: PMC7284199 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells can be released from a cancerous lesion and migrate into the circulatory system, from whereon they may form metastases at distant sites. Today, it is possible to infer cancer progression and treatment efficacy by determining the number of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the patient's blood at multiple time points; further valuable information about CTC phenotypes remains inaccessible. In this article, a microfluidic method for integrated capture, isolation, and analysis of membrane markers as well as quantification of proteins secreted by single CTCs and CTC clusters is introduced. CTCs are isolated from whole blood with extraordinary efficiencies above 95% using dedicated trapping structures that allow co-capture of functionalized magnetic beads to assess protein secretion. The patform is tested with multiple breast cancer cell lines spiked into human blood and mouse-model-derived CTCs. In addition to immunostaining, the secretion level of granulocyte growth stimulating factor (G-CSF), which is shown to be involved in neutrophil recruitment, is quantified The bead-based assay provides a limit of detection of 1.5 ng mL-1 or less than 3700 molecules per cell. Employing barcoded magnetic beads, this platform can be adapted for multiplexed analysis and can enable comprehensive functional CTC profiling in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Armbrecht
- Department for Biosystems Science and EngineeringBioanalytics GroupETH ZurichMattenstrasse 26BaselCH‐4058Switzerland
| | - Ophélie Rutschmann
- Department for Biosystems Science and EngineeringBioanalytics GroupETH ZurichMattenstrasse 26BaselCH‐4058Switzerland
| | - Barbara Maria Szczerba
- Department of BiomedicineCancer Metastasis LabUniversity of Basel and University Hospital BaselMattenstrasse 28BaselCH‐4058Switzerland
| | - Jonas Nikoloff
- Department for Biosystems Science and EngineeringBioanalytics GroupETH ZurichMattenstrasse 26BaselCH‐4058Switzerland
| | - Nicola Aceto
- Department of BiomedicineCancer Metastasis LabUniversity of Basel and University Hospital BaselMattenstrasse 28BaselCH‐4058Switzerland
| | - Petra S. Dittrich
- Department for Biosystems Science and EngineeringBioanalytics GroupETH ZurichMattenstrasse 26BaselCH‐4058Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lei KF. A Review on Microdevices for Isolating Circulating Tumor Cells. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E531. [PMID: 32456042 PMCID: PMC7281722 DOI: 10.3390/mi11050531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the primary cause of high mortality of cancer patients. Enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the bloodstream is a very important indicator to estimate the therapeutic outcome in various metastatic cancers. The aim of this article is to review recent developments on the CTC isolation technologies in microdevices. Based on the categories of biochemical and biophysical isolation approaches, a literature review and in-depth discussion will be included to provide an overview of this challenging topic. The current excellent developments suggest promising CTC isolation methods in order to establish a precise indicator of the therapeutic outcome of cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kin Fong Lei
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; ; Tel.: +886-3-2118800 (ext. 5345)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Farzin A, Etesami SA, Quint J, Memic A, Tamayol A. Magnetic Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901058. [PMID: 32196144 PMCID: PMC7482193 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is urgency for the development of nanomaterials that can meet emerging biomedical needs. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) offer high magnetic moments and surface-area-to-volume ratios that make them attractive for hyperthermia therapy of cancer and targeted drug delivery. Additionally, they can function as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and can improve the sensitivity of biosensors and diagnostic tools. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have resulted in the realization of the next generation of MNPs suitable for these and other biomedical applications. This review discusses methods utilized for the fabrication and engineering of MNPs. Recent progress in the use of MNPs for hyperthermia therapy, controlling drug release, MRI, and biosensing is also critically reviewed. Finally, challenges in the field and potential opportunities for the use of MNPs toward improving their properties are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Farzin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | - S. Alireza Etesami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Memphis. Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Jacob Quint
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Adnan Memic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Division of Engineering in Medicine Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lu S, Chang CJ, Guan Y, Szafer-Glusman E, Punnoose E, Do A, Suttmann B, Gagnon R, Rodriguez A, Landers M, Spoerke J, Lackner MR, Xiao W, Wang Y. Genomic Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells at the Single-Cell Level. J Mol Diagn 2020; 22:770-781. [PMID: 32247862 PMCID: PMC8351127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have a great potential for noninvasive diagnosis and real-time monitoring of cancer. A comprehensive evaluation of four whole genome amplification (WGA)/next-generation sequencing workflows for genomic analysis of single CTCs, including PCR-based (GenomePlex and Ampli1), multiple displacement amplification (Repli-g), and hybrid PCR- and multiple displacement amplification–based [multiple annealing and loop-based amplification cycling (MALBAC)] is reported herein. To demonstrate clinical utilities, copy number variations (CNVs) in single CTCs isolated from four patients with squamous non–small-cell lung cancer were profiled. Results indicate that MALBAC and Repli-g WGA have significantly broader genomic coverage compared with GenomePlex and Ampli1. Furthermore, MALBAC coupled with low-pass whole genome sequencing has better coverage breadth, uniformity, and reproducibility and is superior to Repli-g for genome-wide CNV profiling and detecting focal oncogenic amplifications. For mutation analysis, none of the WGA methods were found to achieve sufficient sensitivity and specificity by whole exome sequencing. Finally, profiling of single CTCs from patients with non–small-cell lung cancer revealed potentially clinically relevant CNVs. In conclusion, MALBAC WGA coupled with low-pass whole genome sequencing is a robust workflow for genome-wide CNV profiling at single-cell level and has great potential to be applied in clinical investigations. Nevertheless, data suggest that none of the evaluated single-cell sequencing workflows can reach sufficient sensitivity or specificity for mutation detection required for clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lu
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California; Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Chia-Jung Chang
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Yinghui Guan
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Edith Szafer-Glusman
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Elizabeth Punnoose
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - An Do
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Becky Suttmann
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Ross Gagnon
- Division of Expression Analysis Genomics, Q2 Solutions, Morrisville, North Carolina
| | - Angel Rodriguez
- Department of Translational Research, Epic Sciences Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Mark Landers
- Department of Translational Research, Epic Sciences Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Jill Spoerke
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Mark R Lackner
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Wenzhong Xiao
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California.
| | - Yulei Wang
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Unni M, Zhang J, George TJ, Segal MS, Fan ZH, Rinaldi C. Engineering magnetic nanoparticles and their integration with microfluidics for cell isolation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 564:204-215. [PMID: 31911225 PMCID: PMC7023483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.12.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Isolation of cancer cells, bacteria, and viruses from peripheral blood has important applications in cancer diagnosis, therapy monitoring, and drug development. Magnetic particles functionalized with antibodies that target receptors of cancer cells have been shown to isolate such entities using magnetic field gradients. Here, we report enhancement in capture efficiency and specificity by engineering magnetic nanoparticles and integrating them with microfluidics for the enumeration of tumor cells. Nanoparticles were made from iron oxide, coated with poly(ethylene glycol), and conjugated through avidin-biotin chemistry with antibody specifically against epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM). On exposure of targeted nanoparticles to tumor cells, specific uptake by EpCAM-expressing tumor cells (e.g., BxPC3, a pancreatic cancer cell) was observed, whereas there was negligible uptake by cells with low EpCAM expression (e.g., CCRF-CEM, a leukemia cell). Using an arrangement of magnets called a Halbach array, capture efficiency and specificity towards BxPC3 cells tagged with magnetic nanoparticles were enhanced, compared to conditions without the magnetic field gradient and/or without magnetic nanoparticles, either in buffer or in whole blood. These results illustrate that engineered magnetic nanoparticles and their integration with microfluidics have great potential for tumor cell enumeration and cancer prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mythreyi Unni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jinling Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Thomas J George
- Department of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Mark S Segal
- Department of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Z Hugh Fan
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Carlos Rinaldi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Siemer S, Wünsch D, Khamis A, Lu Q, Scherberich A, Filippi M, Krafft MP, Hagemann J, Weiss C, Ding GB, Stauber RH, Gribko A. Nano Meets Micro-Translational Nanotechnology in Medicine: Nano-Based Applications for Early Tumor Detection and Therapy. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020383. [PMID: 32098406 PMCID: PMC7075286 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have great potential for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cancer cells of solid tumor origin entering the peripheral blood after detachment from a primary tumor. The occurrence and circulation of CTCs are accepted as a prerequisite for the formation of metastases, which is the major cause of cancer-associated deaths. Due to their clinical significance CTCs are intensively discussed to be used as liquid biopsy for early diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. However, there are substantial challenges for the clinical use of CTCs based on their extreme rarity and heterogeneous biology. Therefore, methods for effective isolation and detection of CTCs are urgently needed. With the rapid development of nanotechnology and its wide applications in the biomedical field, researchers have designed various nano-sized systems with the capability of CTCs detection, isolation, and CTCs-targeted cancer therapy. In the present review, we summarize the underlying mechanisms of CTC-associated tumor metastasis, and give detailed information about the unique properties of CTCs that can be harnessed for their effective analytical detection and enrichment. Furthermore, we want to give an overview of representative nano-systems for CTC isolation, and highlight recent achievements in microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip technologies. We also emphasize the recent advances in nano-based CTCs-targeted cancer therapy. We conclude by critically discussing recent CTC-based nano-systems with high therapeutic and diagnostic potential as well as their biocompatibility as a practical example of applied nanotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Siemer
- Nanobiomedicine Department, University Medical Center Mainz/ENT, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Désirée Wünsch
- Nanobiomedicine Department, University Medical Center Mainz/ENT, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Aya Khamis
- Nanobiomedicine Department, University Medical Center Mainz/ENT, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Qiang Lu
- Nanobiomedicine Department, University Medical Center Mainz/ENT, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Arnaud Scherberich
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Universitätspital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland (M.F.)
| | - Miriam Filippi
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Universitätspital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland (M.F.)
| | - Marie Pierre Krafft
- Institut Charles Sadron (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Jan Hagemann
- Nanobiomedicine Department, University Medical Center Mainz/ENT, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Carsten Weiss
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Guo-Bin Ding
- Institute for Biotechnology, Shanxi University, No. 92 Wucheng Road, 030006 Taiyuan, China
| | - Roland H. Stauber
- Nanobiomedicine Department, University Medical Center Mainz/ENT, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Biotechnology, Shanxi University, No. 92 Wucheng Road, 030006 Taiyuan, China
- Correspondence: (R.H.S.); (A.G.); Tel.: +49-6131-176030 (A.G.)
| | - Alena Gribko
- Nanobiomedicine Department, University Medical Center Mainz/ENT, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.H.S.); (A.G.); Tel.: +49-6131-176030 (A.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rapid Assessment of Surface Markers on Cancer Cells Using Immuno-Magnetic Separation and Multi-frequency Impedance Cytometry for Targeted Therapy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3015. [PMID: 32080205 PMCID: PMC7033175 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57540-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid qualitative assessment of surface markers on cancer cells can allow for point-of-care prediction of patient response to various cancer drugs. Preclinical studies targeting cells with an antibody to "activated" matriptase conjugated to a potent toxin show promise as a selective treatment for a variety of solid tumors. In this paper, we implemented a novel technique for electrical detection of proteins on surfaces of cancer cells using multi-frequency microfluidic impedance cytometry. The biosensor, consists of two gold microelectrodes on a glass substrate embedded in a PDMS microfluidic channel, is used in conjugation with immuno-magnetic separation of cancer cells, and is capable of differentiating between bare magnetic beads, cancer cells and bead-cell aggregates based on their various impedance and frequency responses. We demonstrated proof-of-concept based on detection of "activated" matriptase proteins on the surface of cultured Mantle cells.
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Dong J, Chen JF, Smalley M, Zhao M, Ke Z, Zhu Y, Tseng HR. Nanostructured Substrates for Detection and Characterization of Circulating Rare Cells: From Materials Research to Clinical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1903663. [PMID: 31566837 PMCID: PMC6946854 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Circulating rare cells in the blood are of great significance for both materials research and clinical applications. For example, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been demonstrated as useful biomarkers for "liquid biopsy" of the tumor. Circulating fetal nucleated cells (CFNCs) have shown potential in noninvasive prenatal diagnostics. However, it is technically challenging to detect and isolate circulating rare cells due to their extremely low abundance compared to hematologic cells. Nanostructured substrates offer a unique solution to address these challenges by providing local topographic interactions to strengthen cell adhesion and large surface areas for grafting capture agents, resulting in improved cell capture efficiency, purity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. In addition, rare-cell retrieval strategies, including stimulus-responsiveness and additive reagent-triggered release on different nanostructured substrates, allow for on-demand retrieval of the captured CTCs/CFNCs with high cell viability and molecular integrity. Several nanostructured substrate-enabled CTC/CFNC assays are observed maturing from enumeration and subclassification to molecular analyses. These can one day become powerful tools in disease diagnosis, prognostic prediction, and dynamic monitoring of therapeutic response-paving the way for personalized medical care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiantong Dong
- California NanoSystems Institute, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jie-Fu Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Matthew Smalley
- California NanoSystems Institute, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Meiping Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zunfu Ke
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Yazhen Zhu
- California NanoSystems Institute, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hsian-Rong Tseng
- California NanoSystems Institute, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu H, Koch C, Haller A, Joosse SA, Kumar R, Vellekoop MJ, Horst LJ, Keller L, Babayan A, Failla AV, Jensen J, Peine S, Keplinger F, Fuchs H, Pantel K, Hirtz M. Evaluation of Microfluidic Ceiling Designs for the Capture of Circulating Tumor Cells on a Microarray Platform. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 4:e1900162. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui‐Yu Liu
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Claudia Koch
- Department of Tumor BiologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf 20246 Hamburg Germany
| | - Anna Haller
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator SystemsTU Wien 1040 Vienna Austria
| | - Simon A. Joosse
- Department of Tumor BiologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf 20246 Hamburg Germany
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Michael J. Vellekoop
- Institute for MicrosensorsMicroactuators and Microsystems (IMSAS)Microsystems Center Bremen MCBUniversity of Bremen 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Ludwig J. Horst
- Department of Tumor BiologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf 20246 Hamburg Germany
| | - Laura Keller
- Department of Tumor BiologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf 20246 Hamburg Germany
| | - Anna Babayan
- Department of Tumor BiologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf 20246 Hamburg Germany
| | - Antonio Virgilio Failla
- Microscopy Imaging Facility (UMIF)University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf 20246 Hamburg Germany
| | - Jana Jensen
- Department of Tumor BiologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf 20246 Hamburg Germany
| | - Sven Peine
- Department of Transfusion MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf 20246 Hamburg Germany
| | - Franz Keplinger
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator SystemsTU Wien 1040 Vienna Austria
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
- Physical Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech)University of Münster 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumor BiologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf 20246 Hamburg Germany
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhou X, Sveiven M, Hall DA. A CMOS Magnetoresistive Sensor Front-End With Mismatch-Tolerance and Sub-ppm Sensitivity for Magnetic Immunoassays. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2019; 13:1254-1263. [PMID: 31670677 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2019.2949725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic biosensing is an emerging technique for ultra-sensitive point-of-care (PoC) biomolecular detection. However, the large baseline-to-signal ratio and sensor-to-sensor mismatch in magnetoresistive (MR) biosensors severely complicates the design of the analog front-end (AFE) due to the high dynamic range (DR) required. The proposed AFE addresses these issues through new architectural and circuit level techniques including fast settling duty-cycle resistors (DCRs) to reduce readout time and a high frequency interference rejection (HFIR) sampling technique embedded in the ADC to relax the DR requirement. The AFE achieves an input-referred noise of 46.4 nT/√Hz, an input-referred baseline of less than 0.235 mT, and a readout time of 11 ms while consuming just 1.39 mW. Implemented in a 0.18 μm CMOS process, this work has state-of-the-art performance with 22.7× faster readout time, >7.8× lower baseline, and 2.3× lower power than previously reported MR sensor AFEs.
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhang Y, Ouyang M, Ray A, Liu T, Kong J, Bai B, Kim D, Guziak A, Luo Y, Feizi A, Tsai K, Duan Z, Liu X, Kim D, Cheung C, Yalcin S, Ceylan Koydemir H, Garner OB, Di Carlo D, Ozcan A. Computational cytometer based on magnetically modulated coherent imaging and deep learning. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:91. [PMID: 31645935 PMCID: PMC6804677 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Detecting rare cells within blood has numerous applications in disease diagnostics. Existing rare cell detection techniques are typically hindered by their high cost and low throughput. Here, we present a computational cytometer based on magnetically modulated lensless speckle imaging, which introduces oscillatory motion to the magnetic-bead-conjugated rare cells of interest through a periodic magnetic force and uses lensless time-resolved holographic speckle imaging to rapidly detect the target cells in three dimensions (3D). In addition to using cell-specific antibodies to magnetically label target cells, detection specificity is further enhanced through a deep-learning-based classifier that is based on a densely connected pseudo-3D convolutional neural network (P3D CNN), which automatically detects rare cells of interest based on their spatio-temporal features under a controlled magnetic force. To demonstrate the performance of this technique, we built a high-throughput, compact and cost-effective prototype for detecting MCF7 cancer cells spiked in whole blood samples. Through serial dilution experiments, we quantified the limit of detection (LoD) as 10 cells per millilitre of whole blood, which could be further improved through multiplexing parallel imaging channels within the same instrument. This compact, cost-effective and high-throughput computational cytometer can potentially be used for rare cell detection and quantification in bodily fluids for a variety of biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Mengxing Ouyang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Aniruddha Ray
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 USA
| | - Tairan Liu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Janay Kong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Bijie Bai
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Donghyuk Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Alexander Guziak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Yi Luo
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Alborz Feizi
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Katherine Tsai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Zhuoran Duan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Xuewei Liu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Danny Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Chloe Cheung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Sener Yalcin
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Hatice Ceylan Koydemir
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Omai B. Garner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rare Event Phenotyping and Molecular Characterization: Circulating Tumor Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31522422 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9650-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Noninvasive isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from patient blood samples allows for interrogation of valuable molecular and phenotypic information useful for disease diagnosis and monitoring response to therapy. However, CTCs are extremely rare relative to red and white blood cells (R/WBC), thus making CTC isolation from unmanipulated whole blood very time-consuming. Moreover, single CTC analysis often requires hand-picking, a step that can result in more CTC loss and compromised cell integrity. Here we describe an automated flow cytometry-based approach for isolation and analysis of single, viable CTCs that combines gentle RBC lysis and magnetic, no-wash negative-depletion of WBCs, followed by a highly adaptable sorting protocol for rare cells of interest. Multiparametric flow-cytometric panels allow probing of numerous extracellular markers for immunophenotyping, while whole transcriptome analysis contributes to molecular characterization of individual CTCs. Index sorting links single CTC proteogenomics information.
Collapse
|
33
|
Giraud M, Delapierre FD, Wijkhuisen A, Bonville P, Thévenin M, Cannies G, Plaisance M, Paul E, Ezan E, Simon S, Fermon C, Féraudet-Tarisse C, Jasmin-Lebras G. Evaluation of In-Flow Magnetoresistive Chip Cell-Counter as a Diagnostic Tool. BIOSENSORS 2019; 9:E105. [PMID: 31480476 PMCID: PMC6784370 DOI: 10.3390/bios9030105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Inexpensive simple medical devices allowing fast and reliable counting of whole cells are of interest for diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Magnetic-based labs on a chip are one of the possibilities currently studied to address this issue. Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensors offer both great sensitivity and device integrability with microfluidics and electronics. When used on a dynamic system, GMR-based biochips are able to detect magnetically labeled individual cells. In this article, a rigorous evaluation of the main characteristics of this magnetic medical device (specificity, sensitivity, time of use and variability) are presented and compared to those of both an ELISA test and a conventional flow cytometer, using an eukaryotic malignant cell line model in physiological conditions (NS1 murine cells in phosphate buffer saline). We describe a proof of specificity of a GMR sensor detection of magnetically labeled cells. The limit of detection of the actual system was shown to be similar to the ELISA one and 10 times higher than the cytometer one.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manon Giraud
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, CEDEX, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches en Immunoanalyse, CEA, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Anne Wijkhuisen
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches en Immunoanalyse, CEA, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierre Bonville
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, CEDEX, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mathieu Thévenin
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, CEDEX, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gregory Cannies
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, CEDEX, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marc Plaisance
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches en Immunoanalyse, CEA, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Elodie Paul
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, CEDEX, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Eric Ezan
- Direction des Programmes et des Partenariats Publics, Département de la Recherche Fondamentale, CEA, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Stéphanie Simon
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches en Immunoanalyse, CEA, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Claude Fermon
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, CEDEX, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Cécile Féraudet-Tarisse
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches en Immunoanalyse, CEA, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Dvorská D, Škovierová H, Braný D, Halašová E, Danková Z. Liquid Biopsy as a Tool for Differentiation of Leiomyomas and Sarcomas of Corpus Uteri. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3825. [PMID: 31387281 PMCID: PMC6695893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Utilization of liquid biopsy in the management of cancerous diseases is becoming more attractive. This method can overcome typical limitations of tissue biopsies, especially invasiveness, no repeatability, and the inability to monitor responses to medication during treatment as well as condition during follow-up. Liquid biopsy also provides greater possibility of early prediction of cancer presence. Corpus uteri mesenchymal tumors are comprised of benign variants, which are mostly leiomyomas, but also a heterogenous group of malignant sarcomas. Pre-surgical differentiation between these tumors is very difficult and the final description of tumor characteristics usually requires excision and histological examination. The leiomyomas and malignant leiomyosarcomas are especially difficult to distinguish and can, therefore, be easily misdiagnosed. Because of the very aggressive character of sarcomas, liquid biopsy based on early diagnosis and differentiation of these tumors would be extremely helpful. Moreover, after excision of the tumor, liquid biopsy can contribute to an increased knowledge of sarcoma behavior at the molecular level, especially on the formation of metastases which is still not well understood. In this review, we summarize the most important knowledge of mesenchymal uterine tumors, the possibilities and benefits of liquid biopsy utilization, the types of molecules and cells that can be analyzed with this approach, and the possibility of their isolation and capture. Finally, we review the typical abnormalities of leiomyomas and sarcomas that can be searched and analyzed in liquid biopsy samples with the final aim to pre-surgically differentiate between benign and malignant mesenchymal tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Dvorská
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Henrieta Škovierová
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Dušan Braný
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Erika Halašová
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Danková
- Division of Oncology, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Civelekoglu O, Wang N, Boya M, Ozkaya-Ahmadov T, Liu R, Sarioglu AF. Electronic profiling of membrane antigen expression via immunomagnetic cell manipulation. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2444-2455. [PMID: 31199420 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00297a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Membrane antigens control cell function by regulating biochemical interactions and hence are routinely used as diagnostic and prognostic targets in biomedicine. Fluorescent labeling and subsequent optical interrogation of cell membrane antigens, while highly effective, limit expression profiling to centralized facilities that can afford and operate complex instrumentation. Here, we introduce a cytometry technique that computes surface expression of immunomagnetically labeled cells by electrically tracking their trajectory under a magnetic field gradient on a microfluidic chip with a throughput of >500 cells per min. In addition to enabling the creation of a frugal cytometry platform, this immunomagnetic cell manipulation-based measurement approach allows direct expression profiling of target subpopulations from non-purified samples. We applied our technology to measure epithelial cell adhesion molecule expression on human breast cancer cells. Once calibrated, surface expression and size measurements match remarkably well with fluorescence-based measurements from a commercial flow cytometer. Quantitative measurements of biochemical and biophysical cell characteristics with a disposable cytometer have the potential to impact point of care testing of clinical samples particularly in resource limited settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozgun Civelekoglu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.
| | - Ningquan Wang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.
| | - Mert Boya
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.
| | - Tevhide Ozkaya-Ahmadov
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.
| | - Ruxiu Liu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.
| | - A Fatih Sarioglu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA. and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA and Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yu D, Tang L, Dong Z, Loftis KA, Ding Z, Cheng J, Qin B, Yan J, Li W. Effective reduction of non-specific binding of blood cells in a microfluidic chip for isolation of rare cancer cells. Biomater Sci 2019; 6:2871-2880. [PMID: 30246818 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm00864g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The high purity of target cells enriched from blood samples plays an important role in the clinical detection of diseases. However, non-specific binding of blood cells in the isolated cell samples can complicate downstream molecular and genetic analysis. In this work, we report a simple solution to non-specific binding of blood cells by modifying the surface of microchips with a multilayer nanofilm, with the outmost layer containing both PEG brushes for reducing blood cell adhesion and antibodies for enriching target cells. This layer-by-layer (LbL) polysaccharide nanofilm was modified with neutravindin and then conjugated with a mixture of biotinylated PEG molecules and biotinylated antibodies. Using EpCAM-expressing and HER2-expressing cancer cells in blood as model platforms, we were able to dramatically reduce the non-specific binding of blood cells to approximately 1 cell per mm2 without sacrificing the high capture efficiency of the microchip. To support the rational extension of this approach to other applications for cell isolation and blood cell resistance, we conducted extensive characterization on the nanofilm formation and degradation, antifouling with PEG brushes and introducing functional antibodies. This simple, yet effective, approach can be applied to a variety of microchip applications that require high purity of sample cells containing minimal contamination from blood cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Provincial People's Hospital), Zhengzhou, 450003, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Iliescu FS, Poenar DP, Yu F, Ni M, Chan KH, Cima I, Taylor HK, Cima I, Iliescu C. Recent advances in microfluidic methods in cancer liquid biopsy. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:041503. [PMID: 31431816 PMCID: PMC6697033 DOI: 10.1063/1.5087690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Early cancer detection, its monitoring, and therapeutical prediction are highly valuable, though extremely challenging targets in oncology. Significant progress has been made recently, resulting in a group of devices and techniques that are now capable of successfully detecting, interpreting, and monitoring cancer biomarkers in body fluids. Precise information about malignancies can be obtained from liquid biopsies by isolating and analyzing circulating tumor cells (CTCs) or nucleic acids, tumor-derived vesicles or proteins, and metabolites. The current work provides a general overview of the latest on-chip technological developments for cancer liquid biopsy. Current challenges for their translation and their application in various clinical settings are discussed. Microfluidic solutions for each set of biomarkers are compared, and a global overview of the major trends and ongoing research challenges is given. A detailed analysis of the microfluidic isolation of CTCs with recent efforts that aimed at increasing purity and capture efficiency is provided as well. Although CTCs have been the focus of a vast microfluidic research effort as the key element for obtaining relevant information, important clinical insights can also be achieved from alternative biomarkers, such as classical protein biomarkers, exosomes, or circulating-free nucleic acids. Finally, while most work has been devoted to the analysis of blood-based biomarkers, we highlight the less explored potential of urine as an ideal source of molecular cancer biomarkers for point-of-care lab-on-chip devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florina S. Iliescu
- School of Applied Science, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore 738964, Singapore
| | - Daniel P. Poenar
- VALENS-Centre for Bio Devices and Signal Analysis, School of EEE, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Fang Yu
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, A*STAR, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Ming Ni
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Technological University, San Miguel de Urcuquí 100105, Ecuador
| | - Kiat Hwa Chan
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527, Singapore
| | | | - Hayden K. Taylor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Igor Cima
- DKFZ-Division of Translational Oncology/Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg and University Hospital Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gribko A, Künzel J, Wünsch D, Lu Q, Nagel SM, Knauer SK, Stauber RH, Ding GB. Is small smarter? Nanomaterial-based detection and elimination of circulating tumor cells: current knowledge and perspectives. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:4187-4209. [PMID: 31289440 PMCID: PMC6560927 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s198319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are disseminated cancer cells. The occurrence and circulation of CTCs seem key for metastasis, still the major cause of cancer-associated deaths. As such, CTCs are investigated as predictive biomarkers. However, due to their rarity and heterogeneous biology, CTCs’ practical use has not made it into the clinical routine. Clearly, methods for the effective isolation and reliable detection of CTCs are urgently needed. With the development of nanotechnology, various nanosystems for CTC isolation and enrichment and CTC-targeted cancer therapy have been designed. Here, we summarize the relationship between CTCs and tumor metastasis, and describe CTCs’ unique properties hampering their effective enrichment. We comment on nanotechnology-based systems for CTC isolation and recent achievements in microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip technologies. We discuss recent advances in CTC-targeted cancer therapy exploiting the unique properties of nanomaterials. We conclude by introducing developments in CTC-directed nanosystems and other advanced technologies currently in (pre)clinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alena Gribko
- Nanobiomedicine Department/ENT, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany, ;
| | - Julian Künzel
- Nanobiomedicine Department/ENT, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany, ;
| | - Désirée Wünsch
- Nanobiomedicine Department/ENT, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany, ;
| | - Qiang Lu
- Nanobiomedicine Department/ENT, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany, ;
| | - Sophie Madeleine Nagel
- Nanobiomedicine Department/ENT, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany, ;
| | - Shirley K Knauer
- Department of Molecular Biology II, Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB)/Center for Nanointegration (CENIDE), University Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Roland H Stauber
- Nanobiomedicine Department/ENT, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany, ;
| | - Guo-Bin Ding
- Nanobiomedicine Department/ENT, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany, ; .,Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China,
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhang K, Huang W, Li H, Xie M, Wang J. Ultrasensitive detection of hERG potassium channel in single-cell with photocleavable and entropy-driven reactions by using an electrochemical biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 132:310-318. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
41
|
Tipton CM, Hom JR, Fucile CF, Rosenberg AF, Sanz I. Understanding B-cell activation and autoantibody repertoire selection in systemic lupus erythematosus: A B-cell immunomics approach. Immunol Rev 2019; 284:120-131. [PMID: 29944759 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding antibody repertoires and in particular, the properties and fates of B cells expressing potentially pathogenic antibodies is critical to define the mechanisms underlying multiple immunological diseases including autoimmune and allergic conditions as well as transplant rejection. Moreover, an integrated knowledge of the antibody repertoires expressed by B cells and plasma cells (PC) of different functional properties and longevity is essential to develop new therapeutic strategies, better biomarkers for disease segmentation, and new assays to measure restoration of B-cell tolerance or, at least, of normal B-cell homeostasis. Reaching these goals, however, will require a more precise phenotypic, functional and molecular definition of B-cell and PC populations, and a comprehensive analysis of the antigenic reactivity of the antibodies they express. While traditionally hampered by technical and ethical limitations in human experimentation, new technological advances currently enable investigators to address these questions in a comprehensive fashion. In this review, we shall discuss these concepts as they apply to the study of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Tipton
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jennifer R Hom
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Alexander F Rosenberg
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
| | - Inaki Sanz
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cho H, Kim J, Song H, Sohn KY, Jeon M, Han KH. Microfluidic technologies for circulating tumor cell isolation. Analyst 2019; 143:2936-2970. [PMID: 29796523 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01979c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of tumor-related death, and the dispersal of tumor cells through the circulatory system is a critical step in the metastatic process. Early detection and analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is therefore important for early diagnosis, prognosis, and effective treatment of cancer, enabling favorable clinical outcomes in cancer patients. Accurate and reliable methods for isolating and detecting CTCs are necessary to obtain this clinical information. Over the past two decades, microfluidic technologies have demonstrated great potential for isolating and detecting CTCs from blood. The present paper reviews current advanced microfluidic technologies for isolating CTCs based on various biological and physical principles, and discusses their fundamental advantages and drawbacks for subsequent cellular and molecular assays. Owing to significant genetic heterogeneity among CTCs, microfluidic technologies for isolating individual CTCs have recently been developed. We discuss these single-cell isolation methods, as well as approaches to overcoming the limitations of current microfluidic CTC isolation technologies. Finally, we provide an overview of future innovative microfluidic platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyungseok Cho
- Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, Center for Nano Manufacturing, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Go with the flow: advances and trends in magnetic flow cytometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:1839-1862. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01593-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
44
|
Kuo CW, Chueh DY, Chen P. Real-time in vivo imaging of subpopulations of circulating tumor cells using antibody conjugated quantum dots. J Nanobiotechnology 2019; 17:26. [PMID: 30728024 PMCID: PMC6364392 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-019-0453-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is very important for cancer diagnosis. CTCs can travel from primary tumors through the circulation to form secondary tumor colonies via bloodstream extravasation. The number of CTCs has been used as an indicator of cancer progress. However, the population of CTCs is very heterogeneous. It is very challenging to identify CTC subpopulations such as cancer stem cells (CSCs) with high metastatic potential, which are very important for cancer diagnostic management. RESULTS We report a study of real-time CTC and CSC imaging in the bloodstreams of living animals using multi-photon microscopy and antibody conjugated quantum dots. We have developed a cancer model for noninvasive imaging wherein pancreatic cancer cells expressing fluorescent proteins were subcutaneously injected into the earlobes of mice and then formed solid tumors. When the cancer cells broke away from the solid tumor, CTCs with fluorescent proteins in the bloodstream at different stages of development could be monitored noninvasively in real time. The number of CTCs observed in the blood vessels could be correlated to the tumor size in the first month and reached a maximum value of approximately 100 CTCs/min after 5 weeks of tumor inoculation. To observe CTC subpopulations, conjugated quantum dots were used. It was found that cluster of differentiation (CD)24+ CTCs can move along the blood vessel walls and migrate to peripheral tissues. CD24+ cell accumulation on the solid tumors' sides was observed, which may provide valuable insight for designing new drugs to target cancer subpopulations with high metastatic potential. We also demonstrated that our system is capable of imaging a minor population of cancer stem cells, CD133+ CTCs, which are found in 0.7% of pancreatic cancer cells and 1%-3% of solid tumors in patients. CONCLUSIONS With the help of quantum dots, CTCs with higher metastatic potential, such as CD24+ and CD133+ CTCs, have been identified in living animals. Using our approach, it may be possible to investigate detailed metastatic mechanism such as tumor cell extravasation to the blood vessels. In addition, the number of observed CTCs in the blood stream could be correlated with tumor stage in the early stage of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiung Wen Kuo
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Di-Yen Chueh
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Peilin Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lee JR, Ooi CC, Wang SX. In Vitro Cancer Diagnostics. Bioanalysis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-01775-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
|
46
|
Zhou X, Luo B, Kang K, Ma S, Sun X, Lan F, Yi Q, Wu Y. Multifunctional luminescent immuno-magnetic nanoparticles: toward fast, efficient, cell-friendly capture and recovery of circulating tumor cells. J Mater Chem B 2018; 7:393-400. [PMID: 32254726 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02701c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly efficient isolation and recovery of viable circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from the blood of patients is an important precondition to address the current dilemma of insufficient CTC studies, and can promote the development of individualized antitumor therapies. Herein, a cell-friendly CTC isolation and recovery nanoplatform with luminescent labelling was established using a layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly technique and a stimulated cellular-release strategy. In particular, the anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule (anti-EpCAM) antibody was introduced with a disulfide bond-containing linker for further bio-friendly recovery of the CTCs. Quantum dots (QDs) were deposited onto fast magnet-responsive Fe3O4 nanoparticles through a facile LbL assembly method to monitor the capture and recovery process in real time. The obtained PEGlyated immuno-magnetic nanospheres (PIMNs) can all be magnetically collected within 2 min. Capture efficiencies above 90% can be achieved from blood samples with 5-200 CTCs per mL after only 1-2 min incubation. Nearly all PIMNs on the surface of the CTCs were detached after 15 min of glutathione (GSH) treatment with the disappearance of QD signals. Recovered CTCs could be directly used for culture (cell viability, ∼98%), and their invasiveness and migration characteristics remained unchanged. Furthermore, the PIMNs were successfully applied to isolate CTCs in cancer patients' peripheral blood samples, and an average of 8.6 ± 5.8 CTCs per mL was detected. The results above suggested that PIMNs may serve as a powerful nanoplatform for CTC screening, isolation and recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd., Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Jiang B, Lian L, Xing Y, Zhang N, Chen Y, Lu P, Zhang D. Advances of magnetic nanoparticles in environmental application: environmental remediation and (bio)sensors as case studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:30863-30879. [PMID: 30196461 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is an emerging technique drawing increasing attentions in biomedical, electronic, environmental, and industrial application. Nanoparticles (NPs) possess unique optical, electrical, catalytic, and thermal properties, among which magnetic NPs (MNPs) are one of the most important groups with excellent superparamagnetism property, large surface area, and biocompatibility. In this review, methods for synthesizing and functionalizing MNPs are summarized and linked to their applications in environmental science as either adsorbents or catalysts for removing contaminants from environmental matrices, illustrating stronger reactivity, higher removal capacity, and fast kinetics. Additionally, we also comprehensively discuss the application of MNPs as (bio)sensors to selectively and sensitively detect the presence of environmental contaminants or pathogenic bacteria. This work summarizes the recent progresses of using MNPs as powerful tools in environmental science and engineering, raising their state-of-art application from environmental perspectives and benefiting researchers interested in NPs and environmental studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Luning Lian
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Xing
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Nana Zhang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yating Chen
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Lu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Dayi Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Huber S, Min C, Staat C, Oh J, Castro CM, Haase A, Weissleder R, Gleich B, Lee H. Multichannel digital heteronuclear magnetic resonance biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 126:240-248. [PMID: 30445298 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Low-field, mobile NMR systems are increasingly used across diverse fields, including medical diagnostics, food quality control, and forensics. The throughput and functionality of these systems, however, are limited due to their conventional single-channel detection: one NMR probe exclusively uses an NMR console at any given time. Under this design, multi-channel detection could only be accomplished by either serially accessing individual probes or stacking up multiple copies of NMR electronics; this approach still retains limitations such as long assay times and increased system complexity. Here we present a new scalable architecture, HERMES (hetero-nuclear resonance multichannel electronic system), for versatile, high-throughput NMR analyses. HERMES exploits the concept of software-defined radio by virtualizing NMR electronics in the digital domain. This strategy i) creates multiple NMR consoles without adding extra hardware; ii) acquires signals from multiple NMR channels in parallel; and iii) operates in wide frequency ranges. All of these functions could be realized on-demand in a single compact device. We interfaced HERMES with an array of NMR probes; the combined system simultaneously measured NMR relaxation from multiple samples and resolved spectra of hetero-nuclear spins (1H, 19F, 13C). For potential diagnostic uses, we applied the system to detect dengue fever and molecularly profile cancer cells through multi-channel protein assays. HERMES holds promise as a powerful analytical tool that enables rapid, reconfigurable, and parallel detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Huber
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Munich School of BioEngineering (MSB), Technical University Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Changwook Min
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christoph Staat
- Munich School of BioEngineering (MSB), Technical University Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Juhyun Oh
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Cesar M Castro
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Axel Haase
- Munich School of BioEngineering (MSB), Technical University Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Bernhard Gleich
- Munich School of BioEngineering (MSB), Technical University Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Hakho Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for NanoMedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
İçöz K, Gerçek T, Murat A, Özcan S, Ünal E. Capturing B type acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells using two types of antibodies. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 35:e2737. [PMID: 30353996 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
One way to monitor minimal residual disease (MRD) is to screen cells for multiple surface markers using flow cytometry. In order to develop an alternative microfluidic based method, isolation of B type acute lymphoblastic cells using two types of antibodies should be investigated. The immunomagnetic beads coated with various antibodies are used to capture the B type acute lymphoblastic cells. Single beads, two types of beads and surface immobilized antibody were used to measure the capture efficiency. Both micro and nanosize immunomagnetic beads can be used to capture B type acute lymphoblastic cells with a minimum efficiency of 94% and maximum efficiency of 98%. Development of a microfluidic based biochip incorporating immunomagnetic beads and surface immobilized antibodies for monitoring MRD can be an alternative to current cost and time inefficient laboratory methods. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 35: e2737, 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kutay İçöz
- BioMINDS (Bio Micro/Nano Devices and Sensors) Lab, Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Abdullah Gül University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Bioengineering Dept., Abdullah Gül University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Tayyibe Gerçek
- BioMINDS (Bio Micro/Nano Devices and Sensors) Lab, Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Abdullah Gül University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Bioengineering Dept., Abdullah Gül University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Murat
- Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Servet Özcan
- Biology Dept., Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ekrem Ünal
- Pediatric Oncology Dept., Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yu Y, Yang Y, Ding J, Meng S, Li C, Yin X. Design of a Biocompatible and Ratiometric Fluorescent probe for the Capture, Detection, Release, and Reculture of Rare Number CTCs. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13290-13298. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu P.R.China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu P.R.China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu P.R.China
| | - Jinhua Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu P.R.China
| | - Si Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu P.R.China
| | - Chenglin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu P.R.China
| | - Xiaoxing Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu P.R.China
| |
Collapse
|