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Pan Y, Hochgerner M, Cichoń MA, Benezeder T, Bieber T, Wolf P. Langerhans cells: Central players in the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024. [PMID: 39157943 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.20291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease worldwide. AD is a highly complex disease with different subtypes. Many elements of AD pathophysiology have been described, but if/how they interact with each other or which mechanisms are important in which patients is still unclear. Langerhans cells (LCs) are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the epidermis. Depending on the context, they can act either pro- or anti-inflammatory. Many different studies have investigated LCs in the context of AD and found them to be connected to all major mechanisms of AD pathophysiology. As APCs, LCs recruit other immune cells and shape the immune response, especially adaptive immunity via polarization of T cells. As sentinel cells, LCs are primary sensors of the skin microbiome and are important for the decision of immunity versus tolerance. LCs are also involved with the integrity of the skin barrier by influencing tight junctions. Finally, LCs are important cells in the neuro-immune crosstalk in the skin. In this review, we provide an overview about the many different roles of LCs in AD. Understanding LCs might bring us closer to a more complete understanding of this highly complex disease. Potentially, modulating LCs might offer new options for targeted therapies for AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Pan
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mathias Hochgerner
- Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Theresa Benezeder
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Bieber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- CK-CARE, Medicine Campus, Davos, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wolf
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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2
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Nicolaou A, Kendall AC. Bioactive lipids in the skin barrier mediate its functionality in health and disease. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 260:108681. [PMID: 38897295 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Our skin protects us from external threats including ultraviolet radiation, pathogens and chemicals, and prevents excessive trans-epidermal water loss. These varied activities are reliant on a vast array of lipids, many of which are unique to skin, and that support physical, microbiological and immunological barriers. The cutaneous physical barrier is dependent on a specific lipid matrix that surrounds terminally-differentiated keratinocytes in the stratum corneum. Sebum- and keratinocyte-derived lipids cover the skin's surface and support and regulate the skin microbiota. Meanwhile, lipids signal between resident and infiltrating cutaneous immune cells, driving inflammation and its resolution in response to pathogens and other threats. Lipids of particular importance include ceramides, which are crucial for stratum corneum lipid matrix formation and therefore physical barrier functionality, fatty acids, which contribute to the acidic pH of the skin surface and regulate the microbiota, as well as the stratum corneum lipid matrix, and bioactive metabolites of these fatty acids, involved in cell signalling, inflammation, and numerous other cutaneous processes. These diverse and complex lipids maintain homeostasis in healthy skin, and are implicated in many cutaneous diseases, as well as unrelated systemic conditions with skin manifestations, and processes such as ageing. Lipids also contribute to the gut-skin axis, signalling between the two barrier sites. Therefore, skin lipids provide a valuable resource for exploration of healthy cutaneous processes, local and systemic disease development and progression, and accessible biomarker discovery for systemic disease, as well as an opportunity to fully understand the relationship between the host and the skin microbiota. Investigation of skin lipids could provide diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and help identify new targets for interventions. Development and improvement of existing in vitro and in silico approaches to explore the cutaneous lipidome, as well as advances in skin lipidomics technologies, will facilitate ongoing progress in skin lipid research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nicolaou
- Laboratory for Lipidomics and Lipid Biology, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
| | - Alexandra C Kendall
- Laboratory for Lipidomics and Lipid Biology, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
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3
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Ye JH, Chen YL, Ogg G. CD1a and skin T cells: a pathway for therapeutic intervention. Clin Exp Dermatol 2024; 49:450-458. [PMID: 38173286 PMCID: PMC11037390 DOI: 10.1093/ced/llad460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The CD1 and MR1 protein families present lipid antigens and small molecules to T cells, complementing well-studied major histocompatibility complex-peptide mechanisms. The CD1a subtype is highly and continuously expressed within the skin, most notably on Langerhans cells, and has been demonstrated to present self and foreign lipids to T cells, highlighting its cutaneous sentinel role. Alteration of CD1a-dependent T-cell responses has recently been discovered to contribute to the pathogenesis of several inflammatory skin diseases. In this review, we overview the structure and role of CD1a and outline the current evidence implicating CD1a in the development of psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Ye
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Graham Ogg
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Bryan E, Teague JE, Eligul S, Arkins WC, Moody DB, Clark RA, Van Rhijn I. Human Skin T Cells Express Conserved T-Cell Receptors that Cross-React with Staphylococcal Superantigens and CD1a. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:833-843.e3. [PMID: 37951348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.09.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Human Langerhans cells highly express CD1a antigen-presenting molecules. To understand the functions of CD1a in human skin, we used CD1a tetramers to capture T cells and determine their effector functions and TCR patterns. Skin T cells from all donors showed CD1a tetramer staining, which in three cases exceeded 10% of skin T cells. CD1a tetramer-positive T cells produced diverse cytokines, including IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-17, IL-22, and IFN-γ. Conserved TCRs often recognize nonpolymorphic antigen-presenting molecules, but no TCR motifs are known for CD1a. We detected highly conserved TCRs that used TRAV34 and TRBV28 variable genes, which is a known motif for recognition of staphylococcal enterotoxin B, a superantigen associated with atopic dermatitis. We found that these conserved TCRs did not respond to superantigen presented by CD1a, but instead showed a cross-reactive response with two targets: CD1a and staphylococcal enterotoxin B presented by classical major histocompatibility complex II. These studies identify a conserved human TCR motif for CD1a-reactive T cells. Furthermore, the demonstrated cross-reaction of T cells with two common skin-specific stimuli suggests a candidate mechanism by which CD1a and skin flora could synergize during natural immune response and in Staphylococcus-associated skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Bryan
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica E Teague
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sezin Eligul
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wellington C Arkins
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachael A Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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5
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Kobiela A, Hewelt-Belka W, Frąckowiak JE, Kordulewska N, Hovhannisyan L, Bogucka A, Etherington R, Piróg A, Dapic I, Gabrielsson S, Brown SJ, Ogg GS, Gutowska-Owsiak D. Keratinocyte-derived small extracellular vesicles supply antigens for CD1a-resticted T cells and promote their type 2 bias in the context of filaggrin insufficiency. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1369238. [PMID: 38585273 PMCID: PMC10995404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1369238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Exosome-enriched small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are nanosized organelles known to participate in long distance communication between cells, including in the skin. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease for which filaggrin (FLG) gene mutations are the strongest genetic risk factor. Filaggrin insufficiency affects multiple cellular function, but it is unclear if sEV-mediated cellular communication originating from the affected keratinocytes is also altered, and if this influences peptide and lipid antigen presentation to T cells in the skin. Methods Available mRNA and protein expression datasets from filaggrin-insufficient keratinocytes (shFLG), organotypic models and AD skin were used for gene ontology analysis with FunRich tool. sEVs secreted by shFLG and control shC cells were isolated from conditioned media by differential centrifugation. Mass spectrometry was carried out for lipidomic and proteomic profiling of the cells and sEVs. T cell responses to protein, peptide, CD1a lipid antigens, as well as phospholipase A2-digested or intact sEVs were measured by ELISpot and ELISA. Results Data analysis revealed extensive remodeling of the sEV compartment in filaggrin insufficient keratinocytes, 3D models and the AD skin. Lipidomic profiles of shFLGsEV showed a reduction in the long chain (LCFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs; permissive CD1a ligands) and increased content of the bulky headgroup sphingolipids (non-permissive ligands). This resulted in a reduction of CD1a-mediated interferon-γ T cell responses to the lipids liberated from shFLG-generated sEVs in comparison to those induced by sEVs from control cells, and an increase in interleukin 13 secretion. The altered sEV lipidome reflected a generalized alteration in the cellular lipidome in filaggrin-insufficient cells and the skin of AD patients, resulting from a downregulation of key enzymes implicated in fatty acid elongation and desaturation, i.e., enzymes of the ACSL, ELOVL and FADS family. Discussion We determined that sEVs constitute a source of antigens suitable for CD1a-mediated presentation to T cells. Lipids enclosed within the sEVs secreted on the background of filaggrin insufficiency contribute to allergic inflammation by reducing type 1 responses and inducing a type 2 bias from CD1a-restricted T cells, thus likely perpetuating allergic inflammation in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Kobiela
- Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of the University of Gdańsk and the Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Weronika Hewelt-Belka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna E. Frąckowiak
- Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of the University of Gdańsk and the Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Natalia Kordulewska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Lilit Hovhannisyan
- Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of the University of Gdańsk and the Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Bogucka
- The Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Rachel Etherington
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Artur Piróg
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Irena Dapic
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Susanne Gabrielsson
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara J. Brown
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Graham S. Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Danuta Gutowska-Owsiak
- Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of the University of Gdańsk and the Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Ogg GS, Rossjohn J, Clark RA, Moody DB. CD1a and bound lipids drive T-cell responses in human skin disease. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250333. [PMID: 37539748 PMCID: PMC10592190 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
In addition to serving as the main physical barrier with the outside world, human skin is abundantly infiltrated with resident αβ T cells that respond differently to self, infectious, microbiome, and noxious stimuli. To study skin T cells during infection and inflammation, experimental biologists track T-cell surface phenotypes and effector functions, which are often interpreted with the untested assumption that MHC proteins and peptide antigens drive measured responses. However, a broader perspective is that CD1 proteins also activate human T cells, and in skin, Langerhans cells (LCs) are abundant antigen presenting cells that express extremely high levels of CD1a. The emergence of new experimental tools, including CD1a tetramers carrying endogenous lipids, now show that CD1a-reactive T cells comprise a large population of resident T cells in human skin. Here, we review studies showing that skin-derived αβ T cells directly recognize CD1a proteins, and certain bound lipids, such as contact dermatitis allergens, trigger T-cell responses. Other natural skin lipids inhibit CD1a-mediated T-cell responses, providing an entry point for the development of therapeutic lipids that block T-cell responses. Increasing evidence points to a distinct role of CD1a in type 2 and 22 T-cell responses, providing new insights into psoriasis, contact dermatitis, and other T-cell-mediated skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham S. Ogg
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rachael A. Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D. Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School
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7
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Kim S, Cho S, Kim JH. CD1-mediated immune responses in mucosal tissues: molecular mechanisms underlying lipid antigen presentation system. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1858-1871. [PMID: 37696897 PMCID: PMC10545705 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1) molecule differs from major histocompatibility complex class I and II because it presents glycolipid/lipid antigens. Moreover, the CD1-restricted T cells that recognize these self and foreign antigens participate in both innate and adaptive immune responses. CD1s are constitutively expressed by professional and nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells in mucosal tissues, namely, the skin, lung, and intestine. This suggests that CD1-reactive T cells are involved in the immune responses of these tissues. Indeed, evidence suggests that these cells play important roles in diverse diseases, such as inflammation, autoimmune disease, and infection. Recent studies elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which CD1 presents lipid antigens suggest that defects in these mechanisms could contribute to the activities of CD1-reactive T cells. Thus, improving our understanding of these mechanisms could lead to new and effective therapeutic approaches to CD1-associated diseases. In this review, we discuss the CD1-mediated antigen presentation system and its roles in mucosal tissue immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seohyun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Shahine A, Van Rhijn I, Rossjohn J, Moody DB. CD1 displays its own negative regulators. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 83:102339. [PMID: 37245411 PMCID: PMC10527790 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
After two decades of the study of lipid antigens that activate CD1-restricted T cells, new studies show how autoreactive αβ T-cell receptors (TCRs) can directly recognize the outer surface of CD1 proteins in ways that are lipid-agnostic. Most recently, this lipid agnosticism has turned to negativity, with the discovery of natural CD1 ligands that dominantly negatively block autoreactive αβ TCR binding to CD1a and CD1d. This review highlights the basic differences between positive and negative regulation of cellular systems. We outline strategies to discover lipid inhibitors of CD1-reactive T cells, whose roles in vivo are becoming clear, especially in CD1-mediated skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shahine
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Chen YL, Ng JSW, Ottakandathil Babu R, Woo J, Nahler J, Hardman CS, Kurupati P, Nussbaum L, Gao F, Dong T, Ladell K, Price DA, Duncan DA, Johnson D, Gileadi U, Koohy H, Ogg GS. Group A Streptococcus induces CD1a-autoreactive T cells and promotes psoriatic inflammation. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadd9232. [PMID: 37267382 PMCID: PMC7615662 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.add9232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infection is associated with multiple clinical sequelae, including different subtypes of psoriasis. Such post-streptococcal disorders have been long known but are largely unexplained. CD1a is expressed at constitutively high levels by Langerhans cells and presents lipid antigens to T cells, but the potential relevance to GAS infection has not been studied. Here, we investigated whether GAS-responsive CD1a-restricted T cells contribute to the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Healthy individuals had high frequencies of circulating and cutaneous GAS-responsive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with rapid effector functions, including the production of interleukin-22 (IL-22). Human skin and blood single-cell CITE-seq analyses of IL-22-producing T cells showed a type 17 signature with proliferative potential, whereas IFN-γ-producing T cells displayed cytotoxic T lymphocyte characteristics. Furthermore, individuals with psoriasis had significantly higher frequencies of circulating GAS-reactive T cells, enriched for markers of activation, cytolytic potential, and tissue association. In addition to responding to GAS, subsets of expanded GAS-reactive T cell clones/lines were found to be autoreactive, which included the recognition of the self-lipid antigen lysophosphatidylcholine. CD8+ T cell clones/lines produced cytolytic mediators and lysed infected CD1a-expressing cells. Furthermore, we established cutaneous models of GAS infection in a humanized CD1a transgenic mouse model and identified enhanced and prolonged local and systemic inflammation, with resolution through a psoriasis-like phenotype. Together, these findings link GAS infection to the CD1a pathway and show that GAS infection promotes the proliferation and activation of CD1a-autoreactive T cells, with relevance to post-streptococcal disease, including the pathogenesis and treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Chen
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jessica Soo Weei Ng
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rosana Ottakandathil Babu
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeongmin Woo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Janina Nahler
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Clare S Hardman
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Prathiba Kurupati
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lea Nussbaum
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fei Gao
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- CAMS-Oxford International Centre for Translational Immunology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tao Dong
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- CAMS-Oxford International Centre for Translational Immunology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David A Duncan
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - David Johnson
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Uzi Gileadi
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hashem Koohy
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Alan Turing Fellow in Health and Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Graham S Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- CAMS-Oxford International Centre for Translational Immunology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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10
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Wegrecki M. CD1a-mediated immunity from a molecular perspective. Mol Immunol 2023; 158:43-53. [PMID: 37116273 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Human CD1a is a non-polymorphic glycoprotein that presents lipid antigens to T cells. The most obvious role of CD1a is associated with its expression on Langerhans cells in epidermis, where it is involved in responses to pathogens. Antigen-specific T cells are believed to co-recognise CD1a presenting bacterial antigens such as species of lipopeptides from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Further, human skin contains large amount of endogenous lipids that can activate distinct subsets of CD1a-restricted autoreactive T cells, mostly belonging to the αβ lineage, which are abundant in human blood and skin and are important for skin homeostasis in healthy individuals. CD1a and CD1a-restricted T cells have been linked to certain autoimmune conditions such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and contact hypersensitivity becoming a potential candidate for clinical interventions. A significant progress has been made in the last twenty years towards our understanding of the molecular processes that orchestrate CD1a-lipid binding, antigen presentation and mechanism of CD1a recognition by αβ and γδ T cells. This review summarises the recent developments within the field of CD1a-mediated immunity from a molecular perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Wegrecki
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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11
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Genetic/Protein Association of Atopic Dermatitis and Tooth Agenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065754. [PMID: 36982827 PMCID: PMC10055628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis and abnormalities in tooth development (including hypomineralization, hypodontia and microdontia) have been observed to co-occur in some patients. A common pathogenesis pathway that involves genes and protein interactions has been hypothesized. This review aims to first provide a description of the key gene mutations and signaling pathways associated with atopic dermatitis and tooth agenesis (i.e., the absence of teeth due to developmental failure) and identify the possible association between the two diseases. Second, utilizing a list of genes most commonly associated with the two diseases, we conducted a protein–protein network interaction analysis using the STRING database and identified a novel association between the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway (major pathway responsible for TA) and desmosomal proteins (component of skin barrier that affect the pathogenesis of AD). Further investigation into the mechanisms that may drive their co-occurrence and underlie the development of the two diseases is warranted.
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12
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Yu ED, Wang E, Garrigan E, Sutherland A, Khalil N, Kearns K, Pham J, Schulten V, Peters B, Frazier A, Sette A, da Silva Antunes R. Ex vivo assays show human gamma-delta T cells specific for common allergens are Th1-polarized in allergic donors. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100350. [PMID: 36590684 PMCID: PMC9795325 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells contribute to the pathology of many immune-related diseases; however, no ex vivo assays to study their activities are currently available. Here, we established a methodology to characterize human allergen-reactive γδ T cells in peripheral blood using an activation-induced marker assay targeting upregulated 4-1BB and CD69 expression. Broad and reproducible ex vivo allergen-reactive γδ T cell responses were detected in donors sensitized to mouse, cockroach, house dust mite, and timothy grass, but the response did not differ from that in non-allergic participants. The reactivity to 4 different allergen extracts was readily detected in 54.2%-100% of allergic subjects in a donor- and allergen-specific pattern and was abrogated by T cell receptor (TCR) blocking. Analysis of CD40L upregulation and intracellular cytokine staining revealed a T helper type 1 (Th1)-polarized response against mouse and cockroach extract stimulation. These results support the existence of allergen-reactive γδ T cells and their potential use in rebalancing dysregulated Th2 responses in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Dawen Yu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eric Wang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Emily Garrigan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aaron Sutherland
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Natalie Khalil
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kendall Kearns
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - John Pham
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Veronique Schulten
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - April Frazier
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ricardo da Silva Antunes
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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13
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Hardman CS, Chen YL, Wegrecki M, Ng SW, Murren R, Mangat D, Silva JP, Munro R, Chan WY, O'Dowd V, Doyle C, Mori P, Popplewell A, Rossjohn J, Lightwood D, Ogg GS. CD1a promotes systemic manifestations of skin inflammation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7535. [PMID: 36477177 PMCID: PMC9729296 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory skin conditions are increasingly recognised as being associated with systemic inflammation. The mechanisms connecting the cutaneous and systemic disease are not well understood. CD1a is a virtually monomorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like molecule, highly expressed by skin and mucosal Langerhans cells, and presents lipid antigens to T-cells. Here we show an important role for CD1a in linking cutaneous and systemic inflammation in two experimental disease models. In human CD1a transgenic mice, the toll-like receptor (TLR)7 agonist imiquimod induces more pronounced splenomegaly, expansion of the peripheral blood and spleen T cell compartments, and enhanced neutrophil and eosinophil responses compared to the wild-type, accompanied by elevated skin and plasma cytokine levels, including IL-23, IL-1α, IL-1β, MCP-1 and IL-17A. Similar systemic escalation is shown in MC903-induced skin inflammation. The exacerbated inflammation could be counter-acted by CD1a-blocking antibodies, developed and screened in our laboratories. The beneficial effect is epitope dependent, and we further characterise the five best-performing antibodies for their capacity to modulate CD1a-expressing cells and ameliorate CD1a-dependent systemic inflammatory responses. In summary, we show that a therapeutically targetable CD1a-dependent pathway may play a role in the systemic spread of cutaneous inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare S Hardman
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marcin Wegrecki
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Soo Weei Ng
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carl Doyle
- UCB Pharma, 208 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | | | | | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | | | - Graham S Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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14
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Beck LA, Cork MJ, Amagai M, De Benedetto A, Kabashima K, Hamilton JD, Rossi AB. Type 2 Inflammation Contributes to Skin Barrier Dysfunction in Atopic Dermatitis. JID INNOVATIONS 2022; 2:100131. [PMID: 36059592 PMCID: PMC9428921 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2022.100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin barrier dysfunction, a defining feature of atopic dermatitis (AD), arises from multiple interacting systems. In AD, skin inflammation is caused by host-environment interactions involving keratinocytes as well as tissue-resident immune cells such as type 2 innate lymphoid cells, basophils, mast cells, and T helper type 2 cells, which produce type 2 cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-31. Type 2 inflammation broadly impacts the expression of genes relevant for barrier function, such as intracellular structural proteins, extracellular lipids, and junctional proteins, and enhances Staphylococcus aureus skin colonization. Systemic anti‒type 2 inflammation therapies may improve dysfunctional skin barrier in AD.
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Key Words
- AD, atopic dermatitis
- AMP, antimicrobial peptide
- CLDN, claudin
- FFA, free fatty acid
- ILC2, type 2 innate lymphoid cell
- Jaki, Jak inhibitor
- K, keratin
- KC, keratinocyte
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- NMF, natural moisturizing factor
- PAR, protease-activated receptor
- PDE-4, phosphodiesterase-4
- SC, stratum corneum
- SG, stratum granulosum
- TCI, topical calcineurin inhibitor
- TCS, topical corticosteroid
- TEWL, transepidermal water loss
- TJ, tight junction
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- TYK, tyrosine kinase
- Th, T helper
- ZO, zona occludens
- hBD, human β-defensin
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Beck
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA,Correspondence: Lisa A. Beck, Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 697, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
| | - Michael J. Cork
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (IICD), The University of Sheffield, The Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan,Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Anna De Benedetto
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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15
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Alsabbagh M, Ismaeel A. The role of cytokines in atopic dermatitis: a breakthrough in immunopathogenesis and treatment. ACTA DERMATOVENEROLOGICA ALPINA PANNONICA ET ADRIATICA 2022. [DOI: 10.15570/actaapa.2022.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Singh R, Chen Y, Ng SW, Cain D, Etherington R, Hardman C, Ogg G. Phospholipase activity of acyloxyacyl hydrolase induces IL-22-producing CD1a-autoreactive T cells in individuals with psoriasis. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:511-524. [PMID: 34913478 PMCID: PMC9302981 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by Th17 responses. Recent evidence has identified Langerhans cells to have a key role in disease pathogenesis, with constitutive high expression of CD1a and capacity to present lipid antigens to T cells. Phospholipase A2 enzymes generate neolipid antigens for recognition by CD1a-reactive T cells; however, the broader enzymatic pathways of CD1a lipid ligand generation have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we used immunofluorescence of skin and ELISpot analyses of CD1a-reactive T cells to investigate the role of the lipase acyloxyacyl hydrolase (AOAH) in CD1a ligand generation with relevance to the pathogenesis of psoriasis. We found that the PLA2 activity of rAOAH leads to the activation of circulating CD1a auto-reactive T cells, leading to the production of IFN-γ and IL-22. Circulating AOAH-responsive CD1a-reactive T cells from patients with psoriasis showed elevated IL-22 production. We observed that AOAH is highly expressed in psoriatic lesions compared to healthy skin. Overall, these data present a role for AOAH in generating antigens that activate circulating lipid-specific CD1a-restricted T cells and, thus, contribute to psoriatic inflammation. These findings suggest that inhibition of PLA2 activity of AOAH may have therapeutic potential for individuals with psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randeep Singh
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology UnitRadcliffe Department of MedicineMedical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Yi‐Ling Chen
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology UnitRadcliffe Department of MedicineMedical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Soo Weei Ng
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology UnitRadcliffe Department of MedicineMedical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - David Cain
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology UnitRadcliffe Department of MedicineMedical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Rachel Etherington
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology UnitRadcliffe Department of MedicineMedical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Clare Hardman
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology UnitRadcliffe Department of MedicineMedical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Graham Ogg
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology UnitRadcliffe Department of MedicineMedical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research CentreOxford University HospitalsOxfordUnited Kingdom
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17
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Genardi S, Morgun E, Wang CR. CD1-Restricted T Cells in Inflammatory Skin Diseases. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:768-773. [PMID: 34130802 PMCID: PMC8665943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity results from the breaking of immune tolerance, leading to inflammation and pathology. Although well studied in the conventional T-cell field, the role of nonconventional T cells in autoimmunity is less understood. CD1-restricted T cells recognize lipid antigens rather than peptide antigens and have been implicated in various autoimmune skin conditions, including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. In this review, we will discuss the self-lipids that CD1-restricted T cells recognize and how these T cells become aberrantly regulated in pathogenic skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Genardi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Eva Morgun
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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18
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Pavel P, Blunder S, Moosbrugger-Martinz V, Elias PM, Dubrac S. Atopic Dermatitis: The Fate of the Fat. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2121. [PMID: 35216234 PMCID: PMC8880331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin disease in which dry and itchy skin may develop into skin lesions. AD has a strong genetic component, as children from parents with AD have a two-fold increased chance of developing the disease. Genetic risk loci and epigenetic modifications reported in AD mainly locate to genes involved in the immune response and epidermal barrier function. However, AD pathogenesis cannot be fully explained by (epi)genetic factors since environmental triggers such as stress, pollution, microbiota, climate, and allergens also play a crucial role. Alterations of the epidermal barrier in AD, observed at all stages of the disease and which precede the development of overt skin inflammation, manifest as: dry skin; epidermal ultrastructural abnormalities, notably anomalies of the lamellar body cargo system; and abnormal epidermal lipid composition, including shorter fatty acid moieties in several lipid classes, such as ceramides and free fatty acids. Thus, a compelling question is whether AD is primarily a lipid disorder evolving into a chronic inflammatory disease due to genetic susceptibility loci in immunogenic genes. In this review, we focus on lipid abnormalities observed in the epidermis and blood of AD patients and evaluate their primary role in eliciting an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Pavel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.P.); (S.B.); (V.M.-M.)
| | - Stefan Blunder
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.P.); (S.B.); (V.M.-M.)
| | - Verena Moosbrugger-Martinz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.P.); (S.B.); (V.M.-M.)
| | - Peter M. Elias
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA;
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.P.); (S.B.); (V.M.-M.)
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19
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Mitchell J, Kannourakis G. Does CD1a Expression Influence T Cell Function in Patients With Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis? Front Immunol 2021; 12:773598. [PMID: 34956202 PMCID: PMC8702800 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.773598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis lesions are characterized by CD1a+ myeloid lineage LCH cells and an inflammatory infiltrate of cytokines and immune cells, including T cells. T cells that recognize CD1a may be implicated in the pathology of many disease states including cancer and autoimmunity but have not been studied in the context of LCH despite the expression of CD1a by LCH cells. In this perspective article, we discuss the expression of CD1a by LCH cells, and we explore the potential for T cells that recognize CD1a to be involved in LCH pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenée Mitchell
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - George Kannourakis
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
- Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: George Kannourakis,
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20
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Zhou AX, Scriba TJ, Day CL, Hagge DA, Seshadri C. A simple assay to quantify mycobacterial lipid antigen-specific T cell receptors in human tissues and blood. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0010018. [PMID: 34914694 PMCID: PMC8717985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptors (TCRs) encode the history of antigenic challenge within an individual and have the potential to serve as molecular markers of infection. In addition to peptide antigens bound to highly polymorphic MHC molecules, T cells have also evolved to recognize bacterial lipids when bound to non-polymorphic CD1 molecules. One such subset, germline-encoded, mycolyl lipid-reactive (GEM) T cells, recognizes mycobacterial cell wall lipids and expresses a conserved TCR-ɑ chain that is shared among genetically unrelated individuals. We developed a quantitative PCR assay to determine expression of the GEM TCR-ɑ nucleotide sequence in human tissues and blood. This assay was validated on plasmids and T cell lines. We tested blood samples from South African subjects with or without tuberculin reactivity or with active tuberculosis disease. We were able to detect GEM TCR-ɑ above the limit of detection in 92% of donors but found no difference in GEM TCR-ɑ expression among the three groups after normalizing for total TCR-ɑ expression. In a cohort of leprosy patients from Nepal, we successfully detected GEM TCR-ɑ in 100% of skin biopsies with histologically confirmed tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy. Thus, GEM T cells constitute part of the T cell repertoire in the skin. However, GEM TCR-ɑ expression was not different between leprosy patients and control subjects after normalization. Further, these results reveal the feasibility of developing a simple, field deployable molecular diagnostic based on mycobacterial lipid antigen-specific TCR sequences that are readily detectable in human tissues and blood independent of genetic background.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD1/genetics
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Cell Wall/genetics
- Cell Wall/immunology
- Cohort Studies
- Humans
- Leprosy/blood
- Leprosy/diagnosis
- Leprosy/immunology
- Leprosy/microbiology
- Lipids/immunology
- Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods
- Mycobacterium/genetics
- Mycobacterium/immunology
- Mycobacterium/isolation & purification
- Nepal
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/blood
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- South Africa
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Tuberculosis/blood
- Tuberculosis/diagnosis
- Tuberculosis/immunology
- Tuberculosis/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela X. Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Tuberculosis Research and Training Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cheryl L. Day
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Deanna A. Hagge
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Anandaban Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Tuberculosis Research and Training Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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21
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Novak N, Tordesillas L, Cabanillas B. Diversity of T cells in the skin: Novel insights. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 42:185-198. [PMID: 34607528 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1985116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
T cells populate the skin to provide an effective immunosurveillance against external insults and to maintain tissue homeostasis. Most cutaneous T cells are αβ T cells, however, γδ T cells also exist although in much lower frequency. Different subsets of αβ T cells can be found in the skin, such as short-lived effector T cells, central memory T cells, effector memory T cells, and tissue-resident memory T cells. Their differential biology, function, and location provide an ample spectrum of immune responses in the skin. Foxp3+ memory regulatory T cells have a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis in the skin and their dysregulation has been linked with different skin pathologies. The skin also contains populations of non-classical T cells, such as γδ T cells, NK T cells, and MR1-restricted T cells. Their role in skin homeostasis and response to pathogens has been well established in the past years, however, there is also growing evidence of their role in mediating allergic skin inflammation and promoting sensitization to allergens. In this review, we provide an updated overview on the different subsets of T cells that populate the skin with a specific focus on their role in allergic skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalija Novak
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Leticia Tordesillas
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Beatriz Cabanillas
- Department of Allergy, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Blunder S, Pavel P, Minzaghi D, Dubrac S. PPARdelta in Affected Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis: A Possible Role in Metabolic Reprograming. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7354. [PMID: 34298981 PMCID: PMC8303290 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors expressed in the skin. Three PPAR isotypes, α (NRC1C1), β or δ (NRC1C2) and γ (NRC1C3), have been identified. After activation through ligand binding, PPARs heterodimerize with the 9-cis-retinoic acid receptor (RXR), another nuclear hormone receptor, to bind to specific PPAR-responsive elements in regulatory regions of target genes mainly involved in organogenesis, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, inflammation and metabolism of lipids or carbohydrates. Endogenous PPAR ligands are fatty acids and fatty acid metabolites. In past years, much emphasis has been given to PPARα and γ in skin diseases. PPARβ/δ is the least studied PPAR family member in the skin despite its key role in several important pathways regulating inflammation, keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, metabolism and the oxidative stress response. This review focuses on the role of PPARβ/δ in keratinocytes and its involvement in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Moreover, the relevance of targeting PPARβ/δ to alleviate skin inflammation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Epidermal Biology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.B.); (P.P.); (D.M.)
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23
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Cotton RN, Wegrecki M, Cheng TY, Chen YL, Veerapen N, Le Nours J, Orgill DP, Pomahac B, Talbot SG, Willis R, Altman JD, de Jong A, Van Rhijn I, Clark RA, Besra GS, Ogg G, Rossjohn J, Moody DB. CD1a selectively captures endogenous cellular lipids that broadly block T cell response. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20202699. [PMID: 33961028 PMCID: PMC8111460 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We optimized lipidomics methods to broadly detect endogenous lipids bound to cellular CD1a proteins. Whereas membrane phospholipids dominate in cells, CD1a preferentially captured sphingolipids, especially a C42, doubly unsaturated sphingomyelin (42:2 SM). The natural 42:2 SM but not the more common 34:1 SM blocked CD1a tetramer binding to T cells in all human subjects tested. Thus, cellular CD1a selectively captures a particular endogenous lipid that broadly blocks its binding to TCRs. Crystal structures show that the short cellular SMs stabilized a triad of surface residues to remain flush with CD1a, but the longer lipids forced the phosphocholine group to ride above the display platform to hinder TCR approach. Whereas nearly all models emphasize antigen-mediated T cell activation, we propose that the CD1a system has intrinsic autoreactivity and is negatively regulated by natural endogenous inhibitors selectively bound in its cleft. Further, the detailed chemical structures of natural blockers could guide future design of therapeutic blockers of CD1a response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel N. Cotton
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Marcin Wegrecki
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Natacha Veerapen
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dennis P. Orgill
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Bohdan Pomahac
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Simon G. Talbot
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Richard Willis
- National Institutes of Health Tetramer Core Facility, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - John D. Altman
- National Institutes of Health Tetramer Core Facility, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Annemieke de Jong
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rachael A. Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Graham Ogg
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - D. Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Yoo HJ, Kim NY, Kim JH. Current Understanding of the Roles of CD1a-Restricted T Cells in the Immune System. Mol Cells 2021; 44:310-317. [PMID: 33980746 PMCID: PMC8175153 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1) is a family of cell-surface glycoproteins that present lipid antigens to T cells. Humans have five CD1 isoforms. CD1a is distinguished by the small volume of its antigen-binding groove and its stunted A' pocket, its high and exclusive expression on Langerhans cells, and its localization in the early endosomal and recycling intracellular trafficking compartments. Its ligands originate from self or foreign sources. There are three modes by which the T-cell receptors of CD1a-restricted T cells interact with the CD1a:lipid complex: they bind to both the CD1a surface and the antigen or to only CD1a itself, which activates the T cell, or they are unable to bind because of bulky motifs protruding from the antigen-binding groove, which might inhibit autoreactive T-cell activation. Recently, several studies have shown that by producing TH2 or TH17 cytokines, CD1a-restricted T cells contribute to inflammatory skin disorders, including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, allergic contact dermatitis, and wasp/bee venom allergy. They may also participate in other diseases, including pulmonary disorders and cancer, because CD1a-expressing dendritic cells are also located in non-skin tissues. In this mini-review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the biology of CD1a-reactive T cells and their potential roles in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Yoo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Na Young Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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25
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Bocheva GS, Slominski RM, Slominski AT. Immunological Aspects of Skin Aging in Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115729. [PMID: 34072076 PMCID: PMC8198400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cutaneous immune response is important for the regulation of skin aging well as for the development of immune-mediated skin diseases. Aging of the human skin undergoes immunosenescence with immunological alterations and can be affected by environmental stressors and internal factors, thus leading to various epidermal barrier abnormalities. The dysfunctional epidermal barrier, immune dysregulation, and skin dysbiosis in the advanced age, together with the genetic factors, facilitate the late onset of atopic dermatitis (AD) in the elderly, whose cases have recently been on the rise. Controversial to the healthy aged skin, where overproduction of many cytokines is found, the levels of Th2/Th22 related cytokines inversely correlated with age in the skin of older AD patients. As opposed to an endogenously aged skin, the expression of the terminal differentiation markers significantly increases with age in AD. Despite the atenuated barrier disturbances in older AD patients, the aged skin carries an impairment associated with the aging process, which reflects the persistence of AD. The chronicity of AD in older patients might not directly affect skin aging but does not allow spontaneous remission. Thus, adult- and elderly subtypes of AD are considered as a lifelong disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgeta St. Bocheva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: (G.S.B.); (A.T.S.)
| | - Radomir M. Slominski
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Veteran Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Correspondence: (G.S.B.); (A.T.S.)
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26
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Novel Molecular Insights into Human Lipid-Mediated T Cell Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052617. [PMID: 33807663 PMCID: PMC7961386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells represent a critical arm of our immune defense against pathogens. Over the past two decades, considerable inroads have been made in understanding the fundamental principles underpinning the molecular presentation of peptide-based antigens by the Major Histocompatibility Complex molecules (MHC-I and II), and their molecular recognition by specialized subsets of T cells. However, some T cells can recognize lipid-based antigens presented by MHC-I-like molecules that belong to the Cluster of Differentiation 1 (CD1) family. Here, we will review the advances that have been made in the last five years to understand the molecular mechanisms orchestrating the presentation of novel endogenous and exogenous lipid-based antigens by the CD1 glycoproteins and their recognition by specific populations of CD1-reactive T cells.
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27
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Abstract
The high expression of CD1a on Langerhans cells in normal human skin suggests a central role for this lipid antigen presenting molecule in skin homeostasis and immunity. Although the lipid antigen presenting function of CD1a has been known for years, the physiological and pathological functions of the CD1a system in human skin remain incompletely understood. This review provides an overview of this active area of investigation, and discusses recent insights into the functions of CD1a, CD1a-restricted T cells, and lipid antigens in inflammatory and allergic skin disease. We include recent publications and work presented at the biennial CD1-MR1 EMBO workshop held in 2019 in Oxford, regarding lipids that increase and those that decrease T cell responses to CD1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke de Jong
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Graham Ogg
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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28
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Cotton RN, Cheng TY, Wegrecki M, Le Nours J, Orgill DP, Pomahac B, Talbot SG, Willis RA, Altman JD, de Jong A, Ogg G, Van Rhijn I, Rossjohn J, Clark RA, Moody DB. Human skin is colonized by T cells that recognize CD1a independently of lipid. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:140706. [PMID: 33393500 PMCID: PMC7773353 DOI: 10.1172/jci140706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1a-autoreactive T cells contribute to skin disease, but the identity of immunodominant self-lipid antigens and their mode of recognition are not yet solved. In most models, MHC and CD1 proteins serve as display platforms for smaller antigens. Here, we showed that CD1a tetramers without added antigen stained large T cell pools in every subject tested, accounting for approximately 1% of skin T cells. The mechanism of tetramer binding to T cells did not require any defined antigen. Binding occurred with approximately 100 lipid ligands carried by CD1a proteins, but could be tuned upward or downward with certain natural self-lipids. TCR recognition mapped to the outer A' roof of CD1a at sites remote from the antigen exit portal, explaining how TCRs can bind CD1a rather than carried lipids. Thus, a major antigenic target of CD1a T cell autoreactivity in vivo is CD1a itself. Based on their high frequency and prevalence among donors, we conclude that CD1a-specific, lipid-independent T cells are a normal component of the human skin T cell repertoire. Bypassing the need to select antigens and effector molecules, CD1a tetramers represent a simple method to track such CD1a-specific T cells from tissues and in any clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel N. Cotton
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marcin Wegrecki
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dennis P. Orgill
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bohdan Pomahac
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts, USA
| | - Simon G. Talbot
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard A. Willis
- NIH Tetramer Core Facility, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John D. Altman
- NIH Tetramer Core Facility, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Annemieke de Jong
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Graham Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael A. Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D. Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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29
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Morgun E, Cao L, Wang CR. Role of Group 1 CD1-Restricted T Cells in Host Defense and Inflammatory Diseases. Crit Rev Immunol 2021; 41:1-21. [PMID: 35381140 PMCID: PMC10128144 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2021040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Group 1 CD1-restricted T cells are members of the unconventional T cell family that recognize lipid antigens presented by CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c molecules. Although they developmentally mirror invariant natural killer T cells, they have diverse antigen specificity and functional capacity, with both anti-microbial and autoreactive targets. The role of group 1 CD1-restricted T cells has been best established in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in which a wide variety of lipid antigens have been identified and their ability to confer protection against Mtb infection in a CD1 transgenic mouse model has been shown. Group 1 CD1-restricted T cells have also been implicated in other infections, inflammatory conditions, and malignancies. In particular, autoreactive group 1 CD1-restricted T cells have been shown to play a role in several skin inflammatory conditions. The prevalence of group 1 CD1 autoreactive T cells in healthy individuals suggests the presence of regulatory mechanisms to suppress autoreactivity in homeostasis. The more recent use of group 1 CD1 tetramers and mouse models has allowed for better characterization of their phenotype, functional capacity, and underlying mechanisms of antigen-specific and autoreactive activation. These discoveries may pave the way for the development of novel vaccines and immunotherapies that target group 1 CD1-restricted T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Morgun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Liang Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
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30
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Cork MJ, Danby SG, Ogg GS. Atopic dermatitis epidemiology and unmet need in the United Kingdom. J DERMATOL TREAT 2020; 31:801-809. [PMID: 31631717 PMCID: PMC7573657 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2019.1655137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as atopic eczema, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition associated with a significant health-related and socioeconomic burden, and is characterized by intense itch, disruption of the skin barrier, and upregulation of type 2-mediated immune responses. The United Kingdom (UK) has a high prevalence of AD, affecting 11-20% of children and 5-10% of adults. Approximately 2% of all cases of childhood AD in the UK are severe. Despite this, most AD treatments are performed at home, with little contact with healthcare providers or services. Here, we discuss the course of AD, treatment practices, and unmet need in the UK. Although the underlying etiology of the disease is still emerging, AD is currently attributed to skin barrier dysfunction and altered inflammatory responses. Management of AD focuses on avoiding triggers, improving skin hydration, managing exacerbating factors, and reducing inflammation through topical and systemic immunosuppressants. However, there is a significant unmet need to improve the overall management of AD and help patients gain control of their disease through safe and effective treatments. Approaches that target individual inflammatory pathways (e.g. dupilumab, anti-interleukin (IL)-4 receptor α) are emerging and likely to provide further therapeutic opportunities for patient benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Cork
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Sheffield Children’s Hospital and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals Clinical Research Facilities, Sheffield, UK
| | - Simon G. Danby
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Sheffield Children’s Hospital and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals Clinical Research Facilities, Sheffield, UK
| | - Graham S. Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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31
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de Lima Moreira M, Souter MNT, Chen Z, Loh L, McCluskey J, Pellicci DG, Eckle SBG. Hypersensitivities following allergen antigen recognition by unconventional T cells. Allergy 2020; 75:2477-2490. [PMID: 32181878 PMCID: PMC11056244 DOI: 10.1111/all.14279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Conventional T cells recognise protein-derived antigens in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ia and class II molecules and provide anti-microbial and anti-tumour immunity. Conventional T cells have also been implicated in type IV (also termed delayed-type or T cell-mediated) hypersensitivity reactions in response to protein-derived allergen antigens. In addition to conventional T cells, subsets of unconventional T cells exist, which recognise non-protein antigens in the context of monomorphic MHC class I-like molecules. These include T cells that are restricted to the cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1) family members, known as CD1-restricted T cells, and mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) that are restricted to the MHC-related protein 1 (MR1). Compared with conventional T cells, much less is known about the immune functions of unconventional T cells and their role in hypersensitivities. Here, we review allergen antigen presentation by MHC-I-like molecules, their recognition by unconventional T cells, and the potential role of unconventional T cells in hypersensitivities. We also speculate on possible scenarios of allergen antigen presentation by MHC-I-like molecules to unconventional T cells, the hallmarks of such responses, and the expected frequencies of hypersensitivities within the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela de Lima Moreira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Michael N. T. Souter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Liyen Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | | | - Sidonia B. G. Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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32
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Patrick GJ, Archer NK, Miller LS. Which Way Do We Go? Complex Interactions in Atopic Dermatitis Pathogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:274-284. [PMID: 32943210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, chronic, inflammatory skin condition characterized by recurrent and pruritic skin eruptions. Multiple factors contribute to the pathogenesis of AD, including skin barrier dysfunction, microbial dysbiosis, and immune dysregulation. Interactions among these factors form a complex, multidirectional network that can reinforce atopic skin disease but can also be ameliorated by targeted therapies. This review summarizes the complex interactions among contributing factors in AD and the implications on disease development and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett J Patrick
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nathan K Archer
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lloyd S Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
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33
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Genetic and Epigenetic Aspects of Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186484. [PMID: 32899887 PMCID: PMC7554821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a heterogeneous disease, in which the pathogenesis is associated with mutations in genes encoding epidermal structural proteins, barrier enzymes, and their inhibitors; the role of genes regulating innate and adaptive immune responses and environmental factors inducing the disease is also noted. Recent studies point to the key role of epigenetic changes in the development of the disease. Epigenetic modifications are mainly mediated by DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and the action of specific non-coding RNAs. It has been documented that the profile of epigenetic changes in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) differs from that observed in healthy people. This applies to the genes affecting the regulation of immune response and inflammatory processes, e.g., both affecting Th1 bias and promoting Th2 responses and the genes of innate immunity, as well as those encoding the structural proteins of the epidermis. Understanding of the epigenetic alterations is therefore pivotal to both create new molecular classifications of atopic dermatitis and to enable the development of personalized treatment strategies.
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34
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Gudjonsson JE, Kabashima K, Eyerich K. Mechanisms of skin autoimmunity: Cellular and soluble immune components of the skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 146:8-16. [PMID: 32631499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are driven by either T cells or antibodies reacting specifically to 1 or more self-antigens. Although a number of self-antigens associated with skin diseases have been identified, the causative antigen(s) remains unknown in the great majority of skin diseases suspected to be autoimmune driven. Model diseases such as pemphigus, dermatitis herpetiformis, and more recently psoriasis have added greatly to our understanding of skin autoimmunity. Depending on the dominant T- or B-cell phenotype, skin autoimmune diseases usually follow 1 of 6 immune response patterns: lichenoid, eczematous, bullous, psoriatic, fibrogenic, or granulomatous. Usually, skin autoimmunity develops as a consequence of several events-an altered microbiome, inherited dysfunctional immunity, antigens activating innate immunity, epigenetic modifications, sex predisposition, and impact of antigens either as neoantigen or through molecular mimicry. This review summarizes currently known antigens of skin autoimmune diseases and discusses mechanisms of skin autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kilian Eyerich
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine Solna, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Unit of Dermatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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35
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Abstract
Innate lymphocyte populations are emerging as key effectors in tissue homeostasis, microbial defense, and inflammatory skin disease. The cells are evolutionarily ancient and carry conserved principles of function, which can be achieved through shared or unique specific mechanisms. Recent technological and treatment advances have provided insight into heterogeneity within and between individuals and species. Similar pathways can extend through to adaptive lymphocytes, which softens the margins with innate lymphocyte populations and allows investigation of nonredundant pathways of immunity and inflammation that might be amenable to therapeutic intervention. Here, we review advances in understanding of innate lymphocyte biology with a focus on skin disease and the roles of commensal and pathogen responses and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Chen
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Clare S Hardman
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Koshika Yadava
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LE, United Kingdom;
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36
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Chen YL, Gomes T, Hardman CS, Vieira Braga FA, Gutowska-Owsiak D, Salimi M, Gray N, Duncan DA, Reynolds G, Johnson D, Salio M, Cerundolo V, Barlow JL, McKenzie AN, Teichmann SA, Haniffa M, Ogg G. Re-evaluation of human BDCA-2+ DC during acute sterile skin inflammation. J Exp Med 2020; 217:e20190811. [PMID: 31845972 PMCID: PMC7062525 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) produce type I interferon (IFN-I) and are traditionally defined as being BDCA-2+CD123+. pDCs are not readily detectable in healthy human skin, but have been suggested to accumulate in wounds. Here, we describe a CD1a-bearing BDCA-2+CD123int DC subset that rapidly infiltrates human skin wounds and comprises a major DC population. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we show that these cells are largely activated DCs acquiring features compatible with lymph node homing and antigen presentation, but unexpectedly express both BDCA-2 and CD123, potentially mimicking pDCs. Furthermore, a third BDCA-2-expressing population, Axl+Siglec-6+ DCs (ASDC), was also found to infiltrate human skin during wounding. These data demonstrate early skin infiltration of a previously unrecognized CD123intBDCA-2+CD1a+ DC subset during acute sterile inflammation, and prompt a re-evaluation of previously ascribed pDC involvement in skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Chen
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tomas Gomes
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Clare S. Hardman
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Felipe A. Vieira Braga
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Open Targets, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Danuta Gutowska-Owsiak
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- University of Gdańsk, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maryam Salimi
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicki Gray
- Centre for Computational Biology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - David A. Duncan
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | | | - David Johnson
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Mariolina Salio
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jillian L. Barlow
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Sarah A. Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Theory of Condensed Matter, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle, UK
- Department of Dermatology and National Institute for Health Research Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Graham Ogg
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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37
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Abstract
Natural killer cells collaborate with type 2 immune cells to modulate atopic dermatitis pathogenesis (Mack et al, this issue).
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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38
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Nicolai S, Wegrecki M, Cheng TY, Bourgeois EA, Cotton RN, Mayfield JA, Monnot GC, Le Nours J, Van Rhijn I, Rossjohn J, Moody DB, de Jong A. Human T cell response to CD1a and contact dermatitis allergens in botanical extracts and commercial skin care products. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/43/eaax5430. [PMID: 31901073 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aax5430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During industrialization, humans have been exposed to increasing numbers of foreign chemicals. Failure of the immune system to tolerate drugs, cosmetics, and other skin products causes allergic contact dermatitis, a T cell-mediated disease with rising prevalence. Models of αβ T cell response emphasize T cell receptor (TCR) contact with peptide-MHC complexes, but this model cannot readily explain activation by most contact dermatitis allergens, which are nonpeptidic molecules. We tested whether CD1a, an abundant MHC I-like protein in human skin, mediates contact allergen recognition. Using CD1a-autoreactive human αβ T cell clones to screen clinically important allergens present in skin patch testing kits, we identified responses to balsam of Peru, a tree oil widely used in cosmetics and toothpaste. Additional purification identified benzyl benzoate and benzyl cinnamate as antigenic compounds within balsam of Peru. Screening of structurally related compounds revealed additional stimulants of CD1a-restricted T cells, including farnesol and coenzyme Q2. Certain general chemical features controlled response: small size, extreme hydrophobicity, and chemical constraint from rings and unsaturations. Unlike lipid antigens that protrude to form epitopes and contact TCRs, the small size of farnesol allows sequestration deeply within CD1a, where it displaces self-lipids and unmasks the CD1a surface. These studies identify molecular connections between CD1a and hypersensitivity to consumer products, defining a mechanism that could plausibly explain the many known T cell responses to oily substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nicolai
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marcin Wegrecki
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elvire A Bourgeois
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rachel N Cotton
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jacob A Mayfield
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gwennaëlle C Monnot
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Dermatology, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Annemieke de Jong
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Dermatology, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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39
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Chen YL, Gutowska-Owsiak D, Hardman CS, Westmoreland M, MacKenzie T, Cifuentes L, Waithe D, Lloyd-Lavery A, Marquette A, Londei M, Ogg G. Proof-of-concept clinical trial of etokimab shows a key role for IL-33 in atopic dermatitis pathogenesis. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaax2945. [PMID: 31645451 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax2945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Targeted inhibition of cytokine pathways provides opportunities to understand fundamental biology in vivo in humans. The IL-33 pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atopy through genetic and functional associations. We investigated the role of IL-33 inhibition in a first-in-class phase 2a study of etokimab (ANB020), an IgG1 anti-IL-33 monoclonal antibody, in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). Twelve adult patients with moderate to severe AD received a single systemic administration of etokimab. Rapid and sustained clinical benefit was observed, with 83% achieving Eczema Area and Severity Index 50 (EASI50), and 33% EASI75, with reduction in peripheral eosinophils at day 29 after administration. We noted significant reduction in skin neutrophil infiltration after etokimab compared with placebo upon skin challenge with house dust mite, reactivity to which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. We showed that etokimab also inhibited neutrophil migration to skin interstitial fluid in vitro. Besides direct effects on neutrophil migration, etokimab revealed additional unexpected CXCR1-dependent effects on IL-8-induced neutrophil migration. These human in vivo findings confirm an IL-33 upstream role in modulating skin inflammatory cascades and define the therapeutic potential for IL-33 inhibition in human diseases, including AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Chen
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Danuta Gutowska-Owsiak
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Institute of Biotechnology UG, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Clare S Hardman
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | | | | | | | - Dominic Waithe
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | | | | | | | - Graham Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
- Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
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40
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Wang ZT, Chen SD, Xu W, Chen KL, Wang HF, Tan CC, Cui M, Dong Q, Tan L, Yu JT. Genome-wide association study identifies CD1A associated with rate of increase in plasma neurofilament light in non-demented elders. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:4521-4535. [PMID: 31295725 PMCID: PMC6660034 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As a marker of neuroaxonal injury, neurofilament light (NFL) in blood is robustly elevated in many neurodegenerative conditions. We aimed to discover single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with longitudinal changes in plasma NFL levels that affect the risk of developing neurodegenerative disease and clinical disease progression. 545 eligible non-Hispanic white participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) with longitudinal plasma NFL data were included. Three SNPs (rs16840041, p=4.50×10-8; rs2269714, p=4.50×10-8; rs2269715, p=4.83×10-8) in CD1A were in high linkage disequilibrium (LD) and significantly associated with the increase in plasma NFL levels. We demonstrate a promoting effect of rs16840041-A on clinical disease progression (p = 0.006). Moreover, the minor allele (A) of rs16840041 was significantly associated with accelerated decline in [18F] Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) (estimate -1.6% per year [95% CI -0.6 to -2.6], p=0.0024). CD1A is a gene involved in longitudinal changes in plasma NFL levels and AD-related phenotypes among non-demented elders. Given the potential effects of these variants, CD1A should be further investigated as a gene of interest in neurodegenerative diseases and as a potential target for monitoring disease trajectories and treating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo-Teng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Shi-Dong Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Ke-Liang Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Fu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chen-Chen Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mei Cui
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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41
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Hagemann PM, Nsiah-Dosu S, Hundt JE, Hartmann K, Orinska Z. Modulation of Mast Cell Reactivity by Lipids: The Neglected Side of Allergic Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1174. [PMID: 31191542 PMCID: PMC6549522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) have long been mainly regarded as effector cells in IgE-associated allergic disorders with potential immunoregulatory roles. Located close to the allergen entry sites in the skin and mucosa, MCs can capture foreign substances such as allergens, toxins, or noxious substances and are exposed to the danger signals produced by epithelial cells. MC reactivity shaped by tissue-specific factors is crucial for allergic responses ranging from local skin reactions to anaphylactic shock. Development of Th2 response leading to allergen-specific IgE production is a prerequisite for MC sensitization and induction of FcεRI-mediated MC degranulation. Up to now, IgE production has been mainly associated with proteins, whereas lipids present in plant pollen grains, mite fecal particles, insect venoms, or food have been largely overlooked regarding their immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory properties. Recent studies, however, have now demonstrated that lipids affect the sensitization process by modulating innate immune responses of epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and NK-T cells and thus crucially contribute to the outcome of sensitization. Whether and how lipids affect also MC effector functions in allergic reactions has not yet been fully clarified. Here, we discuss how lipids can affect MC responses in the context of allergic inflammation. Direct effects of immunomodulatory lipids on MC degranulation, changes in local lipid composition induced by allergens themselves and changes in lipid transport affecting MC reactivity are possible mechanisms by which the function of MC might be modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp M Hagemann
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | | | | | - Karin Hartmann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.,Division of Allergy, Department of Dermatology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zane Orinska
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
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42
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Abstract
Psoriasis is an (auto)immune-mediated disease that manifests as widespread
desquamative erythema. The TNF-α/IL-23/IL-17A axis is crucial to its
pathogenesis, which is demonstrated by its excellent therapeutic response to
biologics that target this axis. There is a strong association between
HLA-C*0602 and psoriasis, and researchers have identified autoantigens that are
restricted to this major histocompatibility class I molecule. These auto-Ags
include LL-37, A disintegrin and metalloprotease domain containing
thrombospondin type 1 motif-like 5 (ADAMTSL5), and keratin 17. IL-17A-producing
T cells have been identified in T cell populations that are reactive to these
auto-Ags. In addition, lipid Ags have surfaced as candidate auto-Ags that
activate IL-17A-producing T cells in a CD1a-restricted manner. In this article,
we review the candidate auto-Ags that may contribute to the activation of the
IL-17A-deviated immune response in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masutaka Furue
- 1 Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Kadono
- 2 Department of Dermatology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
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43
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Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases and is also one of the most frequent reasons to consult a dermatologist. Over the past few years there has been a rapidly growing understanding of the cellular, molecular and immunological relationships as well as genetic variations, which leads to a better comprehension of the disease. Consequently, there are innovative targeted therapies in clinical studies or already approved for therapy. To make reasonable use of the new targeted therapies a good understanding of the pathogenesis is very important. In the future, stratification of patients with AD and the resulting personalized therapies will gain in importance. This review depicts the up to date state of knowledge on the complex pathogenesis of AD.
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44
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Ho AW, Kupper TS. T cells and the skin: from protective immunity to inflammatory skin disorders. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:490-502. [DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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45
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Park JS, Kim JH. Role of non-classical T cells in skin immunity. Mol Immunol 2018; 103:286-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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46
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Haggadone MD, Peters-Golden M. Microenvironmental Influences on Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Communication in the Lung. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:963-975. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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47
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Ryu S, Park JS, Kim HY, Kim JH. Lipid-Reactive T Cells in Immunological Disorders of the Lung. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2205. [PMID: 30319649 PMCID: PMC6168663 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of T cell-mediated immunity in the lungs is critical for prevention of immune-related lung disorders and for host protection from pathogens. While the prevalent view of pulmonary T cell responses is based on peptide recognition by antigen receptors, called T cell receptors (TCR), on the T cell surface in the context of classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, novel pathways involving the presentation of lipid antigens by cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1) molecules to lipid-reactive T cells are emerging as key players in pulmonary immune system. Whereas, genetic conservation of group II CD1 (CD1d) in mouse and human genomes facilitated numerous in vivo studies of CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells in lung diseases, the recent development of human CD1-transgenic mice has made it possible to examine the physiological roles of group I CD1 (CD1a-c) molecules in lung immunity. Here, we discuss current understanding of the biology of CD1-reactive T cells with a specific focus on their roles in several pulmonary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwon Ryu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joon Seok Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hye Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Kim
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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48
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Tsakok T, Woolf R, Smith CH, Weidinger S, Flohr C. Atopic dermatitis: the skin barrier and beyond. Br J Dermatol 2018; 180:464-474. [PMID: 29969827 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disorder, affecting up to 20% of children and 10% of adults in industrialized countries. This highly debilitating condition poses a considerable burden to both the individual and society at large. The pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis is complex, encompassing both genetic and environmental risk factors. METHODS This is a narrative review based on a systematic literature search. CONCLUSIONS Dysregulation of innate and adaptive immunity plays a key role; however, recent epidemiological, genetic and molecular research has focused interest on skin barrier dysfunction as a common precursor and pathological feature. Current understanding of the aetiology of atopic dermatitis highlights disruption of the epidermal barrier leading to increased permeability of the epidermis, pathological inflammation in the skin, and percutaneous sensitization to allergens. Thus, most novel treatment strategies seek to target specific aspects of the skin barrier or cutaneous inflammation. Several studies have also shown promise in preventing atopic dermatitis, such as the early use of emollients in high-risk infants. This may have broader implications in terms of halting the progression to atopic comorbidities including food allergy, hay fever and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tsakok
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - R Woolf
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - C H Smith
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - S Weidinger
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - C Flohr
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, U.K
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49
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Robson KJ, Ooi JD, Holdsworth SR, Rossjohn J, Kitching AR. HLA and kidney disease: from associations to mechanisms. Nat Rev Nephrol 2018; 14:636-655. [DOI: 10.1038/s41581-018-0057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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50
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DeWitt WS, Yu KKQ, Wilburn DB, Sherwood A, Vignali M, Day CL, Scriba TJ, Robins HS, Swanson WJ, Emerson RO, Bradley PH, Seshadri C. A Diverse Lipid Antigen-Specific TCR Repertoire Is Clonally Expanded during Active Tuberculosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:888-896. [PMID: 29914888 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human T cells that recognize lipid Ags presented by highly conserved CD1 proteins often express semi-invariant TCRs, but the true diversity of lipid Ag-specific TCRs remains unknown. We use CD1b tetramers and high-throughput immunosequencing to analyze thousands of TCRs from ex vivo-sorted or in vitro-expanded T cells specific for the mycobacterial lipid Ag, glucose monomycolate. Our results reveal a surprisingly diverse repertoire resulting from editing of germline-encoded gene rearrangements analogous to MHC-restricted TCRs. We used a distance-based metric (TCRDist) to show how this diverse TCR repertoire builds upon previously reported conserved motifs by including subject-specific TCRs. In a South African cohort, we show that TCRDist can identify clonal expansion of diverse glucose monomycolate-specific TCRs and accurately distinguish patients with active tuberculosis from control subjects. These data suggest that similar mechanisms govern the selection and expansion of peptide and lipid Ag-specific T cells despite the nonpolymorphic nature of CD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S DeWitt
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, WA 98102.,Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Krystle K Q Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Damien B Wilburn
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | | | - Cheryl L Day
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Harlan S Robins
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, WA 98102.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Willie J Swanson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | - Philip H Bradley
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; and.,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;
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