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Wolf MA, O'Hara JM, Bitzer GJ, Narayanan E, Boehm DT, Bevere JR, DeJong MA, Hall JM, Wong TY, Falcone S, Deal CE, Richards A, Green S, Nguyen B, King E, Ogega C, Russo L, Sen-Kilic E, Plante O, Himansu S, Barbier M, Carfi A, Damron FH. Multivalent mRNA-DTP vaccines are immunogenic and provide protection from Bordetella pertussis challenge in mice. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:103. [PMID: 38858423 PMCID: PMC11164898 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00890-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Acellular multivalent vaccines for pertussis (DTaP and Tdap) prevent symptomatic disease and infant mortality, but immunity to Bordetella pertussis infection wanes significantly over time resulting in cyclic epidemics of pertussis. The messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine platform provides an opportunity to address complex bacterial infections with an adaptable approach providing Th1-biased responses. In this study, immunogenicity and challenge models were used to evaluate the mRNA platform with multivalent vaccine formulations targeting both B. pertussis antigens and diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. Immunization with mRNA formulations were immunogenetic, induced antigen specific antibodies, as well as Th1 T cell responses. Upon challenge with either historical or contemporary B. pertussis strains, 6 and 10 valent mRNA DTP vaccine provided protection equal to that of 1/20th human doses of either DTaP or whole cell pertussis vaccines. mRNA DTP immunized mice were also protected from pertussis toxin challenge as measured by prevention of lymphocytosis and leukocytosis. Collectively these pre-clinical mouse studies illustrate the potential of the mRNA platform for multivalent bacterial pathogen vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Allison Wolf
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Graham J Bitzer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Dylan T Boehm
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Justin R Bevere
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Megan A DeJong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jesse M Hall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ting Y Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emel Sen-Kilic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | | | - Mariette Barbier
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - F Heath Damron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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Silva RP, Huang Y, Nguyen AW, Hsieh CL, Olaluwoye OS, Kaoud TS, Wilen RE, Qerqez AN, Park JG, Khalil AM, Azouz LR, Le KC, Bohanon AL, DiVenere AM, Liu Y, Lee AG, Amengor DA, Shoemaker SR, Costello SM, Padlan EA, Marqusee S, Martinez-Sobrido L, Dalby KN, D'Arcy S, McLellan JS, Maynard JA. Identification of a conserved S2 epitope present on spike proteins from all highly pathogenic coronaviruses. eLife 2023; 12:e83710. [PMID: 36942851 PMCID: PMC10030117 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To address the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and prepare for future coronavirus outbreaks, understanding the protective potential of epitopes conserved across SARS-CoV-2 variants and coronavirus lineages is essential. We describe a highly conserved, conformational S2 domain epitope present only in the prefusion core of β-coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 S2 apex residues 980-1006 in the flexible hinge. Antibody RAY53 binds the native hinge in MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 spikes on the surface of mammalian cells and mediates antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis and cytotoxicity against SARS-CoV-2 spike in vitro. Hinge epitope mutations that ablate antibody binding compromise pseudovirus infectivity, but changes elsewhere that affect spike opening dynamics, including those found in Omicron BA.1, occlude the epitope and may evade pre-existing serum antibodies targeting the S2 core. This work defines a third class of S2 antibody while providing insights into the potency and limitations of S2 core epitope targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui P Silva
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Yimin Huang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Annalee W Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Ching-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Oladimeji S Olaluwoye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at DallasDallasUnited States
| | - Tamer S Kaoud
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Rebecca E Wilen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Ahlam N Qerqez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Jun-Gyu Park
- Texas Biomedical Research InstituteSan AntonioUnited States
- Laboratory of Veterinary Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National UniversityGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Ahmed M Khalil
- Texas Biomedical Research InstituteSan AntonioUnited States
| | - Laura R Azouz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Kevin C Le
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Amanda L Bohanon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Andrea M DiVenere
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Yutong Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Alison G Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Dzifa A Amengor
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Sophie R Shoemaker
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Shawn M Costello
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | | | - Susan Marqusee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | | | - Kevin N Dalby
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Sheena D'Arcy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at DallasDallasUnited States
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
- LaMontagne Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Jennifer A Maynard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
- LaMontagne Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
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3
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Sakari M, Tran MT, Rossjohn J, Pulliainen AT, Beddoe T, Littler DR. Crystal structures of pertussis toxin with NAD+ and analogs provide structural insights into the mechanism of its cytosolic ADP-ribosylation activity. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101892. [PMID: 35378130 PMCID: PMC9079181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of whooping cough, a highly contagious respiratory disease. Pertussis toxin (PT), a major virulence factor secreted by B. pertussis, is an AB5-type protein complex topologically related to cholera toxin. The PT protein complex is internalized by host cells and follows a retrograde trafficking route to the endoplasmic reticulum, where it subsequently dissociates. The released enzymatic S1 subunit is then translocated from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol and subsequently ADP-ribosylates the inhibitory alpha-subunits (Gαi) of heterotrimeric G proteins, thus promoting dysregulation of G protein–coupled receptor signaling. However, the mechanistic details of the ADP-ribosylation activity of PT are not well understood. Here, we describe crystal structures of the S1 subunit in complex with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), with NAD+ hydrolysis products ADP-ribose and nicotinamide, with NAD+ analog PJ34, and with a novel NAD+ analog formed upon S1 subunit crystallization with 3-amino benzamide and NAD+, which we name benzamide amino adenine dinucleotide. These crystal structures provide unprecedented insights into pre- and post-NAD+ hydrolysis steps of the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of PT. We propose that these data may aid in rational drug design approaches and further development of PT-specific small-molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moona Sakari
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Unit for Infection and Immunity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mai T Tran
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Arto T Pulliainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Unit for Infection and Immunity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Travis Beddoe
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Dene R Littler
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Abstract
![]()
The paradigm of antivirulence
therapy dictates that bacterial pathogens
are specifically disarmed but not killed by neutralizing their virulence
factors. Clearance of the invading pathogen by the immune system is
promoted. As compared to antibiotics, the pathogen-selective antivirulence
drugs hold promise to minimize collateral damage to the beneficial
microbiome. Also, selective pressure for resistance is expected to
be lower because bacterial viability is not directly affected. Antivirulence
drugs are being developed for stand-alone prophylactic and therapeutic
treatments but also for combinatorial use with antibiotics. This Review
focuses on drug modalities that target bacterial exotoxins after the
secretion or release-upon-lysis. Exotoxins have a significant and
sometimes the primary role as the disease-causing virulence factor,
and thereby they are attractive targets for drug development. We describe
the key pre-clinical and clinical trial data that have led to the
approval of currently used exotoxin-targeted drugs, namely the monoclonal
antibodies bezlotoxumab (toxin B/TcdB, Clostridioides difficile), raxibacumab (anthrax toxin, Bacillus anthracis), and obiltoxaximab (anthrax toxin, Bacillus anthracis), but also to challenges with some of the promising leads. We also
highlight the recent developments in pre-clinical research sector
to develop exotoxin-targeted drug modalities, i.e., monoclonal antibodies,
antibody fragments, antibody mimetics, receptor analogs, neutralizing
scaffolds, dominant-negative mutants, and small molecules. We describe
how these exotoxin-targeted drug modalities work with high-resolution
structural knowledge and highlight their advantages and disadvantages
as antibiotic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moona Sakari
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Unit for Infection and Immunity, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Arttu Laisi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Unit for Infection and Immunity, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Arto T. Pulliainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Unit for Infection and Immunity, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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Novel Strategies to Inhibit Pertussis Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030187. [PMID: 35324684 PMCID: PMC8951090 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a respiratory disease caused by infection with Bordetella pertussis, which releases several virulence factors, including the AB-type pertussis toxin (PT). The characteristic symptom is severe, long-lasting paroxysmal coughing. Especially in newborns and infants, pertussis symptoms, such as leukocytosis, can become life-threatening. Despite an available vaccination, increasing case numbers have been reported worldwide, including Western countries such as Germany and the USA. Antibiotic treatment is available and important to prevent further transmission. However, antibiotics only reduce symptoms if administered in early stages, which rarely occurs due to a late diagnosis. Thus, no causative treatments against symptoms of whooping cough are currently available. The AB-type protein toxin PT is a main virulence factor and consists of a binding subunit that facilitates transport of an enzyme subunit into the cytosol of target cells. There, the enzyme subunit ADP-ribosylates inhibitory α-subunits of G-protein coupled receptors resulting in disturbed cAMP signaling. As an important virulence factor associated with severe symptoms, such as leukocytosis, and poor outcomes, PT represents an attractive drug target to develop novel therapeutic strategies. In this review, chaperone inhibitors, human peptides, small molecule inhibitors, and humanized antibodies are discussed as novel strategies to inhibit PT.
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6
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Silva RP, DiVenere AM, Amengor D, Maynard JA. Antibodies binding diverse pertactin epitopes protect mice from B. pertussis infection. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101715. [PMID: 35151691 PMCID: PMC8931430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis continues to cause considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Many current acellular pertussis vaccines include the antigen pertactin, which has presumptive adhesive and immunomodulatory activities, but is rapidly lost from clinical isolates after the introduction of these vaccines. To better understand the contributions of pertactin antibodies to protection and pertactin's role in pathogenesis, we isolated and characterized recombinant antibodies binding four distinct epitopes on pertactin. We demonstrate that four of these antibodies bind epitopes that are conserved across all three classical Bordetella strains, and competition assays further showed that antibodies binding these epitopes are also elicited by B. pertussis infection of baboons. Surprisingly, we found that representative antibodies binding each epitope protected mice against experimental B. pertussis infection. A cocktail of antibodies from each epitope group protected mice against a subsequent lethal dose of B. pertussis and greatly reduced lung colonization levels after sublethal challenge. Each antibody reduced B. pertussis lung colonization levels up to 100-fold when administered individually, which was significantly reduced when antibody effector functions were impaired, with no antibody mediating antibody-dependent complement-induced lysis. These data suggest that antibodies binding multiple pertactin epitopes protect primarily by the same bactericidal mechanism, which overshadows contributions from blockade of other pertactin functions. These antibodies expand the available tools to further dissect pertactin's role in infection and understand the impact of antipertactin antibodies on bacterial fitness.
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7
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In Vivo Models and In Vitro Assays for the Assessment of Pertussis Toxin Activity. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080565. [PMID: 34437436 PMCID: PMC8402560 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main virulence factors produced by Bordetella pertussis is pertussis toxin (PTx) which, in its inactivated form, is the major component of all marketed acellular pertussis vaccines. PTx ADP ribosylates Gαi proteins, thereby affecting the inhibition of adenylate cyclases and resulting in the accumulation of cAMP. Apart from this classical model, PTx also activates some receptors and can affect various ADP ribosylation- and adenylate cyclase-independent signalling pathways. Due to its potent ADP-ribosylation properties, PTx has been used in many research areas. Initially the research primarily focussed on the in vivo effects of the toxin, including histamine sensitization, insulin secretion and leukocytosis. Nowadays, PTx is also used in toxicology research, cell signalling, research involving the blood–brain barrier, and testing of neutralizing antibodies. However, the most important area of use is testing of acellular pertussis vaccines for the presence of residual PTx. In vivo models and in vitro assays for PTx often reflect one of the toxin’s properties or details of its mechanism. Here, the established and novel in vivo and in vitro methods used to evaluate PTx are reviewed, their mechanisms, characteristics and limitations are described, and their application for regulatory and research purposes are considered.
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8
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Zou M, Feng Y, Xiu Y, Li Y, Zhang Y, Fan J, Li H, Cao J, He W, Jin WN. Pertussis toxin-induced inflammatory response exacerbates intracerebral haemorrhage and ischaemic stroke in mice. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2021; 7:29-37. [PMID: 34341068 PMCID: PMC8899681 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2021-000987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stroke is a devastating disease, including intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) and ischaemic stroke. Emerging evidences indicate that systemic inflammatory cascades after stroke contribute to brain damage. However, the direct effects and features of systemic inflammation on brain injury, especially comparing between ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke, are still obscure. Methods Pertussis toxin (PT) was used to build a pro-inflammatory milieu after ICH and ischaemic stroke in mouse model. The neurodeficits, stroke lesion, immune response and blood–brain barrier (BBB) destruction were assessed. Results In ICH mouse model, PT-induced systemic inflammation exacerbated neurological deficits, and enlarged haemorrhage lesion and perihaematomal oedema. We also found promoted leucocyte infiltration and inflammatory cytokine release into the brain after PT treatment. Moreover, the integrity of the BBB was further disrupted after receiving PT. Furthermore, we demonstrated that PT enhanced brain inflammation and aggravated stroke severity in middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model. Conclusions Our results suggest that PT increases inflammatory response that exacerbates brain injury after ICH or ischaemic stroke in mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zou
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuwhen Xiu
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Li
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Junwan Fan
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haowen Li
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingli Cao
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyan He
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Na Jin
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
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9
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Barkoff AM, Knuutila A, Mertsola J, He Q. Evaluation of Anti-PT Antibody Response after Pertussis Vaccination and Infection: The Importance of Both Quantity and Quality. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080508. [PMID: 34437379 PMCID: PMC8402585 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis toxin (PT) is considered the main virulence factor causing whooping cough or pertussis. The protein is widely studied and its composition was revealed and sequenced already during the 1980s. The human immune system creates a good response against PT when measured in quantity. However, the serum anti-PT antibodies wane rapidly, and only a small amount of these antibodies are found a few years after vaccination/infection. Therefore, multiple approaches to study the functionality (quality) of these antibodies, e.g., avidity, neutralizing capacity, and epitope specificity, have been investigated. In addition, the long-term B cell memory (Bmem) to PT is crucial for good protection throughout life. In this review, we summarize the findings from functional PT antibody and Bmem studies. These results are discussed in line with the quantity of serum anti-PT antibodies. PT neutralizing antibodies and anti-PT antibodies with proper avidity are crucial for good protection against the disease, and certain epitopes have been identified to have multiple functions in the protection. Although PT-specific Bmem responses are detectable at least five years after vaccination, long-term surveillance is lacking. Variation of the natural boosting of circulating Bordetella pertussis in communities is an important confounding factor in these memory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex-Mikael Barkoff
- Research Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (A.-M.B.); (A.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Aapo Knuutila
- Research Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (A.-M.B.); (A.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Jussi Mertsola
- Research Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (A.-M.B.); (A.K.); (J.M.)
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Qiushui He
- Research Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (A.-M.B.); (A.K.); (J.M.)
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-40-472-2255
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10
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Damron FH, Barbier M, Dubey P, Edwards KM, Gu XX, Klein NP, Lu K, Mills KHG, Pasetti MF, Read RC, Rohani P, Sebo P, Harvill ET. Overcoming Waning Immunity in Pertussis Vaccines: Workshop of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 205:877-882. [PMID: 32769142 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite high vaccine coverage in many parts of the world, pertussis is resurging in a number of areas in which acellular vaccines are the primary vaccine administered to infants and young children. This is attributed in part to the suboptimal and short-lived immunity elicited by acellular pertussis vaccines and to their inability to prevent nasal colonization and transmission of the etiologic agent Bordetella pertussis In response to this escalating public health concern, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases held the workshop "Overcoming Waning Immunity in Pertussis Vaccines" in September 2019 to identify issues and possible solutions for the defects in immunity stimulated by acellular pertussis vaccines. Discussions covered aspects of the current problem, gaps in knowledge and possible paths forward. This review summarizes presentations and discussions of some of the key points that were raised by the workshop.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Heath Damron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology and Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Mariette Barbier
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology and Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Purnima Dubey
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Kathryn M Edwards
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Xin-Xing Gu
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Washington, D.C. 20852
| | - Nicola P Klein
- Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA 94611
| | - Kristina Lu
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Washington, D.C. 20852
| | - Kingston H G Mills
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Marcela F Pasetti
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Robert C Read
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Pejman Rohani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.,Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602; and
| | - Peter Sebo
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Eric T Harvill
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602;
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11
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Wanlapakorn N, Maertens K, Vongpunsawad S, Puenpa J, Tran TMP, Hens N, Van Damme P, Thiriard A, Raze D, Locht C, Poovorawan Y, Leuridan E. Quantity and Quality of Antibodies After Acellular Versus Whole-cell Pertussis Vaccines in Infants Born to Mothers Who Received Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine During Pregnancy: A Randomized Trial. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:72-80. [PMID: 31418814 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The blunting effect of pertussis immunization during pregnancy on infant antibody responses induced by whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccination is not well-defined. METHODS This randomized controlled trial (NCT02408926) followed term infants born to mothers vaccinated with tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine during pregnancy in Thailand. Infants received either acellular pertussis (aP)- or wP-containing vaccine at 2, 4, 6, and 18 months of age. A comparison group comprised wP-vaccinated children born to mothers not vaccinated during pregnancy. Antibodies against pertussis toxin (PT), filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), and pertactin (PRN) were evaluated using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Functionality of antibodies against Bordetella pertussis was measured using Bordetella pertussis growth inhibition assay. RESULTS After maternal Tdap vaccination, 158 infants vaccinated with aP-containing vaccines possessed higher antibody levels (P < .001) against all tested B. pertussis antigens postpriming compared to 157 infants receiving wP-containing vaccines. At 1 month postbooster, only anti-FHA and anti-PRN antibodies were still significantly higher (P < .001) in the aP group. Significantly higher anti-PT and anti-FHA (P < .001), but not anti-PRN immunoglobulin G, were observed among 69 wP-vaccinated infants born to control mothers compared with wP-vaccinated infants of Tdap-vaccinated mothers after primary and booster vaccination. The antibody functionality was higher in all wP-vaccinated infants at all times. CONCLUSIONS Maternal Tdap vaccination inhibited more pertussis-specific responses in wP-vaccinated infants compared to aP-vaccinated infants, and the control group of unvaccinated women had highest PT-specific responses, persisting until after the booster dose. Antibody functionality was better in the wP groups. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT02408926.Infant whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccine responses are blunted after maternal Tdap vaccination. Pertussis antibody titers are higher in acellular pertussis (aP)- than wP-vaccinated infants of immunized mothers, yet quality of antibodies, measured as serum-mediated bacterial growth inhibition, is better after wP than aP vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasamon Wanlapakorn
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Division of Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kirsten Maertens
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sompong Vongpunsawad
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jiratchaya Puenpa
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thao Mai Phuong Tran
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Belgium.,Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Damme
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anaïs Thiriard
- Université de Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, France
| | - Dominique Raze
- Université de Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, France
| | - Camille Locht
- Université de Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, France
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Elke Leuridan
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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12
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Locht C, Carbonetti NH, Cherry JD, Damron FH, Edwards KM, Fernandez R, Harvill ET, Hozbor D, Mills KHG, Rodriguez ME, Mascart F. Highlights of the 12th International Bordetella Symposium. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71:2521-2526. [PMID: 32463883 PMCID: PMC7713684 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Nobel prize being awarded to Jules Bordet, the discoverer of Bordetella pertussis, the 12th International Bordetella Symposium was held from 9 to 12 April 2019 at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, where Jules Bordet studied and was Professor of Microbiology. The symposium attracted more than 300 Bordetella experts from 34 countries. They discussed the latest epidemiologic data and clinical aspects of pertussis, Bordetella biology and pathogenesis, immunology and vaccine development, and genomics and evolution. Advanced technological and methodological tools provided novel insights into the genomic diversity of Bordetella and a better understanding of pertussis disease and vaccine performance. New molecular approaches revealed previously unrecognized complexity of virulence gene regulation. Innovative insights into the immune responses to infection by Bordetella resulted in the development of new vaccine candidates. Such discoveries will aid in the design of more effective approaches to control pertussis and other Bordetella-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Locht
- Université Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8204, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nicholas H Carbonetti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James D Cherry
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - F Heath Damron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Science Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Kathryn M Edwards
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rachel Fernandez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eric T Harvill
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniela Hozbor
- Laboratorio VacSal, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Kingston H G Mills
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maria Eugenia Rodriguez
- Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Françoise Mascart
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Cole LE, Zhang J, Pacheco KM, Lhéritier P, Anosova NG, Piolat J, Zheng L, Reveneau N. Immunological Distinctions between Acellular and Whole-Cell Pertussis Immunizations of Baboons Persist for at Least One Year after Acellular Vaccine Boosting. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040729. [PMID: 33276673 PMCID: PMC7761625 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
While both whole-cell (wP) and acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines have been highly effective at reducing the global pertussis disease burden, there are concerns that compared to wP vaccination, the immune responses to aP vaccination may wane more rapidly. To gain insights into the vaccine elicited immune responses, pre-adult baboons were immunized with either aP or wP vaccines, boosted with an aP vaccine, and observed over a nearly two-year period. Priming with a wP vaccine elicited a more Th17-biased response than priming with aP, whereas priming with an aP vaccine led to a more Th2-biased response than priming with wP. These differences were maintained after aP vaccine boost immunizations. Compared to aP, animals primed with a wP vaccine exhibited greater numbers of pertussis specific memory B cells. While aP and wP vaccine priming initially elicited similar levels of anti-pertussis toxin antibody, titers declined more rapidly in aP vaccine primed animals leading to a 4-fold difference. Both wP and aP vaccine immunization could induce serum bactericidal activity (SBA); however, only one wP vaccine immunization was required to elicit SBA while multiple aP vaccine immunizations were required to elicit lower, less durable SBA titers. In conclusion, when compared to aP vaccine, priming with wP vaccine elicits distinct cellular and humoral immune responses that persist after aP vaccine boosting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah E. Cole
- Sanofi Pasteur, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (J.Z.); (K.M.P.); (N.G.A.)
- Correspondence: (L.E.C.); (N.R.); Tel.: +1-617-866-4473 (L.E.C.); +33-4-37-66-8510 (N.R.)
| | - Jinrong Zhang
- Sanofi Pasteur, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (J.Z.); (K.M.P.); (N.G.A.)
| | - Kristl M. Pacheco
- Sanofi Pasteur, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (J.Z.); (K.M.P.); (N.G.A.)
| | | | | | - Julie Piolat
- Sanofi Pasteur, 69280 Marcy L’Etoile, France; (P.L.); (J.P.)
| | | | - Nathalie Reveneau
- Sanofi Pasteur, 69280 Marcy L’Etoile, France; (P.L.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence: (L.E.C.); (N.R.); Tel.: +1-617-866-4473 (L.E.C.); +33-4-37-66-8510 (N.R.)
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14
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Knuutila A, Dalby T, Barkoff AM, Jørgensen CS, Fuursted K, Mertsola J, Markey K, He Q. Differences in epitope-specific antibodies to pertussis toxin after infection and acellular vaccinations. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1161. [PMID: 32765879 PMCID: PMC7396262 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Pertussis toxin (PT) is a component of all acellular pertussis vaccines. PT must be detoxified to be included in acellular vaccines, which results in conformational changes in the functional epitopes of PTs. Therefore, induced epitope‐specific antibodies to PT may vary after vaccinations or natural infections, and this information could reveal biomarkers implicated for protection and successful immunisation. Methods Pertussis toxin epitope‐specific antibodies in sera from 152 vaccinated children and 72 serologically confirmed patients were tested with a blocking ELISA, based on monoclonal antibodies that target protective PT epitopes. Results All study groups induced considerable antibody titres to subunit 1 (S1). Of interest, S3 7E10‐specific antibodies were present in patients, but not after vaccinations (P < 0.001). The impact of glutaraldehyde treatment of PT was visible on epitope 1D7 (S1), whereas epitopes 1B7 (S1) and 10D (S1) were more preserved. Antibodies to these epitopes were higher after three primary vaccine doses than after a single booster dose. Conclusion The high amount of 7E10‐specific antibodies in patients suggests this epitope might be functionally relevant in protection. The overall characteristics of epitope‐specific antibodies are influenced by infection or vaccination background, by the used detoxification method of PT and by the amount of the toxin used in immunisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aapo Knuutila
- Institute of Biomedicine University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Tine Dalby
- Statens Serum Institut Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Jussi Mertsola
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Turku University Hospital Turku Finland
| | - Kevin Markey
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control Potters Bar UK
| | - Qiushui He
- Institute of Biomedicine University of Turku Turku Finland.,Department of Medical Microbiology Capital Medical University Beijing China
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15
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Abu-Raya B, Maertens K, Edwards KM, Omer SB, Englund JA, Flanagan KL, Snape MD, Amirthalingam G, Leuridan E, Damme PV, Papaevangelou V, Launay O, Dagan R, Campins M, Cavaliere AF, Frusca T, Guidi S, O'Ryan M, Heininger U, Tan T, Alsuwaidi AR, Safadi MA, Vilca LM, Wanlapakorn N, Madhi SA, Giles ML, Prymula R, Ladhani S, Martinón-Torres F, Tan L, Michelin L, Scambia G, Principi N, Esposito S. Global Perspectives on Immunization During Pregnancy and Priorities for Future Research and Development: An International Consensus Statement. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1282. [PMID: 32670282 PMCID: PMC7326941 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization during pregnancy has been recommended in an increasing number of countries. The aim of this strategy is to protect pregnant women and infants from severe infectious disease, morbidity and mortality and is currently limited to tetanus, inactivated influenza, and pertussis-containing vaccines. There have been recent advancements in the development of vaccines designed primarily for use in pregnant women (respiratory syncytial virus and group B Streptococcus vaccines). Although there is increasing evidence to support vaccination in pregnancy, important gaps in knowledge still exist and need to be addressed by future studies. This collaborative consensus paper provides a review of the current literature on immunization during pregnancy and highlights the gaps in knowledge and a consensus of priorities for future research initiatives, in order to optimize protection for both the mother and the infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahaa Abu-Raya
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kirsten Maertens
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kathryn M. Edwards
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Saad B. Omer
- Department of Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Janet A. Englund
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Katie L. Flanagan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew D. Snape
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gayatri Amirthalingam
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elke Leuridan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Damme
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vana Papaevangelou
- Third Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital ATTIKON, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Odile Launay
- Université de Paris, Inserm, CIC 1417, F-CRIN I REIVAC, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ron Dagan
- The Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Magda Campins
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Franca Cavaliere
- Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna e del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Frusca
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sofia Guidi
- Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna e del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Miguel O'Ryan
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Associate Researcher, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrich Heininger
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tina Tan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ahmed R. Alsuwaidi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Marco. A. Safadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luz M. Vilca
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buzzi Hospital - ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nasamon Wanlapakorn
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Shabir A. Madhi
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michelle L. Giles
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Roman Prymula
- School of Medicine Hradec Kralove, Institute of Social Medicine, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Shamez Ladhani
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Martinón-Torres
- Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Pediatrics Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, University of Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Litjen Tan
- Immunization Action Coalition, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Lessandra Michelin
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology Division, Health Sciences Post Graduation Program, University of Caxias Do Sul, Caxias Do Sul, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Scambia
- Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna e del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Susanna Esposito
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children's Hospital, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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16
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Ashok Y, Miettinen M, Oliveira DKHD, Tamirat MZ, Näreoja K, Tiwari A, Hottiger MO, Johnson MS, Lehtiö L, Pulliainen AT. Discovery of Compounds Inhibiting the ADP-Ribosyltransferase Activity of Pertussis Toxin. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:588-602. [PMID: 31899865 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The targeted pathogen-selective approach to drug development holds promise to minimize collateral damage to the beneficial microbiome. The AB5-topology pertussis toxin (PtxS1-S5) is a major virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of the highly contagious respiratory disease whooping cough. Once internalized into the host cell, PtxS1 ADP-ribosylates α-subunits of the heterotrimeric Gαi-superfamily, thereby disrupting G-protein-coupled receptor signaling. Here, we report the discovery of the first small molecules inhibiting the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of pertussis toxin. We developed protocols to purify milligram-levels of active recombinant B. pertussis PtxS1 from Escherichia coli and an in vitro high throughput-compatible assay to quantify NAD+ consumption during PtxS1-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of Gαi. Two inhibitory compounds (NSC228155 and NSC29193) with low micromolar IC50-values (3.0 μM and 6.8 μM) were identified in the in vitro NAD+ consumption assay that also were potent in an independent in vitro assay monitoring conjugation of ADP-ribose to Gαi. Docking and molecular dynamics simulations identified plausible binding poses of NSC228155 and in particular of NSC29193, most likely owing to the rigidity of the latter ligand, at the NAD+-binding pocket of PtxS1. NSC228155 inhibited the pertussis AB5 holotoxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of Gαi in living human cells with a low micromolar IC50-value (2.4 μM). NSC228155 and NSC29193 might prove to be useful hit compounds in targeted B. pertussis-selective drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashwanth Ashok
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7A, P.O. Box 5400, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Moona Miettinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Cancer, Infections, and Immunity, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine (TuDMM), University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Danilo Kimio Hirabae de Oliveira
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7A, P.O. Box 5400, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mahlet Z. Tamirat
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Katja Näreoja
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Cancer, Infections, and Immunity, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Avlokita Tiwari
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Cancer, Infections, and Immunity, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Michael O. Hottiger
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark S. Johnson
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Lari Lehtiö
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7A, P.O. Box 5400, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Arto T. Pulliainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Cancer, Infections, and Immunity, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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17
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Nguyen AW, DiVenere AM, Papin JF, Connelly S, Kaleko M, Maynard JA. Neutralization of pertussis toxin by a single antibody prevents clinical pertussis in neonatal baboons. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay9258. [PMID: 32076653 PMCID: PMC7002138 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay9258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Pertussis continues to cause considerable infant mortality world-wide, which could be addressed in part by passive immunization strategies. Antibody hu1B7 is a candidate therapeutic that potently neutralizes pertussis toxin in vitro, prevents leukocytosis in mice and treats established disease in weanling baboons as part of an antibody cocktail. Here, we evaluated the potential for hu1B7 and an extended half-life hu1B7 variant to prevent death, leukocytosis and other clinical symptoms in a newborn baboon model that mimics many aspects of human disease. We administered a single antibody dose to newborn baboons five weeks prior to experimental infection. While all animals were heavily colonized with Bordetella pertussis, prophylaxed animals showed significantly greater survival (P < 0.005), delayed and suppressed leukocytosis (P < 0.01) and enhanced clinical outcomes, including coughing (P < 0.01), as compared to controls. Together, this work demonstrates that a single neutralizing anti-PTx antibody is sufficient to prevent clinical pertussis symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalee W. Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Andrea M. DiVenere
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - James F. Papin
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Sheila Connelly
- Synthetic Biologics, 9605 Medical Center Dr., Suite 270, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Michael Kaleko
- Synthetic Biologics, 9605 Medical Center Dr., Suite 270, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Maynard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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18
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Larbouret C, Poul MA, Chardès T. [Mimicking polyclonal immune response in therapy: from combination of two monoclonal antibodies to oligoclonal antibody-based mixtures]. Med Sci (Paris) 2020; 35:1083-1091. [PMID: 31903921 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2019216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized the treatment of many diseases, but their clinical effectiveness remains limited in some cases. Associations of antibodies binding to the same target (homo-combination) or to several different targets (hetero-combination), thereby mimicking a polyclonal humoral immune response, have demonstrated a therapeutic improvement in pre-clinical and clinical trials, mainly in the field of oncology and infectious diseases. The combinations increase the efficacy of the biological responses and override resistance mechanisms observed with antibody monotherapy. The most common method of formulating and administering antibody combinations is a separate formulation, with sequential injection of each antibody as individual drug substance. Alternatively, combined formulations are developed where the separately-produced antibodies are mixed before administration or produced simultaneously by a single cell line, or a mixture of cell lines as a polyclonal master cell bank. The regulation, the toxicity and the injection sequence of these oligoclonal antibody-based mixtures remain points to be clarified and optimized for a better therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Larbouret
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), 34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Alix Poul
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), 34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Chardès
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), 34298 Montpellier, France - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
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19
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Rong Y, Torres-Velez FJ, Ehrbar D, Doering J, Song R, Mantis NJ. An intranasally administered monoclonal antibody cocktail abrogates ricin toxin-induced pulmonary tissue damage and inflammation. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 16:793-807. [PMID: 31589555 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1664243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ricin toxin, a plant-derived, mannosylated glycoprotein, elicits an incapacitating and potentially lethal inflammatory response in the airways following inhalation. Uptake of ricin by alveolar macrophages (AM) and other pulmonary cell types occurs via two parallel pathways: one mediated by ricin's B subunit (RTB), a galactose-specific lectin, and one mediated by the mannose receptor (MR;CD206). Ricin's A subunit (RTA) is a ribosome-inactivating protein that triggers apoptosis in mammalian cells. It was recently reported that a single monoclonal antibody (MAb), PB10, directed against an immunodominant epitope on RTA and administered intravenously, was able to rescue Rhesus macaques from lethal aerosol dose of ricin. In this study, we now demonstrate in mice that the effectiveness PB10 is significantly improved when combined with a second MAb, SylH3, against RTB. Mice treated with PB10 alone survived lethal-dose intranasal ricin challenge, but experienced significant weight loss, moderate pulmonary inflammation (e.g., elevated IL-1 and IL-6 levels, PMN influx), and apoptosis of lung macrophages. In contrast, mice treated with the PB10/SylH3 cocktail were essentially impervious to pulmonary ricin toxin exposure, as evidenced by no weight loss, no change in local IL-1 and IL-6 levels, retention of lung macrophages, and a significant dampening of PMN recruitment into the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids. The PB10/SylH3 cocktail only marginally reduced ricin binding to target cells in the BAL, suggesting that the antibody mixture neutralizes ricin by interfering with one or more steps in the RTB- and MR-dependent uptake pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Rong
- New York State Department of Health, Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Fernando J Torres-Velez
- New York State Department of Health, Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Dylan Ehrbar
- New York State Department of Health, Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Doering
- New York State Department of Health, Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Renjie Song
- New York State Department of Health, Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas J Mantis
- New York State Department of Health, Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA
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20
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Pertussis Toxin: A Key Component in Pertussis Vaccines? Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100557. [PMID: 31546599 PMCID: PMC6832755 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
B. pertussis is a human-specific pathogen and the causative agent of whooping cough. The ongoing resurgence in pertussis incidence in high income countries is likely due to faster waning of immunity and increased asymptomatic colonization in individuals vaccinated with acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine relative whole-cell pertussis (wP)-vaccinated individuals. This has renewed interest in developing more effective vaccines and treatments and, in support of these efforts, defining pertussis vaccine correlates of protection and the role of vaccine antigens and toxins in disease. Pertussis and its toxins have been investigated by scientists for over a century, yet we still do not have a clear understanding of how pertussis toxin (PT) contributes to disease symptomology or how anti-PT immune responses confer protection. This review covers PT's role in disease and evidence for its protective role in vaccines. Clinical data suggest that PT is a defining and essential toxin for B. pertussis pathogenesis and, when formulated into a vaccine, can prevent disease. Additional studies are required to further elucidate the role of PT in disease and vaccine-mediated protection, to inform the development of more effective treatments and vaccines.
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21
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Scanlon K, Skerry C, Carbonetti N. Association of Pertussis Toxin with Severe Pertussis Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11070373. [PMID: 31252532 PMCID: PMC6669598 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis, caused by respiratory tract infection with the bacterial pathogen Bordetella pertussis, has long been considered to be a toxin-mediated disease. Bacteria adhere and multiply extracellularly in the airways and release several toxins, which have a variety of effects on the host, both local and systemic. Predominant among these toxins is pertussis toxin (PT), a multi-subunit protein toxin that inhibits signaling through a subset of G protein-coupled receptors in mammalian cells. PT activity has been linked with severe and lethal pertussis disease in young infants and a detoxified version of PT is a common component of all licensed acellular pertussis vaccines. The role of PT in typical pertussis disease in other individuals is less clear, but significant evidence supporting its contribution to pathogenesis has been accumulated from animal model studies. In this review we discuss the evidence indicating a role for PT in pertussis disease, focusing on its contribution to severe pertussis in infants, modulation of immune and inflammatory responses to infection, and the characteristic paroxysmal cough of pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Scanlon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ciaran Skerry
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Nicholas Carbonetti
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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22
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Raeven RHM, van der Maas L, Pennings JLA, Fuursted K, Jørgensen CS, van Riet E, Metz B, Kersten GFA, Dalby T. Antibody Specificity Following a Recent Bordetella pertussis Infection in Adolescence Is Correlated With the Pertussis Vaccine Received in Childhood. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1364. [PMID: 31275314 PMCID: PMC6592373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella (B.) pertussis resurgence affects not only the unvaccinated, but also the vaccinated population. Different vaccines are available, however, it is currently unknown whether the type of childhood vaccination has an influence on antibody responses following a B. pertussis infection later in life. Therefore, the study aim was to profile serum antibody responses in young adults with suspected B. pertussis infections, immunized during childhood with either whole-cell (wPV) or monocomponent acellular pertussis (aPV) vaccines. Serum anti-pertussis toxin (PTx) IgG antibody levels served as an indicator for a recent B. pertussis infection. Leftover sera from a diagnostic laboratory from 36 Danish individuals were included and divided into four groups based on immunization background (aPV vs. wPV) and serum anti-PTx IgG levels (– vs. +). Pertussis-specific IgG/IgA antibody levels and antigen specificity were determined by using multiplex immunoassays (MIA), one- and two-dimensional immunoblotting (1 & 2DEWB), and mass spectrometry. Besides enhanced anti-PTx levels, wPV(+) and aPV(+) groups showed increased IgG and IgA levels against pertactin, filamentous hemagglutinin, fimbriae 2/3, and pertussis outer membrane vesicles (OMV). In the wPV(–) and aPV(–) groups, only low levels of anti-OMV antibodies were detected. 1DEWB demonstrated that antibody patterns differed between groups but also between individuals with the same immunization background and anti-PTx levels. 2DWB analysis for serum IgG revealed 133 immunogenic antigens of which 40 were significantly different between groups allowing to differentiate wPV(+) and aPV(+) groups. Similarly, for serum IgA, 7 of 47 immunogenic protein spots were significantly different. This study demonstrated that B. pertussis infection-induced antibody responses were distinct on antigen level between individuals with either wPV or aPV immunization background. Importantly, only 2DEWB and not MIA could detect these differences indicating the potential of this method. Moreover, in individuals immunized with an aPV containing only PTx in childhood, the infection-induced antibody responses were not limited to PTx alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- René H M Raeven
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Kurt Fuursted
- Statens Serum Institut, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Elly van Riet
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Bernard Metz
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Gideon F A Kersten
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, Netherlands.,Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tine Dalby
- Statens Serum Institut, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Copenhagen, Denmark
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23
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Wagner EK, Qerqez AN, Stevens CA, Nguyen AW, Delidakis G, Maynard JA. Human cytomegalovirus-specific T-cell receptor engineered for high affinity and soluble expression using mammalian cell display. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:5790-5804. [PMID: 30796163 PMCID: PMC6463697 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptors (TCR) have considerable potential as therapeutics and antibody-like reagents to monitor disease progression and vaccine efficacy. Whereas antibodies recognize only secreted and surface-bound proteins, TCRs recognize otherwise inaccessible disease-associated intracellular proteins when they are presented as processed peptides bound to major histocompatibility complexes (pMHC). TCRs have been primarily explored for cancer therapy applications but could also target infectious diseases such as cytomegalovirus (CMV). However, TCRs are more difficult to express and engineer than antibodies, and advanced methods are needed to enable their widespread use. Here, we engineered the human CMV-specific TCR RA14 for high-affinity and robust soluble expression. To achieve this, we adapted our previously reported mammalian display system to present TCR extracellular domains and used this to screen CDR3 libraries for clones with increased pMHC affinity. After three rounds of selection, characterized clones retained peptide specificity and activation when expressed on the surface of human Jurkat T cells. We obtained high yields of soluble, monomeric protein by fusing the TCR extracellular domains to antibody hinge and Fc constant regions, adding a stabilizing disulfide bond between the constant domains and disrupting predicted glycosylation sites. One variant exhibited 50 nm affinity for its cognate pMHC, as measured by surface plasmon resonance, and specifically stained cells presenting this pMHC. Our work has identified a human TCR with high affinity for the immunodominant CMV peptide and offers a new strategy to rapidly engineer soluble TCRs for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen K Wagner
- From the McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Ahlam N Qerqez
- From the McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Christopher A Stevens
- From the McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Annalee W Nguyen
- From the McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - George Delidakis
- From the McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Jennifer A Maynard
- From the McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712.
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24
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Scanlon K, Skerry C, Carbonetti N. Role of Major Toxin Virulence Factors in Pertussis Infection and Disease Pathogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1183:35-51. [PMID: 31376138 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis produces several toxins that affect host-pathogen interactions. Of these, the major toxins that contribute to pertussis infection and disease are pertussis toxin, adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin and tracheal cytotoxin. Pertussis toxin is a multi-subunit protein toxin that inhibits host G protein-coupled receptor signaling, causing a wide array of effects on the host. Adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin is a single polypeptide, containing an adenylate cyclase enzymatic domain coupled to a hemolysin domain, that primarily targets phagocytic cells to inhibit their antibacterial activities. Tracheal cytotoxin is a fragment of peptidoglycan released by B. pertussis that elicits damaging inflammatory responses in host cells. This chapter describes these three virulence factors of B. pertussis, summarizing background information and focusing on the role of each toxin in infection and disease pathogenesis, as well as their role in pertussis vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Scanlon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ciaran Skerry
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Carbonetti
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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25
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Nguyen AW, Le KC, Maynard JA. Identification of high affinity HER2 binding antibodies using CHO Fab surface display. Protein Eng Des Sel 2019; 31:91-101. [PMID: 29566240 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzy004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery of monoclonal antibodies is most commonly performed using phage or yeast display but mammalian cells are used for production because of the complex antibody structure, including the multiple disulfide bonds and glycosylation, required for function. As this transition between host organisms is often accompanied by impaired binding, folding or expression, development pipelines include laborious plate-based screening or engineering strategies to adapt an antibody to mammalian expression. To circumvent these problems, we developed a plasmid-based Fab screening platform on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells which allows for antibody selection in the production host and in the presence of the same post-translational modifications as the manufactured product. A hu4D5 variant with low affinity for the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) growth factor receptor was mutagenized and this library of ~10(6) unique clones was screened to identify variants with up to 400-fold enhanced HER2 binding. After two rounds of fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), four unique clones exhibited improved antigen binding when expressed on the CHO surface or as purified human IgG. Three of the four clones contained free cysteines in third complementarity determining region of the antibody heavy chain, which did not impair expression or cause aggregation. The improved clones had similar yields and stabilities as hu4D5 and similar sub-nanomolar affinities as measured by equilibrium binding to target cells. The limited size of mammalian libraries restricts the utility of this approach for naïve antibody library screening, but it is a powerful approach for antibody affinity maturation or specificity enhancement and is readily generalizable to engineering other surface receptors, including T-cell receptors and chimeric antigen receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalee W Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kevin C Le
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jennifer A Maynard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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26
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Miller LA, Royer CM, Pinkerton KE, Schelegle ES. Nonhuman Primate Models of Respiratory Disease: Past, Present, and Future. ILAR J 2018; 58:269-280. [PMID: 29216343 PMCID: PMC5886323 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilx030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory system consists of an integrated network of organs and structures that primarily function for gas exchange. In mammals, oxygen and carbon dioxide are transmitted through a complex respiratory tract, consisting of the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, and lung. Exposure to ambient air throughout the lifespan imposes vulnerability of the respiratory system to environmental challenges that can contribute toward development of disease. The importance of the respiratory system to human health is supported by statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; in 2015, chronic lower respiratory diseases were the third leading cause of death in the United States. In light of the significant mortality associated with respiratory conditions that afflict all ages of the human population, this review will focus on basic and preclinical research conducted in nonhuman primate models of respiratory disease. In comparison with other laboratory animals, the nonhuman primate lung most closely resembles the human lung in structure, physiology, and mucosal immune mechanisms. Studies defining the influence of inhaled microbes, pollutants, or allergens on the nonhuman primate lung have provided insight on disease pathogenesis, with the potential for elucidation of molecular targets leading to new treatment modalities. Vaccine trials in nonhuman primates have been crucial for confirmation of safety and protective efficacy against infectious diseases of the lung in a laboratory animal model that recapitulates pathology observed in humans. In looking to the future, nonhuman primate models of respiratory diseases will continue to be instrumental for translating biomedical research for improvement of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Miller
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Christopher M Royer
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Kent E Pinkerton
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Edward S Schelegle
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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27
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Boehm DT, Hall JM, Wong TY, DiVenere AM, Sen-Kilic E, Bevere JR, Bradford SD, Blackwood CB, Elkins CM, DeRoos KA, Gray MC, Cooper CG, Varney ME, Maynard JA, Hewlett EL, Barbier M, Damron FH. Evaluation of Adenylate Cyclase Toxoid Antigen in Acellular Pertussis Vaccines by Using a Bordetella pertussis Challenge Model in Mice. Infect Immun 2018; 86:e00857-17. [PMID: 30012638 PMCID: PMC6204743 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00857-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis is the primary causative agent of pertussis (whooping cough), which is a respiratory infection that leads to a violent cough and can be fatal in infants. There is a need to develop more effective vaccines because of the resurgence of cases of pertussis in the United States since the switch from the whole-cell pertussis vaccines (wP) to the acellular pertussis vaccines (aP; diphtheria-tetanus-acellular-pertussis vaccine/tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis vaccine). Adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) is a major virulence factor of B. pertussis that is (i) required for establishment of infection, (ii) an effective immunogen, and (iii) a protective antigen. The C-terminal repeats-in-toxin domain (RTX) of ACT is sufficient to induce production of toxin-neutralizing antibodies. In this study, we characterized the effectiveness of vaccines containing the RTX antigen against experimental murine infection with B. pertussis RTX was not protective as a single-antigen vaccine against B. pertussis challenge, and adding RTX to 1/5 human dose of aP did not enhance protection. Since the doses of aP used in murine studies are not proportionate to mouse/human body masses, we titrated the aP from 1/20 to 1/160 of the human dose. Mice receiving 1/80 human aP dose had bacterial burden comparable to those of naive controls. Adding RTX antigen to the 1/80 aP base resulted in enhanced bacterial clearance. Inclusion of RTX induced production of antibodies recognizing RTX, enhanced production of anti-pertussis toxin, decreased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6, and decreased recruitment of total macrophages in the lung. This study shows that adding RTX antigen to an appropriate dose of aP can enhance protection against B. pertussis challenge in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan T Boehm
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Jesse M Hall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ting Y Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Andrea M DiVenere
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Emel Sen-Kilic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Justin R Bevere
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Shelby D Bradford
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Catherine B Blackwood
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Cody M Elkins
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Katherine A DeRoos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Mary C Gray
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - C Garret Cooper
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Melinda E Varney
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Jennifer A Maynard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Erik L Hewlett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Mariette Barbier
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - F Heath Damron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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28
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Acquaye-Seedah E, Huang Y, Sutherland JN, DiVenere AM, Maynard JA. Humanised monoclonal antibodies neutralise pertussis toxin by receptor blockade and reduced retrograde trafficking. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12948. [PMID: 30152075 PMCID: PMC6519169 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pertussis toxin (PTx) is a major protective antigen produced by Bordetella pertussis that is included in all current acellular vaccines. Of several well‐characterized monoclonal antibodies binding this toxin, the humanised hu1B7 and hu11E6 antibodies are highly protective in multiple in vitro and in vivo assays. In this study, we determine the molecular mechanisms of protection mediated by these antibodies. Neither antibody directly binds the B. pertussis bacterium nor supports antibody‐dependent complement cytotoxicity. Both antibodies, either individually or as a cocktail, form multivalent complexes with soluble PTx that bind the FcγRIIb receptor more tightly than antibody alone, suggesting that the antibodies may accelerate PTx clearance via immune complex formation. However, a receptor binding assay and cellular imaging indicate that the main mechanism used by hu11E6 is competitive inhibition of PTx binding to its cellular receptor. In contrast, the main hu1B7 neutralising mechanism appears to be inhibition of PTx internalisation and retrograde trafficking. We assessed the effects of hu1B7 on PTx retrograde trafficking in CHO‐K1 cells using quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy. In the absence of hu1B7 or after incubation with an isotype control antibody, PTx colocalizes to organelles in a manner consistent with retrograde transport. However, after preincubation with hu1B7, PTx appears restricted to the membrane surface with colocalization to organelles associated with retrograde transport significantly reduced. Together, these data support a model whereby hu11E6 and hu1B7 interfere with PTx receptor binding and PTx retrograde trafficking, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Acquaye-Seedah
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Yimin Huang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Jamie N Sutherland
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Andrea M DiVenere
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Jennifer A Maynard
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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29
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Nagy E, Nagy G, Power CA, Badarau A, Szijártó V. Anti-bacterial Monoclonal Antibodies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1053:119-153. [PMID: 29549638 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72077-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The failing efficacy of antibiotics and the high mortality rate among high-risk patients calls for new treatment modalities for bacterial infections. Due to the vastly divergent pathogenesis of human pathogens, each microbe requires a tailored approach. The main modes of action of anti-bacterial antibodies are virulence factor neutralization, complement-mediated bacterial lysis and enhancement of opsonophagocytic uptake and killing (OPK). Gram-positive bacteria cannot be lysed by complement and their pathogenesis often involves secreted toxins, therefore typically toxin-neutralization and OPK activity are required to prevent and ameliorate disease. In fact, the success stories in terms of approved products, in the anti-bacterial mAb field are based on toxin neutralization (Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium difficile). In contrast, Gram-negative bacteria are vulnerable to antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis, while their pathogenesis rarely relies on secreted exotoxins, and involves the pro-inflammatory endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide). Given the complexity of bacterial pathogenesis, antibody therapeutics are expected to be most efficient upon targeting more than one virulence factor and/or combining different modes of action. The improved understanding of bacterial pathogenesis combined with the versatility and maturity of antibody discovery technologies available today are pivotal for the design of novel anti-bacterial therapeutics. The intensified research generating promising proof-of-concept data, and the increasing number of clinical programs with anti-bacterial mAbs, indicate that the field is ready to fulfill its promise in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Nagy
- Arsanis Biosciences GmbH/Arsanis, Inc, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gábor Nagy
- Arsanis Biosciences GmbH/Arsanis, Inc, Vienna, Austria
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30
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Characterization of Individual Human Antibodies That Bind Pertussis Toxin Stimulated by Acellular Immunization. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00004-18. [PMID: 29581192 PMCID: PMC5964521 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00004-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite high vaccination rates, the incidence of whooping cough has steadily been increasing in developing countries for several decades. The current acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines all include the major protective antigen pertussis toxin (PTx) and are safer, but they appear to be less protective than infection or older, whole-cell vaccines. To better understand the attributes of individual antibodies stimulated by aP, we isolated plasmablast clones recognizing PTx after booster immunization of two donors. Five unique antibody sequences recognizing native PTx were recovered and expressed as recombinant human IgG1 antibodies. The antibodies all bind different epitopes on the PTx S1 subunit, B oligomer, or S1-B subunit interface, and just one clone neutralized PTx in an in vitro assay. To better understand the epitopes bound by the nonneutralizing S1-subunit antibodies, comprehensive mutagenesis with yeast display provided a detailed map of the epitope recognized by antibodies A8 and E12. Residue R76 is required for antibody A8 binding and is present on the S1 surface but is only partially exposed in the holotoxin, providing a structural explanation for A8's inability to neutralize holotoxin. The B-subunit-specific antibody D8 inhibited PTx binding to a model receptor and neutralized PTx in vitro as well as in an in vivo leukocytosis assay. This is the first study, to our knowledge, to identify individual human antibodies stimulated by the acellular pertussis vaccine and demonstrates the feasibility of using these approaches to address outstanding issues in pertussis vaccinology, including mechanisms of accelerated waning of protective immunity despite repeated aP immunization.
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31
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Wagner EK, Maynard JA. Engineering therapeutic antibodies to combat infectious diseases. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018; 19:131-141. [PMID: 29911002 DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Serum therapy fell out of favor 80 years ago, but antibodies against infectious diseases are now experiencing a renaissance. With the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the emergence of new pathogens, and a growing population of immunocompromised individuals coupled with improvements in antibody manufacturing and biological efficacy, antibodies are an increasingly attractive therapeutic option. In this review, we highlight successful clinical strategies and discuss recent applications of advanced antibody engineering approaches to combat infectious diseases. Case studies include antibody mixtures to neutralize Staphylococcus aureus; bispecific antibodies promoting Pseudomonas aeruginosa clearance; antibody-antibiotic conjugates to eradicate S. aureus from protected intracellular niches; and novel anti-RSV antibodies with extended serum half-life. These new designs are powerful strategies for targeting infectious diseases due to their abilities to target multiple antigens and induce novel clearance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen K Wagner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX USA, 78712
| | - Jennifer A Maynard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX USA, 78712
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32
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Maitre G, Schaffner D, Natterer J, Longchamp D, Ferry T, Diezi M, Di Bernardo S, Perez MH, Amiet V. Leukemoid Reaction in Infant Pertussis: Is There a Place for Hydroxyurea? A Case Report. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:261. [PMID: 30356838 PMCID: PMC6190881 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A 73-days old infant of 34 weeks' gestation was hospitalized with a co-infection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Bordetella pertussis (BP). She required invasive ventilation for 9 days in the context of malignant pertussis with persistent hypoxemia and hypercapnia secondary to a leukemoid reaction. Despite an increase of white blood cell (WBC) count up to 70 G/L and ensuing pulmonary hypertension, no hemodynamic compromise occurred. Without clear indication for leukapheresis nor exchange transfusion, an off-label treatment with hydroxyurea was given for 5 days with gradual decrease of WBC count, without any complication and hospital discharge on day 29. To our knowledge, no effective therapy for malignant pertussis has been described in the literature and complications are frequent with leukoreduction procedures. We discuss an alternative to invasive procedures in young infants to fulfill the need to decrease rapidly leukocyte counts in a leukemoid reaction associated with Bordetella pertussis infection. To our knowledge, hydroxyurea has never been used in malignant pertussis but is a well-known medication for oncologic and hematologic diseases such as acute myeloid leukemia or sickle cell anemia. Its effects in this setting are not well understood but the positive outcome in our patient supports the need for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Maitre
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Damien Schaffner
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julia Natterer
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Longchamp
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Ferry
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Diezi
- Pediatric Onco-Hematology Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Di Bernardo
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Hélène Perez
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vivianne Amiet
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss recent findings and selected topics of interest in Bordetella pertussis virulence and pathogenesis and treatment of pertussis. It is not intended to cover issues on immune responses to B. pertussis infection or problems with currently used pertussis vaccines. RECENT FINDINGS Studies on the activities of various B. pertussis virulence factors include the immunomodulatory activities of filamentous hemagglutinin, fimbriae, and adenylate cyclase toxin. Recently emerging B. pertussis strains show evidence of genetic selection for vaccine escape mutants, with changes in vaccine antigen-expressing genes, some of which may have increased the virulence of this pathogen. Severe and fatal pertussis in young infants continues to be a problem, with several studies highlighting predictors of fatality, including the extreme leukocytosis associated with this infection. Treatments for pertussis are extremely limited, though early antibiotic intervention may be beneficial. Neutralizing pertussis toxin activity may be an effective strategy, as well as targeting two host proteins, pendrin and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors, as novel potential therapeutic interventions. SUMMARY Pertussis is reemerging as a major public health problem and continued basic research is revealing information on bacterial virulence and disease pathogenesis, as well as potential novel strategies for vaccination and targets for therapeutic intervention.
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34
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Wagner EK, Wang X, Bui A, Maynard JA. Synergistic Neutralization of Pertussis Toxin by a Bispecific Antibody In Vitro and In Vivo. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:851-862. [PMID: 27581436 PMCID: PMC5098018 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00371-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies are a rapidly growing class of therapeutic molecules, originally developed for the treatment of cancer but recently explored for the treatment of autoimmune and infectious diseases. Bordetella pertussis is a reemerging pathogen, and several of the key symptoms of infection are caused by the pertussis toxin (PTx). Two humanized antibodies, hu1B7 and hu11E6, bind distinct epitopes on PTx and, when coadministered, mitigate disease severity in murine and baboon models of infection. Here we describe the generation of a bispecific human IgG1 molecule combining the hu1B7 and hu11E6 binding sites via a knobs-in-holes design. The bispecific antibody showed binding activity equivalent to that of the antibody mixture in a competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A CHO cell neutralization assay provided preliminary evidence for synergy between the two antibodies, while a murine model of PTx-induced leukocytosis definitively showed synergistic neutralization. Notably, the bispecific antibody retained the synergy observed for the antibody mixture, supporting the conclusion that synergy is due to simultaneous blockade of both the catalytic and receptor binding activities of pertussis toxin. These data suggest that a hu1B7/hu11E6 bispecific antibody is a viable alternative to an antibody mixture for pertussis treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Bordetella pertussis/immunology
- CHO Cells
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Drug Synergism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/isolation & purification
- Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
- Mice
- Neutralization Tests
- Pertussis Toxin/immunology
- Whooping Cough/immunology
- Whooping Cough/prevention & control
- Whooping Cough/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen K Wagner
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Xianzhe Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Andre Bui
- Proteomics Facility, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer A Maynard
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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35
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Pertussis Toxin Exploits Host Cell Signaling Pathways Induced by Meningitis-Causing E. coli K1-RS218 and Enhances Adherence of Monocytic THP-1 Cells to Human Cerebral Endothelial Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8100291. [PMID: 27754355 PMCID: PMC5086651 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8100291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pertussis toxin (PTx), the major virulence factor of the whooping cough-causing bacterial pathogen Bordetella pertussis, permeabilizes the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in vitro and in vivo. Breaking barriers might promote translocation of meningitis-causing bacteria across the BBB, thereby facilitating infection. PTx activates several host cell signaling pathways exploited by the neonatal meningitis-causing Escherichia coli K1-RS218 for invasion and translocation across the BBB. Here, we investigated whether PTx and E. coli K1-RS218 exert similar effects on MAPK p38, NF-κB activation and transcription of downstream targets in human cerebral endothelial TY10 cells using qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and ELISA in combination with specific inhibitors. PTx and E. coli K1-RS218 activate MAPK p38, but only E. coli K1-RS218 activates the NF-κB pathway. mRNA and protein levels of p38 and NF-κB downstream targets including IL-6, IL-8, CxCL-1, CxCL-2 and ICAM-1 were increased. The p38 specific inhibitor SB203590 blocked PTx-enhanced activity, whereas E. coli K1-RS218’s effects were inhibited by the NF-κB inhibitor Bay 11-7082. Further, we found that PTx enhances the adherence of human monocytic THP-1 cells to human cerebral endothelial TY10 cells, thereby contributing to enhanced translocation. These modulations of host cell signaling pathways by PTx and meningitis-causing E. coli support their contributions to pathogen and monocytic THP-1 cells translocation across the BBB.
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36
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Nguyen AW, Wagner EK, Posada L, Liu X, Connelly S, Papin JF, Wolf RF, Kaleko M, Maynard JA. Prior exposure to Bordetella species as an exclusion criterion in the baboon model of pertussis. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 79:60-64. [PMID: 27666464 PMCID: PMC5289237 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The baboon model of Bordetella pertussis infection is the newest and most clinically accurate model of the human disease to date. However, among the 15 experimentally infected baboons in this study, a subset of baboons did not exhibit the expected high bacterial colonization levels or increase in white blood cell count. Moreover, cultures of nasopharyngeal wash samples from several baboons suggested B. bronchiseptica coinfection. Analysis of serum antibodies recognizing filamentous hemagglutinin, pertussis toxin and B. pertussis lipo-oligosaccharide indicated that several baboons had likely been previously exposed to Bordetella species and that prior exposure correlated with partial protection from B. pertussis infection. Notably, all animals with a baseline Fha titer of 5 IU/ml or below exhibited symptoms typical of the model, suggesting this value can be used as inclusion criteria for animals prior to study enrollment. While B. pertussis infection is endemic to human populations and B. bronchiseptica is common in wild small mammals, this study illustrates that baboons can readily harbor both organisms. Awareness of Bordetella species that share antigens capable of generating protective immune responses and tracking of prior exposure to those species is required for successful use of the baboon model of pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalee W Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, U.S.A
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37
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Carbonetti NH. Pertussis leukocytosis: mechanisms, clinical relevance and treatment. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw087. [PMID: 27609461 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The significant and sometimes dramatic rise in the number of circulating white blood cells (leukocytosis) in infants suffering from pertussis (whooping cough) has been recognized for over a century. Although pertussis is a disease that afflicts people of all ages, it can be particularly severe in young infants, and these are the individuals in whom leukocytosis is most pronounced. Very high levels of leukocytosis are associated with poor outcome in infants hospitalized with pertussis and modern treatments are often aimed at reducing the number of leukocytes. Pertussis leukocytosis is caused by pertussis toxin, a soluble protein toxin released by Bordetella pertussis during infection, but the exact mechanisms by which this occurs are still unclear. In this minireview, I discuss the history of clinical and experimental findings on pertussis leukocytosis, possible contributing mechanisms causing this condition and treatments aimed at reducing leukocytosis in hospitalized infants. Since recent studies have detailed significant associations between specific levels of pertussis leukocytosis and fatal outcome, this is a timely review that may stimulate new thinking on how to understand and combat this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H Carbonetti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., HSF-I 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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38
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Corti D, Kearns JD. Promises and pitfalls for recombinant oligoclonal antibodies-based therapeutics in cancer and infectious disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 40:51-61. [PMID: 26995095 PMCID: PMC7127534 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of many human diseases and the application of combinations of mAbs has demonstrated improved therapeutic activity in both preclinical and clinical testing. Combinations of antibodies have several advantages such as the capacities to target multiple and mutating antigens in complex pathogens and to engage varied epitopes on multiple disease-related antigens (e.g. receptors) to overcome heterogeneity and plasticity. Oligoclonal antibodies are an emerging therapeutic format in which a novel antibody combination is developed as a single drug product. Here, we will provide historical context on the use of oligoclonal antibodies in oncology and infectious diseases and will highlight practical considerations related to their preclinical and clinical development programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey D Kearns
- Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc., One Kendall Square, Suite B7201, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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