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van den Biggelaar RHGA, Walburg KV, van den Eeden SJF, van Doorn CLR, Meiler E, de Ries AS, Fusco MC, Meijer AH, Ottenhoff THM, Saris A. Identification of kinase inhibitors as potential host-directed therapies for intracellular bacteria. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17225. [PMID: 39060313 PMCID: PMC11282061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance has created an urgent need for alternative treatments against bacterial pathogens. Here, we investigated kinase inhibitors as potential host-directed therapies (HDTs) against intracellular bacteria, specifically Salmonella Typhimurium (Stm) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). We screened 827 ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors with known target profiles from two Published Kinase Inhibitor Sets (PKIS1 and PKIS2) using intracellular infection models for Stm and Mtb, based on human cell lines and primary macrophages. Additionally, the in vivo safety and efficacy of the compounds were assessed using zebrafish embryo infection models. Our screen identified 11 hit compounds for Stm and 17 hit compounds for Mtb that were effective against intracellular bacteria and non-toxic for host cells. Further experiments were conducted to prioritize Stm hit compounds that were able to clear the intracellular infection in primary human macrophages. From these, two structurally related Stm hit compounds, GSK1379738A and GSK1379760A, exhibited significant activity against Stm in infected zebrafish embryos. In addition, we identified compounds that were active against intracellular Mtb, including morpholino-imidazo/triazolo-pyrimidinones that target PIK3CB, as well as 2-aminobenzimidazoles targeting ABL1. Overall, this study provided insights into kinase targets acting at the host-pathogen interface and identified several kinase inhibitors as potential HDTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin H G A van den Biggelaar
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Kimberley V Walburg
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Susan J F van den Eeden
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cassandra L R van Doorn
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eugenia Meiler
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Alex S de Ries
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Chiara Fusco
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anno Saris
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Shapira T, Christofferson M, Av-Gay Y. The antimicrobial activity of innate host-directed therapies: A systematic review. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2024; 63:107138. [PMID: 38490573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2024.107138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Intracellular human pathogens are the deadliest infectious diseases and are difficult to treat effectively due to their protection inside the host cell and the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). An emerging approach to combat these intracellular pathogens is host-directed therapies (HDT), which harness the innate immunity of host cells. HDT rely on small molecules to promote host protection mechanisms that ultimately lead to pathogen clearance. These therapies are hypothesized to: (1) possess indirect yet broad, cross-species antimicrobial activity, (2) effectively target drug-resistant pathogens, (3) carry a reduced susceptibility to the development of AMR and (4) have synergistic action with conventional antimicrobials. As the field of HDT expands, this systematic review was conducted to collect a compendium of HDT and their characteristics, such as the host mechanisms affected, the pathogen inhibited, the concentrations investigated and the magnitude of pathogen inhibition. The evidential support for the main four HDT hypotheses was assessed and concluded that HDT demonstrate robust cross-species activity, are active against AMR pathogens, clinical isolates and laboratory-adapted pathogens. However, limited information exists to support the notion that HDT are synergistic with canonical antimicrobials and are less predisposed to AMR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirosh Shapira
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Matthew Christofferson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Disease, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yossef Av-Gay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Disease, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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3
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Conley HE, Brown CF, Westerman TL, Elfenbein JR, Sheats MK. MARCKS Inhibition Alters Bovine Neutrophil Responses to Salmonella Typhimurium. Biomedicines 2024; 12:442. [PMID: 38398044 PMCID: PMC10886653 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are innate immune cells that respond quickly to sites of bacterial infection and play an essential role in host defense. Interestingly, some bacterial pathogens benefit from exuberant neutrophil inflammation. Salmonella is one such pathogen that can utilize the toxic mediators released by neutrophils to colonize the intestine and cause enterocolitis. Because neutrophils can aid gut colonization during Salmonella infection, neutrophils represent a potential host-directed therapeutic target. Myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) is an actin-binding protein that plays an essential role in many neutrophil effector responses. We hypothesized that inhibition of MARCKS protein would alter bovine neutrophil responses to Salmonella Typhimurium (STm) ex vivo. We used a MARCKS inhibitor peptide to investigate the role of MARCKS in neutrophil responses to STm. This study demonstrates that MARCKS inhibition attenuated STm-induced neutrophil adhesion and chemotaxis. Interestingly, MARCKS inhibition also enhanced neutrophil phagocytosis and respiratory burst in response to STm. This is the first report describing the role of MARCKS protein in neutrophil antibacterial responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleigh E Conley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Chalise F Brown
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Trina L Westerman
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Johanna R Elfenbein
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - M Katie Sheats
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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4
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Lee D, Lee Y, Hye Shin S, Min Choi S, Hyeon Lee S, Jeong S, Jang S, Kee JM. A simple protein histidine kinase activity assay for high-throughput inhibitor screening. Bioorg Chem 2023; 130:106232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lee YJ, Kim JK, Jung CH, Kim YJ, Jung EJ, Lee SH, Choi HR, Son YS, Shim SM, Jeon SM, Choe JH, Lee SH, Whang J, Sohn KC, Hur GM, Kim HT, Yeom J, Jo EK, Kwon YT. Chemical modulation of SQSTM1/p62-mediated xenophagy that targets a broad range of pathogenic bacteria. Autophagy 2022; 18:2926-2945. [PMID: 35316156 PMCID: PMC9673928 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2054240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-degron pathway is a proteolytic system in which the N-terminal degrons (N-degrons) of proteins, such as arginine (Nt-Arg), induce the degradation of proteins and subcellular organelles via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) or macroautophagy/autophagy-lysosome system (hereafter autophagy). Here, we developed the chemical mimics of the N-degron Nt-Arg as a pharmaceutical means to induce targeted degradation of intracellular bacteria via autophagy, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus pyogenes as well as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Upon binding the ZZ domain of the autophagic cargo receptor SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1), these chemicals induced the biogenesis and recruitment of autophagic membranes to intracellular bacteria via SQSTM1, leading to lysosomal degradation. The antimicrobial efficacy was independent of rapamycin-modulated core autophagic pathways and synergistic with the reduced production of inflammatory cytokines. In mice, these drugs exhibited antimicrobial efficacy for S. Typhimurium, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), and Mtb as well as multidrug-resistant Mtb and inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines. This dual mode of action in xenophagy and inflammation significantly protected mice from inflammatory lesions in the lungs and other tissues caused by all the tested bacterial strains. Our results suggest that the N-degron pathway provides a therapeutic target in host-directed therapeutics for a broad range of drug-resistant intracellular pathogens.Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy-related gene; BCG: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin; BMDMs: bone marrow-derived macrophages; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CFUs: colony-forming units; CXCL: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; IL1B/IL-1β: interleukin 1 beta; IL6: interleukin 6; LIR: MAP1LC3/LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; Mtb: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; OPTN: optineurin; PB1: Phox and Bem1; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; S. Typhimurium: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium; TAX1BP1: Tax1 binding protein 1; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; UBA: ubiquitin-associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jee Lee
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chan Hoon Jung
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jae Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eui Jung Jung
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Lee
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Rim Choi
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Sung Son
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Mi Shim
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Min Jeon
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Choe
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Lee
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jake Whang
- Korea Mycobacterium Resource Center (KMRC) & Basic Research Section, The Korean Institute of Tuberculosis (KIT), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kyung-Cheol Sohn
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Gang Min Hur
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyun Tae Kim
- Chemistry R&D Center, AUTOTAC Bio Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinki Yeom
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,CONTACT Eun-Kyeong Jo Department of Microbiology, and Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon35015, Korea
| | - Yong Tae Kwon
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Chemistry R&D Center, AUTOTAC Bio Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea,SNU Dementia Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Yong Tae Kwon Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul110-799, Korea
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Zhao Q, Liu J, Liu S, Han J, Chen Y, Shen J, Zhu K, Ma X. Multipronged Micelles-Hydrogel for Targeted and Prolonged Drug Delivery in Chronic Wound Infections. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:46224-46238. [PMID: 36201628 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chronic diabetic wounds are a growing threat globally. Many aspects contribute to its deterioration, including bacterial infection, unbalanced microenvironment, dysfunction of cell repair, etc. In this work, we designed a multipronged micelles-hydrogel platform loaded with curcumin and rifampicin (CRMs-hydrogel) for bacteria-infected chronic wound treatment. The curcumin- and rifampicin-loaded micelles (CRMs) exhibited both MMP9-responsive and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeting abilities. On the one hand, drugs could be released from micelles due to responsive disassembly by MMP9, a matrix metalloproteinase overexpressed in a chronic wound environment; on the other hand, CRMs showed specific targeting to EGFR on epithelial cells and fibroblasts and therefore increased intracellular drug delivery. The thermosensitive CRMs-hydrogel could form strong adhesion with the wound area and served as a suitable matrix for sustained release of CRMs directly at the wound bed, with excellent intracellular and extracellular bacterial elimination efficiency and wound healing promotion capability. We found that a single dose of CRMs-hydrogel achieved 99% antibacterial rate at the MRSA-infected diabetic wound, which effectively reduced inflammatory response and promoted the neovascularization and re-epithelialization process, with nearly half reduction of the skin barrier regeneration period. Collectively, our thermosensitive, MMP9-responsive, and targeted micelles-hydrogel nanoplatform is promising for chronic wound treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Translational Research Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing102218, China
| | - Suhan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Junhua Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Yingxian Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Kui Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
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7
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Pant A, Yao X, Lavedrine A, Viret C, Dockterman J, Chauhan S, Chong-Shan Shi, Manjithaya R, Cadwell K, Kufer TA, Kehrl JH, Coers J, Sibley LD, Faure M, Taylor GA, Chauhan S. Interactions of Autophagy and the Immune System in Health and Diseases. AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2022; 1:438-515. [PMID: 37425656 PMCID: PMC10327624 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2022.2119743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved process that utilizes lysosomes to selectively degrade a variety of intracellular cargo, thus providing quality control over cellular components and maintaining cellular regulatory functions. Autophagy is triggered by multiple stimuli ranging from nutrient starvation to microbial infection. Autophagy extensively shapes and modulates the inflammatory response, the concerted action of immune cells, and secreted mediators aimed to eradicate a microbial infection or to heal sterile tissue damage. Here, we first review how autophagy affects innate immune signaling, cell-autonomous immune defense, and adaptive immunity. Then, we discuss the role of non-canonical autophagy in microbial infections and inflammation. Finally, we review how crosstalk between autophagy and inflammation influences infectious, metabolic, and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Pant
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Xiaomin Yao
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Aude Lavedrine
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, FRM
| | - Christophe Viret
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, FRM
| | - Jake Dockterman
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Swati Chauhan
- Cell biology and Infectious diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Chong-Shan Shi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ravi Manjithaya
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Kufer
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - John H. Kehrl
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jörn Coers
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - L. David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University Sch. Med., St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Mathias Faure
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, FRM
| | - Gregory A Taylor
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University Sch. Med., St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Health Care Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Santosh Chauhan
- Cell biology and Infectious diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- CSIR–Centre For Cellular And Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, Telangana
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A Novel Dibenzoxazepine Attenuates Intracellular Salmonella Typhimurium Oxidative Stress Resistance. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0151921. [PMID: 34851152 PMCID: PMC8635125 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01519-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is the leading cause of invasive nontyphoidal salmonellosis. Additionally, the emergence of multidrug-resistant S. Typhimurium has further increased the difficulty of controlling its infection. Previously, we showed that an antipsychotic drug, loxapine, suppressed intracellular Salmonella in macrophages. To exploit loxapine's antibacterial activity, we simultaneously evaluated the anti-intracellular Salmonella activity and cytotoxicity of newly synthesized loxapine derivatives using an image-based high-content assay. We identified that SW14 exhibits potent suppressive effects on intramacrophagic S. Typhimurium with an 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 0.5 μM. SW14 also sensitized intracellular Salmonella to ciprofloxacin and cefixime and effectively controlled intracellular multidrug- and fluoroquinolone-resistant S. Typhimurium strains. However, SW14 did not affect bacterial growth in standard microbiological broth or minimal medium that mimics the phagosomal environment. Cellular autophagy blockade by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or shATG7 elevated the susceptibility of intracellular Salmonella to SW14. Finally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers reduced the antibacterial efficacy of SW14, but the ROS levels in SW14-treated macrophages were not elevated. SW14 decreased the resistance of outer membrane-compromised S. Typhimurium to H2O2. Collectively, our data indicated that the structure of loxapine can be further optimized to develop new antibacterial agents by targeting bacterial resistance to host oxidative-stress defense. IMPORTANCE The incidence of diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria with resistance to common antibiotics is consistently increasing. In addition, Gram-negative bacteria are particularly difficult to treat with antibiotics, especially those that can invade and proliferate intracellularly. In order to find a new antibacterial compound against intracellular Salmonella, we established a cell-based high-content assay and identified SW14 from the derivatives of the antipsychotic drug loxapine. Our data indicate that SW14 has no effect on free bacteria in the medium but can suppress the intracellular proliferation of multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. Typhimurium in macrophages. We also found that SW14 can suppress the resistance of outer membrane compromised Salmonella to H2O2, and its anti-intracellular Salmonella activity can be reversed by reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers. Together, the findings suggest that SW14 might act via a virulence-targeted mechanism and that its structure has the potential to be further developed as a new therapeutic against MDR Salmonella.
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Sontyana B, Shrivastava R, Battu S, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S. Phagosome maturation and modulation of macrophage effector function by intracellular pathogens: target for therapeutics. Future Microbiol 2021; 17:59-76. [PMID: 34877879 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important cells that regulate various innate functions. Macrophages after engulfment of pathogens proceed for phagosome maturation and finally fuse with lysosomes to kill pathogens. Although pathogen degradation is one of the important functions of phagosomes, various immune-effector functions of macrophages are also dependent on the phagosome maturation process. This review discusses signaling processes regulating phagosome maturation as well as various effector functions of macrophages such as apoptosis, antigen presentation, autophagy and inflammasome that are dependent on the phagosome maturation process. It also discusses strategies adopted by various intracellular pathogens to counteract these functions to evade intracellular destruction mechanisms. These studies may give direction for the development of new therapeutics to control various intracellular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahmaji Sontyana
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Rohini Shrivastava
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Srikanth Battu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- Molecular Biology Unit, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania PO, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India
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Tsao N, Chang YC, Hsieh SY, Li TC, Chiu CC, Yu HH, Hsu TC, Kuo CF. AR-12 Has a Bactericidal Activity and a Synergistic Effect with Gentamicin against Group A Streptococcus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111617. [PMID: 34769046 PMCID: PMC8583967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus (GAS) is an important human pathogen that can cause severe invasive infection, such as necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. The mortality rate of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome ranges from 20% to 50% in spite of antibiotics administration. AR-12, a pyrazole derivative, has been reported to inhibit the infection of viruses, intracellular bacteria, and fungi. In this report, we evaluated the bactericidal activities and mechanisms of AR-12 on GAS infection. Our in vitro results showed that AR-12 dose-dependently reduced the GAS growth, and 2.5 μg/mL of AR-12 significantly killed GAS within 2 h. AR-12 caused a remarkable reduction in nucleic acid and protein content of GAS. The expression of heat shock protein DnaK and streptococcal exotoxins was also inhibited by AR-12. Surveys of the GAS architecture by scanning electron microscopy revealed that AR-12-treated GAS displayed incomplete septa and micro-spherical structures protruding out of cell walls. Moreover, the combination of AR-12 and gentamicin had a synergistic antibacterial activity against GAS replication for both in vitro and in vivo infection. Taken together, these novel findings obtained in this study may provide a new therapeutic strategy for invasive GAS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Tsao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824005, Taiwan; (N.T.); (Y.-C.C.); (T.-C.L.); (C.-C.C.)
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Medical Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824005, Taiwan; (H.-H.Y.); (T.-C.H.)
| | - Ya-Chu Chang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824005, Taiwan; (N.T.); (Y.-C.C.); (T.-C.L.); (C.-C.C.)
| | - Sung-Yuan Hsieh
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu 300024, Taiwan;
| | - Tang-Chi Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824005, Taiwan; (N.T.); (Y.-C.C.); (T.-C.L.); (C.-C.C.)
| | - Ching-Chen Chiu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824005, Taiwan; (N.T.); (Y.-C.C.); (T.-C.L.); (C.-C.C.)
| | - Hai-Han Yu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Medical Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824005, Taiwan; (H.-H.Y.); (T.-C.H.)
| | - Tzu-Ching Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Medical Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824005, Taiwan; (H.-H.Y.); (T.-C.H.)
| | - Chih-Feng Kuo
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824005, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824005, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-6151100 (ext. 7967)
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11
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Zahid MSH, Varma DM, Johnson MM, Landavazo A, Bachelder EM, Blough BE, Ainslie KM. Overcoming reduced antibiotic susceptibility in intracellular Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium using AR-12. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6293843. [PMID: 34089315 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-directed therapies (HDTs) could enhance the activity of traditional antibiotics. AR-12 is a promising HDT against intracellular pathogens including Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and has been shown to act through modulation of autophagy and the Akt kinase pathway. Since AR-12 does not inhibit the growth of planktonic bacteria but only works in conjunction with the infected host-cell, we hypothesized that AR-12 could enhance the activity of antibiotics in less-susceptible strains in the intracellular host environment. We found that repetitive passaging of S. typhimurium in macrophages in the absence of antibiotics led to a 4-fold reduction in their intracellular susceptibility to streptomycin (STR), but had no effect on the bacteria's sensitivity to AR-12. Moreover, when the host-passaged strains were treated with a combined therapy of AR-12 and STR, there was a significant reduction of intracellular bacterial burden compared to STR monotherapy. Additionally, co-treatment of macrophages infected with multi-drug resistant S. typhimurium with AR-12 and STR or ampicillin showed enhanced clearance of the intracellular bacteria. The drug combination did not elicit this effect on planktonic bacteria. Overall, AR-12 enhanced the clearance of less susceptible S. typhimurium in an intracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shamim Hasan Zahid
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Devika M Varma
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Monica M Johnson
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Antonio Landavazo
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Eric M Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Bruce E Blough
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, NC, USA
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12
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Sadhu S, Rizvi ZA, Pandey RP, Dalal R, Rathore DK, Kumar B, Pandey M, Kumar Y, Goel R, Maiti TK, Johri AK, Tiwari A, Pandey AK, Awasthi A. Gefitinib Results in Robust Host-Directed Immunity Against Salmonella Infection Through Proteo-Metabolomic Reprogramming. Front Immunol 2021; 12:648710. [PMID: 33868285 PMCID: PMC8044459 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.648710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The global rise of antibiotic-resistant strains of Salmonella has necessitated the development of alternative therapeutic strategies. Recent studies have shown that targeting host factors may provide an alternative approach for the treatment of intracellular pathogens. Host-directed therapy (HDT) modulates host cellular factors that are essential to support the replication of the intracellular pathogens. In the current study, we identified Gefitinib as a potential host directed therapeutic drug against Salmonella. Further, using the proteome analysis of Salmonella-infected macrophages, we identified EGFR, a host factor, promoting intracellular survival of Salmonella via mTOR-HIF-1α axis. Blocking of EGFR, mTOR or HIF-1α inhibits the intracellular survival of Salmonella within the macrophages and in mice. Global proteo-metabolomics profiling indicated the upregulation of host factors predominantly associated with ATP turn over, glycolysis, urea cycle, which ultimately promote the activation of EGFR-HIF1α signaling upon infection. Importantly, inhibition of EGFR and HIF1α restored both proteomics and metabolomics changes caused by Salmonella infection. Taken together, this study identifies Gefitinib as a host directed drug that holds potential translational values against Salmonella infection and might be useful for the treatment of other intracellular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Sadhu
- Infection and Immunobiology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Zaigham Abbas Rizvi
- Infection and Immunobiology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | | | - Rajdeep Dalal
- Infection and Immunobiology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Rathore
- Infection and Immunity, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Bhoj Kumar
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Manitosh Pandey
- Infection and Immunity, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Yashwant Kumar
- Non Communicable Diseases, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Renu Goel
- Non Communicable Diseases, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Tushar K. Maiti
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Atul Kumar Johri
- Infection and Immunity, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashutosh Tiwari
- Infection and Immunobiology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Amit Kumar Pandey
- Infection and Immunity, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Infection and Immunobiology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
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13
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Mohan M, Bhattacharya D. Host-directed Therapy: A New Arsenal to Come. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 24:59-70. [PMID: 32723230 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323999200728115857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant strains among the variety of pathogens worsens the situation in today's scenario. In such a situation, a very heavy demand for developing the new antibiotics has arisen, but unfortunately, very limited success has been achieved in this arena till now. Infectious diseases usually make their impression in the form of severe pathology. Intracellular pathogens use the host's cell machinery for their survival. They alter the gene expression of several host's pathways and endorse to shut down the cell's innate defense pathway like apoptosis and autophagy. Intracellular pathogens are co-evolved with hosts and have a striking ability to manipulate the host's factors. They also mimic the host molecules and secrete them to prevent the host's proper immune response against them for their survival. Intracellular pathogens in chronic diseases create excessive inflammation. This excessive inflammation manifests in pathology. Host directed therapy could be alternative medicine in this situation; it targets the host factors, and abrogates the replication and persistence of pathogens inside the cell. It also provokes the anti-microbial immune response against the pathogen and reduces the exacerbation by enhancing the healing process to the site of pathology. HDT targets the host's factor involved in a certain pathway that ultimately targets the pathogen life cycle and helps in eradication of the pathogen. In such a scenario, HDT could also play a significant role in the treatment of drugsensitive as well with drug resistance strains because it targets the host's factors, which favors the pathogen survival inside the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mradul Mohan
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Debapriya Bhattacharya
- Center for Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SOA Deemed University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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14
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Zhuang J, Ji X, Zhu Y, Liu W, Sun J, Jiao X, Xu X. Restriction of intracellular Salmonella typhimurium growth by the small-molecule autophagy inducer A77 1726 through the activation of the AMPK-ULK1 axis. Vet Microbiol 2021; 254:108982. [PMID: 33461007 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.108982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in restricting the growth of invading intracellular microbes. Salmonella (S) Typhimurium, an intracellular pathogen that causes gastroenteritis and food poisoning in humans, evades autophagic detection by multiple mechanisms. There has been growing interest in developing autophagy inducers as novel antimicrobial agents for treating intracellular bacterial infections. We recently reported that A77 1726, the active metabolite of the anti-inflammatory drug leflunomide, induces autophagy by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1). Our present study aims to determine if A77 1726 was able to restrict intracellular Salmonella growth by inducing autophagy. We first confirmed the ability of A77 1726 to induce autophagy by activating the AMPK-ULK1 axis in uninfected RAW264.7 (a murine macrophage cell line) and HeLa cells (a human cervical carcinoma cell line). A77 1726 enhanced autophagy in S. Typhimurium-infected cells, as evidenced by increased levels of LC3 lipidation and increased numbers of autophagosomes and autolysosomes. Confocal microscopy revealed that A77 1726 induced xenophagy in macrophages, as evidenced by an increased number of LC3-coated bacteria in the cytoplasm. A77 1726 significantly decreased the number of intracellular S. Typhimurium in macrophages. Taken together, our study has demonstrated the ability of A77 1726 to restrict intracellular S. Typhimurium growth in vitro by enhancing xenophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhuang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xiaoyue Ji
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jing Sun
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xiulong Xu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China.
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15
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Reggio A, Buonomo V, Grumati P. Eating the unknown: Xenophagy and ER-phagy are cytoprotective defenses against pathogens. Exp Cell Res 2020; 396:112276. [PMID: 32918896 PMCID: PMC7480532 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved catabolic process devoted to the removal of unnecessary and harmful cellular components. In its general form, autophagy governs cellular lifecycle through the formation of double membrane vesicles, termed autophagosomes, that enwrap and deliver unwanted intracellular components to lysosomes. In addition to this omniscient role, forms of selective autophagy, relying on specialized receptors for cargo recognition, exert fine-tuned control over cellular homeostasis. In this regard, xenophagy plays a pivotal role in restricting the replication of intracellular pathogens, thus acting as an ancient innate defense system against infections. Recently, selective autophagy of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), more simply ER-phagy, has been uncovered as a critical mechanism governing ER network shape and function. Six ER-resident proteins have been characterized as ER-phagy receptors and their orchestrated function enables ER homeostasis and turnover overtime. Unfortunately, ER is also the preferred site for viral replication and several viruses hijack ER machinery for their needs. Thus, it is not surprising that some ER-phagy receptors can act to counteract viral replication and minimize the spread of infection throughout the organism. On the other hand, evolutionary pressure has armed pathogens with strategies to evade and subvert xenophagy and ER-phagy. Although ER-phagy biology is still in its infancy, the present review aims to summarize recent ER-phagy literature, with a special focus on its role in counteracting viral infections. Moreover, we aim to offer some hints for future targeted approaches to counteract host-pathogen interactions by modulating xenophagy and ER-phagy pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Reggio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Viviana Buonomo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Paolo Grumati
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli (NA), Italy.
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16
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AR-12 Exhibits Direct and Host-Targeted Antibacterial Activity toward Mycobacterium abscessus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00236-20. [PMID: 32482678 PMCID: PMC7526805 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00236-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic options for Mycobacterium abscessus infections are extremely limited. New or repurposed drugs are needed. The anti-M. abscessus activity of AR-12 (OSU-03012), reported to express broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects, was investigated in vitro and in vivo Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on 194 clinical isolates. Minimum bactericidal concentration and time-kill kinetics assays were conducted to distinguish the bactericidal versus bacteriostatic activity of AR-12. Synergy between AR-12 and five clinically important antibiotics was determined using a checkerboard synergy assay. The activity of AR-12 against intracellular M. abscessus residing within macrophage was also evaluated. Finally, the potency of AR-12 in vivo was determined in a neutropenic mouse model that mimics pulmonary M. abscessus infection. AR-12 exhibited high anti-M. abscessus activity in vitro, with an MIC50 of 4 mg/liter (8.7 μM) and an MIC90 of 8 mg/liter (17.4 μM) for both subsp. abscessus and subsp. massiliense AR-12 and amikacin exhibited comparable bactericidal activity against extracellular M. abscessus in culture. AR-12, however, exhibited significantly greater intracellular antibacterial activity than amikacin and caused a significant reduction in the bacterial load in the lungs of neutropenic mice infected with M. abscessus No antagonism between AR-12 and clarithromycin, amikacin, imipenem, cefoxitin, or tigecycline was evident. In conclusion, AR-12 is active against M. abscessus in vitro and in vivo and does not antagonize the most frequently used anti-M. abscessus drugs. As such, AR-12 is a potential candidate to include in novel strategies to treat M. abscessus infections.
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17
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Dietsche TA, Eldesouky HE, Zeiders SM, Seleem MN, Chmielewski J. Targeting Intracellular Pathogenic Bacteria Through N-Terminal Modification of Cationic Amphiphilic Polyproline Helices. J Org Chem 2020; 85:7468-7475. [PMID: 32425046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens can thrive within mammalian cells and are inaccessible to many antimicrobial agents. Herein, we present a facile method of enhancing the cell penetrating and antibacterial properties of cationic amphiphilic polyproline helices (CAPHs) with modifications to the hydrophobic moiety at the N-terminus. These altered CAPHs display superior cell penetration within macrophage cells, and in some cases, minimal cytotoxicity. Furthermore, one CAPH, Pentyl-P14 exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against multiple strains of pathogenic bacteria and promoted the clearance of intracellular Shigella within macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Dietsche
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2027, United States
| | - Hassan E Eldesouky
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2027, United States
| | - Samantha M Zeiders
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2027, United States
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2027, United States
| | - Jean Chmielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2027, United States
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18
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Varma DM, Zahid MSH, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM. Formulation of host-targeted therapeutics against bacterial infections. Transl Res 2020; 220:98-113. [PMID: 32268128 PMCID: PMC10132281 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The global burden of bacterial infections is rising due to increasing resistance to the majority of first-line antibiotics, rendering these drugs ineffective against several clinically important pathogens. Limited transport of antibiotics into cells compounds this problem for gram-negative bacteria that exhibit prominent intracellular lifecycles. Furthermore, poor bioavailability of antibiotics in infected tissues necessitates higher doses and longer treatment regimens to treat resistant infections. Although emerging antibiotics can combat these problems, resistance still may develop over time. Expanding knowledge of host-pathogen interactions has inspired research and development of host-directed therapies (HDTs). HDTs target host-cell machinery critical for bacterial pathogenesis to treat bacterial infections alone or as adjunctive treatment with traditional antibiotics. Unlike traditional antibiotics that directly affect bacteria, a majority of HDTs function by boosting the endogenous antimicrobial activity of cells and are consequently less prone to bacterial tolerance induced by selection pressure. Therefore, HDTs can be quite effective against intracellular cytosolic or vacuolar bacteria, which a majority of traditional antibiotics are unable to eradicate. However, in vivo therapeutic efficacy of HDTs is reliant on adequate bioavailability. Particle-based formulations demonstrate the potential to enable targeted drug delivery, enhance cellular uptake, and increase drug concentration in the host cell of HDTs. This review selected HDTs for clinically important pathogens, identifies formulation strategies that can improve their therapeutic efficacy and offers insights toward further development of HDTs for bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika M Varma
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - M Shamim Hasan Zahid
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Eric M Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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19
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Abdulrahman BA, Tahir W, Doh-Ura K, Gilch S, Schatzl HM. Combining autophagy stimulators and cellulose ethers for therapy against prion disease. Prion 2020; 13:185-196. [PMID: 31578923 PMCID: PMC6779372 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2019.1670928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal transmissible neurodegenerative disorders that affect animals and humans. Prions are proteinaceous infectious particles consisting of a misfolded isoform of the cellular prion protein PrPC, termed PrPSc. PrPSc accumulates in infected neurons due to partial resistance to proteolytic digestion. Using compounds that interfere with the production of PrPSc or enhance its degradation cure prion infection in vitro, but most drugs failed when used to treat prion-infected rodents. In order to synergize the effect of anti-prion drugs, we combined drugs interfering with the generation of PrPSc with compounds inducing PrPSc degradation. Here, we tested autophagy stimulators (rapamycin or AR12) and cellulose ether compounds (TC-5RW or 60SH-50) either as single or combination treatment of mice infected with RML prions. Single drug treatments significantly extended the survival compared to the untreated group. As anticipated, also all the combination therapy groups showed extended survival compared to the untreated group, but no combination treatment showed superior effects to 60SH-50 or TC-5RW treatment alone. Unexpectedly, we later found that combining autophagy stimulator and cellulose ether treatment in cultured neuronal cells mitigated the pro-autophagic activity of AR12 and rapamycin, which can in part explain the in vivo results. Overall, we show that it is critical to exclude antagonizing drug effects when attempting combination therapy. In addition, we identified AR-12 as a pro-autophagic drug that significantly extends survival of prion-infected mice, has no adverse side effects on the animals used in this study, and can be useful in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basant A Abdulrahman
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada.,Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Waqas Tahir
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada.,Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
| | - Katsumi Doh-Ura
- Department of Neurochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai , Japan
| | - Sabine Gilch
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada.,Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
| | - Hermann M Schatzl
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada.,Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
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20
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Liu Y, Jia Y, Yang K, Wang Z. Heterogeneous Strategies to Eliminate Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:563. [PMID: 32390959 PMCID: PMC7192003 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic tolerance in bacterial pathogens that are genetically susceptible, but phenotypically tolerant to treatment, represents a growing crisis for public health. In particular, the intracellular bacteria-mediated antibiotic tolerance by acting as “Trojan horses” play a critical and underappreciated role in the disease burden of bacterial infections. Thus, more intense efforts are required to tackle this problem. In this review, we firstly provide a brief overview of modes of action of bacteria invasion and survival in macrophage or non-professional phagocytic cells. Furthermore, we summarize our current knowledge about promising strategies to eliminate these intracellular bacterial pathogens, including direct bactericidal agents, antibiotic delivery to infection sites by various carriers, and activation of host immune functions. Finally, we succinctly discuss the challenges faced by bringing them into clinical trials and our constructive perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuqian Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kangni Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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21
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Wu S, Shen Y, Zhang S, Xiao Y, Shi S. Salmonella Interacts With Autophagy to Offense or Defense. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:721. [PMID: 32390979 PMCID: PMC7188831 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an important component of the innate immune system in mammals. Low levels of basic autophagy are sustained in normal cells, to help with the clearance of aging organelles and misfolded proteins, thus maintaining their structural and functional stability. However, when cells are faced with challenges, such as starvation or pathogenic infection, their level of autophagy increases significantly. Salmonella is a facultative intracellular pathogen, which imposes an economic burden on the poultry farming industry and human public health. Previous studies have shown that Salmonella can induce the autophagy of cells following invasion, which to a certain extent helps to protect the cells from bacterial colonization. This review summarizes the latest research in the field of Salmonella-induced autophagy, including: (i) the autophagy induction and escape mechanisms employed by Salmonella during the infection of host cells; (ii) the effect of autophagy on intracellular Salmonella; (iii) the important autophagy adaptors that recognize intracellular Salmonella in host cells; and (iv) the effect of autophagy-modulating drugs on Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wu
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yiru Shen
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yunqi Xiao
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shourong Shi
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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22
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Development of celecoxib-derived antifungals for crop protection. Bioorg Chem 2020; 97:103670. [PMID: 32088417 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib was found directly inhibiting the growth of tested phytopathogenic fungi with the inhibitory rate ranging from 30 to 40% at 100 µg/ml. Lead optimization of celecoxib led to the identification of compound 12 among its derivatives as the most active antifungal candidate. The antifungal effect of compound 12 was supposed to be independent of COX-2 inhibition. Transcriptome profiling analysis of Fusarium graminearium (PH-1) treated with compound 12 brought about 406 up-regulated and 572 down-regulated differentially express genes (DEGs) respectively.
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23
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Neubert P, Weichselbaum A, Reitinger C, Schatz V, Schröder A, Ferdinand JR, Simon M, Bär AL, Brochhausen C, Gerlach RG, Tomiuk S, Hammer K, Wagner S, van Zandbergen G, Binger KJ, Müller DN, Kitada K, Clatworthy MR, Kurts C, Titze J, Abdullah Z, Jantsch J. HIF1A and NFAT5 coordinate Na +-boosted antibacterial defense via enhanced autophagy and autolysosomal targeting. Autophagy 2019; 15:1899-1916. [PMID: 30982460 PMCID: PMC6844503 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1596483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection and inflammation are able to induce diet-independent Na+-accumulation without commensurate water retention in afflicted tissues, which favors the pro-inflammatory activation of mouse macrophages and augments their antibacterial and antiparasitic activity. While Na+-boosted host defense against the protozoan parasite Leishmania major is mediated by increased expression of the leishmanicidal NOS2 (nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible), the molecular mechanisms underpinning this enhanced antibacterial defense of mouse macrophages with high Na+ (HS) exposure are unknown. Here, we provide evidence that HS-increased antibacterial activity against E. coli was neither dependent on NOS2 nor on the phagocyte oxidase. In contrast, HS-augmented antibacterial defense hinged on HIF1A (hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit)-dependent increased autophagy, and NFAT5 (nuclear factor of activated T cells 5)-dependent targeting of intracellular E. coli to acidic autolysosomal compartments. Overall, these findings suggest that the autolysosomal compartment is a novel target of Na+-modulated cell autonomous innate immunity. Abbreviations: ACT: actins; AKT: AKT serine/threonine kinase 1; ATG2A: autophagy related 2A; ATG4C: autophagy related 4C, cysteine peptidase; ATG7: autophagy related 7; ATG12: autophagy related 12; BECN1: beclin 1; BMDM: bone marrow-derived macrophages; BNIP3: BCL2/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 3; CFU: colony forming units; CM-H2DCFDA: 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, acetyl ester; CTSB: cathepsin B; CYBB: cytochrome b-245 beta chain; DAPI: 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DMOG: dimethyloxallyl glycine; DPI: diphenyleneiodonium chloride; E. coli: Escherichia coli; FDR: false discovery rate; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GSEA: gene set enrichment analysis; GO: gene ontology; HIF1A: hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit; HUGO: human genome organization; HS: high salt (+ 40 mM of NaCl to standard cell culture conditions); HSP90: heat shock 90 kDa proteins; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; Lyz2/LysM: lysozyme 2; NFAT5/TonEBP: nuclear factor of activated T cells 5; MΦ: macrophages; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MFI: mean fluorescence intensity; MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration; MOI: multiplicity of infection; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NaCl: sodium chloride; NES: normalized enrichment score; n.s.: not significant; NO: nitric oxide; NOS2/iNOS: nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible; NS: normal salt; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PGK1: phosphoglycerate kinase 1; PHOX: phagocyte oxidase; RFP: red fluorescent protein; RNA: ribonucleic acid; ROS: reactive oxygen species; sCFP3A: super cyan fluorescent protein 3A; SBFI: sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate; SLC2A1/GLUT1: solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 1; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; ULK1: unc-51 like kinase 1; v-ATPase: vacuolar-type H+-ATPase; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Neubert
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg and University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Weichselbaum
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg and University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Reitinger
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg and University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Valentin Schatz
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg and University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Schröder
- Institute of Orthodontics, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - John R. Ferdinand
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michaela Simon
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg and University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Lorena Bär
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg and University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Karin Hammer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Regensburg and University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Regensburg and University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Katrina J. Binger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Dominik N. Müller
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation of Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kento Kitada
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Menna R. Clatworthy
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens Titze
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Zeinab Abdullah
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg and University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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24
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Autophagy Induction by a Small Molecule Inhibits Salmonella Survival in Macrophages and Mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019:AAC.01536-19. [PMID: 31591121 PMCID: PMC6879225 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01536-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a natural bacterial pathogen of humans and animals that causes systemic infection or gastroenteritis. During systemic infection, Salmonella generally resides within professional phagocytes, typically macrophages, whereas gastroenteritis is caused by infection of epithelial cells. We are only beginning to understand which host pathways contribute to Salmonella survival in particular cell types. Salmonella enterica is a natural bacterial pathogen of humans and animals that causes systemic infection or gastroenteritis. During systemic infection, Salmonella generally resides within professional phagocytes, typically macrophages, whereas gastroenteritis is caused by infection of epithelial cells. We are only beginning to understand which host pathways contribute to Salmonella survival in particular cell types. We therefore sought to identify compounds that perturb Salmonella-host interactions using a chemical genetics approach. We found one small molecule, D61, that reduces Salmonella load in cell line and primary macrophages but has no effect on Salmonella growth in epithelial cells or rich medium. We determined that in macrophages, D61 induces LC3II, a marker of the autophagy pathway, and promotes aggregation of LC3II near Salmonella. We found that D61 antibacterial activity depends on the VPS34 complex and on ATG5. D61 also reduced Salmonella load in the spleens and livers of infected mice. Lastly, we demonstrate that D61 antibacterial activity in macrophages is synergistic with the antibiotic chloramphenicol but that this synergy is largely independent of the known autophagy-stimulating activity of chloramphenicol. Thus, a small molecule has antibacterial activity specifically in macrophages and mice based on the promotion of bacterial degradation by autophagy. These observations demonstrate the potential therapeutic utility of stimulating autophagy in cells and animals to curb infection.
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25
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Liu W, Zhuang J, Jiang Y, Sun J, Prinz RA, Sun J, Jiao X, Xu X. Toll-like receptor signalling cross-activates the autophagic pathway to restrict Salmonella Typhimurium growth in macrophages. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13095. [PMID: 31392811 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has been long recognised that activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) induces autophagy to restrict intracellular bacterial growth. However, the mechanisms of TLR-induced autophagy are incompletely understood. Salmonella Typhimurium is an intracellular pathogen that causes food poisoning and gastroenteritis in humans. Whether TLR activation contributes to S. Typhimurium-induced autophagy has not been investigated. Here, we report that S. Typhimurium and TLRs shared a common pathway to induce autophagy in macrophages. We first showed that S. Typhimurium-induced autophagy in a RAW264.7 murine macrophage cell line was mediated by the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) through activation of the TGF-β-activated kinase (TAK1), a kinase activated by multiple TLRs. AMPK activation led to increased phosphorylation of Unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase (ULK1) at S317 and S555. ULK1 phosphorylation at these two sites in S. Typhimurium-infected macrophages overrode the inhibitory effect of mTOR on ULK1 activity due to mTOR-mediated ULK1 phosphorylation at S757. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), flagellin, and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, which activate TLR4, TLR5, and TLR9, respectively, increased TAK1 and AMPK phosphorylation and induced autophagy in RAW264.7 cells and in bone marrow-derived macrophages. However, LPS was unable to induce TAK1 and AMPK phosphorylation and autophagy in TLR4-deficient macrophages. TAK1 and AMPK-specific inhibitors blocked S. Typhimurium-induced autophagy and xenophagy and increased the bacterial growth in RAW264.7 cells. These observations collectively suggest that activation of the TAK1-AMPK axis through TLRs is essential for S. Typhimurium-induced autophagy and that TLR signalling cross-activates the autophagic pathway to clear intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Richard A Prinz
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiulong Xu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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26
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Zahid MSH, Johnson MM, Tokarski RJ, Satoskar AR, Fuchs JR, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM. Evaluation of synergy between host and pathogen-directed therapies against intracellular Leishmania donovani. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2019; 10:125-132. [PMID: 31493763 PMCID: PMC6731340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is associated with treatment complications due to the continued growth of resistant parasites toward currently available pathogen-directed therapeutics. To limit the emergence and combat resistant parasites there is a need to develop new anti-leishmanial drugs and alternative treatment approaches, such as host-directed therapeutics (HDTs). Discovery of new anti-leishmanial drugs including HDTs requires suitable in vitro assay systems. Herein, we modified and evaluated a series of resazurin assays against different life-stages of the VL causing parasite, Leishmania donovani to identify novel HDTs. We further analyzed the synergy of combinatorial interactions between traditionally used pathogen-directed drugs and HDTs for clearance of intracellular L. donovani. The inhibitory concentration at 50% (IC50) of the five evaluated therapies [amphotericin B (AMB), miltefosine, paromomycin, DNER-4, and AR-12 (OSU-03012)] was determined against promastigotes, extracellular amastigotes, and intracellular amastigotes of L. donovani via a resazurin-based assay and compared to image-based microscopy. Using the resazurin-based assay, all evaluated therapies showed reproducible anti-leishmanial activity against the parasite's different life-stages. These results were consistent to the traditional image-based technique. The gold standard of therapy, AMB, showed the highest potency against intracellular L. donovani, and was further evaluated for combinatorial effects with the HDTs. Among the combinations analyzed, pathogen-directed AMB and host-directed AR-12 showed a synergistic reduction of intracellular L. donovani compared to individual treatments. The modified resazurin assay used in this study demonstrated a useful technique to measure new anti-leishmanial drugs against both intracellular and extracellular parasites. The synergistic interactions between pathogen-directed AMB and host-directed AR-12 showed a great promise to combat VL, with the potential to reduce the emergence of drug-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shamim Hasan Zahid
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Monica M Johnson
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Robert J Tokarski
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Abhay R Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - James R Fuchs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Eric M Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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27
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Yang CY, Hsu CY, Fang CS, Shiau CW, Chen CS, Chiu HC. Loxapine, an antipsychotic drug, suppresses intracellular multiple-antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in macrophages. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2019; 52:638-647. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Khandia R, Dadar M, Munjal A, Dhama K, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Yatoo MI, Iqbal HMN, Singh KP, Joshi SK, Chaicumpa W. A Comprehensive Review of Autophagy and Its Various Roles in Infectious, Non-Infectious, and Lifestyle Diseases: Current Knowledge and Prospects for Disease Prevention, Novel Drug Design, and Therapy. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070674. [PMID: 31277291 PMCID: PMC6678135 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy (self-eating) is a conserved cellular degradation process that plays important roles in maintaining homeostasis and preventing nutritional, metabolic, and infection-mediated stresses. Autophagy dysfunction can have various pathological consequences, including tumor progression, pathogen hyper-virulence, and neurodegeneration. This review describes the mechanisms of autophagy and its associations with other cell death mechanisms, including apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, and autosis. Autophagy has both positive and negative roles in infection, cancer, neural development, metabolism, cardiovascular health, immunity, and iron homeostasis. Genetic defects in autophagy can have pathological consequences, such as static childhood encephalopathy with neurodegeneration in adulthood, Crohn's disease, hereditary spastic paraparesis, Danon disease, X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy, and sporadic inclusion body myositis. Further studies on the process of autophagy in different microbial infections could help to design and develop novel therapeutic strategies against important pathogenic microbes. This review on the progress and prospects of autophagy research describes various activators and suppressors, which could be used to design novel intervention strategies against numerous diseases and develop therapeutic drugs to protect human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Khandia
- Department of Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal 462 026, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj 31975/148, Iran
| | - Ashok Munjal
- Department of Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal 462 026, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600051, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281 001, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar 190025, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N. L., CP 64849, Mexico
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil K Joshi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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29
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Winarsih S, Kosasih T, Putera MA, Rahmadhiani N, Poernomo EL, Runtuk KS, Oswari MV. β-Glucan of Candida albicans Cell Wall Extract Inhibits Salmonella Typhimurium Colonization by Potentiating Cellular Immunity (CD8 + and CD4 + T Cells). Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019; 52:e20180254. [PMID: 30726315 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0254-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antimicrobial resistance has been reported in the drugs used for the treatment of typhoid fever. The immunomodulatory substance β-glucan can be used as an alternative therapy as it potentiates host immunity. The aims of this study are to observe the effect of Candida albicans cell wall (CCW) extract towards host immunity (TCD8+ and TCD4+ cells in spleen, intestinal sIgA) and its capacity to kill Salmonella in the intestine and liver of typhoid fever mice models. METHODS Typhoid fever mice models were created by infecting mice with S. Typhimurium orally. Mice were divided into four groups: the Non-Infected, Infected, CCW (infected mice treated with 300 µg CCW extract/mouse once a day), and Ciprofloxacin groups (infected mice treated with 15 mg/kg BW ciprofloxacin twice a day). RESULTS Secretory IgA (sIgA) concentrations of mice in the CCW group remained unchanged. However, their TCD4+ and TCD8+ cells increased substantially compared to those in the Non-Infected group. In the Ciprofloxacin group, sIgA concentrations increased markedly compared to those in the Non-Infected and CCW groups; TCD4+ and TCD8+ cells also increased significantly compared to those in the Infected Group, but not significant compared to those in the CCW group. Colonization of S. Typhimurium in the intestine and liver decreased significantly in the CCW and Ciprofloxacin groups compared to that in the Infected group, with the lowest reduction being found in the Ciprofloxacin group. CONCLUSIONS The inhibition of S. Typhimurium colonization by CCW is associated with the increase in TCD4+ and TCD8+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Winarsih
- Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia
| | - Tomson Kosasih
- Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Nayla Rahmadhiani
- Medicine Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia
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30
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Ellis MJ, Tsai CN, Johnson JW, French S, Elhenawy W, Porwollik S, Andrews-Polymenis H, McClelland M, Magolan J, Coombes BK, Brown ED. A macrophage-based screen identifies antibacterial compounds selective for intracellular Salmonella Typhimurium. Nat Commun 2019; 10:197. [PMID: 30643129 PMCID: PMC6331611 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Tm) establishes systemic infection in susceptible hosts by evading the innate immune response and replicating within host phagocytes. Here, we sought to identify inhibitors of intracellular S. Tm replication by conducting parallel chemical screens against S. Tm growing in macrophage-mimicking media and within macrophages. We identify several compounds that inhibit Salmonella growth in the intracellular environment and in acidic, ion-limited media. We report on the antimicrobial activity of the psychoactive drug metergoline, which is specific against intracellular S. Tm. Screening an S. Tm deletion library in the presence of metergoline reveals hypersensitization of outer membrane mutants to metergoline activity. Metergoline disrupts the proton motive force at the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane and extends animal survival during a systemic S. Tm infection. This work highlights the predictive nature of intracellular screens for in vivo efficacy, and identifies metergoline as a novel antimicrobial active against Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ellis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Caressa N Tsai
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jarrod W Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Shawn French
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Wael Elhenawy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Steffen Porwollik
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4025, USA
| | - Helene Andrews-Polymenis
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University, 8447 Riverside Pkwy, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Michael McClelland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4025, USA
| | - Jakob Magolan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Brian K Coombes
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Eric D Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
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Novel AR-12 derivatives, P12-23 and P12-34, inhibit flavivirus replication by blocking host de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:187. [PMID: 30459406 PMCID: PMC6246607 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The genus Flavivirus contains many important pathogens, including dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). AR-12 is a celecoxib-derived anticancer agent that possesses antiviral activity against a broad range of viruses. We pharmacologically exploited this unique activity to develop additional antiviral agents, resulting in the production of the AR-12 derivatives P12-23 and P12-34. At nanomolar concentrations, these compounds were effective in suppressing DENV, ZIKV and JEV replication, exhibiting 10-fold improvements in the efficacy and selectivity indices as compared to AR-12. Regarding the mode of antiviral action, P12-23 and P12-34 inhibited viral RNA replication but had no effect on viral binding, entry or translation. Moreover, these AR-12 derivatives co-localized with mitochondrial markers, and their antiviral activity was lost in mitochondria-depleted cells. Interestingly, exogenous uridine or orotate, the latter being a metabolite of the mitochondrial enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), abolished the antiviral activity of AR-12 and its derivatives. As DHODH is a key enzyme in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway, these AR-12 derivatives may act by targeting pyrimidine biosynthesis in host cells to inhibit viral replication. Importantly, treatment with P12-34 significantly improved the survival of mice that were subcutaneously challenged with DENV. Thus, P12-34 may warrant further evaluation as a therapeutic to control flaviviral outbreaks.
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Johnson MM, Collier MA, Hoang KV, Pino EN, Gurysh EG, Gallovic MD, Zahid MSH, Chen N, Schlesinger LS, Gunn JS, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM. In Vivo and Cellular Trafficking of Acetalated Dextran Microparticles for Delivery of a Host-Directed Therapy for Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Infection. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:5336-5348. [PMID: 30296381 PMCID: PMC6330710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Previously we have encapsulated host-directed therapy AR-12 into acetalated dextran (Ace-DEX) microparticles (MPs) to mitigate drug toxicity and passively target phagocytic host cells. Herein, we have improved upon our initial emulsion-based formulation of Ace-DEX MPs encapsulating AR-12 (AR-12/MPs) by improving the drug encapsulation efficiency, evaluating sterilization processes for manufacturing, and understanding cellular and in vivo trafficking of the MPs. By using an alternative solvent system, ethyl acetate, we report an increased encapsulation efficiency of AR-12 while maintaining the pH-responsive degradation kinetics of Ace-DEX MPs. To better manufacture this novel antimicrobial formulation, we sterilized AR-12/MPs by gamma irradiation or ethylene oxide and evaluated their efficacy against intracellular Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Sterilized AR-12/MPs resulted in a significant reduction in intracellular bacterial burden compared to Blank/MPs. We also characterized intracellular trafficking of Ace-DEX MPs encapsulating fluorophores, which demonstrated internalization of MPs in endo/lysosomal compartments and time and degradation-rate dependent lysosomal escape into cytosolic compartments. Additionally, in vivo toxicity was mitigated following encapsulation of AR-12, where the maximum tolerated dose of AR-12 was increased compared to soluble treatment via intranasal, intravenous, and intraperitoneal administration routes. Following in vivo trafficking of Ace-DEX MPs via the same routes, intranasal administration demonstrated the highest accumulation in the lungs, liver, and kidneys, which persisted out to 240 h. Overall, we have advanced the formulation of this host-directed therapy and broadened the understanding of Ace-DEX MP delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M. Johnson
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael A. Collier
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ky V. Hoang
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Erica N. Pino
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Elizabeth G. Gurysh
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Matthew D. Gallovic
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Md. Shamim Hasan Zahid
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Naihan Chen
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - John S. Gunn
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eric M. Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kristy M. Ainslie
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Assani K, Shrestha CL, Rinehardt H, Zhang S, Robledo-Avila F, Wellmerling J, Partida-Sanchez S, Cormet-Boyaka E, Reynolds SD, Schlesinger LS, Kopp BT. AR-13 reduces antibiotic-resistant bacterial burden in cystic fibrosis phagocytes and improves cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator function. J Cyst Fibros 2018; 18:622-629. [PMID: 30366849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no effective treatments for Burkholderia cenocepacia in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) due to bacterial multi-drug resistance and defective host killing. We demonstrated that decreased bacterial killing in CF is caused by reduced macrophage autophagy due to defective cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function. AR-12 is a small molecule autophagy inducer that kills intracellular pathogens such as Francisella. We evaluated the efficacy of AR-12 and a new analogue AR-13 in reducing bacterial burden in CF phagocytes. METHODS Human CF and non-CF peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages, neutrophils, and nasal epithelial cells were exposed to CF bacterial strains in conjunction with treatment with antibiotics and/or AR compounds. RESULTS AR-13 and not AR-12 had growth inhibition on B. cenocepacia and methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in media alone. There was a 99% reduction in MRSA in CF macrophages, 71% reduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa in CF neutrophils, and 70% reduction in non-CF neutrophils using AR-13. Conversely, there was no reduction in B. cenocepacia in infected CF and non-CF macrophages using AR-13 alone, but AR-13 and antibiotics synergistically reduced B. cenocepacia in CF macrophages. AR-13 improved autophagy in CF macrophages and CF patient-derived epithelial cells, and increased CFTR protein expression and channel function in CF epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS The novel AR-12 analogue AR-13, in combination with antibiotics, reduced antibiotic-resistant bacterial burden in CF phagocytes, which correlated with increased autophagy and CFTR expression. AR-13 is a novel therapeutic for patients infected with B. cenocepacia and other resistant organisms that lack effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaivon Assani
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Chandra L Shrestha
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Hannah Rinehardt
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shuzhong Zhang
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Frank Robledo-Avila
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jack Wellmerling
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Santiago Partida-Sanchez
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Estelle Cormet-Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Susan D Reynolds
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | | | - Benjamin T Kopp
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.
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The celecoxib derivative kinase inhibitor AR-12 (OSU-03012) inhibits Zika virus via down-regulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and protects Zika virus-infected A129 mice: A host-targeting treatment strategy. Antiviral Res 2018; 160:38-47. [PMID: 30326204 PMCID: PMC7113887 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a human-pathogenic flavivirus that has recently emerged as a global public health threat. ZIKV infection may be associated with congenital malformations in infected fetuses and severe neurological and systemic complications in infected adults. There are currently limited treatment options for ZIKV infection. AR-12 (OSU-03012) is a celecoxib derivative cellular kinase inhibitor that has broad-spectrum antiviral activities. In this study, we investigated the antiviral activity and mechanism of AR-12 against ZIKV. We evaluated the in vitro anti-ZIKV activity of AR-12, using cell protection and virus yield reduction assays, in multiple clinically relevant cell lines, and the in vivo treatment effects of AR-12 in a lethal mouse model using type I interferon receptor-deficient A129 mice. AR-12 inhibited ZIKV strains belonging to both the African and Asian/American lineages in Huh-7 and/or neuronal cells. AR12's IC50 against ZIKV was consistently <2 μM in these cells. ZIKV-infected A129 mice treated with intraperitoneally or orally administered AR-12 had significantly higher survival rate (50.0%–83.3% vs 0%, P < 0.05), less body weight loss, and lower blood and tissue ZIKV RNA loads than untreated control A129 mice. These anti-ZIKV effects were likely the results of down-regulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway by AR-12. Clinical trials using the clinically available and broad-spectrum AR-12 as an empirical treatment should be considered especially for patients residing in or returning from areas endemic of ZIKV and other arboviral infections who present with an acute undifferentiated febrile illness. AR-12 (OSU-03012) inhibited the replication of Zika virus strains belonging to both the Asian/American and African lineages. AR-12 inhibited Zika virus replication in multiple cell types in vitro. AR-12 treatment improved clinical and virological outcome of Zika virus-infected type I interferon receptor-deficient mice. AR-12 inhibited Zika virus replication via down-regulation of protein kinase B (Akt).
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Wang C, Yu Z, Shi X, Tang X, Wang Y, Wang X, An Y, Li S, Li Y, Wang X, Luan W, Chen Z, Liu M, Yu L. Triclosan Enhances the Clearing of Pathogenic Intracellular Salmonella or Candida albicans but Disturbs the Intestinal Microbiota through mTOR-Independent Autophagy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29515975 PMCID: PMC5826388 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, whose well-known antibacterial mechanism is inhibiting lipid synthesis. Autophagy, an innate immune response, is an intracellular process that delivers the cargo including pathogens to lysosomes for degradation. In this study, we first demonstrated that TCS induced autophagy in a dose-dependent manner in non-phagocytic cells (HeLa) and in macrophages (Raw264.7) and in vivo. The western blot results also revealed that TCS induced autophagy via the AMPK/ULK1 and JNK/ERK/p38 pathways independent of mTOR. The immunofluorescence results indicated that TCS up-regulated the expression of the ubiquitin receptors NDP52 and p62 and strengthened the co-localization of these receptors with Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) or Candida albicans (C. albicans) in infected MΦ cells. In addition, sub-lethal concentrations of TCS enhanced the clearing of the pathogens S. typhimurium or C. albicans in infected MΦ and in corresponding mouse infection models in vivo. Specifically, we found that a sub-inhibitory concentration of TCS induced autophagy, leading to an imbalance of the intestinal microflora in mice through the analysis of 16s rRNA Sequencing. Together, these results demonstrated that TCS induced autophagy, which enhanced the killing against pathogenic S. typhimurium or C. albicans within mammal cells but broke the balance of the intestinal microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhongyang Yu
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaochen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xudong Tang
- Key Lab for New Drugs Research of TCM in Shenzhen, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueyan Wang
- Key Lab for New Drugs Research of TCM in Shenzhen, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanan An
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shulin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenjing Luan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaobin Chen
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Abstract
There is a clear link between defects in autophagy and the development of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases, raising interest in better understanding the roles of autophagy within the immune system. In addition, autophagy has been implicated in the immune response to infection by pathogenic microbes. As such, there are efforts currently underway to develop modulators of autophagy as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of the autoimmune, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. In this review, we discuss the numerous roles for autophagy in immunity and how these activities are linked to disease. We highlight how autophagy affects pathogen clearance, phagocytosis, pattern recognition receptor signaling, inflammation, antigen presentation, cell death, and immune cell development and maintenance. With these diverse and extensive immune-related functions for autophagy in mind, we finish by considering the possible implications of targeting autophagy as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Kinsella
- 1 Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, USA
| | - Eric M Nehls
- 1 Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, USA
| | - Christina L Stallings
- 1 Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, USA
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Mitigating the Impact of Antibacterial Drug Resistance through Host-Directed Therapies: Current Progress, Outlook, and Challenges. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.01932-17. [PMID: 29382729 PMCID: PMC5790911 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01932-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing incidences of multidrug resistance in pathogenic bacteria threaten our ability to treat and manage bacterial infection. The development and FDA approval of novel antibiotics have slowed over the past decade; therefore, the adoption and improvement of alternative therapeutic strategies are critical for addressing the threat posed by multidrug-resistant bacteria. Host-directed therapies utilize small-molecule drugs and proteins to alter the host response to pathogen infection. Here, we highlight strategies for modulating the host inflammatory response to enhance bacterial clearance, small-molecule potentiation of innate immunity, and targeting of host factors that are exploited by pathogen virulence factors. Application of state-of-the-art "omic" technologies, including proteomics, transcriptomics, and image-omics (image-based high-throughput phenotypic screening), combined with powerful bioinformatics tools will enable the modeling of key signaling pathways in the host-pathogen interplay and aid in the identification of host proteins for therapeutic targeting and the discovery of host-directed small molecules that will regulate bacterial infection. We conclude with an outlook on research needed to overcome the challenges associated with transitioning host-directed therapies into a clinical setting.
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38
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Li Z, Wang X, Teng D, Mao R, Hao Y, Yang N, Chen H, Wang X, Wang J. Improved antibacterial activity of a marine peptide-N2 against intracellular Salmonella typhimurium by conjugating with cell-penetrating peptides-bLFcin 6/Tat 11. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 145:263-272. [PMID: 29329001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Salmonellae, gram-negative bacteria, are facultative intracellular pathogens that cause a number of diseases in animals and humans. The poor penetration ability of antimicrobial agents limits their use in the treatment of intracellular bacterial infections. In this study, the cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) bLFcin6 and Tat11 were separately conjugated to the antimicrobial peptide N2, and the antibacterial activity and pharmacodynamics of the CPPs-N2 conjugates were first evaluated against Salmonellae typhimurium in vitro and in macrophage cells. The cytotoxicity, cellular uptake and mechanism of cellular internalization of the CPPs-N2 conjugates were also examined in RAW264.7 cells. Similar to N2, CPPs-N2 have two reverse β-sheets and three loops. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CPPs-N2 was approximately 2 μM, which was higher than that of N2 (0.8 μM). The dose-time curves and cytotoxicity assay showed that both peptide conjugates were more effective than N2 alone at concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 1 × MIC, and they exhibited low cytotoxicity (9.78%-13.54%) at 100 μM. After 0.5 h incubation, the cell internalization ratio of B6N2 and T11N2 exceeded 28.3% and 93.5%, respectively, which was higher than that of N2. The uptake of B6N2 and T11N2 was reduced by low temperature (82.1%-91.7%), chlorpromazine (35.7%-75.1%), and amiloride (26.0%-52.1%), indicating that macropinocytosis and clathrin-mediated endocytosis may be involved. Approximately 98.85% and 91.35% of bacteria were killed within 3 h by T11N2 and B6N2, respectively, which was higher than the percentage killed by N2 (69.74%). Compared with the bactericidal activity of N2 alone, the bactericidal activity of T11N2 and B6N2 was increased by 53.7%-99.6% and 85.3-85.8%, respectively. Both CPPs-N2 conjugates may be excellent candidates for novel antimicrobial agents to treat infectious diseases caused by intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanzhan Li
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China; Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China; Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Teng
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China; Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoyu Mao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China; Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Hao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China; Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Yang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China; Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Huixian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China; Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China; Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China; Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China.
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Abdulrahman BA, Abdelaziz D, Thapa S, Lu L, Jain S, Gilch S, Proniuk S, Zukiwski A, Schatzl HM. The celecoxib derivatives AR-12 and AR-14 induce autophagy and clear prion-infected cells from prions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17565. [PMID: 29242534 PMCID: PMC5730578 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17770-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal infectious neurodegenerative disorders that affect both humans and animals. The autocatalytic conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into the pathologic isoform PrPSc is a key feature in prion pathogenesis. AR-12 is an IND-approved derivative of celecoxib that demonstrated preclinical activity against several microbial diseases. Recently, AR-12 has been shown to facilitate clearance of misfolded proteins. The latter proposes AR-12 to be a potential therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we investigated the role of AR-12 and its derivatives in controlling prion infection. We tested AR-12 in prion infected neuronal and non-neuronal cell lines. Immunoblotting and confocal microscopy results showed that AR-12 and its analogue AR-14 reduced PrPSc levels after only 72 hours of treatment. Furthermore, infected cells were cured of PrPSc after exposure of AR-12 or AR-14 for only two weeks. We partially attribute the influence of the AR compounds on prion propagation to autophagy stimulation, in line with our previous findings that drug-induced stimulation of autophagy has anti-prion effects in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, this study demonstrates that AR-12 and the AR-14 analogue are potential new therapeutic agents for prion diseases and possibly protein misfolding disorders involving prion-like mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basant A Abdulrahman
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, 11795, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia Abdelaziz
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, 11795, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Simrika Thapa
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Shubha Jain
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Sabine Gilch
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Department of Ecosystem & Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | | | | | - Hermann M Schatzl
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
- Departments of Veterinary Sciences and of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 82071, USA.
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40
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Hoang KV, Adcox HE, Fitch JR, Gordon DM, Curry HM, Schlesinger LS, White P, Gunn JS. AR-13, a Celecoxib Derivative, Directly Kills Francisella In Vitro and Aids Clearance and Mouse Survival In Vivo. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1695. [PMID: 28955308 PMCID: PMC5600997 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis (F. tularensis) is the causative agent of tularemia and is classified as a Tier 1 select agent. No licensed vaccine is currently available in the United States and treatment of tularemia is confined to few antibiotics. In this study, we demonstrate that AR-13, a derivative of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib, exhibits direct in vitro bactericidal killing activity against Francisella including a type A strain of F. tularensis (SchuS4) and the live vaccine strain (LVS), as well as toward the intracellular proliferation of LVS in macrophages, without causing significant host cell toxicity. Identification of an AR-13-resistant isolate indicates that this compound has an intracellular target(s) and that efflux pumps can mediate AR-13 resistance. In the mouse model of tularemia, AR-13 treatment protected 50% of the mice from lethal LVS infection and prolonged survival time from a lethal dose of F. tularensis SchuS4. Combination of AR-13 with a sub-optimal dose of gentamicin protected 60% of F. tularensis SchuS4-infected mice from death. Taken together, these data support the translational potential of AR-13 as a lead compound for the further development of new anti-Francisella agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ky V Hoang
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Haley E Adcox
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - James R Fitch
- The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - David M Gordon
- The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Heather M Curry
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Peter White
- The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, ColumbusOH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - John S Gunn
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
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41
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Munguia J, Nizet V. Pharmacological Targeting of the Host-Pathogen Interaction: Alternatives to Classical Antibiotics to Combat Drug-Resistant Superbugs. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:473-488. [PMID: 28283200 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The rise of multidrug-resistant pathogens and the dearth of new antibiotic development place an existential strain on successful infectious disease therapy. Breakthrough strategies that go beyond classical antibiotic mechanisms are needed to combat this looming public health catastrophe. Reconceptualizing antibiotic therapy in the richer context of the host-pathogen interaction is required for innovative solutions. By defining specific virulence factors, the essence of a pathogen, and pharmacologically neutralizing their activities, one can block disease progression and sensitize microbes to immune clearance. Likewise, host-directed strategies to boost phagocyte bactericidal activity, enhance leukocyte recruitment, or reverse pathogen-induced immunosuppression seek to replicate the success of cancer immunotherapy in the field of infectious diseases. The answer to the threat of multidrug-resistant pathogens lies 'outside the box' of current antibiotic paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Munguia
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
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42
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Bachelder EM, Pino EN, Ainslie KM. Acetalated Dextran: A Tunable and Acid-Labile Biopolymer with Facile Synthesis and a Range of Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 117:1915-1926. [PMID: 28032507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acetalated dextran (Ac-DEX) is a tunable acid-labile biopolymer with facile synthesis, aptly designed for the formulation of microparticles for vaccines and immune modulation. Tunability of degradation is achieved based on the kinetics of reaction and the molecular weight of the parent dextran polymer. This tunability translated to differential rates of activation of CD8+ T cells in an in vitro ovalbumin model and illustrated that acid-labile polymer can activate CD8+ T cells at an increased rate compared to acid-insensitive polymers. In addition, Ac-DEX has been used to encapsulate small molecules, deliver nucleotides, transport inorganic molecules, formulate immune modulating therapies and vaccines, and trigger pH responsive constructs for therapy. Here we highlight the properties and results of Ac-DEX nano-/microparticles as well as the use of the polymer in other constructs and chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Erica N Pino
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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43
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Kimmey JM, Stallings CL. Bacterial Pathogens versus Autophagy: Implications for Therapeutic Interventions. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:1060-1076. [PMID: 27866924 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Research in recent years has focused significantly on the role of selective macroautophagy in targeting intracellular pathogens for lysosomal degradation, a process termed xenophagy. In this review we evaluate the proposed roles for xenophagy in controlling bacterial infection, highlighting the concept that successful pathogens have evolved ways to subvert or exploit this defense, minimizing the actual effectiveness of xenophagy in innate immunity. Instead, studies in animal models have revealed that autophagy-associated proteins often function outside of xenophagy to influence bacterial pathogenesis. In light of current efforts to manipulate autophagy and the development of host-directed therapies to fight bacterial infections, we also discuss the implications stemming from the complicated relationship that exists between autophagy and bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Kimmey
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christina L Stallings
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Abstract
Dimorphic fungi cause several endemic mycoses which range from subclinical respiratory infections to life-threatening systemic disease. Pathogenic-phase cells of Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Paracoccidioides and Coccidioides escape elimination by the innate immune response with control ultimately requiring activation of cell-mediated immunity. Clinical management of disease relies primarily on antifungal compounds; however, dimorphic fungal pathogens create a number of challenges for antifungal drug therapy. In addition to the drug toxicity issues known for current antifungals, barriers to efficient drug treatment of dimorphic fungal infections include natural resistance to the echinocandins, residence of fungal cells within immune cells, the requirement for systemic delivery of drugs, prolonged treatment times, potential for latent infections, and lack of optimized standardized methodology for in vitro testing of drug susceptibilities. This review will highlight recent advances, current therapeutic options, and new compounds on the horizon for treating infections by dimorphic fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chad A Rappleye
- a Department of Microbiology , Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
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45
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New Role for FDA-Approved Drugs in Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:3717-29. [PMID: 27067323 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00326-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in medically relevant bacterial pathogens, coupled with a paucity of novel antimicrobial discoveries, represents a pressing global crisis. Traditional drug discovery is an inefficient and costly process; however, systematic screening of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapeutics for other indications in humans offers a rapid alternative approach. In this study, we screened a library of 780 FDA-approved drugs to identify molecules that rendered RAW 264.7 murine macrophages resistant to cytotoxicity induced by the highly virulent Yersinia pestis CO92 strain. Of these compounds, we identified 94 not classified as antibiotics as being effective at preventing Y. pestis-induced cytotoxicity. A total of 17 prioritized drugs, based on efficacy in in vitro screens, were chosen for further evaluation in a murine model of pneumonic plague to delineate if in vitro efficacy could be translated in vivo Three drugs, doxapram (DXP), amoxapine (AXPN), and trifluoperazine (TFP), increased animal survivability despite not exhibiting any direct bacteriostatic or bactericidal effect on Y. pestis and having no modulating effect on crucial Y. pestis virulence factors. These findings suggested that DXP, AXPN, and TFP may modulate host cell pathways necessary for disease pathogenesis. Finally, to further assess the broad applicability of drugs identified from in vitro screens, the therapeutic potential of TFP, the most efficacious drug in vivo, was evaluated in murine models of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Clostridium difficile infections. In both models, TFP treatment resulted in increased survivability of infected animals. Taken together, these results demonstrate the broad applicability and potential use of nonantibiotic FDA-approved drugs to combat respiratory and gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens.
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Needle-Free Delivery of Acetalated Dextran-Encapsulated AR-12 Protects Mice from Francisella tularensis Lethal Challenge. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:2052-62. [PMID: 26787696 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02228-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensiscauses tularemia and is a potential biothreat. Given the limited antibiotics for treating tularemia and the possible use of antibiotic-resistant strains as a biowarfare agent, new antibacterial agents are needed. AR-12 is an FDA-approved investigational new drug (IND) compound that induces autophagy and has shown host-directed, broad-spectrum activityin vitroagainstSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium andF. tularensis We have shown that AR-12 encapsulated within acetalated dextran (Ace-DEX) microparticles (AR-12/MPs) significantly reduces host cell cytotoxicity compared to that with free AR-12, while retaining the ability to controlS.Typhimurium within infected human macrophages. In the present study, the toxicity and efficacy of AR-12/MPs in controlling virulent type AF. tularensisSchuS4 infection were examinedin vitroandin vivo No significant toxicity of blank MPs or AR-12/MPs was observed in lung histology sections when the formulations were given intranasally to uninfected mice. In histology sections from the lungs of intranasally infected mice treated with the formulations, increased macrophage infiltration was observed for AR-12/MPs, with or without suboptimal gentamicin treatment, but not for blank MPs, soluble AR-12, or suboptimal gentamicin alone. AR-12/MPs dramatically reduced the burden ofF. tularensisin infected human macrophages, in a manner similar to that of free AR-12. However,in vivo, AR-12/MPs significantly enhanced the survival ofF. tularensisSchuS4-infected mice compared to that seen with free AR-12. In combination with suboptimal gentamicin treatment, AR-12/MPs further improved the survival ofF. tularensisSchuS4-infected mice. These studies provide support for Ace-DEX-encapsulated AR-12 as a promising new therapeutic agent for tularemia.
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47
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Shen F, Tang X, Cheng W, Wang Y, Wang C, Shi X, An Y, Zhang Q, Liu M, Liu B, Yu L. Fosfomycin enhances phagocyte-mediated killing of Staphylococcus aureus by extracellular traps and reactive oxygen species. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19262. [PMID: 26778774 PMCID: PMC4726045 DOI: 10.1038/srep19262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful treatment of bacterial infections is the achievement of a synergy between the host's immune defences and antibiotics. Here, we examined whether fosfomycin (FOM) could improve the bactericidal effect of phagocytes, and investigated the potential mechanisms. FOM enhanced the phagocytosis and extra- or intracellular killing of S. aureus by phagocytes. And FOM enhanced the extracellular killing of S. aureus in macrophage (MФ) and in neutrophils mediated by extracellular traps (ETs). ET production was related to NADPH oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, FOM increased the intracellular killing of S. aureus in phagocytes, which was mediated by ROS through the oxidative burst process. Our results also showed that FOM alone induced S. aureus producing hydroxyl radicals in order to kill the bacterial cells in vitro. In a mouse peritonitis model, FOM treatment increased the bactericidal extra- and intracellular activity in vivo, and FOM strengthened ROS and ET production from peritoneal lavage fluid ex vivo. An IVIS imaging system assay further verified the observed in vivo bactericidal effect of the FOM treatment. This work may provide a deeper understanding of the role of the host's immune defences and antibiotic interactions in microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengge Shen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xudong Tang
- Key Lab for New Drug Research of TCM, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaochen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanan An
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiaoli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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48
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Collier MA, Peine KJ, Gautam S, Oghumu S, Varikuti S, Borteh H, Papenfuss TL, Sataoskar AR, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM. Host-mediated Leishmania donovani treatment using AR-12 encapsulated in acetalated dextran microparticles. Int J Pharm 2016; 499:186-194. [PMID: 26768723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by parasites of Leishmania sp., which effects nearly 12 million people worldwide and is associated with treatment complications due to widespread parasite resistance toward pathogen-directed therapeutics. The current treatments for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the systemic form of the disease, involve pathogen-mediated drugs and have long treatment regimens, increasing the risk of forming resistant strains. One way to limit emergence of resistant pathogens is through the use of host-mediated therapeutics. The host-mediated therapeutic AR-12, which is FDA IND-approved for cancer treatment, has shown activity against a broad spectrum of intracellular pathogens; however, due to hydrophobicity and toxicity, it is difficult to reach therapeutic doses. We have formulated AR-12 into microparticles (AR-12/MPs) using the novel biodegradable polymer acetalated dextran (Ace-DEX) and used this formulation for the systemic treatment of VL. Treatment with AR-12/MPs significantly reduced liver, spleen, and bone marrow parasite loads in infected mice, while combinatorial therapies with amphotericin B had an even more significant effect. Overall, AR-12/MPs offer a unique, host-mediated therapy that could significantly reduce the emergence of drug resistance in the treatment of VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Collier
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - K J Peine
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - S Gautam
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - S Oghumu
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State's Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - S Varikuti
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State's Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - H Borteh
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - T L Papenfuss
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State's Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - A R Sataoskar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - E M Bachelder
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - K M Ainslie
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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49
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Chang HC, Huang YT, Chen CS, Chen YW, Huang YT, Su JC, Teng LJ, Shiau CW, Chiu HC. In vitro and in vivo activity of a novel sorafenib derivative SC5005 against MRSA. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 71:449-59. [PMID: 26553845 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The emergence of MRSA strains resistant to most antibiotics is a serious threat to public health. Based on our discovery that the tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib exhibits inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus species, the objective of this study is to exploit this unique antibacterial activity of sorafenib to develop novel antibacterial agents against MRSA. METHODS A sorafenib-based focused compound library was synthesized by substituting the pyridinyl and phenyl groups with different functional groups. The resulting sorafenib derivatives were screened for growth-suppressive activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis following CLSI guidelines and for cytotoxicity towards human cells using MTT cell viability assays. Compounds with high selectivity for bacterial inhibition over cytotoxicity were further evaluated by time-kill assay and Caenorhabditis elegans and mice survival assays to evaluate their efficacy in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The screening of sorafenib derivatives led to the identification of compound SC5005 as a lead compound with high potency in killing different clinical strains of MRSA with an MIC90 of 0.5 mg/L and with low cytotoxicity, as demonstrated by IC50-to-MIC ratios of up to 40. In addition, SC5005 showed a significant protective effect in MSSA- or MRSA-infected C. elegans. Intraperitoneal administration of SC5005 at 10 mg/kg significantly improved the survival of MRSA-infected C57BL/6 mice. CONCLUSIONS In light of its high potency in suppressing MRSA in both in vitro and in vivo models, SC5005 represents a potential lead agent for continued preclinical development as a therapeutic intervention against MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Chu Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Shi Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wei Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tsung Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Chen Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Jeng Teng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Wai Shiau
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chieh Chiu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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50
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Roberts JL, Tavallai M, Nourbakhsh A, Fidanza A, Cruz-Luna T, Smith E, Siembida P, Plamondon P, Cycon KA, Doern CD, Booth L, Dent P. GRP78/Dna K Is a Target for Nexavar/Stivarga/Votrient in the Treatment of Human Malignancies, Viral Infections and Bacterial Diseases. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2552-78. [PMID: 25858032 PMCID: PMC4843173 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Prior tumor cell studies have shown that the drugs sorafenib (Nexavar) and regorafenib (Stivarga) reduce expression of the chaperone GRP78. Sorafenib/regorafenib and the multi‐kinase inhibitor pazopanib (Votrient) interacted with sildenafil (Viagra) to further rapidly reduce GRP78 levels in eukaryotes and as single agents to reduce Dna K levels in prokaryotes. Similar data were obtained in tumor cells in vitro and in drug‐treated mice for: HSP70, mitochondrial HSP70, HSP60, HSP56, HSP40, HSP10, and cyclophilin A. Prolonged ‘rafenib/sildenafil treatment killed tumor cells and also rapidly decreased the expression of: the drug efflux pumps ABCB1 and ABCG2; and NPC1 and NTCP, receptors for Ebola/Hepatitis A and B viruses, respectively. Pre‐treatment with the ‘Rafenib/sildenafil combination reduced expression of the Coxsackie and Adenovirus receptor in parallel with it also reducing the ability of a serotype 5 Adenovirus or Coxsackie virus B4 to infect and to reproduce. Sorafenib/pazopanib and sildenafil was much more potent than sorafenib/pazopanib as single agents at preventing Adenovirus, Mumps, Chikungunya, Dengue, Rabies, West Nile, Yellow Fever, and Enterovirus 71 infection and reproduction. ‘Rafenib drugs/pazopanib as single agents killed laboratory generated antibiotic resistant E. coli which was associated with reduced Dna K and Rec A expression. Marginally toxic doses of ‘Rafenib drugs/pazopanib restored antibiotic sensitivity in pan‐antibiotic resistant bacteria including multiple strains of blakpcKlebsiella pneumoniae. Thus, Dna K is an antibiotic target for sorafenib, and inhibition of GRP78/Dna K has therapeutic utility for cancer and for bacterial and viral infections. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 2552–2578, 2015. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Physiology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane L Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Mehrad Tavallai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Aida Nourbakhsh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christopher D Doern
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Laurence Booth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Paul Dent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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