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Anand PK, Kumar A, Saini A, Kaur J. Mutation in Eth A protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis conferred drug tolerance against enthinoamide in Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155. Comput Biol Chem 2022; 98:107677. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2022.107677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Bioinformatic Mining and Structure-Activity Profiling of Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. mSphere 2022; 7:e0048221. [PMID: 35296143 PMCID: PMC9044951 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00482-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), one of the deadliest infectious diseases. The alarming health context coupled with the emergence of resistant M. tuberculosis strains highlights the urgent need to expand the range of anti-TB antibiotics. A subset of anti-TB drugs in use are prodrugs that require bioactivation by a class of M. tuberculosis enzymes called Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs), which remain understudied. To examine the prevalence and the molecular function of BVMOs in mycobacteria, we applied a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis that identified six BVMOs in M. tuberculosis, including Rv3083 (MymA), Rv3854c (EthA), Rv0565c, and Rv0892, which were selected for further characterization. Homology modeling and substrate docking analysis, performed on this subset, suggested that Rv0892 is closer to the cyclohexanone BVMO, while Rv0565c and EthA are structurally and functionally similar to MymA, which is by far the most prominent type I BVMO enzyme. Thanks to an unprecedented purification and assay optimization, biochemical studies confirmed that all four BVMOs display BV-oxygenation activity. We also showed that MymA displays a distinctive substrate preference that we further investigated by kinetic parameter determination and that correlates with in silico modeling. We provide insights into distribution of BVMOs and the structural basis of their substrate profiling, and we discuss their possible redundancy in M. tuberculosis, raising questions about their versatility in prodrug activation and their role in physiology and infection. IMPORTANCE Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The rise in drug resistance highlights the urgent need for innovation in anti-TB drug development. Many anti-TB drugs require bioactivation by Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs). Despite their emerging importance, BVMO structural and functional features remain enigmatic. We applied a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis and confirmed the presence of six BVMOs in M. tuberculosis, including MymA, EthA, and Rv0565c—activators of the second-line prodrug ethionamide—and the novel BVMO Rv0892. Combining in silico characterization with in vitro validation, we outlined their structural framework and substrate preference. Markedly, MymA displayed an enhanced capacity and a distinct selectivity profile toward ligands, in agreement with its catalytic site topology. These features ground the molecular basis for structure-function comprehension of the specificity in these enzymes and expand the repertoire of BVMOs with selective and/or overlapping activity for application in the context of improving anti-TB therapy.
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de Freitas Paulo T, Duhayon C, de França Lopes LG, Silva Sousa EH, Chauvin R, Bernardes-Génisson V. Further Insights into the Oxidative Pathway of Thiocarbonyl-Type Antitubercular Prodrugs: Ethionamide, Thioacetazone, and Isoxyl. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1879-1889. [PMID: 34319702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A chemical activation study of the thiocarbonyl-type antitubercular prodrugs, ethionamide (ETH), thioacetazone (TAZ), and isoxyl (ISO), was performed. Biomimetic oxidation of ethionamide using H2O2 (1 equiv) led to ETH-SO as the only stable S-oxide compound, which was found to occur in solution in the preferential form of a sulfine (ETH═S═O vs the sulfenic acid tautomer ETH-S-OH), as previously observed in the crystal state. It was also demonstrated that ETH-SO is capable of reacting with amines, as the putative sulfinic derivative (ETH-SO2H) was supposed to do. Unlike ETH, oxidation of TAZ did not allow observation of the mono-oxygenated species (TAZ-SO), leading directly to the more stable sulfinic acid derivative (TAZ-SO2H), which can then lose a SOxH group after further oxidation or when placed in a basic medium. It was also noticed that the unstable TAZ-SO intermediate can lead to the carbodiimide derivative as another electrophilic species. It is suggested that TAZ-SOH, TAZ-SO2H, and the carbodiimide compound can also react with NH2-containing nucleophilic species, and therefore be involved in toxic effects. Finally, ISO showed a very complex reactivity, here assigned to the coexistence of two mono-oxygenated structures, the sulfine and sulfenic acid tautomers. The mono- and dioxygenated derivatives of ISO are also highly unstable, leading to a panel of multiple metabolites, which are still reactive and likely contribute to the toxicity of this prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tércio de Freitas Paulo
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, LCC, UPR 8241, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France.,Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, Cedex 9, France.,Laboratory of Bioinorganic, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Carine Duhayon
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, LCC, UPR 8241, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France.,Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| | - Luiz Gonzaga de França Lopes
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Henrique Silva Sousa
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Remi Chauvin
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, LCC, UPR 8241, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France.,Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| | - Vania Bernardes-Génisson
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, LCC, UPR 8241, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France.,Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
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Madacki J, Kopál M, Jackson M, Korduláková J. Mycobacterial Epoxide Hydrolase EphD Is Inhibited by Urea and Thiourea Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2884. [PMID: 33809178 PMCID: PMC7998700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of the human intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis encodes an unusually large number of epoxide hydrolases, which are thought to be involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification reactions needed to endure the hostile environment of host macrophages. These enzymes therefore represent suitable targets for compounds such as urea derivatives, which are known inhibitors of soluble epoxide hydrolases. In this work, we studied in vitro the effect of the thiourea drug isoxyl on six epoxide hydrolases of M. tuberculosis using a fatty acid substrate. We show that one of the proteins inhibited by isoxyl is EphD, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of mycolic acids, key components of the mycobacterial cell wall. By analyzing mycolic acid profiles, we demonstrate the inhibition of EphD epoxide hydrolase activity by isoxyl and two other urea-based inhibitors, thiacetazone and AU1235, inside the mycobacterial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Madacki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Martin Kopál
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA;
| | - Jana Korduláková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.M.); (M.K.)
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Farjallah A, Chiarelli LR, Forbak M, Degiacomi G, Danel M, Goncalves F, Carayon C, Seguin C, Fumagalli M, Záhorszká M, Vega E, Abid S, Grzegorzewicz A, Jackson M, Peixoto A, Korduláková J, Pasca MR, Lherbet C, Chassaing S. A Coumarin-Based Analogue of Thiacetazone as Dual Covalent Inhibitor and Potential Fluorescent Label of HadA in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:552-565. [PMID: 33617235 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A novel coumarin-based molecule, designed as a fluorescent surrogate of a thiacetazone-derived antitubercular agent, was quickly and easily synthesized from readily available starting materials. This small molecule, coined Coum-TAC, exhibited a combination of appropriate physicochemical and biological properties, including resistance toward hydrolysis and excellent antitubercular efficiency similar to that of well-known thiacetazone derivatives, as well as efficient covalent labeling of HadA, a relevant therapeutic target to combat Mycobacterium tuberculosis. More remarkably, Coum-TAC was successfully implemented as an imaging probe that is capable of labeling Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a selective manner, with an enrichment at the level of the poles, thus giving for the first time relevant insights about the polar localization of HadA in the mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Farjallah
- ITAV, Université de Toulouse, CNRS USR3505, UPS, 1 place Pierre Potier, 31106 Toulouse Cedex 1, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée: Hétérocycles, Corps Gras et Polymères, Faculté des sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Laurent R. Chiarelli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Martin Forbak
- Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mlynská Dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Giulia Degiacomi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Mathieu Danel
- ITAV, Université de Toulouse, CNRS USR3505, UPS, 1 place Pierre Potier, 31106 Toulouse Cedex 1, France
| | - Fernanda Goncalves
- ITAV, Université de Toulouse, CNRS USR3505, UPS, 1 place Pierre Potier, 31106 Toulouse Cedex 1, France
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d’Intérêt Biologique (SPCMIB), Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III/CNRS (UMR5068), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Chantal Carayon
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d’Intérêt Biologique (SPCMIB), Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III/CNRS (UMR5068), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Cendrine Seguin
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives (LCAMB), CNRS-UMR7199, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Marco Fumagalli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Monika Záhorszká
- Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mlynská Dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Elodie Vega
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Souhir Abid
- Chemistry Department, College of Science and Arts, Jouf University, Al Qurayyat, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée: Hétérocycles, Corps Gras et Polymères, Faculté des sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Anna Grzegorzewicz
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
| | - Antonio Peixoto
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Jana Korduláková
- Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mlynská Dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maria Rosalia Pasca
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Christian Lherbet
- ITAV, Université de Toulouse, CNRS USR3505, UPS, 1 place Pierre Potier, 31106 Toulouse Cedex 1, France
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d’Intérêt Biologique (SPCMIB), Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III/CNRS (UMR5068), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Stefan Chassaing
- ITAV, Université de Toulouse, CNRS USR3505, UPS, 1 place Pierre Potier, 31106 Toulouse Cedex 1, France
- Laboratoire de Synthèse, Réactivité Organiques & Catalyse (LASYROC), Institut de Chimie, CNRS-UMR7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
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Grzegorzewicz AE, Gee C, Das S, Liu J, Belardinelli JM, Jones V, McNeil MR, Lee RE, Jackson M. Mechanisms of Resistance Associated with the Inhibition of the Dehydration Step of Type II Fatty Acid Synthase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:195-204. [PMID: 31775512 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Isoxyl (ISO) and thiacetazone (TAC) are two antitubercular prodrugs that abolish mycolic acid biosynthesis and kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) through the inhibition of the essential type II fatty acid synthase (FAS-II) dehydratase HadAB. While mutations preventing ISO and TAC either from being converted to their active form or from covalently modifying their target are the most frequent spontaneous mutations associated with high-level resistance to both drugs, the molecular mechanisms underlying the high-level ISO and TAC resistance of Mtb strains harboring missense mutations in the second, nonessential, FAS-II dehydratase HadBC have remained unexplained. Using a combination of genetic, biochemical, and biophysical approaches and molecular dynamics simulation, we here show that all four reported resistance mutations in the HadC subunit of HadBC alter the stability and/or specific activity of the enzyme, allowing it in two cases (HadBCV85I and HadBCK157R) to compensate for a deficiency in HadAB in whole Mtb bacilli. The analysis of the mycolic acid profiles of Mtb strains expressing the mutated forms of HadC further points to alterations in the activity of the mycolic acid biosynthetic complex and suggests an additional contributing resistance mechanism whereby HadC mutations may reduce the accessibility of HadAB to ISO and TAC. Collectively, our results highlight the importance of developing optimized inhibitors of the dehydration step of FAS-II capable of inhibiting both dehydratases simultaneously, a goal that may be achievable given the structural resemblance of the two enzymes and their reliance on the same catalytic subunit HadB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Grzegorzewicz
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, Wroclaw PL-53-114, Poland
| | - Clifford Gee
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Sourav Das
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Jiuyu Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Juan Manuel Belardinelli
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
| | - Victoria Jones
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
| | - Michael R. McNeil
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
| | - Richard E. Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
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7
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Integrated analysis of ethionamide resistance loci in Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 113:163-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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8
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Laborde J, Deraeve C, Bernardes-Génisson V. Update of Antitubercular Prodrugs from a Molecular Perspective: Mechanisms of Action, Bioactivation Pathways, and Associated Resistance. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1657-1676. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Laborde
- CNRS; LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination); 205, route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS, INPT; 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4 France
| | - Céline Deraeve
- CNRS; LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination); 205, route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS, INPT; 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4 France
| | - Vania Bernardes-Génisson
- CNRS; LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination); 205, route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS, INPT; 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4 France
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9
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Velappan AB, Charan Raja MR, Datta D, Tsai YT, Halloum I, Wan B, Kremer L, Gramajo H, Franzblau SG, Kar Mahapatra S, Debnath J. Attenuation of Mycobacterium species through direct and macrophage mediated pathway by unsymmetrical diaryl urea. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 125:825-841. [PMID: 27750200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a major threat for mankind and the emergence of resistance strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) against first line antibiotics makes it lethal for human civilization. In this study, we have synthesized different diaryl urea derivatives targeting the inhibition of mycolic acid biosynthesis. Among the 39 synthesized molecules, compounds 46, 57, 58 and 86 showed MIC values ≤ 10 μg/ml against H37Rv and mc26030 strains. The best molecule with a methyl at ortho position of the first aromatic ring and prenyl group at the meta position of the second aromatic ring showed the MIC value of 5.2 μg/ml and 1 μg/ml against H37Rv and mc26030 respectively, with mammalian cytotoxicity of 163.4 μg/ml. The effective compounds showed selective inhibitory effect on mycolic acid (epoxy mycolate) biosynthesis in 14C-radiolabelled assay. At the same time these molecules also executed their potent immunomodulatory activity by up-regulation of IFN-γ and IL-12 and down-regulation of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Babu Velappan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tamilnadu 613401, India
| | - Mamilla R Charan Raja
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tamilnadu 613401, India
| | - Dhrubajyoti Datta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Yi Ting Tsai
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Iman Halloum
- Centre d'étude des Pathogènes pour la Biotechnologie et la Santé CNRS FRE3689, Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Baojie Wan
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St. Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Centre d'étude des Pathogènes pour la Biotechnologie et la Santé CNRS FRE3689, Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France; INSERM, CPBS, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Hugo Gramajo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Scott G Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St. Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Santanu Kar Mahapatra
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tamilnadu 613401, India
| | - Joy Debnath
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tamilnadu 613401, India.
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Tatar E, Karakuş S, Küçükgüzel ŞG, Öktem Okullu S, Ünübol N, Kocagöz T, De Clercq E, Andrei G, Snoeck R, Pannecouque C, Kalaycı S, Şahin F, Sriram D, Yogeeswari P, Küçükgüzel İ. Design, Synthesis, and Molecular Docking Studies of a Conjugated Thiadiazole–Thiourea Scaffold as Antituberculosis Agents. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:502-15. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esra Tatar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University
| | - Sevgi Karakuş
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University
| | | | - Sinem Öktem Okullu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Acıbadem University
| | - Nihan Ünübol
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Acıbadem University
| | - Tanıl Kocagöz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Acıbadem University
| | | | | | | | | | - Sadık Kalaycı
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yeditepe University
| | - Fikrettin Şahin
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yeditepe University
| | - Dharmarajan Sriram
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery Research Laboratory, Pharmacy Group, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani
| | - Perumal Yogeeswari
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery Research Laboratory, Pharmacy Group, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani
| | - İlkay Küçükgüzel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University
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11
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Dong Y, Qiu X, Shaw N, Xu Y, Sun Y, Li X, Li J, Rao Z. Molecular basis for the inhibition of β-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase HadAB complex from Mycobacterium tuberculosis by flavonoid inhibitors. Protein Cell 2015; 6:504-17. [PMID: 26081470 PMCID: PMC4491049 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-015-0181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dehydration is one of the key steps in the biosynthesis of mycolic acids and is vital to the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Consequently, stalling dehydration cures tuberculosis (TB). Clinically used anti-TB drugs like thiacetazone (TAC) and isoxyl (ISO) as well as flavonoids inhibit the enzyme activity of the β-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase HadAB complex. How this inhibition is exerted, has remained an enigma for years. Here, we describe the first crystal structures of the MtbHadAB complex bound with flavonoid inhibitor butein, 2',4,4'-trihydroxychalcone or fisetin. Despite sharing no sequence identity from Blast, HadA and HadB adopt a very similar hotdog fold. HadA forms a tight dimer with HadB in which the proteins are sitting side-by-side, but are oriented anti-parallel. While HadB contributes the catalytically critical His-Asp dyad, HadA binds the fatty acid substrate in a long channel. The atypical double hotdog fold with a single active site formed by MtbHadAB gives rise to a long, narrow cavity that vertically traverses the fatty acid binding channel. At the base of this cavity lies Cys61, which upon mutation to Ser confers drug-resistance in TB patients. We show that inhibitors bind in this cavity and protrude into the substrate binding channel. Thus, inhibitors of MtbHadAB exert their effect by occluding substrate from the active site. The unveiling of this mechanism of inhibition paves the way for accelerating development of next generation of anti-TB drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dong
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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12
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Grzegorzewicz AE, Eynard N, Quémard A, North EJ, Margolis A, Lindenberger JJ, Jones V, Korduláková J, Brennan PJ, Lee RE, Ronning DR, McNeil MR, Jackson M. Covalent modification of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis FAS-II dehydratase by Isoxyl and Thiacetazone. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:91-97. [PMID: 25897434 PMCID: PMC4401429 DOI: 10.1021/id500032q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Isoxyl and Thiacetazone are two antitubercular prodrugs formerly used in the clinical treatment of tuberculosis. Although both prodrugs have recently been shown to kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis through the inhibition of the dehydration step of the type II fatty acid synthase pathway, their detailed mechanism of inhibition, the precise number of enzymes involved in their activation and the nature of their activated forms remained unknown. We here demonstrate that both Isoxyl and Thiacetazone specifically and covalently react with a cysteine residue (Cys61) of the HadA subunit of the dehydratase thereby inhibiting HadAB activity. Our results unveil for the first time the nature of the active forms of Isoxyl and Thiacetazone and explain the basis for the structure-activity relationship of and resistance to these thiourea prodrugs. Our results further indicate that the flavin-containing monooxygenase EthA is most likely the only enzyme required for the activation of ISO and TAC in mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Grzegorzewicz
- Mycobacteria Research
Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
| | - Nathalie Eynard
- CNRS; IPBS (Institut
de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), UMR5089, Département
Tuberculose et Biologie des Infections, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Annaïk Quémard
- CNRS; IPBS (Institut
de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), UMR5089, Département
Tuberculose et Biologie des Infections, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - E. Jeffrey North
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Alyssa Margolis
- Mycobacteria Research
Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
| | - Jared J. Lindenberger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, United States
| | - Victoria Jones
- Mycobacteria Research
Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
| | - Jana Korduláková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of
Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina CH-1, 84215 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Patrick J. Brennan
- Mycobacteria Research
Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
| | | | - Donald R. Ronning
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, United States
| | - Michael R. McNeil
- Mycobacteria Research
Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research
Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
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13
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Duan X, Xiang X, Xie J. Crucial components of mycobacterium type II fatty acid biosynthesis (Fas-II) and their inhibitors. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 360:87-99. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangke Duan
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area; Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region; Ministry of Education; School of Life Sciences; Southwest University; Beibei Chongqing China
| | - Xiaohong Xiang
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area; Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region; Ministry of Education; School of Life Sciences; Southwest University; Beibei Chongqing China
| | - Jianping Xie
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area; Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region; Ministry of Education; School of Life Sciences; Southwest University; Beibei Chongqing China
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14
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An ethA-ethR-deficient Mycobacterium bovis BCG mutant displays increased adherence to mammalian cells and greater persistence in vivo, which correlate with altered mycolic acid composition. Infect Immun 2014; 82:1850-9. [PMID: 24566628 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01332-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a major worldwide epidemic because of its sole etiological agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Ethionamide (ETH) is one of the major antitubercular drugs used to treat infections with multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains. ETH is a prodrug that requires activation within the mycobacterial cell; its bioactivation involves the ethA-ethR locus, which encodes the monooxygenase EthA, while EthR is a transcriptional regulator that binds to the intergenic promoter region of the ethA-ethR locus. While most studies have focused on the role of EthA-EthR in ETH bioactivation, its physiological role in mycobacteria has remained elusive, although a role in bacterial cell detoxification has been proposed. Moreover, the importance of EthA-EthR in vivo has never been reported on. Here we constructed and characterized an EthA-EthR-deficient mutant of Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Our results indicate that absence of the ethA-ethR locus led to greater persistence of M. bovis BCG in the mouse model of mycobacterial infection, which correlated with greater adherence to mammalian cells. Furthermore, analysis of cell wall lipid composition by thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry revealed differences between the ethA-ethR KO mutant and the parental strain in the relative amounts of α- and keto-mycolates. Therefore, we propose here that M. bovis BCG ethA-ethR is involved in the cell wall-bound mycolate profile, which impacts mycobacterial adherence properties and in vivo persistence. This study thus provides some experimental clues to the possible physiological role of ethA-ethR and proposes that this locus is a novel factor involved in the modulation of mycobacterial virulence.
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15
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Lipid synthesis in protozoan parasites: a comparison between kinetoplastids and apicomplexans. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:488-512. [PMID: 23827884 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is of crucial importance for pathogens. Lipids serve as cellular building blocks, signalling molecules, energy stores, posttranslational modifiers, and pathogenesis factors. Parasites rely on a complex system of uptake and synthesis mechanisms to satisfy their lipid needs. The parameters of this system change dramatically as the parasite transits through the various stages of its life cycle. Here we discuss the tremendous recent advances that have been made in the understanding of the synthesis and uptake pathways for fatty acids and phospholipids in apicomplexan and kinetoplastid parasites, including Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, Trypanosoma and Leishmania. Lipid synthesis differs in significant ways between parasites from both phyla and the human host. Parasites have acquired novel pathways through endosymbiosis, as in the case of the apicoplast, have dramatically reshaped substrate and product profiles, and have evolved specialized lipids to interact with or manipulate the host. These differences potentially provide opportunities for drug development. We outline the lipid pathways for key species in detail as they progress through the developmental cycle and highlight those that are of particular importance to the biology of the pathogens and/or are the most promising targets for parasite-specific treatment.
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16
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Point mutations within the fatty acid synthase type II dehydratase components HadA or HadC contribute to isoxyl resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 57:629-32. [PMID: 23114755 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01972-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which the antitubercular drug isoxyl (ISO) inhibits mycolic acid biosynthesis has not yet been reported. We found that point mutations in either the HadA or HadC component of the type II fatty acid synthase (FAS-II) are associated with increased levels of resistance to ISO in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Overexpression of the HadAB, HadBC, or HadABC heterocomplex also produced high-level resistance. These results show that the FAS-II dehydratases are involved in ISO resistance.
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Importance of the genetic diversity within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex for the development of novel antibiotics and diagnostic tests of drug resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:6080-7. [PMID: 23006760 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01641-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being genetically monomorphic, the limited genetic diversity within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) has practical consequences for molecular methods for drug susceptibility testing and for the use of current antibiotics and those in clinical trials. It renders some representatives of MTBC intrinsically resistant against one or multiple antibiotics and affects the spectrum and consequences of resistance mutations selected for during treatment. Moreover, neutral or silent changes within genes responsible for drug resistance can cause false-positive results with hybridization-based assays, which have been recently introduced to replace slower phenotypic methods. We discuss the consequences of these findings and propose concrete steps to rigorously assess the genetic diversity of MTBC to support ongoing clinical trials.
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18
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Grzegorzewicz AE, Korduláková J, Jones V, Born SEM, Belardinelli JM, Vaquié A, Gundi VAKB, Madacki J, Slama N, Laval F, Vaubourgeix J, Crew RM, Gicquel B, Daffé M, Morbidoni HR, Brennan PJ, Quémard A, McNeil MR, Jackson M. A common mechanism of inhibition of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis mycolic acid biosynthetic pathway by isoxyl and thiacetazone. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:38434-41. [PMID: 23002234 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.400994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoxyl (ISO) and thiacetazone (TAC), two prodrugs once used in the clinical treatment of tuberculosis, have long been thought to abolish Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) growth through the inhibition of mycolic acid biosynthesis, but their respective targets in this pathway have remained elusive. Here we show that treating M. tuberculosis with ISO or TAC results in both cases in the accumulation of 3-hydroxy C(18), C(20), and C(22) fatty acids, suggestive of an inhibition of the dehydratase step of the fatty-acid synthase type II elongation cycle. Consistently, overexpression of the essential hadABC genes encoding the (3R)-hydroxyacyl-acyl carrier protein dehydratases resulted in more than a 16- and 80-fold increase in the resistance of M. tuberculosis to ISO and TAC, respectively. A missense mutation in the hadA gene of spontaneous ISO- and TAC-resistant mutants was sufficient to confer upon M. tuberculosis high level resistance to both drugs. Other mutations found in hypersusceptible or resistant M. tuberculosis and Mycobacterium kansasii isolates mapped to hadC. Mutations affecting the non-essential mycolic acid methyltransferases MmaA4 and MmaA2 were also found in M. tuberculosis spontaneous ISO- and TAC-resistant mutants. That MmaA4, at least, participates in the activation of the two prodrugs as proposed earlier is not supported by our biochemical evidence. Instead and in light of the known interactions of both MmaA4 and MmaA2 with HadAB and HadBC, we propose that mutations affecting these enzymes may impact the binding of ISO and TAC to the dehydratases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Grzegorzewicz
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, USA
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19
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Sarker M, Talcott C, Madrid P, Chopra S, Bunin BA, Lamichhane G, Freundlich JS, Ekins S. Combining cheminformatics methods and pathway analysis to identify molecules with whole-cell activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pharm Res 2012; 29:2115-27. [PMID: 22477069 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE New strategies for developing inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are required in order to identify the next generation of tuberculosis (TB) drugs. Our approach leverages the integration of intensive data mining and curation and computational approaches, including cheminformatics combined with bioinformatics, to suggest biological targets and their small molecule modulators. METHODS We now describe an approach that uses the TBCyc pathway and genome database, the Collaborative Drug Discovery database of molecules with activity against Mtb and their associated targets, a 3D pharmacophore approach and Bayesian models of TB activity in order to select pathways and metabolites and ultimately prioritize molecules that may be acting as substrate mimics and exhibit activity against TB. RESULTS In this study we combined the TB cheminformatics and pathways databases that enabled us to computationally search >80,000 vendor available molecules and ultimately test 23 compounds in vitro that resulted in two compounds (N-(2-furylmethyl)-N'-[(5-nitro-3-thienyl)carbonyl]thiourea and N-[(5-nitro-3-thienyl)carbonyl]-N'-(2-thienylmethyl)thiourea) proposed as mimics of D-fructose 1,6 bisphosphate, (MIC of 20 and 40 μg/ml, respectively). CONCLUSION This is a simple yet novel approach that has the potential to identify inhibitors of bacterial growth as illustrated by compounds identified in this study that have activity against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malabika Sarker
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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20
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Wang C, Garcia-Contreras L, Muttil P, Hickey AJ. Isoxyl assays in plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 60:1-6. [PMID: 22119164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Isoxyl is an effective drug to treat multi-drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis but was abandoned due to failure in some clinical outcomes. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for determination of isoxyl concentrations in plasma, a prerequisite for understanding poor in vivo behavior of the drug. In the method, isoxyl was extracted from guinea pig plasma with acetonitrile and quantified by a Hewlett Packard 1100 series HPLC coupled with a Spherisorb 5 μm ODS2 (2 × 100 mm) column and UV detection at 270 nm. The mobile phase was 70% ACN in 20 mM ammonium acetate buffer. The isoxyl peak was eluted at 4.8 min with no interference with the peaks of impurities from plasma and internal standard. Recovery of isoxyl from guinea pig plasma was >68%, and LOQ (Limit of Quantification) was 0.25 μg/ml which was 8 times lower than the reported minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC, 2 μg/ml). The HPLC method was sensitive, reproducible, and accurate for quantification of isoxyl in guinea pig plasma according to FDA guidance for bioanalytical method validation. The method was utilized to quantify isoxyl plasma concentrations following oral administration of the drug to guinea pigs. The results suggest that the poor clinical outcomes of the drug may have been caused by the extremely low isoxyl plasma concentrations which were far below the MIC for action on Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Wang
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Campus Box #7571, 1310 Kerr Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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21
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de Gonzalo G, Mihovilovic MD, Fraaije MW. Recent developments in the application of Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases as biocatalysts. Chembiochem 2011; 11:2208-31. [PMID: 20936617 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) represent a specific class of monooxygenases that are capable of catalyzing a variety of oxidation reactions, including Baeyer-Villiger oxidations. The recently elucidated BVMO crystal structures have provided a more detailed insight into the complex mechanism of these flavin-containing enzymes. Biocatalytic studies on a number of newly discovered BVMOs have shown that they are very potent oxidative biocatalysts. In addition to catalyzing the regio- and enantioselective Baeyer-Villiger oxidations of a wide range of carbonylic compounds, epoxidations, and enantioselective sulfoxidations have also been shown to be part of their catalytic repertoire. This review provides an overview on the recent developments in BVMO-mediated biocatalytic processes, identification of the catalytic role of these enzymes in metabolic routes and prodrug activation, as well as the efforts in developing effective biocatalytic methodologies to apply BVMOs for the synthesis of high added value compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo de Gonzalo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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22
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Nishida CR, Ortiz de Montellano PR. Bioactivation of antituberculosis thioamide and thiourea prodrugs by bacterial and mammalian flavin monooxygenases. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 192:21-5. [PMID: 20863819 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The thioamide and thiourea class of antituberculosis agents encompasses prodrugs that are oxidatively converted to their active forms by the flavin monooxygenase EtaA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Reactive intermediates produced in the EtaA-catalyzed transformations of ethionamide and prothionamide result in NAD(+)/NADH adducts that inhibit the enoyl CoA reductase InhA, the ultimate target of these drugs. In the case of thiacetazone and isoxyl, EtaA produces electrophilic metabolites that mediate the antibacterial activity of these agents. The oxidation of the thioamide/thiourea drugs by the human flavin monooxygenases yields similar reactive metabolites that contribute to the toxicities associated with these second line antituberculosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton R Nishida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517, USA
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Ananthan S, Faaleolea ER, Goldman RC, Hobrath JV, Kwong CD, Laughon BE, Maddry JA, Mehta A, Rasmussen L, Reynolds RC, Secrist JA, Shindo N, Showe DN, Sosa MI, Suling WJ, White EL. High-throughput screening for inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2009; 89:334-53. [PMID: 19758845 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for the discovery and development of new antitubercular agents that target new biochemical pathways and treat drug resistant forms of the disease. One approach to addressing this need is through high-throughput screening of medicinally relevant libraries against the whole bacterium in order to discover a variety of new, active scaffolds that will stimulate new biological research and drug discovery. Through the Tuberculosis Antimicrobial Acquisition and Coordinating Facility (www.taacf.org), a large, medicinally relevant chemical library was screened against M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv. The screening methods and a medicinal chemistry analysis of the results are reported herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniam Ananthan
- Southern Research Institute, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA.
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24
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Alloatti A, Testero SA, Uttaro AD. Chemical evaluation of fatty acid desaturases as drug targets in Trypanosoma cruzi. Int J Parasitol 2009; 39:985-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Synthetic EthR inhibitors boost antituberculous activity of ethionamide. Nat Med 2009; 15:537-44. [PMID: 19412174 DOI: 10.1038/nm.1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The side effects associated with tuberculosis therapy bring with them the risk of noncompliance and subsequent drug resistance. Increasing the therapeutic index of antituberculosis drugs should thus improve treatment effectiveness. Several antituberculosis compounds require in situ metabolic activation to become inhibitory. Various thiocarbamide-containing drugs, including ethionamide, are activated by the mycobacterial monooxygenase EthA, the production of which is controlled by the transcriptional repressor EthR. Here we identify drug-like inhibitors of EthR that boost the bioactivation of ethionamide. Compounds designed and screened for their capacity to inhibit EthR-DNA interaction were co-crystallized with EthR. We exploited the three-dimensional structures of the complexes for the synthesis of improved analogs that boosted the ethionamide potency in culture more than tenfold. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice, one of these analogs, BDM31343, enabled a substantially reduced dose of ethionamide to lessen the mycobacterial load as efficiently as the conventional higher-dose treatment. This provides proof of concept that inhibiting EthR improves the therapeutic index of thiocarbamide derivatives, which should prompt reconsideration of their use as first-line drugs.
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