1
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Eddins DJ, Kosters A, Waters J, Sosa J, Phillips M, Yadava K, Herzenberg LA, Kuipers HF, Ghosn EEB. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Requirement for Macrophage Regeneration Is Tissue Specific. J Immunol 2021; 207:3028-3037. [PMID: 34810224 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages (TRMΦ) are important immune sentinels responsible for maintaining tissue and immune homeostasis within their specific niche. Recently, the origins of TRMΦ have undergone intense scrutiny, in which now most TRMΦ are thought to originate early during embryonic development independent of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). We previously characterized two distinct subsets of mouse peritoneal cavity macrophages (MΦ) (large and small peritoneal MΦ) whose origins and relationship to both fetal and adult long-term (LT) HSCs have not been fully investigated. In this study, we employ highly purified LT-HSC transplantation and in vivo lineage tracing to show a dual ontogeny for large and small peritoneal MΦ, in which the initial wave of peritoneal MΦ is seeded from yolk sac-derived precursors, which later require LT-HSCs for regeneration. In contrast, transplanted fetal and adult LT-HSCs are not able to regenerate brain-resident microglia. Thus, we demonstrate that LT-HSCs retain the potential to develop into TRMΦ, but their requirement is tissue specific in the peritoneum and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon J Eddins
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.,Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Astrid Kosters
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jeffrey Waters
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and
| | - Jasmine Sosa
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and
| | - Megan Phillips
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and
| | - Koshika Yadava
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Hedwich F Kuipers
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Eliver Eid Bou Ghosn
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; .,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.,Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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2
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Nagy N, Kaber G, Kratochvil MJ, Kuipers HF, Ruppert SM, Yadava K, Yang J, Heilshorn SC, Long SA, Pugliese A, Bollyky PL. Weekly injection of IL-2 using an injectable hydrogel reduces autoimmune diabetes incidence in NOD mice. Diabetologia 2021; 64:152-158. [PMID: 33125521 PMCID: PMC7720893 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05314-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS IL-2 injections are a promising therapy for autoimmune type 1 diabetes but the short half-life of this cytokine in vivo limits effective tissue exposure and necessitates frequent injections. Here we have investigated whether an injectable hydrogel could be used to promote prolonged IL-2 release in vivo. METHODS Capitalising on the IL-2-binding capabilities of heparin, an injectable hydrogel incorporating clinical-grade heparin, collagen and hyaluronan polymers was used to deliver IL-2. The IL-2-release kinetics and in vivo stability of this material were examined. The ability of soluble IL-2 vs hydrogel-mediated IL-2 injections to prevent autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse model of type 1 diabetes were compared. RESULTS We observed in vitro that the hydrogel released IL-2 over a 12-day time frame and that injected hydrogel likewise persisted 12 days in vivo. Notably, heparin binding potentiates the activity of IL-2 and enhances IL-2- and TGFβ-mediated expansion of forkhead box P3-positive regulatory T cells (FOXP3+ Tregs). Finally, weekly administration of IL-2-containing hydrogel partially prevented autoimmune diabetes while injections of soluble IL-2 did not. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Hydrogel delivery may reduce the number of injections required in IL-2 treatment protocols for autoimmune diabetes. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Nagy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Gernot Kaber
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Kratochvil
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hedwich F Kuipers
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shannon M Ruppert
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Koshika Yadava
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jason Yang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Paul L Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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3
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Marshall PL, Nagy N, Kaber G, Barlow GL, Ramesh A, Xie BJ, Linde MH, Haddock NL, Lester CA, Tran QL, de Vries CR, Hargil A, Malkovskiy AV, Gurevich I, Martinez HA, Kuipers HF, Yadava K, Zhang X, Evanko SP, Gebe JA, Wang X, Vernon RB, de la Motte C, Wight TN, Engleman EG, Krams SM, Meyer EH, Bollyky PL. Hyaluronan synthesis inhibition impairs antigen presentation and delays transplantation rejection. Matrix Biol 2020; 96:69-86. [PMID: 33290836 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A coat of pericellular hyaluronan surrounds mature dendritic cells (DC) and contributes to cell-cell interactions. We asked whether 4-methylumbelliferone (4MU), an oral inhibitor of HA synthesis, could inhibit antigen presentation. We find that 4MU treatment reduces pericellular hyaluronan, destabilizes interactions between DC and T-cells, and prevents T-cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. These effects were observed only when 4MU was added prior to initial antigen presentation but not later, consistent with 4MU-mediated inhibition of de novo antigenic responses. Building on these findings, we find that 4MU delays rejection of allogeneic pancreatic islet transplant and allogeneic cardiac transplants in mice and suppresses allogeneic T-cell activation in human mixed lymphocyte reactions. We conclude that 4MU, an approved drug, may have benefit as an adjunctive agent to delay transplantation rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payton L Marshall
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Nadine Nagy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Gernot Kaber
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Graham L Barlow
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Amrit Ramesh
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Bryan J Xie
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR, 1291 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Miles H Linde
- Division of Hematology, Dept. of Medicine, Cancer Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, SIM1, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Naomi L Haddock
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Colin A Lester
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Quynh-Lam Tran
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Christiaan R de Vries
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Aviv Hargil
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Andrey V Malkovskiy
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery (BioADD) Laboratory Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, United States
| | - Irina Gurevich
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Hunter A Martinez
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Hedwich F Kuipers
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Koshika Yadava
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Xiangyue Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, 3373 Hillview Ave, Palo Alto CA 94304, United States
| | - Stephen P Evanko
- Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, United States
| | - John A Gebe
- Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, United States
| | - Xi Wang
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Rd, MSLS P313, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Robert B Vernon
- Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, United States
| | - Carol de la Motte
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, OH 4419, United States
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, United States
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Division of Hematology, Dept. of Medicine, Cancer Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, SIM1, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Sheri M Krams
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Rd, MSLS P313, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Everett H Meyer
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR, 1291 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Paul L Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
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4
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Abstract
Innate lymphocyte populations are emerging as key effectors in tissue homeostasis, microbial defense, and inflammatory skin disease. The cells are evolutionarily ancient and carry conserved principles of function, which can be achieved through shared or unique specific mechanisms. Recent technological and treatment advances have provided insight into heterogeneity within and between individuals and species. Similar pathways can extend through to adaptive lymphocytes, which softens the margins with innate lymphocyte populations and allows investigation of nonredundant pathways of immunity and inflammation that might be amenable to therapeutic intervention. Here, we review advances in understanding of innate lymphocyte biology with a focus on skin disease and the roles of commensal and pathogen responses and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Chen
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Clare S Hardman
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Koshika Yadava
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LE, United Kingdom;
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5
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Sweere JM, Ishak H, Sunkari V, Bach MS, Manasherob R, Yadava K, Ruppert SM, Sen CK, Balaji S, Keswani SG, Secor PR, Bollyky PL. The Immune Response to Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Wound Infection in Immunocompetent Mice. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2020; 9:35-47. [PMID: 31903297 PMCID: PMC6940591 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2019.1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Our goal was to develop a chronic wound model in mice that avoids implantation of foreign material or impaired immunity and to use this to characterize the local and systemic immune response associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Approach: We generated bilateral full-thickness dermal wounds in healthy 10-12-week-old C57Bl6 mice. We waited 24 h to inoculate the developing wound eschar at these sites. We performed careful titration experiments with luminescent strains of P. aeruginosa to identify bacterial inoculation concentrations that consistently established stable infections in these animals. We performed flow cytometry-based immunophenotyping of immune cell infiltrates at the wound site, spleen, and draining lymph nodes over time. Finally, we compared inflammatory responses seen in wound inoculation with planktonic bacteria, preformed biofilm, and heat-killed (HK) P. aeruginosa. Results: Using this delayed inoculation model and 7.5 ± 2.5 × 102 CFU/mL of PAO1 we consistently established stable infections that lasted at 10 days in duration. During early infection, we detected a strong upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and neutrophil infiltration at the wound site, while natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells (DCs) were reduced. At the systemic level, only plasmacytoid DCs were increased early in infection. During later stages, there was systemic upregulation of B cells, T cells, and macrophages, whereas NK cells and interferon killer DCs were reduced. Infections with P. aeruginosa biofilms were not more virulent than infections with planktonic P. aeruginosa, whereas treatment with HK P. aeruginosa only induces a short-term inflammatory state. Innovation: We describe a versatile wound model of chronic P. aeruginosa infection that lasts 10 days without causing sepsis or other excessive morbidity. Conclusion: This model may facilitate the study of chronic wound infections in immunocompetent mice. Our findings also highlight the induction of early innate immune cell populations during P. aeruginosa infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M. Sweere
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Stanford Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Heather Ishak
- Department of Neurology, Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, Palo Alto, California
| | - Vivekananda Sunkari
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Michelle S. Bach
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Robert Manasherob
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Koshika Yadava
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shannon M. Ruppert
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Chandan K. Sen
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Swathi Balaji
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sundeep G. Keswani
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Patrick R. Secor
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
| | - Paul L. Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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6
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Yadava K, Medina CO, Ishak H, Gurevich I, Kuipers H, Shamskhou EA, Koliesnik IO, Moon JJ, Weaver C, Nadeau KC, Bollyky PL. Natural Tr1-like cells do not confer long-term tolerogenic memory. eLife 2019; 8:44821. [PMID: 31603425 PMCID: PMC6788856 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-10-producing Tr1 cells promote tolerance but their contributions to tolerogenic memory are unclear. Using 10BiT mice that carry a Foxp3-eGFP reporter and stably express CD90.1 following IL-10 production, we characterized the spatiotemporal dynamics of Tr1 cells in a house dust mite model of allergic airway inflammation. CD90.1+Foxp3-IL-10+ Tr1 cells arise from memory cells and rejoin the tissue-resident memory T-cell pool after cessation of IL-10 production. Persistent antigenic stimulation is necessary to sustain IL-10 production and Irf1 and Batf expression distinguishes CD90.1+Foxp3-IL-10+ Tr1 cells from CD90.1+Foxp3-IL-10- ‘former’ Tr1. Depletion of Tr1-like cells after primary sensitization exacerbates allergic airway inflammation. However, neither transfer nor depletion of former Tr1 cells influences either Tr1 numbers or the inflammatory response during subsequent allergen memory re-challenge weeks later. Together these data suggest that naturally-arising Tr1 cells do not necessarily give rise to more Tr1 upon allergen re-challenge or contribute to tolerogenic memory. This phenotypic instability may limit efforts to re-establish tolerance by expanding Tr1 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshika Yadava
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Obed Medina
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Heather Ishak
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Irina Gurevich
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Hedwich Kuipers
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Elya Ali Shamskhou
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Ievgen O Koliesnik
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - James J Moon
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, United States.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, United States
| | - Casey Weaver
- Bevill Biomedical Research Building, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
| | - Kari Christine Nadeau
- Sean N Parker Center for Allergy & Asthma Research, Stanford University, Mountain View, United States
| | - Paul L Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
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7
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Nagy N, de la Zerda A, Kaber G, Johnson PY, Hu KH, Kratochvil MJ, Yadava K, Zhao W, Cui Y, Navarro G, Annes JP, Wight TN, Heilshorn SC, Bollyky PL, Butte MJ. Hyaluronan content governs tissue stiffness in pancreatic islet inflammation. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:567-578. [PMID: 29183997 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified a novel role for hyaluronan (HA), an extracellular matrix polymer, in governing the mechanical properties of inflamed tissues. We recently reported that insulitis in type 1 diabetes of mice and humans is preceded by intraislet accumulation of HA, a highly hygroscopic polymer. Using the double transgenic DO11.10 × RIPmOVA (DORmO) mouse model of type 1 diabetes, we asked whether autoimmune insulitis was associated with changes in the stiffness of islets. To measure islet stiffness, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) and developed a novel "bed of nails"-like approach that uses quartz glass nanopillars to anchor islets, solving a long-standing problem of keeping tissue-scale objects immobilized while performing AFM. We measured stiffness via AFM nanoindentation with a spherical indenter and found that insulitis made islets mechanically soft compared with controls. Conversely, treatment with 4-methylumbelliferone, a small-molecule inhibitor of HA synthesis, reduced HA accumulation, diminished swelling, and restored basal tissue stiffness. These results indicate that HA content governs the mechanical properties of islets. In hydrogels with variable HA content, we confirmed that increased HA leads to mechanically softer hydrogels, consistent with our model. In light of recent reports that the insulin production of islets is mechanosensitive, these findings open up an exciting new avenue of research into the fundamental mechanisms by which inflammation impacts local cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Nagy
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases,
| | | | - Gernot Kaber
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Pamela Y Johnson
- the Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101
| | | | - Michael J Kratochvil
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases.,the Department of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Koshika Yadava
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Wenting Zhao
- the Department of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Yi Cui
- the Department of Materials Science and Engineering
| | | | - Justin P Annes
- the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and
| | - Thomas N Wight
- the Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101
| | | | - Paul L Bollyky
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Manish J Butte
- the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 and
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8
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Gebe JA, Yadava K, Ruppert SM, Marshall P, Hill P, Falk BA, Sweere JM, Han H, Kaber G, Harten IA, Medina C, Mikecz K, Ziegler SF, Balaji S, Keswani SG, Perez VADJ, Butte MJ, Nadeau K, Altemeier WA, Fanger N, Bollyky PL. Modified High-Molecular-Weight Hyaluronan Promotes Allergen-Specific Immune Tolerance. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 56:109-120. [PMID: 27598620 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0111oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix in asthmatic lungs contains abundant low-molecular-weight hyaluronan, and this is known to promote antigen presentation and allergic responses. Conversely, high-molecular-weight hyaluronan (HMW-HA), typical of uninflamed tissues, is known to suppress inflammation. We investigated whether HMW-HA can be adapted to promote tolerance to airway allergens. HMW-HA was thiolated to prevent its catabolism and was tethered to allergens via thiol linkages. This platform, which we call "XHA," delivers antigenic payloads in the context of antiinflammatory costimulation. Allergen/XHA was administered intranasally to mice that had been sensitized previously to these allergens. XHA prevents allergic airway inflammation in mice sensitized previously to either ovalbumin or cockroach proteins. Allergen/XHA treatment reduced inflammatory cell counts, airway hyperresponsiveness, allergen-specific IgE, and T helper type 2 cell cytokine production in comparison with allergen alone. These effects were allergen specific and IL-10 dependent. They were durable for weeks after the last challenge, providing a substantial advantage over the current desensitization protocols. Mechanistically, XHA promoted CD44-dependent inhibition of nuclear factor-κB signaling, diminished dendritic cell maturation, and reduced the induction of allergen-specific CD4 T-helper responses. XHA and other potential strategies that target CD44 are promising alternatives for the treatment of asthma and allergic sinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Gebe
- 1 Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Koshika Yadava
- 2 Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine.,3 Stanford Immunology, and
| | - Shannon M Ruppert
- 2 Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine.,3 Stanford Immunology, and
| | | | | | | | - Johanna M Sweere
- 2 Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine.,3 Stanford Immunology, and
| | - Hongwei Han
- 1 Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Gernot Kaber
- 2 Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Carlos Medina
- 2 Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine.,3 Stanford Immunology, and
| | - Katalin Mikecz
- 5 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Swathi Balaji
- 6 Division of Pediatric Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Sundeep G Keswani
- 6 Division of Pediatric Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Vinicio A de Jesus Perez
- 7 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | - Kari Nadeau
- 7 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - William A Altemeier
- 8 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Paul L Bollyky
- 1 Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington.,2 Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine.,3 Stanford Immunology, and
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9
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Yadava K, Pattaroni C, Sichelstiel AK, Trompette A, Gollwitzer ES, Salami O, von Garnier C, Nicod LP, Marsland BJ. Microbiota Promotes Chronic Pulmonary Inflammation by Enhancing IL-17A and Autoantibodies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 193:975-87. [PMID: 26630356 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201504-0779oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Changes in the pulmonary microbiota are associated with progressive respiratory diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Whether there is a causal relationship between these changes and disease progression remains unknown. OBJECTIVES To investigate the link between an altered microbiota and disease, we used a murine model of chronic lung inflammation that is characterized by key pathological features found in COPD and compared responses in specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice and mice depleted of microbiota by antibiotic treatment or devoid of a microbiota (axenic). METHODS Mice were challenged with LPS/elastase intranasally over 4 weeks, resulting in a chronically inflamed and damaged lung. The ensuing cellular infiltration, histological damage, and decline in lung function were quantified. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Similar to human disease, the composition of the pulmonary microbiota was altered in diseased animals. We found that the microbiota richness and diversity were decreased in LPS/elastase-treated mice, with an increased representation of the genera Pseudomonas and Lactobacillus and a reduction in Prevotella. Moreover, the microbiota was implicated in disease development as mice depleted, or devoid, of microbiota exhibited an improvement in lung function, reduced inflammation, and lymphoid neogenesis. The absence of microbial cues markedly decreased the production of IL-17A, whereas intranasal transfer of fluid enriched with the pulmonary microbiota isolated from diseased mice enhanced IL-17A production in the lungs of antibiotic-treated or axenic recipients. Finally, in mice harboring a microbiota, neutralizing IL-17A dampened inflammation and restored lung function. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data indicate that host-microbial cross-talk promotes inflammation and could underlie the chronicity of inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshika Yadava
- 1 Service de Pneumologie, Faculté de Biologie et de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudoise-Université Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland.,2 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Céline Pattaroni
- 1 Service de Pneumologie, Faculté de Biologie et de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudoise-Université Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anke K Sichelstiel
- 1 Service de Pneumologie, Faculté de Biologie et de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudoise-Université Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Trompette
- 1 Service de Pneumologie, Faculté de Biologie et de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudoise-Université Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eva S Gollwitzer
- 1 Service de Pneumologie, Faculté de Biologie et de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudoise-Université Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olawale Salami
- 1 Service de Pneumologie, Faculté de Biologie et de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudoise-Université Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christophe von Garnier
- 3 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland; and.,4 Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laurent P Nicod
- 1 Service de Pneumologie, Faculté de Biologie et de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudoise-Université Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin J Marsland
- 1 Service de Pneumologie, Faculté de Biologie et de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudoise-Université Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
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Yadava K, Bollyky P, Lawson MA. The formation and function of tertiary lymphoid follicles in chronic pulmonary inflammation. Immunology 2016; 149:262-269. [PMID: 27441396 PMCID: PMC5046054 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid follicles (TLFs) can develop in the respiratory tract in response to infections or chronic inflammation. However, their functional relevance remains unclear because they are implicated in both protective and pathological responses. In contrast to homeostatic conditions, external antigens and damage to the lung tissue may drive TLF formation in inflamed lungs, and once established, the presence of pulmonary TLFs may signal the progression of chronic lung disease. This novel concept will be discussed in light of recent work in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and how changes in the pulmonary microbiota may drive and direct TLF formation and function. We will also discuss the cellularity of TLFs at the pulmonary mucosa, with emphasis on the potential roles of lymphoid tissue inducer cells, and B- and T-cell aggregates, and will examine the function of key chemokines and cytokines including CXCL13 and interleukin-17, in the formation and maintenance of pulmonary TLFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshika Yadava
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Paul Bollyky
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Pasquali C, Salami O, Taneja M, Gollwitzer ES, Trompette A, Pattaroni C, Yadava K, Bauer J, Marsland BJ. Enhanced Mucosal Antibody Production and Protection against Respiratory Infections Following an Orally Administered Bacterial Extract. Front Med (Lausanne) 2014; 1:41. [PMID: 25593914 PMCID: PMC4292070 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2014.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary bacterial infections following influenza infection are a pressing problem facing respiratory medicine. Although antibiotic treatment has been highly successful over recent decades, fatalities due to secondary bacterial infections remain one of the leading causes of death associated with influenza. We have assessed whether administration of a bacterial extract alone is sufficient to potentiate immune responses and protect against primary infection with influenza, and secondary infections with either Streptococcus pneumoniae or Klebsiella pneumoniae in mice. We show that oral administration with the bacterial extract, OM-85, leads to a maturation of dendritic cells and B-cells characterized by increases in MHC II, CD86, and CD40, and a reduction in ICOSL. Improved immune responsiveness against influenza virus reduced the threshold of susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections, and thus protected the mice. The protection was associated with enhanced polyclonal B-cell activation and release of antibodies that were effective at neutralizing the virus. Taken together, these data show that oral administration of bacterial extracts provides sufficient mucosal immune stimulation to protect mice against a respiratory tract viral infection and associated sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olawale Salami
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, CHUV , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Manisha Taneja
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, CHUV , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Eva S Gollwitzer
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, CHUV , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Aurelien Trompette
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, CHUV , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Céline Pattaroni
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, CHUV , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Koshika Yadava
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, CHUV , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | | | - Benjamin J Marsland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, CHUV , Lausanne , Switzerland
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Yadava K, Massacand J, Mosconi I, Nicod LP, Harris NL, Marsland BJ. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin plays divergent roles in murine models of atopic and nonatopic airway inflammation. Allergy 2014; 69:1333-42. [PMID: 24961817 DOI: 10.1111/all.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a cytokine primarily produced by epithelial cells, which has been shown to be a potent inducer of T-helper 2 (Th2)-type responses. However, TSLP has pleiotropic effects upon immune cells, and although extensively studied in the context of atopic asthma, its relevance as a therapeutic target and its role in the pathogenesis of nonatopic asthma remains unknown. We sought to investigate the role of TSLP in atopic, nonatopic and viral-induced exacerbations of pulmonary inflammation. METHODS Using stringently defined murine models of atopic, nonatopic and virally exacerbated forms of pulmonary inflammation, we compared inflammatory responses of C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and TSLP receptor-deficient (TSLPR KO) mice. RESULTS Thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor (TSLPR) signaling was crucial for the development of atopic asthma. Specifically, TSLPR signaling to lung recruited CD4+ T cells enhanced eosinophilia, goblet cell hyperplasia, and overall inflammation within the airways. In contrast, the absence of TSLPR signaling was associated with strikingly exaggerated pulmonary neutrophilic inflammation in a nonatopic model of airway inflammation. The inflammation was associated with excessive levels of interleukin (IL)-17A in the lungs, indicating that TSLP negatively regulates IL-17A. In addition, in a model of influenza-induced exacerbation of atopic airway inflammation, the absence of TSLPR signaling also led to exaggerated neutrophilic inflammation. CONCLUSION Thymic stromal lymphopoietin plays divergent roles in the pathogenesis of atopic and nonatopic asthma phenotypes by either enhancing Th2 responses or curtailing T-helper 17 responses. These findings raise important caveats for the design of therapeutic interventions targeting TSLP in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Yadava
- Service de Pneumologie; Faculty of Biology and Medicine; University of Lausanne; CHUV; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - J. Massacand
- Global Health Institute; EPFL; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - I. Mosconi
- Global Health Institute; EPFL; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - L. P. Nicod
- Service de Pneumologie; Faculty of Biology and Medicine; University of Lausanne; CHUV; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - N. L. Harris
- Global Health Institute; EPFL; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - B. J. Marsland
- Service de Pneumologie; Faculty of Biology and Medicine; University of Lausanne; CHUV; Lausanne Switzerland
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Gollwitzer ES, Saglani S, Trompette A, Yadava K, Sherburn R, McCoy KD, Nicod LP, Lloyd CM, Marsland BJ. Lung microbiota promotes tolerance to allergens in neonates via PD-L1. Nat Med 2014; 20:642-7. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.3568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Yadava K, Marsland BJ. IL-4Rα, a STUB-strate for proteasomal degradation: understanding the termination of cytokine signaling in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189:4-6. [PMID: 24381986 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201311-2083ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Koshika Yadava
- 1 Faculty of Biology and Medicine University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abstract
Although traditionally thought to be sterile, accumulating evidence now supports the concept that our airways harbor a microbiome. Thus far, studies have focused upon characterizing the bacterial constituents of the airway microbiome in both healthy and diseased lungs, but what perhaps provides the greatest impetus for the exploration of the airway microbiome is that different bacterial phyla appear to dominate diseased as compared with healthy lungs. As yet, there is very limited evidence supporting a functional role for the airway microbiome, but continued research in this direction is likely to provide such evidence, particularly considering the progress that has been made in understanding host-microbe mutualism in the intestinal tract. In this review, we highlight the major advances that have been made discovering and describing the airway microbiome, discuss the experimental evidence that supports a functional role for the microbiome in health and disease, and propose how this emerging field is going to impact clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Marsland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Koshika Yadava
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent P Nicod
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Yadava K, Sichelstiel A, Luescher IF, Nicod LP, Harris NL, Marsland BJ. TSLP promotes influenza-specific CD8+ T-cell responses by augmenting local inflammatory dendritic cell function. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:83-92. [PMID: 22806096 PMCID: PMC3534170 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a mucosal tissue-associated cytokine that has been widely studied in the context of T helper type 2 (Th2)-driven inflammatory disorders. Although TSLP is also produced upon viral infection in vitro, the role of TSLP in antiviral immunity is unknown. In this study we report a novel role for TSLP in promoting viral clearance and virus-specific CD8+ T-cell responses during influenza A infection. Comparing the immune responses of wild-type and TSLP receptor (TSLPR)-deficient mice, we show that TSLP was required for the expansion and activation of virus-specific effector CD8+ T cells in the lung, but not the lymph node. The mechanism involved TSLPR signaling on newly recruited CD11b+ inflammatory dendritic cells (DCs) that acted to enhance interleukin-15 production and expression of the costimulatory molecule CD70. Taken together, these data highlight the pleiotropic activities of TSLP and provide evidence for its beneficial role in antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yadava
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Sichelstiel
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - I F Luescher
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - L P Nicod
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - N L Harris
- Global Health Institute, EPFL-SV-GHI Station 19, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - B J Marsland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, Lausanne, Switzerland,()
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Herbst T, Sichelstiel A, Schär C, Yadava K, Bürki K, Cahenzli J, McCoy K, Marsland BJ, Harris NL. Dysregulation of allergic airway inflammation in the absence of microbial colonization. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184:198-205. [PMID: 21471101 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201010-1574oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The incidence of allergic disorders is increasing in developed countries and has been associated with reduced exposure to microbes and alterations in the commensal bacterial flora. OBJECTIVES To ascertain the relevance of commensal bacteria on the development of an allergic response, we used a model of allergic airway inflammation in germ-free (GF) mice that lack any exposure to pathogenic or nonpathogenic microorganisms. METHODS Allergic airway inflammation was induced in GF, specific pathogen-free (SPF), or recolonized mice by sensitization and challenge with ovalbumin. The resulting cellular infiltrate and cytokine production were measured. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Our results show that the total number of infiltrating lymphocytes and eosinophils were elevated in the airways of allergic GF mice compared with control SPF mice, and that this increase could be reversed by recolonization of GF mice with the complex commensal flora of SPF mice. Exaggerated airway eosinophilia correlated with increased local production of Th2-associated cytokines, elevated IgE production, and an altered number and phenotype of conventional dendritic cells. Regulatory T-cell populations and regulatory cytokine levels were unaltered, but GF mice exhibited an increased number of basophils and decreased numbers of alveolar macrophages and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that the presence of commensal bacteria is critical for ensuring normal cellular maturation, recruitment, and control of allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Herbst
- Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
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