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Zhang DW, Xie L, Xu XS, Li Y, Xu X. A Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Molecule, Protoporphyrin IX, Acts as a Moderator of HIV-1 Capsid Assembly by Targeting the Capsid Hexamer. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0266322. [PMID: 36475726 PMCID: PMC9927277 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02663-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The capsid protein (CA), an essential component of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), represents an appealing target for antivirals. Small molecules targeting the CAI-binding cavity in the C-terminal domain of HIV-1 CA (CA CTD) confer potent antiviral activities. In this study, we report that a small molecule, protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), targets the HIV-1 CA by binding to this pocket. PPIX was identified via in vitro drug screening, using a homogeneous and time-resolved fluorescence-based assay. CA multimerization and a biolayer interferometry (BLI) assay showed that PPIX promoted CA multimerization and bound directly to CA. The binding model of PPIX to CA CTD revealed that PPIX forms hydrogen bonds with the L211and E212 residues in the CA CTD. Moreover, the BLI assay demonstrated that this compound preferentially binds to the CA hexamer versus the monomer. The superposition of the CAI CTD-PPIX complex and the hexameric CA structure suggests that PPIX binds to the interface formed by the NTD and the CTD between adjacent protomers in the CA hexamer via the T72 and E212 residues, serving as a glue to enhance the multimerization of CA. Taken together, our studies demonstrate that PPIX, a hexamer-targeted CA assembly enhancer, should be a new chemical probe for the discovery of modulators of the HIV-1 capsid assembly. IMPORTANCE CA and its assembled viral core play essential roles in distinct steps during HIV-1 replication, including reverse transcription, integration, nuclear entry, virus assembly, and maturation through CA-CA or CA-host factor interactions. These functions of CA are fundamental for HIV-1 pathogenesis, making it an appealing target for antiviral therapy. In the present study, we identified protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) as a candidate CA modulator that can promote CA assembly and prefers binding the CA hexamer versus the monomer. PPIX, like a glue, bound at the interfaces between CA subunits to accelerate CA multimerization. Therefore, PPIX could be used as a new lead for a CA modulator, and it holds potential research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Zhang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Liangxu Xie
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Shuang Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Yimin Li
- College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory for Research and Development of “Qin Medicine” of Shaanxi Administration of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xixian New District, China
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
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2
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Targeting the Virus Capsid as a Tool to Fight RNA Viruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020174. [PMID: 35215767 PMCID: PMC8879806 DOI: 10.3390/v14020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Several strategies have been developed to fight viral infections, not only in humans but also in animals and plants. Some of them are based on the development of efficient vaccines, to target the virus by developed antibodies, others focus on finding antiviral compounds with activities that inhibit selected virus replication steps. Currently, there is an increasing number of antiviral drugs on the market; however, some have unpleasant side effects, are toxic to cells, or the viruses quickly develop resistance to them. As the current situation shows, the combination of multiple antiviral strategies or the combination of the use of various compounds within one strategy is very important. The most desirable are combinations of drugs that inhibit different steps in the virus life cycle. This is an important issue especially for RNA viruses, which replicate their genomes using error-prone RNA polymerases and rapidly develop mutants resistant to applied antiviral compounds. Here, we focus on compounds targeting viral structural capsid proteins, thereby inhibiting virus assembly or disassembly, virus binding to cellular receptors, or acting by inhibiting other virus replication mechanisms. This review is an update of existing papers on a similar topic, by focusing on the most recent advances in the rapidly evolving research of compounds targeting capsid proteins of RNA viruses.
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McFadden WM, Snyder AA, Kirby KA, Tedbury PR, Raj M, Wang Z, Sarafianos SG. Rotten to the core: antivirals targeting the HIV-1 capsid core. Retrovirology 2021; 18:41. [PMID: 34937567 PMCID: PMC8693499 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00583-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The capsid core of HIV-1 is a large macromolecular assembly that surrounds the viral genome and is an essential component of the infectious virus. In addition to its multiple roles throughout the viral life cycle, the capsid interacts with multiple host factors. Owing to its indispensable nature, the HIV-1 capsid has been the target of numerous antiretrovirals, though most capsid-targeting molecules have not had clinical success until recently. Lenacapavir, a long-acting drug that targets the HIV-1 capsid, is currently undergoing phase 2/3 clinical trials, making it the most successful capsid inhibitor to-date. In this review, we detail the role of the HIV-1 capsid protein in the virus life cycle, categorize antiviral compounds based on their targeting of five sites within the HIV-1 capsid, and discuss their molecular interactions and mechanisms of action. The diverse range of inhibition mechanisms provides insight into possible new strategies for designing novel HIV-1 drugs and furthers our understanding of HIV-1 biology. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- William M McFadden
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Alexa A Snyder
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Karen A Kirby
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Philip R Tedbury
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Monika Raj
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Zhengqiang Wang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Stefan G Sarafianos
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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4
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Kamo M, Ito M, Toma T, Gotoh H, Shimozono R, Nakagawa R, Koga R, Monde K, Tateishi H, Misumi S, Otsuka M, Fujita M. Discovery of anti-cell migration activity of an anti-HIV heterocyclic compound by identification of its binding protein hnRNP M. Bioorg Chem 2021; 107:104627. [PMID: 33476868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One compound sometimes shows two biological functions, becoming important aspect of recent drug discovery. This study began with an attempt to confirm the previously reported molecular mechanism of the anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) heterocyclic compound BMMP [2-(benzothiazol-2-ylmethylthio)-4-methylpyrimidine], i.e., induction of abnormal uncoating of the viral core at the post-entry step. Our mechanistic study gave results consistent with this mechanism. We further attempted to find out the molecular target of BMMP by a pulldown approach using previously synthesized biotinylated BMMP (Biotin-BMMP) and successfully identified heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein M (hnRNP M) as a BMMP-binding protein. This protein was found not to be accountable for the anti-HIV activity of BMMP. As hnRNP M has been reported to promote cancer metastasis, we tested this mechanism and found that BMMP suppressed migration of the human lung carcinoma cell line A549 stimulated with transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Mechanistic study showed that BMMP suppressed the expression of CD44 mRNA via the regulation of hnRNP M. Furthermore, six new derivatives of BMMP were synthesized, and the patterns of their activities against HIV-1 and cell migration were not uniform, suggesting that the anti-HIV mechanism and the anti-cell migration mechanism of BMMP are independent. Taken together, the anti-cell migration activity of the anti-HIV heterocyclic compound BMMP was newly discovered by identification of its binding protein hnRNP M using a chemical biology approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kamo
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Miu Ito
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Tsugumasa Toma
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Haruna Gotoh
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Rie Shimozono
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Riko Nakagawa
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Ryoko Koga
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Monde
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tateishi
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Shogo Misumi
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Science Farm Ltd., Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan.
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
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5
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Asiri YI, Alsayari A, Muhsinah AB, Mabkhot YN, Hassan MZ. Benzothiazoles as potential antiviral agents. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1459-1480. [PMID: 32705690 PMCID: PMC7405065 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The recent viral pandemic poses a unique challenge for healthcare providers. Despite the remarkable progress, the number of novel antiviral agents in the pipeline is woefully inadequate against the evolving virulence and drug resistance of current viruses. This highlights the urgent need for new and improved vaccines, diagnostics and therapeutic agents to obviate the viral pandemic. KEY FINDINGS Benzothiazole plays a pivotal role in the design and development of antiviral drugs. This is evident from the fact that it comprises many clinically useful agents. The current review is aimed to provide an insight into the recent development of benzothiazole-based antiviral agents, with a special focus on their structure-activity relationships and lead optimisation. One hundred and five articles were initially identified, and from these studies, 64 potential novel lead molecules and main findings were highlighted in this review. SUMMARY We hope this review will provide a logical perspective on the importance of improving the future designs of novel broad-spectrum benzothiazole-based antiviral agents to be used against emerging viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya I Asiri
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrhman Alsayari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullatif B Muhsinah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahia N Mabkhot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Z Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Zhang DW, Luo RH, Xu L, Yang LM, Xu XS, Bedwell GJ, Engelman AN, Zheng YT, Chang S. A HTRF based competitive binding assay for screening specific inhibitors of HIV-1 capsid assembly targeting the C-Terminal domain of capsid. Antiviral Res 2019; 169:104544. [PMID: 31254557 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to its multifaceted essential roles in virus replication and extreme genetic fragility, the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid (CA) protein is a valued therapeutic target. However, CA is as yet unexploited clinically, as there are no antiviral agents that target it currently on the market. To facilitate the identification of potential HIV-1 CA inhibitors, we established a homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) assay to screen for small molecules that target a biologically active and specific binding pocket in the C-terminal domain of HIV-1 CA (CA CTD). The assay, which is based on competition of small molecules for the binding of a known CA inhibitor (CAI) to the CA CTD, exhibited a signal-to-background ratio (S/B) > 10 and a Z' value > 0.9. In a pilot screen of three kinase inhibitor libraries containing 464 compounds, we identified one compound, TX-1918, as a low micromolecular inhibitor of the HIV-1 CA CTD-CAI interaction (IC50 = 3.81 μM) that also inhibited viral replication at moderate micromolar concentration (EC50 = 15.16 μM) and inhibited CA assembly in vitro. Based on the structure of TX-1918, an additional compound with an antiviral EC50 of 6.57 μM and cellular cytotoxicity CC50 of 102.55 μM was obtained from a compound similarity search. Thus, the HTRF-based assay has properties that are suitable for screening large compound libraries to identify novel anti-HIV-1 inhibitors targeting the CA CTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Zhang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Rong-Hua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, The National Kunming High Level Biosafety Research Center for Nonhuman Primate, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Liu-Meng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, The National Kunming High Level Biosafety Research Center for Nonhuman Primate, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Xiao-Shuang Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Gregory J Bedwell
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Alan N Engelman
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, The National Kunming High Level Biosafety Research Center for Nonhuman Primate, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.
| | - Shan Chang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China.
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7
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Urano E, Miyauchi K, Kojima Y, Hamatake M, Ablan SD, Fudo S, Freed EO, Hoshino T, Komano J. A Triazinone Derivative Inhibits HIV-1 Replication by Interfering with Reverse Transcriptase Activity. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2320-2326. [PMID: 27634404 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A novel HIV-1 inhibitor, 6-(tert-butyl)-4-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H,3H-1,3,5-triazin-2-one (compound 1), was identified from a compound library screened for the ability to inhibit HIV-1 replication. EC50 values of compound 1 were found to range from 107.9 to 145.4 nm against primary HIV-1 clinical isolates. In in vitro assays, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) activity was inhibited by compound 1 with an EC50 of 4.3 μm. An assay for resistance to compound 1 selected a variant of HIV-1 with a RT mutation (RTL100I ); this frequently identified mutation confers mild resistance to non-nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs). A recombinant HIV-1 bearing RTL100I exhibited a 41-fold greater resistance to compound 1 than the wild-type virus. Compound 1 was also effective against HIV-1 with RTK103N , one of the major mutations that confers substantial resistance to NNRTIs. Computer-assisted docking simulations indicated that compound 1 binds to the RT NNRTI binding pocket in a manner similar to that of efavirenz; however, the putative compound 1 binding site is located further from RTK103 than that of efavirenz. Compound 1 is a novel NNRTI with a unique drug-resistance profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Urano
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.,The Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
| | - Kosuke Miyauchi
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yoko Kojima
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 3-69, Nakamachi, 1-chome, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
| | - Makiko Hamatake
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Sherimay D Ablan
- The Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
| | - Satoshi Fudo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Eric O Freed
- The Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
| | - Tyuji Hoshino
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Jun Komano
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 3-69, Nakamachi, 1-chome, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan. .,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nagoya Medical Center, 4-1-1 Sannomaru, Naka-ku, Nagoya, 460-0001, Japan.
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8
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Takeda S, Takizawa M, Miyauchi K, Urano E, Fujino M, Murakami T, Murakami T, Komano J. Conformational properties of the third variable loop of HIV-1AD8 envelope glycoprotein in the liganded conditions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 475:113-8. [PMID: 27178216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The conformational dynamics of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 and gp41 (Env) remains poorly understood. Here we examined how the V3 loop conformation is regulated in the liganded state using a panel of recombinant HIV-1NL4-3 clones bearing HIV-1AD8 Env by two experimental approaches, one adopting a monoclonal neutralizing antibody KD-247 (suvizumab) that recognizes the tip of the V3 loop, and the other assessing the function of the V3 loop. A significant positive correlation of the Env-KD-247 binding was detected between the liganded and unliganded conditions. Namely, the mutation D163G located in the V2 loop, which enhances viral susceptibility to KD-247 by 59.4-fold, had little effect on the sCD4-induced increment of the virus-KD-247 binding. By contrast, a virus with the S370N mutation in the C3 region increased the virus-KD-247 binding by 91.4-fold, although it did not influence the KD-247-mediated neutralization. Co-receptor usage and the susceptibility to CCR5 inhibitor Maraviroc were unaffected by D163G and S370N mutations. Collectively, these data suggest that the conformation of the liganded V3-loop of HIV-1AD8 Env is still under regulation of other Env domains aside from the V3 loop, including V2 and C3. Our results give an insight into the structural properties of HIV-1 Env and viral resistance to entry inhibitors by non-V3 loop mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Takeda
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-0053, Japan
| | - Mari Takizawa
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-0053, Japan
| | - Kosuke Miyauchi
- Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Research Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Emiko Urano
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-0053, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujino
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-0053, Japan
| | - Toshio Murakami
- The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute, 1314-1 Kawabe Kyokushi, Kikuchi, Kumamoto, 869-1298, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Murakami
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-0053, Japan
| | - Jun Komano
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-0053, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nagoya Medical Center, 1-1 4-Chome, Sannomaru, Naka-ku, Nagoya, 460-0001, Japan.
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9
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Kamo M, Tateishi H, Koga R, Okamoto Y, Otsuka M, Fujita M. Synthesis of the biotinylated anti-HIV compound BMMP and the target identification study. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:43-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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10
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Tedbury PR, Freed EO. HIV-1 gag: an emerging target for antiretroviral therapy. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 389:171-201. [PMID: 25731773 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The advances made in the treatment of HIV-1 infection represent a major success of modern biomedical research, prolonging healthy life and reducing virus transmission. There remain, however, many challenges relating primarily to side effects of long-term therapy and the ever-present danger of the emergence of drug-resistant strains. To counter these threats, there is a continuing need for new and better drugs, ideally targeting multiple independent steps in the HIV-1 replication cycle. The most successful current drugs target the viral enzymes: protease (PR), reverse transcriptase (RT), and integrase (IN). In this review, we outline the advances made in targeting the Gag protein and its mature products, particularly capsid and nucleocapsid, and highlight possible targets for future pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Tedbury
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
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11
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES DNAJ/HSP40 is an evolutionarily conserved family of proteins bearing various functions. Historically, it has been emphasized that HSP40/DNAJ family proteins play a positive role in infection of various viruses. We identified DNAJ/HSP40B6 as a potential negative regulator of HIV-1 replication in our genetic screens. In this study, we investigated the functional interactions between HIV-1 and HSP40 family members. DESIGN We took genetic and comparative virology approaches to expand the primary observation. METHODS Multiple HSP40/DNAJ proteins were tested for their ability to inhibit replication of adenovirus, herpes simplex virus type 1, HIV-1, and vaccinia virus. The mechanism of inhibition was investigated by using HSP40/DNAJ mutants and measuring the efficiencies of each viral replication steps. RESULTS HSP40A1, B1, B6, and C5, but not C3, were found to be able to limit HIV-1 production. This effect was specific to HIV-1 for such effects were not detected in adenovirus, herpes simplex virus type 1, and vaccinia virus. Genetic analyses suggested that the conserved DNAJ domain was responsible for the inhibition of HIV-1 production through which HSP40 regulates HSP70 ATPase activity. Interestingly, HSP40s lowered the levels of steady-state viral messenger RNA. This was not attributed to the inhibition of Tat/long terminal repeat-driven transcription but the downregulation of Rev expression. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report providing evidence that HSP70-HSP40 complex confers an innate resistance specific to HIV-1. For their interferon-inducible nature, HSP40 family members should account for the anti-HIV-1 function of interferon.
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12
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Cyclophilin A-dependent restriction to capsid N121K mutant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in a broad range of cell lines. J Virol 2013; 87:4086-90. [PMID: 23325683 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01319-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of most human cells is dependent on cyclophilin A (CypA); however, the opposite phenomenon, known as CypA-dependent inhibition, is also observed in the combination of some capsid (CA) mutations and cell lines. Here, we identified a CA N121K mutant whose infection of 293T, Jurkat, and HeLa cells was impaired by CypA. The N121K mutant could be a useful tool for analyzing the mechanisms underlying CypA-dependent restriction.
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13
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Diversity in genetic in vivo methods for protein-protein interaction studies: from the yeast two-hybrid system to the mammalian split-luciferase system. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2012; 76:331-82. [PMID: 22688816 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.05021-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast two-hybrid system pioneered the field of in vivo protein-protein interaction methods and undisputedly gave rise to a palette of ingenious techniques that are constantly pushing further the limits of the original method. Sensitivity and selectivity have improved because of various technical tricks and experimental designs. Here we present an exhaustive overview of the genetic approaches available to study in vivo binary protein interactions, based on two-hybrid and protein fragment complementation assays. These methods have been engineered and employed successfully in microorganisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli, but also in higher eukaryotes. From single binary pairwise interactions to whole-genome interactome mapping, the self-reassembly concept has been employed widely. Innovative studies report the use of proteins such as ubiquitin, dihydrofolate reductase, and adenylate cyclase as reconstituted reporters. Protein fragment complementation assays have extended the possibilities in protein-protein interaction studies, with technologies that enable spatial and temporal analyses of protein complexes. In addition, one-hybrid and three-hybrid systems have broadened the types of interactions that can be studied and the findings that can be obtained. Applications of these technologies are discussed, together with the advantages and limitations of the available assays.
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