1
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Enteric Toll-like receptor 7 stimulation causes acute exacerbation in lupus-susceptible mice. Clin Rheumatol 2023; 42:1185-1194. [PMID: 36515794 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-022-06467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are often accompanied by acute exacerbation. However, the mechanism underlying systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) flares remains unclear. We investigated whether short-term enteric Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) stimulation can exacerbate SLE using B6SKG mice, which spontaneously develop SLE due to a mutation in the zeta‒chain‒associated protein kinase 70 (Zap70) gene. Imiquimod (IMQ) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were orally administered on B6WT and B6SKG mice every other day for 2 weeks. SLE exacerbation was assessed via fluorescent immunohistochemical staining of glomeruli for IgG and C3, hematoxylin and eosin staining of kidneys, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antinuclear antibody (ANA). Flow cytometry was used to evaluate germinal center B cells (GCBs), plasma cells, follicular helper T cells (Tfhs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), effector T cells (Th1s and Th17s), plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), and macrophages (Mφs) in spleens. Oral administration of IMQ every other day for 2 weeks resulted in exacerbation of splenomegaly, increased IgG and C3 deposition in glomeruli, and increased ANA production in the B6SKG IMQ (SKG-IMQ) group compared to the B6SKG PBS (SKG-PBS) group; the percentages of GCBs, plasma cells, Tfhs, Th1s, pDCs, and Mφs were also increased in the SKG-IMQ group. Splenomegaly, IgG, and C3 deposition in glomeruli, and the percentages of GCBs, plasma cells, Tfhs, and Th1s were enhanced in SKG-IMQ mice compared with B6SKG mice topically treated with IMQ (SKG-ear-IMQ). Oral TLR7 stimulation in a Zap70 genetic mutation background can cause acute exacerbations of SLE. Key Points • The mechanism of SLE flares is not well understood. • We have created a model that causes short-term SLE exacerbations in mice with a genetic background. • IMQ administered orally causes more SLE in mice than transdermally.
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2
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Das N, Bandopadhyay P, Roy S, Sinha BP, Dastidar UG, Rahaman O, Pal S, Ganguly D, Talukdar A. Development, Optimization, and In Vivo Validation of New Imidazopyridine Chemotypes as Dual TLR7/TLR9 Antagonists through Activity-Directed Sequential Incorporation of Relevant Structural Subunits. J Med Chem 2022; 65:11607-11632. [PMID: 35959635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Undesirable activation of endosomal toll-like receptors TLR7 and TLR9 present in specific immune cells in response to host-derived ligands is implicated in several autoimmune diseases and other contexts of autoreactive inflammation, making them important therapeutic targets. We report a drug development strategy identifying a new chemotype for incorporating relevant structural subunits into the basic imidazopyridine core deemed necessary for potent TLR7 and TLR9 dual antagonism. We established minimal pharmacophoric features in the core followed by hit-to-lead optimization, guided by in vitro and in vivo biological assays and ADME. A ligand-receptor binding hypothesis was proposed, and selectivity studies against TLR8 were performed. Oral absorption and efficacy of lead candidate 42 were established through favorable in vitro pharmacokinetics and in vivo pharmacodynamic studies, with IC50 values of 0.04 and 0.47 μM against TLR9 and TLR7, respectively. The study establishes imidazopyridine as a viable chemotype to therapeutically target TLR9 and TLR7 in relevant clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Das
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Purbita Bandopadhyay
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Department of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, CN6, Sector V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Swarnali Roy
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Bishnu Prasad Sinha
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Department of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, CN6, Sector V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Uddipta Ghosh Dastidar
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Oindrila Rahaman
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Department of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, CN6, Sector V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Sourav Pal
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Dipyaman Ganguly
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Department of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, CN6, Sector V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Arindam Talukdar
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
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3
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Zettlitz KA, Salazar FB, Yamada RE, Trinh KR, Vasuthasawat A, Timmerman JM, Morrison SL, Wu AM. 89Zr-ImmunoPET shows therapeutic efficacy of anti-CD20 interferon-α fusion protein in a murine B-cell lymphoma model. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:607-615. [PMID: 35086952 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-mediated tumor delivery of cytokines can overcome limitations of systemic administration (toxicity, short half-lives). Previous work showed improved anti-tumor potency of anti-CD20-interferon alpha (IFNα) fusion proteins in preclinical mouse models of B-cell lymphoma. Although tumor targeting is mediated by the antibody part of the fusion protein, the cytokine component might strongly influence biodistribution and pharmacokinetics, as a result of its affinity, size, valency and receptor distribution. Here, we used positron emission tomography (immunoPET) to study the in vivo biodistribution and tumor targeting of the anti-CD20 rituximab-murine IFNα1 fusion protein (Rit-mIFNα) and compared it to the parental mAb (rituximab, Rit). Rit-mIFNα and Rit were radiolabeled with zirconium-89 (89Zr, t1/2 78.4 h) and injected into C3H mice bearing syngeneic B-cell lymphomas (38C13-hCD20). Dynamic (2 h p.i.) and static (4, 24 and 72 h) PET scans were acquired. Ex vivo biodistribution was performed after the final scan. Both 89Zr-Rit-mIFNα and 89Zr-Rit specifically target hCD20-expressing B-cell lymphoma in vivo. 89Zr-Rit-mIFNα showed specific uptake in tumors (7.6 {plus minus} 1.0 %ID/g at 75 h p.i.), which was significantly lower than 89Zr-Rit (38.4 {plus minus} 9.9 %ID/g, p<0.0001). ImmunoPET studies also revealed differences in the biodistribution, 89Zr-Rit-mIFNα showed rapid blood clearance and high accumulation in the liver compared with 89Zr-Rit. Importantly, immunoPET clearly revealed a therapeutic effect of the single 89Zr-Rit-mIFNα dose, resulting in smaller tumors and fewer lymph node metastases compared to mice receiving 89Zr-Rit. Mice receiving 89Zr-Rit-mIFNα had enlarged spleens, suggesting that systemic immune activation contributes to therapeutic efficacy in addition to the direct antitumoral activity of IFNα. In conclusion, immunoPET allows the non-invasive tracking and quantification of the antibody-cytokine fusion protein and helps understand the in vivo behavior and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin A Zettlitz
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Felix B Salazar
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Reiko E Yamada
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - K Ryan Trinh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alex Vasuthasawat
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - John M Timmerman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sherie L Morrison
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anna M Wu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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4
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Kundu B, Raychaudhuri D, Mukherjee A, Sinha BP, Sarkar D, Bandopadhyay P, Pal S, Das N, Dey D, Ramarao K, Nagireddy K, Ganguly D, Talukdar A. Systematic Optimization of Potent and Orally Bioavailable Purine Scaffold as a Dual Inhibitor of Toll-Like Receptors 7 and 9. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9279-9301. [PMID: 34142551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Several toll-like receptors (TLRs) reside inside endosomes of specific immune cells-among them, aberrant activation of TLR7 and TLR9 is implicated in myriad contexts of autoimmune diseases, making them promising therapeutic targets. However, small-molecule TLR7 and TLR9 antagonists are not yet available for clinical use. We illustrate here the importance of C2, C6, and N9 substitutions in the purine scaffold for antagonism to TLR7 and TLR9 through structure-activity relationship studies using cellular reporter assays and functional studies on primary human immune cells. Further in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies identified an orally bioavailable lead compound 29, with IC50 values of 0.08 and 2.66 μM against TLR9 and TLR7, respectively. Isothermal titration calorimetry excluded direct TLR ligand-antagonist interactions. In vivo antagonism efficacy against mouse TLR9 and therapeutic efficacy in a preclinical murine model of psoriasis highlighted the potential of compound 29 as a therapeutic candidate in relevant autoimmune contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Kundu
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Deblina Raychaudhuri
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Department of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, CN6, Sector V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Ayan Mukherjee
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Dipika Sarkar
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Purbita Bandopadhyay
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Department of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, CN6, Sector V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sourav Pal
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Nirmal Das
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Debdeep Dey
- Tata Medical Center, Newtown, Kolkata 700160, West Bengal, India
| | - Kantubhukta Ramarao
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Kasireddy Nagireddy
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipyaman Ganguly
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Department of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, CN6, Sector V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Arindam Talukdar
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
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5
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Dogra P, Ruiz-Ramírez J, Sinha K, Butner JD, Peláez MJ, Rawat M, Yellepeddi VK, Pasqualini R, Arap W, Sostman HD, Cristini V, Wang Z. Innate Immunity Plays a Key Role in Controlling Viral Load in COVID-19: Mechanistic Insights from a Whole-Body Infection Dynamics Model. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:248-265. [PMID: 33615177 PMCID: PMC7805603 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a pathogen of immense public health concern. Efforts to control the disease have only proven mildly successful, and the disease will likely continue to cause excessive fatalities until effective preventative measures (such as a vaccine) are developed. To develop disease management strategies, a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and population susceptibility to infection are needed. To this end, mathematical modeling can provide a robust in silico tool to understand COVID-19 pathophysiology and the in vivo dynamics of SARS-CoV-2. Guided by ACE2-tropism (ACE2 receptor dependency for infection) of the virus and by incorporating cellular-scale viral dynamics and innate and adaptive immune responses, we have developed a multiscale mechanistic model for simulating the time-dependent evolution of viral load distribution in susceptible organs of the body (respiratory tract, gut, liver, spleen, heart, kidneys, and brain). Following parameter quantification with in vivo and clinical data, we used the model to simulate viral load progression in a virtual patient with varying degrees of compromised immune status. Further, we ranked model parameters through sensitivity analysis for their significance in governing clearance of viral load to understand the effects of physiological factors and underlying conditions on viral load dynamics. Antiviral drug therapy, interferon therapy, and their combination were simulated to study the effects on viral load kinetics of SARS-CoV-2. The model revealed the dominant role of innate immunity (specifically interferons and resident macrophages) in controlling viral load, and the importance of timing when initiating therapy after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Dogra
- Mathematics
in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research
Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Javier Ruiz-Ramírez
- Mathematics
in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research
Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Kavya Sinha
- DeBakey
Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist
Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Joseph D. Butner
- Mathematics
in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research
Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Maria J. Peláez
- Mathematics
in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research
Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Manmeet Rawat
- Department
of Internal Medicine, University of New
Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Venkata K. Yellepeddi
- Division
of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, United States
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Renata Pasqualini
- Rutgers
Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07101, United States
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, Division of Cancer Biology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Wadih Arap
- Rutgers
Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07101, United States
- Department
of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - H. Dirk Sostman
- Weill
Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Houston
Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Houston
Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Vittorio Cristini
- Mathematics
in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research
Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Weill
Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Mathematics
in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research
Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Weill
Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
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6
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Dogra P, Ruiz-Ramírez J, Sinha K, Butner JD, Peláez MJ, Rawat M, Yellepeddi VK, Pasqualini R, Arap W, Sostman HD, Cristini V, Wang Z. Innate immunity plays a key role in controlling viral load in COVID-19: mechanistic insights from a whole-body infection dynamics model. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.10.30.20215335. [PMID: 33173913 PMCID: PMC7654909 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.30.20215335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a pathogen of immense public health concern. Efforts to control the disease have only proven mildly successful, and the disease will likely continue to cause excessive fatalities until effective preventative measures (such as a vaccine) are developed. To develop disease management strategies, a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and population susceptibility to infection are needed. To this end, physiologically-relevant mathematical modeling can provide a robust in silico tool to understand COVID-19 pathophysiology and the in vivo dynamics of SARS-CoV-2. Guided by ACE2-tropism (ACE2 receptor dependency for infection) of the virus, and by incorporating cellular-scale viral dynamics and innate and adaptive immune responses, we have developed a multiscale mechanistic model for simulating the time-dependent evolution of viral load distribution in susceptible organs of the body (respiratory tract, gut, liver, spleen, heart, kidneys, and brain). Following calibration with in vivo and clinical data, we used the model to simulate viral load progression in a virtual patient with varying degrees of compromised immune status. Further, we conducted global sensitivity analysis of model parameters and ranked them for their significance in governing clearance of viral load to understand the effects of physiological factors and underlying conditions on viral load dynamics. Antiviral drug therapy, interferon therapy, and their combination was simulated to study the effects on viral load kinetics of SARS-CoV-2. The model revealed the dominant role of innate immunity (specifically interferons and resident macrophages) in controlling viral load, and the importance of timing when initiating therapy following infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Dogra
- Mathematics in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Javier Ruiz-Ramírez
- Mathematics in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kavya Sinha
- DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joseph D. Butner
- Mathematics in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maria J Peláez
- Mathematics in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Manmeet Rawat
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Venkata K. Yellepeddi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Renata Pasqualini
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Cancer Biology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Wadih Arap
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - H. Dirk Sostman
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vittorio Cristini
- Mathematics in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Mathematics in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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7
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Kalra P, Brandl J, Gaub T, Niederalt C, Lippert J, Sahle S, Küpfer L, Kummer U. Quantitative systems pharmacology of interferon alpha administration: A multi-scale approach. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209587. [PMID: 30759154 PMCID: PMC6374012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic effect of a drug is governed by its pharmacokinetics which determine the downstream pharmacodynamic response within the cellular network. A complete understanding of the drug-effect relationship therefore requires multi-scale models which integrate the properties of the different physiological scales. Computational modelling of these individual scales has been successfully established in the past. However, coupling of the scales remains challenging, although it will provide a unique possibility of mechanistic and holistic analyses of therapeutic outcomes for varied treatment scenarios. We present a methodology to combine whole-body physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models with mechanistic intracellular models of signal transduction in the liver for therapeutic proteins. To this end, we developed a whole-body distribution model of IFN-α in human and a detailed intracellular model of the JAK/STAT signalling cascade in hepatocytes and coupled them at the liver of the whole-body human model. This integrated model infers the time-resolved concentration of IFN-α arriving at the liver after intravenous injection while simultaneously estimates the effect of this dose on the intracellular signalling behaviour in the liver. In our multi-scale physiologically-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) model, receptor saturation is seen at low doses, thus giving mechanistic insights into the pharmacodynamic (PD) response. This model suggests a fourfold lower intracellular response after administration of a typical IFN-α dose to an individual as compared to the experimentally observed responses in in vitro setups. In conclusion, this work highlights clear differences between the observed in vitro and in vivo drug effects and provides important suggestions for future model-based study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyata Kalra
- Department of Modelling of Biological Processes, COS/BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Brandl
- Department of Modelling of Biological Processes, COS/BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, Heidelberg, Germany
- Now at Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Gaub
- Clinical Sciences, Bayer Pharma, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee 1, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Christoph Niederalt
- Clinical Sciences, Bayer Pharma, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee 1, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Jörg Lippert
- Clinical Sciences, Bayer Pharma, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee 1, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Sven Sahle
- Department of Modelling of Biological Processes, COS/BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lars Küpfer
- Clinical Sciences, Bayer Pharma, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee 1, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Ursula Kummer
- Department of Modelling of Biological Processes, COS/BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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8
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Min CK, Kim HI, Ha NY, Kim Y, Kwon EK, Yen NTH, Youn JI, Jeon YK, Inn KS, Choi MS, Cho NH. A Type I Interferon and IL-10 Induced by Orientia tsutsugamushi Infection Suppresses Antigen-Specific T Cells and Their Memory Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2022. [PMID: 30233599 PMCID: PMC6131522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the various roles of type I interferon (type I IFN) responses during bacterial infection, its specific effects in vivo have been poorly characterized in scrub typhus caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi infection. Here, we show that type I IFNs are primarily induced via intracellular nucleic acids sensors, including RIG-I/MAVS and cGAS/STING pathways, during O. tsutsugamushi invasion. However, type I IFN signaling did not significantly affect pathogenesis, mortality, or bacterial burden during primary infection in vivo, when assessed in a mice model lacking a receptor for type I IFNs (IFNAR KO). Rather, it significantly impaired the induction of antigen-specific T cells and reduced memory T cell responses. IFNAR KO mice that recovered from primary infection showed stronger antigen-specific T cell responses, especially Th1, and more efficiently controlled bacteremia during secondary infection than wild type mice. Enhanced IL-10 expression by macrophages in the presence of type I IFN signaling might play a significant role in the suppression of antigen-specific T cell responses as neutralization or knock-out (KO) of IL-10 increased T cell responses in vitro. Therefore, induction of the type I IFN/IL-10 axis by O. tsutsugamushi infection might play a significant role in the suppression of T cell responses and contribute to the short longevity of cell-mediated immunity, often observed in scrub typhus patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Ki Min
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences,Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hong-Ii Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences,Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Na-Young Ha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences,Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yuri Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences,Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Kwon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences,Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nguyen Thi Hai Yen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences,Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Je-In Youn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences,Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Jeon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Inn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myung-Sik Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nam-Hyuk Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences,Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Gangwon-do, South Korea.,Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Medical Research Center and Bundang Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
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Abstract
Mathematical modeling of hepatitis C viral kinetics has been an important tool in understanding hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection dynamics and in estimating crucial in vivo parameters characterizing the effectiveness of HCV therapy. Because of the introduction of direct-acting antiviral agents, there is a need to extend previous models so as to understand, characterize, and compare various new HCV treatment regimens. Here we review recent modeling efforts in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushree Chatterjee
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM 87545, USA,Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM 87545, USA
| | - Patrick F. Smith
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Alan S. Perelson
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM 87545, USA,Corresponding author.
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Engel AL, Holt GE, Lu H. The pharmacokinetics of Toll-like receptor agonists and the impact on the immune system. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 4:275-89. [PMID: 21643519 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.11.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligation activates both the innate and adaptive immune systems, and plays an important role in antiviral and anti-tumor immunity. Therefore, a significant amount of effort has been devoted to exploit the therapeutic potential of TLR agonists. Depending on the therapeutic purpose, either as adjuvants to vaccine, chemotherapy or standalone therapy, TLR agonists have been administered via different routes. Both preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that the route of administration has significant effects on pharmacokinetics, and that understanding these effects is critical to the success of TLR agonist drug development. This article will summarize the pharmacokinetics of TLR agonists with different administration routes, with an emphasis on clinical studies of TLR ligands in oncologic applications.
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11
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Conference Report: Analytical challenges in the qualification and validation of pharmacodynamic biomarkers. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:945-8. [PMID: 21545341 DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This 1-day workshop, held in association with the Royal Society of Chemistry Analytical Biosciences Group, discussed current concepts in the qualification and validation of biomarker assays for the measurement of pharmacodynamic responses to drugs and vaccines. The venue was Burlington House, the prestigious home of the Royal Society of Chemistry, with delegates drawn from academia, pharmaceutical companies and CROs.
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Tran TD, Pryde DC, Jones P, Adam FM, Benson N, Bish G, Calo F, Ciaramella G, Dixon R, Duckworth J, Fox DN, Hay DA, Hitchin J, Horscroft N, Howard M, Gardner I, Jones HM, Laxton C, Parkinson T, Parsons G, Proctor K, Smith MC, Smith N, Thomas A. Design and optimisation of orally active TLR7 agonists for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2389-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.02.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Pryde DC, Tran TD, Jones P, Parsons GC, Bish G, Adam FM, Smith MC, Middleton DS, Smith NN, Calo F, Hay D, Paradowski M, Proctor KJW, Parkinson T, Laxton C, Fox DNA, Horscroft NJ, Ciaramella G, Jones HM, Duckworth J, Benson N, Harrison A, Webster R. The discovery of a novel prototype small molecule TLR7 agonist for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0md00197j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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