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Chang TH, Pourtois JD, Haddock NL, Furkuawa D, Kelly KE, Amanatullah DF, Burgener E, Milla C, Banaei N, Bollyky PL. Prophages are Infrequently Associated With Antibiotic Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Isolates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.02.595912. [PMID: 38895396 PMCID: PMC11185549 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.02.595912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant obstacle to the treatment of bacterial infections, including in the context of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Lysogenic bacteriophages can integrate their genome into the bacterial chromosome and are known to promote genetic transfer between bacterial strains. However, the contribution of lysogenic phages to the incidence of AMR is poorly understood. Here, in a set of 187 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa collected from 82 patients with CF, we evaluate the links between prophages and both genomic and phenotypic resistance to five anti-pseudomonal antibiotics: tobramycin, colistin, ciprofloxacin, meropenem, aztreonam, and tazobactam. We find that P. aeruginosa isolates contain on average 3.06 +/-1.84 (SD) predicted prophages. We find no significant association between the number of prophages per isolate and the mean inhibitory concentration (MIC) for any of these antibiotics. We then investigate the relationship between particular prophages and AMR. We identify a single lysogenic phage that is associated with phenotypic resistance to the antibiotic tobramycin. Consistent with this association, we identify AMR genes associated with resistance to tobramycin in these strains and find that they are not encoded directly on prophage sequences. These findings suggest that prophages are infrequently associated with the AMR genes in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa .
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Rodriguez-Ruiz JP, Lin Q, Van Heirstraeten L, Lammens C, Stewardson AJ, Godycki-Cwirko M, Coenen S, Goossens H, Harbarth S, Malhotra-Kumar S. Long-term effects of ciprofloxacin treatment on the gastrointestinal and oropharyngeal microbiome are more pronounced after longer antibiotic courses. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2024; 64:107259. [PMID: 38936492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2024.107259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the main reasons for antibiotic prescriptions in primary care. Recent studies demonstrate similar clinical outcomes with short vs. long antibiotics courses. The aim of this study was to investigate the differential collateral effect of ciprofloxacin treatment duration on the gastrointestinal and oropharyngeal microbiome in patients presenting with uncomplicated UTI to primary care practices in Switzerland, Belgium and Poland. METHODS Stool and oropharyngeal samples were obtained from 36 treated patients and 14 controls at the beginning of antibiotic therapy, end of therapy and one month after the end of therapy. Samples underwent shotgun metagenomics. RESULTS At the end of therapy, patients treated with both short (≤7 days) and long (>7 days) ciprofloxacin courses showed similar changes in the gastrointestinal microbiome compared to non-treated controls. After one month, most changes in patients receiving short courses were reversed; however, long courses led to increased abundance of the genera Roseburia, Faecalicatena and Escherichia. Changes in the oropharynx were minor and reversed to baseline levels within one month. Ciprofloxacin resistance encoding mutations in gyrA/B and parC/E reads were observed in both short and long treatment groups but decreased to baseline levels after one month. An increased abundance of resistance genes was observed in the gastrointestinal microbiome after longer treatment, and correlated to increased prevalence of aminoglycoside, β-lactam, sulphonamide, and tetracycline resistance genes. CONCLUSION Collateral effects on the gastrointestinal community, including an increased prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes, persists for up to at least one month following longer ciprofloxacin therapy. These data support the use of shorter antimicrobial treatment duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Rodriguez-Ruiz
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Q Lin
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - L Van Heirstraeten
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - C Lammens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - A J Stewardson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M Godycki-Cwirko
- Centre for Family and Community Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - S Coenen
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - H Goossens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - S Harbarth
- Infection Control Program & Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva
| | - S Malhotra-Kumar
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Bellés A, Abad I, Sánchez L, Grasa L. Whey and Buttermilk-Based Formulas Modulate Gut Microbiota in Mice with Antibiotic-Induced Dysbiosis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2300248. [PMID: 37654048 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Diet is one of the main factors that modifies intestinal microbiota composition. The search for foods that can reverse situations of intestinal dysbiosis such as that induced by antibiotics is of great interest. Buttermilk and whey are the main by-products produced by the dairy industry containing bioactive compounds. The aim of this study is to investigate the ability of whey and buttermilk-based formulas supplemented with lactoferrin and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) to modulate the effects of clindamycin on mouse intestinal microbiota. METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL/6 mice are treated with saline (control), clindamycin (Clin), a formula containing whey (F1) or buttermilk (F2), Clin+F1 or Clin+F2, and their fecal microbiota profiles are analyzed by sequencing of 16S rRNA gene using the MinION device. Clin induces alterations in both the composition and metabolic functions of the mice intestinal microbiota. The treatment with F1 or F2 reverses the effects of clindamycin, restoring the levels of Rikenellaceae and Lactobacillaceae families and certain pathways related to short-chain fatty acids production and tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis. CONCLUSION Whey and buttermilk supplemented with lactoferrin and MFGM may be a bioactive formula for functional foods to prevent or restore microbiota alterations induced by antibiotic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bellés
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 (UNIZAR-CITA), Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Inés Abad
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 (UNIZAR-CITA), Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Lourdes Sánchez
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 (UNIZAR-CITA), Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Laura Grasa
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 (UNIZAR-CITA), Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
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Leptotrichia Bacteremia: 10-Year Retrospective Clinical Analysis and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0173322. [PMID: 36715514 PMCID: PMC9945496 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01733-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptotrichia species are anaerobic, Gram-negative bacilli increasingly recognized as pathogens capable of causing invasive infections such as bloodstream infection (BSI), particularly among immunocompromised patients. However, there is a paucity of data regarding epidemiology, antimicrobial susceptibility, optimal treatment, and clinical outcomes among patients with Leptotrichia bacteremia. Patient risk factors, treatment approaches, and outcomes of a retrospective cohort of adult patients with Leptotrichia BSI at a tertiary medical center (Mayo Clinic Rochester [MCR]) were evaluated. Concurrently, species, temporal trends, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) results of Leptotrichia isolates submitted to a reference laboratory (Mayo Clinic Laboratories) over the past 10 years were examined. We identified 224 blood culture isolates of Leptotrichia species, with 26 isolates from patients treated at MCR. The most frequent species included L. trevisanii (49%), L. buccalis (24%), and L. wadei (16%). Leptotrichia species demonstrated >90% susceptibility to penicillin, metronidazole, ertapenem, and piperacillin-tazobactam. However, 96% (74/77) of isolates were resistant to moxifloxacin. For patients treated at MCR, the mean patient age was 55 years (standard deviation [SD], 17), with 9 females (35%), and all were neutropenic at the time of BSI. The primary sources of infection were gastrointestinal (58%), intravascular catheter (35%), and odontogenic (15%). Patients were treated with metronidazole (42%), piperacillin-tazobactam (27%), or carbapenems (19%). The mean duration of treatment was 11 days (SD, 4.5), with a 60-day all-cause mortality of 19% and no microbiologic relapse. Leptotrichia species are rare but important causes of BSI in neutropenic patients. Due to evolving antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, a review of AST results is necessary when selecting optimal antimicrobial therapy.
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Rahman G, Morton JT, Martino C, Sepich-Poore GD, Allaband C, Guccione C, Chen Y, Hakim D, Estaki M, Knight R. BIRDMAn: A Bayesian differential abundance framework that enables robust inference of host-microbe associations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.30.526328. [PMID: 36778470 PMCID: PMC9915500 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.30.526328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the differential abundance (DA) of specific taxa among experimental groups in microbiome studies is challenging due to data characteristics (e.g., compositionality, sparsity) and specific study designs (e.g., repeated measures, meta-analysis, cross-over). Here we present BIRDMAn (Bayesian Inferential Regression for Differential Microbiome Analysis), a flexible DA method that can account for microbiome data characteristics and diverse experimental designs. Simulations show that BIRDMAn models are robust to uneven sequencing depth and provide a >20-fold improvement in statistical power over existing methods. We then use BIRDMAn to identify antibiotic-mediated perturbations undetected by other DA methods due to subject-level heterogeneity. Finally, we demonstrate how BIRDMAn can construct state-of-the-art cancer-type classifiers using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset, with substantial accuracy improvements over random forests and existing DA tools across multiple sequencing centers. Collectively, BIRDMAn extracts more informative biological signals while accounting for study-specific experimental conditions than existing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibraan Rahman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James T Morton
- Biostatistics & Bioinformatics Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cameron Martino
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Celeste Allaband
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Caitlin Guccione
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Daniel Hakim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mehrbod Estaki
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Oral microbiota may predict the presence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022:10.1007/s00432-022-04393-4. [PMID: 36222897 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04393-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Microbial imbalances have been well elucidated in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), but few studies address the oral microbiota in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). In view of the fact, we aimed to explore the associations of oral microbiota with these patients suffering from ESCC. METHODS In our study, a total of 109 individuals were enrolled (control = 53, ESCC = 56). We profiled the microbiota in oral swabs from individuals with control (ConT) and ESCC (ESCCT). 16S rRNA gene sequencing was applied to analyze the microbiome. The α and β diversity differences were tested by Tukey Test and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) respectively. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis was performed to assess taxonomic differences between the two groups. RESULTS Our results showed that the microbial richness and diversity was a slightly higher in ESCCT groups than that in ConT groups. Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Actinobacteria and Patescibacteria were the six dominant bacteria of oral flora in the two groups. When compared with control group, increased Fusobacterioa at phylum level, Neisseriaceae at family level and Leptotrichia at genus level were detected. LEfSe analysis indicated a greater abundance of Leptotrichiaceae, Leptotrichia, Fusobacteriales, Fusobacteria and Fusobacteriota in ESCC groups. CONCLUSION Our study suggests a potential association between oral microbiome dysbiosis and ESCC and provides insights on a potential screening marker for esophageal cancer.
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Bellés A, Aguirre-Ramírez D, Abad I, Parras-Moltó M, Sánchez L, Grasa L. Lactoferrin modulates gut microbiota and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in mice with dysbiosis induced by antibiotics. Food Funct 2022; 13:5854-5869. [PMID: 35545893 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00287f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background: Antibiotic administration can result in gut microbiota and immune system alterations that impact health. Bovine lactoferrin is a milk protein with anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and immune modulatory activities. The aim was to study the ability of native and iron-saturated lactoferrin to reverse the effects of clindamycin on gut microbiota and intestinal Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression in a murine model. Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with vehicle, clindamycin (Clin), native bovine lactoferrin (nLf), nLf + clindamycin (nLf_Clin), iron-saturated bovine lactoferrin (sLf) and sLf + clindamycin (sLf_Clin). Fecal samples of each group were collected, and bacterial DNA was extracted. Sequencing of 16s rRNA V4 hypervariable gene regions was conducted to assess the microbial composition. mRNA expression levels of TLRs (1-9) were determined in mouse colon by qPCR. Pearson's correlation test was carried out between bacteria showing differences in abundance among samples and TLR2, TLR8 and TLR9. Results: Beta-diversity analysis showed that the microbial community of the vehicle was different from the communities of Clin, nLf_Clin and sLf_Clin. At the family level, Bacteroidaceae, Prevotellaceae and Rikenellaceae decreased in the Clin group, and treatment with nLf or sLf reverted these effects. Clin reduced the expression of TLR2, TLR8 and TLR9 and sLf reverted the decrease in the expression of these receptors. Finally, TLR8 was positively correlated with Rikenellaceae abundance. Conclusion: In a situation of intestinal dysbiosis induced by clindamycin, lactoferrin restores the normal levels of some anti-inflammatory bacteria and TLRs and, therefore, could be a good ingredient to be added to functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bellés
- Universidad de Zaragoza, Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 (UNIZAR-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Diego Aguirre-Ramírez
- Universidad de Zaragoza, Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Inés Abad
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 (UNIZAR-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Universidad de Zaragoza, Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Producción Animal y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marcos Parras-Moltó
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Igenomix Foundation/INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Spain.,Department of Science, Universidad Internacional de Valencia-VIU, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lourdes Sánchez
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 (UNIZAR-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Universidad de Zaragoza, Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Producción Animal y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Grasa
- Universidad de Zaragoza, Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 (UNIZAR-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
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Acacia Fiber Protects the Gut from Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Escherichia coli Colonization Enabled by Antibiotics. mSphere 2022; 7:e0007122. [PMID: 35582906 PMCID: PMC9241499 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00071-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel approaches to combating antibiotic resistance are needed given the ever-continuing rise of antibiotic resistance and the scarce discovery of new antibiotics. Little is known about the colonization dynamics and the role of intrinsic plant-food characteristics in this process. We sought to determine whether plant fiber could alter colonization dynamics by antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the gut. We determined that ingestion of antibiotics in mice markedly enhanced gut colonization by a pathogenic extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli strain of human origin, E. coli JJ1886 (ST131-H30Rx). Furthermore, ingestion of soluble acacia fiber before and after antibiotic exposure significantly reduced pathogenic E. coli colonization. 16S rRNA analysis and ex vivo cocultures demonstrated that fiber protected the microbiome by serving as a prebiotic, which induced native gut E. coli to inhibit pathogenic E. coli via colicin M. Fiber may be a useful prebiotic with which to administer antibiotics to protect human and livestock gut microbiomes against colonization from antibiotic-resistant, pathogenic bacteria. IMPORTANCE A One Health-based strategy-the concept that human health and animal health are interconnected with the environment-is necessary to determine the drivers of antibiotic resistance from food to the clinic. Moreover, humans can ingest antibiotic-resistant bacteria on food and asymptomatically, or "silently," carry such bacteria in the gut long before they develop an opportunistic extraintestinal infection. Here, we determined that fiber-rich foods, in particular acacia fiber, may be a new, promising, and inexpensive prebiotic to administer with antibiotics to protect the mammalian (i.e., human and livestock) gut against such colonization by antibiotic-resistant, pathogenic bacteria.
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Genomic and phenotypic comparison of two Salmonella Typhimurium strains responsible for consecutive salmonellosis outbreaks in New Zealand. Int J Med Microbiol 2021; 311:151534. [PMID: 34564018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT160 was the predominant cause of notified human salmonellosis cases in New Zealand from 2000 to 2010, before it was superseded by another S. Typhimurium strain, DT56 variant (DT56v). Whole genome sequencing and phenotypic testing were used to compare 109 DT160 isolates with eight DT56v isolates from New Zealand animal and human sources. Phylogenetic analysis provided evidence that DT160 and DT56v strains were distantly related with an estimated date of common ancestor between 1769 and 1821. The strains replicated at different rates but had similar antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. Both strains were resistant to the phage expressed from the chromosome of the other strain, which may have contributed to the emergence of DT56v. DT160 contained the pSLT virulence plasmid, and the sseJ and sseK2 genes that may have contributed to the higher reported prevalence compared to DT56v. A linear pBSSB1-family plasmid was also found in one of the DT56v isolates, but there was no evidence that this plasmid affected bacterial replication or antimicrobial susceptibility. One of the DT56v isolates was also sequenced using long-read technology and found to contain an uncommon chromosome arrangement for a Typhimurium isolate. This study demonstrates how comparative genomics and phenotypic testing can help identify strain-specific elements and factors that may have influenced the emergence and supersession of bacterial strains of public health importance.
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10
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De Lucia A, Card RM, Duggett N, Smith RP, Davies R, Cawthraw SA, Anjum MF, Rambaldi M, Ostanello F, Martelli F. Reduction in antimicrobial resistance prevalence in Escherichia coli from a pig farm following withdrawal of group antimicrobial treatment. Vet Microbiol 2021; 258:109125. [PMID: 34033985 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An important element in the control of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is reduction in antimicrobial usage. In the veterinary sector individual antimicrobial treatment of livestock, rather than the use of group treatment, can help achieve this goal. The aim of this study was to investigate how cessation of group antimicrobial treatment impacted the prevalence of AMR in commensal Escherichia coli in pigs at one farm over an 11-month period. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of eight antimicrobials were determined for 259 E. coli isolates collected during the study. A significant reduction in the prevalence of multidrug resistance and a significant increase in the proportion of full susceptibility to the panel of nine antimicrobials tested was seen after 11 months. Whole genome sequencing of 48 multidrug resistant isolates revealed E. coli clones that persisted across multiple visits and provided evidence for the presence of plasmids harbouring AMR genes shared across multiple E. coli lineages. E. coli were also isolated from on-farm environmental samples. Whole genome sequencing of one multidrug resistant isolate obtained from cleaning tools showed it was clonal to pig-derived E. coli that persisted on the farm for 11 months. In this study we provide evidence that withdrawal of group antimicrobial use leads to significant reductions in key indicators for AMR prevalence and the importance of the farm environment as a reservoir of resistant bacteria. These findings support policy makers and producers in the implementation of measures to control AMR and reduce antimicrobial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De Lucia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie Università di Bologna, Italy; Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - R M Card
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - N Duggett
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - R P Smith
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - R Davies
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - S A Cawthraw
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - M F Anjum
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - M Rambaldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie Università di Bologna, Italy.
| | - F Ostanello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie Università di Bologna, Italy.
| | - F Martelli
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
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11
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Holmes A, Finger C, Morales-Scheihing D, Lee J, McCullough LD. Gut dysbiosis and age-related neurological diseases; an innovative approach for therapeutic interventions. Transl Res 2020; 226:39-56. [PMID: 32755639 PMCID: PMC7590960 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem of bacteria, fungi, and viruses that acts as a critical regulator in microbial, metabolic, and immune responses in the host organism. Imbalances in the gut microbiota, termed "dysbiosis," often induce aberrant immune responses, which in turn disrupt the local and systemic homeostasis of the host. Emerging evidence has highlighted the importance of gut microbiota in intestinal diseases, and more recently, in age-related central nervous systems diseases, for example, stroke and Alzheimer's disease. It is now generally recognized that gut microbiota significantly influences host behaviors and modulates the interaction between microbiota, gut, and brain, via the "microbiota-gut-brain axis." Several approaches have been utilized to reduce age-related dysbiosis in experimental models and in clinical studies. These include strategies to manipulate the microbiome via fecal microbiota transplantation, administration of prebiotics and probiotics, and dietary interventions. In this review, we explore both clinical and preclinical therapies for treating age-related dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleah Holmes
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Carson Finger
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Diego Morales-Scheihing
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Juneyoung Lee
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.
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12
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The importance of using whole genome sequencing and extended spectrum beta-lactamase selective media when monitoring antimicrobial resistance. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19880. [PMID: 33199763 PMCID: PMC7670430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76877-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To tackle the problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance programmes are in place within Europe applying phenotypic methods, but there are plans for implementing whole genome sequencing (WGS). We tested the benefits of WGS using Escherichia coli collected from pig surveillance performed between 2013 to 2017. WGS was performed on 498 E. coli producing ESBL and AmpC enzymes, recovered from pig caeca on MacConkey + cefotaxime (McC + CTX) agar, as recommended by the European Commission, or ESBL agar, used additionally by United Kingdom. Our results indicated WGS was extremely useful for monitoring trends for specific ESBL genes, as well as a plethora of AMR genotypes, helping to establish their prevalence and co-linkage to certain plasmids. Recovery of isolates with multi-drug resistance (MDR) genotypes was lower from McC + CTX than ESBL agar. The most widespread ESBL genes belonged to the blaCTX-M family. blaCTX-M-1 dominated all years, and was common in two highly stable IncI1 MDR plasmids harbouring (blaCTX-M-1,sul2, tetA) or (blaCTX-M-1, aadA5, sul2, dfrA17), in isolates which were phylogenetically dissimilar, suggesting plasmid transmission. Therefore, WGS provided a wealth of data on prevalence of AMR genotypes and plasmid persistence absent from phenotypic data and, also, demonstrated the importance of culture media for detecting ESBL E. coli.
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AbuOun M, O'Connor HM, Stubberfield EJ, Nunez-Garcia J, Sayers E, Crook DW, Smith RP, Anjum MF. Characterizing Antimicrobial Resistant Escherichia coli and Associated Risk Factors in a Cross-Sectional Study of Pig Farms in Great Britain. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:861. [PMID: 32523560 PMCID: PMC7261845 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Combatting antimicrobial resistant (AMR) using a One-Health approach is essential as various bacteria, including Escherichia coli, a common bacteria, are becoming increasingly resistant and livestock may be a reservoir. The AMR gene content of 492 E. coli, isolated from 56 pig farms across Great Britain in 2014–2015, and purified on antibiotic selective and non-selective plates, was determined using whole genome sequencing (WGS). The E. coli were phylogenetically diverse harboring a variety of AMR profiles with widespread resistance to “old” antibiotics; isolates harbored up to seven plasmid Inc-types. None showed concurrent resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and clinically relevant aminoglycosides, although ∼3% harbored AMR genes to both the former two. Transferable resistance to carbapenem and colistin were absent, and six of 117 E. coli STs belonged to major types associated with human disease. Prevalence of genotypically MDR E. coli, gathered from non-selective media was 35% and that of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase E. coli was low (∼2% from non-selective). Approximately 72.6% of E. coli from ciprofloxacin plates and only 8.5% from the other plates harbored fluoroquinolone resistance due to topoisomerase mutations; the majority were MDR. In fact, multivariable analysis confirmed E. coli purified from CIP enrichment plates were more likely to be MDR, and suggested MDR isolates were also more probable from farms with high antibiotic usage, specialist finisher farms, and farms emptying their manure pits only after each batch. Additionally, farms from the South East were more likely to have MDR E. coli, whereas farms in Yorkshire and the Humber were less likely. Future investigations will determine whether suggested improvements such as better biosecurity or lower antimicrobial use decreases MDR E. coli on pig farms. Although this study focuses on pig farms, we believe the methodology and findings can be applied more widely to help livestock farmers in the United Kingdom and elsewhere to tackle AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal AbuOun
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit, University of Oxford in Partnership with Public Health England (PHE), Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Heather M O'Connor
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emma J Stubberfield
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Nunez-Garcia
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ellie Sayers
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Derick W Crook
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit, University of Oxford in Partnership with Public Health England (PHE), Oxford, United Kingdom.,Modernising Medical Microbiology Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P Smith
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Muna F Anjum
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit, University of Oxford in Partnership with Public Health England (PHE), Oxford, United Kingdom
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Zimmermann P, Curtis N. The effect of antibiotics on the composition of the intestinal microbiota - a systematic review. J Infect 2019; 79:471-489. [PMID: 31629863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antibiotics change the composition of the intestinal microbiota. The magnitude of the effect of antibiotics on the microbiota and whether the effects are short-term or persist long-term remain uncertain. In this review, we summarise studies that have investigated the effect of antibiotics on the composition of the human intestinal microbiota. METHODS A systematic search was done to identify original studies that have investigated the effect of systemic antibiotics on the intestinal microbiota in humans. RESULTS We identified 129 studies investigating 2076 participants and 301 controls. Many studies reported a decrease in bacterial diversity with antibiotic treatment. Penicillin only had minor effects on the intestinal microbiota. Amoxicillin, amoxcillin/clavulanate, cephalosporins, lipopolyglycopeptides, macrolides, ketolides, clindamycin, tigecycline, quinolones and fosfomycin all increased abundance of Enterobacteriaea other than E. coli (mainly Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp. and Klebsiella spp.). Amoxcillin, cephalosporins, macrolides, clindamycin, quinolones and sulphonamides decreased abundance of E. coli, while amoxcillin/clavulante, in contrast to other penicillins, increased abundance of E. coli. Amoxicllin, piperacillin and ticarcillin, cephalosporins (except fifth generation cephalosporins), carbapenems and lipoglycopeptides were associated with increased abundance of Enterococcus spp., while macrolides and doxycycline decreased its abundance. Piperacillin and ticarcillin, carbapenems, macrolides, clindamycin and quinolones strongly decreased the abundance of anaerobic bacteria. In the studies that investigated persistence, the longest duration of changes was reported after treatment with ciprofloxacin (one year), clindamycin (two years) and clarithromycin plus metronidazole (four years). Many antibiotics were associated with a decrease in butyrate or butryrate-producing bacteria. CONCLUSION Antibiotics have profound and sometimes persisting effects on the intestinal microbiota, characterised by diminished abundance of beneficial commensals and increased abundance of potentially detrimental microorganisms. Understanding these effects will help tailor antibiotic treatment and the use of probiotics to minimise this 'collateral damage'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Zimmermann
- Department of Paediatrics, Fribourg Hospital HFR and Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia; Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Nigel Curtis
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia; Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Vanhatalo S, Munukka E, Sippola S, Jalkanen S, Grönroos J, Marttila H, Eerola E, Hurme S, Hakanen AJ, Salminen P. Prospective multicentre cohort trial on acute appendicitis and microbiota, aetiology and effects of antimicrobial treatment: study protocol for the MAPPAC (Microbiology APPendicitis ACuta) trial. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e031137. [PMID: 31494621 PMCID: PMC6731800 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Based on the epidemiological and clinical data, acute appendicitis can present either as uncomplicated or complicated. The aetiology of these different appendicitis forms remains unknown. Antibiotic therapy has been shown to be safe, efficient and cost-effective for CT-confirmed uncomplicated acute appendicitis. Despite appendicitis being one of the most common surgical emergencies, there are very few reports on appendicitis aetiology and pathophysiology focusing on the differences between uncomplicated and complicated appendicitis. Microbiology APPendicitis ACuta (MAPPAC) trial aims to evaluate these microbiological and immunological aspects including immune response in the aetiology of these different forms also assessing both antibiotics non-responders and appendicitis recurrence. In addition, MAPPAC aims to determine antibiotic and placebo effects on gut microbiota composition and antimicrobial resistance. METHODS AND ANALYSIS MAPPAC is a prospective clinical trial with both single-centre and multicentre arm conducted in close synergy with concurrent trials APPendicitis ACuta II (APPAC II) (per oral (p.o.) vs intravenous+p.o. antibiotics, NCT03236961) and APPAC III (double-blind trial placebo vs antibiotics, NCT03234296) randomised clinical trials. Based on the enrolment for these trials, patients with CT-confirmed uncomplicated acute appendicitis are recruited also to the MAPPAC study. In addition to these conservatively treated randomised patients with uncomplicated acute appendicitis, MAPPAC will recruit patients with uncomplicated and complicated appendicitis undergoing appendectomy. Rectal and appendiceal swabs, appendicolith, faecal and serum samples, appendiceal biopsies and clinical data are collected during the hospital stay for microbiological and immunological analyses in both study arms with the longitudinal study arm collecting faecal samples also during follow-up up to 12 months after appendicitis treatment. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital District of Southwest Finland (Turku University Hospital, approval number ATMK:142/1800/2016) and the Finnish Medicines Agency. Results of the trial will be published in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03257423.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Vanhatalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Cancer, Infections and Immunity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Division of Digestive Surgery and Urology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Eveliina Munukka
- Microbiome Biobank, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Suvi Sippola
- Division of Digestive Surgery and Urology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Surgery, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- Medicity and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha Grönroos
- Division of Digestive Surgery and Urology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Surgery, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Harri Marttila
- Department of Hospital Hygiene and Infection Control, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Erkki Eerola
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Cancer, Infections and Immunity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Saija Hurme
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Antti J Hakanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Cancer, Infections and Immunity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Paulina Salminen
- Division of Digestive Surgery and Urology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Surgery, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Satakunta Hospital District, Pori, Finland
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16
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Pisano S, Giustiniani M, Francis L, Gonzalez D, Margarit L, Sheldon IM, Paolino D, Fresta M, Conlan RS, Healey GD. Liquid crystal delivery of ciprofloxacin to treat infections of the female reproductive tract. Biomed Microdevices 2019; 21:36. [PMID: 30923927 PMCID: PMC6439215 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-019-0385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Infections of the female reproductive tract are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans, requiring significant investment to sustain treatment and representing a major challenge to health. The increasing prevalence of bacterial resistance, and an almost complete absence of new antibiotic therapies for the past five decades, mean there is a desperate need for novel approaches to the treatment of bacterial infections. Within the present study, we demonstrate the effective ex vivo treatment of bacterial infection of the female reproductive tract using a controlled-release, liquid crystal-based platform. Liquid crystal encapsulation of ciprofloxacin significantly enhanced its bactericidal efficacy and reduced cell toxicity. Liquid crystal structures are low-cost, simple to manufacture and provide a sustained-release profile of encapsulated ciprofloxacin. Treatment of Escherichia coli infected reproductive tract epithelial cells and whole organ cultures with liquid crystal encapsulated ciprofloxacin proved to be an effective strategy for reducing bacterial load and reproductive tract inflammatory responses to infection. These data suggest that such an approach could provide an efficacious treatment modality for enhancing the effectiveness of current antibiotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Pisano
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Matteo Giustiniani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale "S. Venuta", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
- Inter-Regional Research Center for Food Safety & Health, University of Catanzaro "Magna Græcia", Viale "S. Venuta", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Lewis Francis
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Deyarina Gonzalez
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Lavinia Margarit
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Department Princess of Wales Hospital, Abertawe Bro Morannwg University Health Board, Coity Road, Bridgend, CF31 1RQ, UK
| | - I Martin Sheldon
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Donatella Paolino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale "S. Venuta", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
- Inter-Regional Research Center for Food Safety & Health, University of Catanzaro "Magna Græcia", Viale "S. Venuta", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Massimo Fresta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale "S. Venuta", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
- Inter-Regional Research Center for Food Safety & Health, University of Catanzaro "Magna Græcia", Viale "S. Venuta", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - R Steven Conlan
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gareth D Healey
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
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17
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Velasova M, Smith RP, Lemma F, Horton RA, Duggett NA, Evans J, Tongue SC, Anjum MF, Randall LP. Detection of extended-spectrum β-lactam, AmpC and carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in beef cattle in Great Britain in 2015. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 126:1081-1095. [PMID: 30693606 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study investigated the occurrence and genetic diversity of Enterobacteriaceae with extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-, AmpC- and carbapenemase-mediated resistance in British beef cattle, and related risk factors. METHODS AND RESULTS Faecal samples (n = 776) were obtained from farms in England and Wales (n = 20) and Scotland (n = 20) in 2015. Isolates from selective agars were identified by MALDI ToF mass spectrometry. Selected isolates were characterized by multiplex PCR (blaCTX -M, blaOXA , blaSHV and blaTEM genes), whole-genome sequencing (WGS), minimum inhibitory concentrations and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. None of the faecal samples yielded carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli. Ten (25%) of the farms tested positive for ESBL-producing CTX-M Enterobacteriaceae, 15 (37·5%) of the farms were positive for AmpC phenotype E. coli and none were positive for carbapenem-resistant E. coli. WGS showed a total of 30 different resistance genes associated with E. coli, Citrobacter and Serratia from ESBL agars, and colocation of resistance genes with blaCTX -M1 . Buying bulls and bringing in fattening cattle from another farm were identified as significant risk factors for positive samples harbouring CTX-M Enterobacteriaceae or AmpC phenotype E. coli respectively. CONCLUSIONS Beef cattle on a proportion of farms in GB carry ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Factors, such as operating as a closed herd, may have an important role in reducing introduction and transmission of resistant Enterobacteriaceae. The results indicate management factors may play an important role in impacting ESBL prevalence. In particular, further study would be valuable to understand the impact of maintaining a closed herd on reducing the introduction of resistant Enterobacteriaceae. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first study showing the presence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in British beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Velasova
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - R P Smith
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - F Lemma
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - R A Horton
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - N A Duggett
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - J Evans
- SRUC (Inverness Campus), Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - M F Anjum
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - L P Randall
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
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Abstract
The increase in bacteria harboring antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem because there is a paucity of antibiotics available to treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in humans and animals. Detection of AMR present in bacteria that may pose a threat to veterinary and public health is routinely performed using standardized phenotypic methods. Molecular methods are often used in addition to phenotypic methods but are set to replace them in many laboratories due to the greater speed and accuracy they provide in detecting the underlying genetic mechanism(s) for AMR. In this article we describe some of the common molecular methods currently used for detection of AMR genes. These include PCR, DNA microarray, whole-genome sequencing and metagenomics, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. The strengths and weaknesses of these methods are discussed, especially in the context of implementing them for routine surveillance activities on a global scale for mitigating the risk posed by AMR worldwide. Based on current popularity and ease of use, PCR and single-isolate whole-genome sequencing seem irreplaceable.
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Eribe ERK, Olsen I. Leptotrichia species in human infections II. J Oral Microbiol 2017; 9:1368848. [PMID: 29081911 PMCID: PMC5646626 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2017.1368848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptotrichia species are non-motile facultative anaerobic/anaerobic bacteria that are found mostly in the oral cavity and some other parts of the human body, in animals, and even in ocean sediments. Valid species include L. buccalis, L. goodfellowii, L. hofstadii, L. honkongensis, L. shahii, L. trevisanii, and L. wadei. Some species require serum or blood for growth. All species ferment carbohydrates and produce lactic acid that may be involved with tooth decay. Acting as opportunistic pathogens, they are involved in a variety of diseases, and have been isolated from immunocompromised but also immunocompetent individuals. Mucositis, oral lesions, wounds, and abscesses may predispose to Leptotrichia septicemia. Because identification of Leptotrichia species by phenotypic features occasionally lead to misidentification, genetic techniques such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing is recommended. Early diagnosis and treatment of leptotrichia infections is important for positive outcomes. Over the last years, Leptotrichia species have been associated with several changes in taxonomy and new associations with clinical diseases. Such changes are reported in this updated review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emenike R K Eribe
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Card RM, Cawthraw SA, Nunez-Garcia J, Ellis RJ, Kay G, Pallen MJ, Woodward MJ, Anjum MF. An In Vitro Chicken Gut Model Demonstrates Transfer of a Multidrug Resistance Plasmid from Salmonella to Commensal Escherichia coli. mBio 2017; 8:e00777-17. [PMID: 28720731 PMCID: PMC5516254 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00777-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The chicken gastrointestinal tract is richly populated by commensal bacteria that fulfill various beneficial roles for the host, including helping to resist colonization by pathogens. It can also facilitate the conjugative transfer of multidrug resistance (MDR) plasmids between commensal and pathogenic bacteria which is a significant public and animal health concern as it may affect our ability to treat bacterial infections. We used an in vitro chemostat system to approximate the chicken cecal microbiota, simulate colonization by an MDR Salmonella pathogen, and examine the dynamics of transfer of its MDR plasmid harboring several genes, including the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase blaCTX-M1 We also evaluated the impact of cefotaxime administration on plasmid transfer and microbial diversity. Bacterial community profiles obtained by culture-independent methods showed that Salmonella inoculation resulted in no significant changes to bacterial community alpha diversity and beta diversity, whereas administration of cefotaxime caused significant alterations to both measures of diversity, which largely recovered. MDR plasmid transfer from Salmonella to commensal Escherichia coli was demonstrated by PCR and whole-genome sequencing of isolates purified from agar plates containing cefotaxime. Transfer occurred to seven E. coli sequence types at high rates, even in the absence of cefotaxime, with resistant strains isolated within 3 days. Our chemostat system provides a good representation of bacterial interactions, including antibiotic resistance transfer in vivo It can be used as an ethical and relatively inexpensive approach to model dissemination of antibiotic resistance within the gut of any animal or human and refine interventions that mitigate its spread before employing in vivo studies.IMPORTANCE The spread of antimicrobial resistance presents a grave threat to public health and animal health and is affecting our ability to respond to bacterial infections. Transfer of antimicrobial resistance via plasmid exchange is of particular concern as it enables unrelated bacteria to acquire resistance. The gastrointestinal tract is replete with bacteria and provides an environment for plasmid transfer between commensals and pathogens. Here we use the chicken gut microbiota as an exemplar to model the effects of bacterial infection, antibiotic administration, and plasmid transfer. We show that transfer of a multidrug-resistant plasmid from the zoonotic pathogen Salmonella to commensal Escherichia coli occurs at a high rate, even in the absence of antibiotic administration. Our work demonstrates that the in vitro gut model provides a powerful screening tool that can be used to assess and refine interventions that mitigate the spread of antibiotic resistance in the gut before undertaking animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick M Card
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Shaun A Cawthraw
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Nunez-Garcia
- Central Sequencing Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Ellis
- Central Sequencing Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Kay
- Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Pallen
- Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Woodward
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Department, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Muna F Anjum
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Ferrer M, Méndez-García C, Rojo D, Barbas C, Moya A. Antibiotic use and microbiome function. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 134:114-126. [PMID: 27641814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Our microbiome should be understood as one of the most complex components of the human body. The use of β-lactam antibiotics is one of the microbiome covariates that influence its composition. The extent to which our microbiota changes after an antibiotic intervention depends not only on the chemical nature of the antibiotic or cocktail of antibiotics used to treat specific infections, but also on the type of administration, duration and dose, as well as the level of resistance that each microbiota develops. We have begun to appreciate that not all bacteria within our microbiota are vulnerable or reactive to different antibiotic interventions, and that their influence on both microbial composition and metabolism may differ. Antibiotics are being used worldwide on a huge scale and the prescription of antibiotics is continuing to rise; however, their effects on our microbiota have been reported for only a limited number of them. This article presents a critical review of the antibiotics or antibiotic cocktails whose use in humans has been linked to changes in the composition of our microbial communities, with a particular focus on the gut, oral, respiratory, skin and vaginal microbiota, and on their molecular agents (genes, proteins and metabolites). We review the state of the art as of June 2016, and cover a total of circa 68 different antibiotics. The data herein are the first to compile information about the bacteria, fungi, archaea and viruses most influenced by the main antibiotic treatments prescribed nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ferrer
- Institute of Catalysis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - David Rojo
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Moya
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Community Public Health (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain; Network Research Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER-ESP), Madrid, Spain; Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (Universidad de Valencia), Valencia, Spain.
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22
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Antibiotics, gut microbiota, environment in early life and type 1 diabetes. Pharmacol Res 2017; 119:219-226. [PMID: 28188825 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota interact with innate immune cells and play an important role in shaping the immune system. Many factors may influence the composition of the microbiota such as mode of birth, diet, infections and medication including antibiotics. In diseases with a multifactorial etiology, like type 1 diabetes, manipulation and alterations of the microbiota in animal models have been shown to influence the incidence and onset of disease. The microbiota are an important part of the internal environment and understanding how these bacteria interact with the innate immune cells to generate immune tolerance may open up opportunities for development of new therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss recent findings in relation to the microbiota, particularly in the context of type 1 diabetes.
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Imperial ICVJ, Ibana JA. Addressing the Antibiotic Resistance Problem with Probiotics: Reducing the Risk of Its Double-Edged Sword Effect. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1983. [PMID: 28018315 PMCID: PMC5156686 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global public health problem that requires our attention. Indiscriminate antibiotic use is a major contributor in the introduction of selective pressures in our natural environments that have significantly contributed in the rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant microbial strains. The use of probiotics in lieu of antibiotic therapy to address certain health conditions in both animals and humans may alleviate these antibiotic-mediated selective pressures. Probiotic use is defined as the actual application of live beneficial microbes to obtain a desired outcome by preventing diseased state or improving general health. Multiple studies have confirmed the beneficial effects of probiotic use in the health of both livestock and humans. As such, probiotics consumption is gaining popularity worldwide. However, concerns have been raised in the use of some probiotics strains that carry antibiotic resistance genes themselves, as they have the potential to pass the antibiotic resistance genes to pathogenic bacteria through horizontal gene transfer. Therefore, with the current public health concern on antibiotic resistance globally, in this review, we underscore the need to screen probiotic strains that are used in both livestock and human applications to assure their safety and mitigate their potential in significantly contributing to the spread of antibiotic resistance genes in our natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan C V J Imperial
- Immunopharmacology Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Joyce A Ibana
- Immunopharmacology Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon City, Philippines
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24
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Wedley AL, Dawson S, Maddox TW, Coyne KP, Pinchbeck GL, Clegg P, Nuttall T, Kirchner M, Williams NJ. Carriage of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli in dogs: Prevalence, associated risk factors and molecular characteristics. Vet Microbiol 2016; 199:23-30. [PMID: 28110781 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to antimicrobials, in particular that mediated by extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and AmpC β-lactamases are frequently reported in bacteria causing canine disease as well as in commensal bacteria, which could be a potential health risk for humans they come into contact with. This cross-sectional study aimed to estimate the prevalence and investigate the molecular characteristics of ESBL and plasmid encoded AmpC (pAmpC)-producing E. coli in the mainland UK vet-visiting canine population and, using responses from detailed questionnaires identify factors associated with their carriage. Faecal samples were cultured for antimicrobial resistant (AMR), ESBL and pAmpC-producing E. coli. A subset of ESBL and pAmpC-producing isolates were subjected to multi-locus sequence typing and DNA microarray analyses. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to construct models to identify risk factors associated with multidrug resistant (MDR, resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes), fluoroquinolone resistant, ESBL and AmpC-producing E. coli. AMR E.coli were isolated from 44.8% (n=260) of samples, with 1.9% and 7.1% of samples carrying ESBL and pAmpC-producing E. coli, respectively. MDR E. coli were identified in 18.3% of samples. Recent use of antimicrobials and being fed raw poultry were both identified as risk factors in the outcomes investigated. A number of virulence and resistance genes were identified, including genes associated with extra-intestinal and enteropathogenic E. coli genotypes. Considering the close contact that people have with dogs, the high levels of AMR E. coli in canine faeces may be a potential reservoir of AMR bacteria or resistance determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Wedley
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Susan Dawson
- School of Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Thomas W Maddox
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Karen P Coyne
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Gina L Pinchbeck
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Peter Clegg
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Tim Nuttall
- School of Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Miranda Kirchner
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Department of Bacteriology, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Nicola J Williams
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, CH64 7TE, UK.
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Hu Y, Jin P, Peng J, Zhang X, Wong FS, Wen L. Different immunological responses to early-life antibiotic exposure affecting autoimmune diabetes development in NOD mice. J Autoimmun 2016; 72:47-56. [PMID: 27178773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Environmental factors clearly influence the pathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune disease. We have studied gut microbiota as important environmental agents that could affect the initiation or progression of type 1 diabetes especially in the prenatal period. We used neomycin, targeting mainly Gram negative or vancomycin, targeting mainly Gram positive bacteria, to treat pregnant NOD mothers and to study autoimmune diabetes development in their offspring. Neomycin-treated offspring were protected from diabetes, while vancomycin-treated offspring had accelerated diabetes development, and both antibiotics caused distinctly different shifts in gut microbiota composition compared with the offspring from untreated control mice. Our study demonstrated that neomycin treatment of pregnant mothers leads to generation of immune-tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the offspring and these APCs had reduced specific autoantigen-presenting function both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the protection from diabetes mediated by tolerogenic APCs was vertically transmissible to the second generation. In contrast, more diabetogenic inflammatory T cells were found in the lymphoid organs of the offspring from the vancomycin-treated pregnant mothers. This change however was not transmitted to the second generation. Our results suggested that prenatal exposure to antibiotic influenced gut bacterial composition at the earliest time point in life and is critical for consequent education of the immune system. As different bacteria can induce different immune responses, understanding these differences and how to generate self-tolerogenic APCs could be important for developing new therapy for type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjia Hu
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Ping Jin
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Department of Endocrinology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jian Peng
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - F Susan Wong
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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26
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Anjum MF, Duggett NA, AbuOun M, Randall L, Nunez-Garcia J, Ellis RJ, Rogers J, Horton R, Brena C, Williamson S, Martelli F, Davies R, Teale C. Colistin resistance in Salmonella and Escherichia coli isolates from a pig farm in Great Britain. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:2306-13. [PMID: 27147305 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to characterize colistin-resistant bacteria isolated from pigs on a farm in Great Britain following identification of a plasmid-borne colistin resistance mechanism in Escherichia coli from China. METHODS Phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing was undertaken by broth dilution and WGS was performed to detect the presence of genes encoding resistance and virulence. Transferable colistin resistance was investigated by conjugation. RESULTS Two E. coli and one Salmonella Typhimurium variant Copenhagen were shown to be MDR, including resistance to colistin, with one E. coli and the Salmonella carrying the mcr-1 gene; all three harboured chromosomal mutations in genes conferring colistin resistance and both E. coli harboured β-lactamase resistance. The Salmonella mcr-1 plasmid was highly similar to pHNSHP45, from China, while the E. coli mcr-1 plasmid only had the ISApII and mcr-1 genes in common. The frequency of mcr-1 plasmid transfer by conjugation to recipient Enterobacteriaceae from Salmonella was low, lying between 10(-7) and 10(-9) cfu/recipient cfu. We were unable to demonstrate mcr-1 plasmid transfer from the E. coli. Plasmid profiling indicated transfer of multiple plasmids from the Salmonella resulting in some MDR transconjugants. CONCLUSIONS Identification of the mcr-1 gene in Enterobacteriaceae from pigs confirms its presence in livestock in Great Britain. The results suggest dissemination of resistance through different horizontally transferable elements. The in vitro transfer of multiple plasmids carrying colistin and other resistances from the Salmonella isolate underlines the potential for wider dissemination and recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna F Anjum
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Nicholas A Duggett
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Manal AbuOun
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Luke Randall
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Javier Nunez-Garcia
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Richard J Ellis
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Jon Rogers
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Robert Horton
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Camilla Brena
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Susanna Williamson
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Francesca Martelli
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Robert Davies
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Christopher Teale
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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Card R, Vaughan K, Bagnall M, Spiropoulos J, Cooley W, Strickland T, Davies R, Anjum MF. Virulence Characterisation of Salmonella enterica Isolates of Differing Antimicrobial Resistance Recovered from UK Livestock and Imported Meat Samples. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:640. [PMID: 27199965 PMCID: PMC4852480 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a foodborne zoonotic pathogen of significant public health concern. We have characterized the virulence and antimicrobial resistance gene content of 95 Salmonella isolates from 11 serovars by DNA microarray recovered from UK livestock or imported meat. Genes encoding resistance to sulphonamides (sul1, sul2), tetracycline [tet(A), tet(B)], streptomycin (strA, strB), aminoglycoside (aadA1, aadA2), beta-lactam (bla TEM), and trimethoprim (dfrA17) were common. Virulence gene content differed between serovars; S. Typhimurium formed two subclades based on virulence plasmid presence. Thirteen isolates were selected by their virulence profile for pathotyping using the Galleria mellonella pathogenesis model. Infection with a chicken invasive S. Enteritidis or S. Gallinarum isolate, a multidrug resistant S. Kentucky, or a S. Typhimurium DT104 isolate resulted in high mortality of the larvae; notably presence of the virulence plasmid in S. Typhimurium was not associated with increased larvae mortality. Histopathological examination showed that infection caused severe damage to the Galleria gut structure. Enumeration of intracellular bacteria in the larvae 24 h post-infection showed increases of up to 7 log above the initial inoculum and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed bacterial replication in the haemolymph. TEM also revealed the presence of vacuoles containing bacteria in the haemocytes, similar to Salmonella containing vacuoles observed in mammalian macrophages; although there was no evidence from our work of bacterial replication within vacuoles. This work shows that microarrays can be used for rapid virulence genotyping of S. enterica and that the Galleria animal model replicates some aspects of Salmonella infection in mammals. These procedures can be used to help inform on the pathogenicity of isolates that may be antibiotic resistant and have scope to aid the assessment of their potential public and animal health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick Card
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Woking, UK
| | - Kelly Vaughan
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Woking, UK
| | - Mary Bagnall
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Woking, UK
| | - John Spiropoulos
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Woking, UK
| | - William Cooley
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Woking, UK
| | - Tony Strickland
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Woking, UK
| | - Rob Davies
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Woking, UK
| | - Muna F Anjum
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Woking, UK
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28
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Horton R, Card R, Randall L, Teale C. Differentiation of UK endemic strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Newport from epidemic North American strains by PCR detection of a truncated bapA chromosomal gene. Res Vet Sci 2016; 104:113-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Figueiredo R, Card R, Nunes C, AbuOun M, Bagnall MC, Nunez J, Mendonça N, Anjum MF, da Silva GJ. Virulence Characterization of Salmonella enterica by a New Microarray: Detection and Evaluation of the Cytolethal Distending Toxin Gene Activity in the Unusual Host S. Typhimurium. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135010. [PMID: 26244504 PMCID: PMC4526557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a zoonotic foodborne pathogen that causes acute gastroenteritis in humans. We assessed the virulence potential of one-hundred and six Salmonella strains isolated from food animals and products. A high through-put virulence genes microarray demonstrated Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands (SPI) and adherence genes were highly conserved, while prophages and virulence plasmid genes were variably present. Isolates were grouped by serotype, and virulence plasmids separated S. Typhimurium in two clusters. Atypical microarray results lead to whole genome sequencing (WGS) of S. Infantis Sal147, which identified deletion of thirty-eight SPI-1 genes. Sal147 was unable to invade HeLa cells and showed reduced mortality in Galleria mellonella infection model, in comparison to a SPI-1 harbouring S. Infantis. Microarray and WGS of S. Typhimurium Sal199, established for the first time in S. Typhimurium presence of cdtB and other Typhi-related genes. Characterization of Sal199 showed cdtB genes were upstream of transposase IS911, and co-expressed with other Typhi-related genes. Cell cycle arrest, cytoplasmic distension, and nuclear enlargement were detected in HeLa cells infected by Sal199, but not with S. Typhimurium LT2. Increased mortality of Galleria was detected on infection with Sal199 compared to LT2. Thus, Salmonella isolates were rapidly characterized using a high through-put microarray; helping to identify unusual virulence features which were corroborated by further characterisation. This work demonstrates that the use of suitable screening methods for Salmonella virulence can help assess the potential risk associated with certain Salmonella to humans. Incorporation of such methodology into surveillance could help reduce the risk of emergence of epidemic Salmonella strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Figueiredo
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Roderick Card
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Nunes
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manal AbuOun
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Mary C. Bagnall
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Nunez
- Specialist Scientific Support, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Nuno Mendonça
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Muna F. Anjum
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriela Jorge da Silva
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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