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Khairnar P, Aleshire SL, Kumar Ongolu R, Jin L, Laidlaw MG, Donsbach KO, Gupton BF, Nelson RC, Shanahan CS. Highly Regioselective Protecting-Group-Free Synthesis of the Antimalarial Drug MMV693183. Org Process Res Dev 2024; 28:273-280. [PMID: 38268773 PMCID: PMC10804412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
MMV693183 is a promising antimalarial drug candidate that works for uncomplicated malaria treatment and resistance management. Herein, we report an efficient and highly regioselective synthesis of MMV693183. This novel synthetic method highlights a three-step route with an overall yield of 46% from readily available starting materials. The key to the success lies in (1) utilizing the subtle difference of the two amino groups in the starting material (S)-propane-1,2-diamine dihydrochloride without amino protection and (2) identifying the L-(+)-tartaric acid as the counter acid for the organic salt formation, yielding the desired regioisomer up to 100:0. The efficient and scalable three-step protocol operates under mild conditions with a high chemo/regioselectivity, providing effective access to MMV693183.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj
V. Khairnar
- Medicines for All Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Sarah L. Aleshire
- Medicines for All Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Ravi Kumar Ongolu
- Medicines for All Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Limei Jin
- Medicines for All Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Michael G. Laidlaw
- Medicines for All Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Kai O. Donsbach
- Medicines for All Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - B. Frank Gupton
- Medicines for All Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Ryan C. Nelson
- Medicines for All Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Charles S. Shanahan
- Medicines for All Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
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2
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Rezende TMT, Menezes HSG, Rezende AM, Cavalcanti MP, Silva YMG, de-Melo-Neto OP, Romão TP, Silva-Filha MHNL. Culex quinquefasciatus Resistant to the Binary Toxin from Lysinibacillus sphaericus Displays a Consistent Downregulation of Pantetheinase Transcripts. Biomolecules 2023; 14:33. [PMID: 38254633 PMCID: PMC10813629 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Culex quinquefasciatus resistance to the binary (Bin) toxin, the major larvicidal component from Lysinibacillus sphaericus, is associated with mutations in the cqm1 gene, encoding the Bin-toxin receptor. Downregulation of the cqm1 transcript was found in the transcriptome of larvae resistant to the L. sphaericus IAB59 strain, which produces both the Bin toxin and a second binary toxin, Cry48Aa/Cry49Aa. Here, we investigated the transcription profiles of two other mosquito colonies having Bin resistance only. These confirmed the cqm1 downregulation and identified transcripts encoding the enzyme pantetheinase as the most downregulated mRNAs in both resistant colonies. Further quantification of these transcripts reinforced their strong downregulation in Bin-resistant larvae. Multiple genes were found encoding this enzyme in Cx. quinquefasciatus and a recombinant pantetheinase was then expressed in Escherichia coli and Sf9 cells, with its presence assessed in the midgut brush border membrane of susceptible larvae. The pantetheinase was expressed as a ~70 kDa protein, potentially membrane-bound, which does not seem to be significantly targeted by glycosylation. This is the first pantetheinase characterization in mosquitoes, and its remarkable downregulation might reflect features impacted by co-selection with the Bin-resistant phenotype or potential roles in the Bin-toxin mode of action that deserve to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana M. T. Rezende
- Department of Entomology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães-Fiocruz, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil; (T.M.T.R.); (H.S.G.M.); (Y.M.G.S.); (T.P.R.)
| | - Heverly S. G. Menezes
- Department of Entomology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães-Fiocruz, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil; (T.M.T.R.); (H.S.G.M.); (Y.M.G.S.); (T.P.R.)
| | - Antonio M. Rezende
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães-Fiocruz, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil; (A.M.R.); (M.P.C.); (O.P.d.-M.-N.)
| | - Milena P. Cavalcanti
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães-Fiocruz, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil; (A.M.R.); (M.P.C.); (O.P.d.-M.-N.)
| | - Yuri M. G. Silva
- Department of Entomology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães-Fiocruz, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil; (T.M.T.R.); (H.S.G.M.); (Y.M.G.S.); (T.P.R.)
| | - Osvaldo P. de-Melo-Neto
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães-Fiocruz, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil; (A.M.R.); (M.P.C.); (O.P.d.-M.-N.)
| | - Tatiany P. Romão
- Department of Entomology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães-Fiocruz, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil; (T.M.T.R.); (H.S.G.M.); (Y.M.G.S.); (T.P.R.)
| | - Maria Helena N. L. Silva-Filha
- Department of Entomology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães-Fiocruz, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil; (T.M.T.R.); (H.S.G.M.); (Y.M.G.S.); (T.P.R.)
- National Institute for Molecular Entomology, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
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3
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Riske BF, Luckhart S, Riehle MA. Starving the Beast: Limiting Coenzyme A Biosynthesis to Prevent Disease and Transmission in Malaria. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13915. [PMID: 37762222 PMCID: PMC10530615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria parasites must acquire all necessary nutrients from the vertebrate and mosquito hosts to successfully complete their life cycle. Failure to acquire these nutrients can limit or even block parasite development and presents a novel target for malaria control. One such essential nutrient is pantothenate, also known as vitamin B5, which the parasite cannot synthesize de novo and is required for the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) in the parasite. This review examines pantothenate and the CoA biosynthesis pathway in the human-mosquito-malaria parasite triad and explores possible approaches to leverage the CoA biosynthesis pathway to limit malaria parasite development in both human and mosquito hosts. This includes a discussion of sources for pantothenate for the mosquito, human, and parasite, examining the diverse strategies used by the parasite to acquire substrates for CoA synthesis across life stages and host resource pools and a discussion of drugs and alternative approaches being studied to disrupt CoA biosynthesis in the parasite. The latter includes antimalarial pantothenate analogs, known as pantothenamides, that have been developed to target this pathway during the human erythrocytic stages. In addition to these parasite-targeted drugs, we review studies of mosquito-targeted allosteric enzymatic regulators known as pantazines as an approach to limit pantothenate availability in the mosquito and subsequently deprive the parasite of this essential nutrient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan F. Riske
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Shirley Luckhart
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA;
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA
| | - Michael A. Riehle
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
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4
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Yoneyama H, Hosohata K, Jin D, Yoshida I, Toyoda M, Kitamura I, Takai S, Usami Y. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of new vanin-1 inhibitors based on RR6. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 65:116791. [PMID: 35537325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fourteen novel vanin-1 inhibitors coded OMP-# were designed from RR6 and successfully synthesized by a nucleophilic addition-elimination reaction of the pantetheinic acid-derived Weinreb amide as a key step under Barbier conditions. The synthesized OMP compounds exhibited inhibitory activity against human serum vanin-1 in vitro. Among the synthesized compounds, OMP-7, which possesses a trifluoromethoxy group at the para-position on the phenyl ring, exhibited the most potent activity, approximately 20 times that of the mother compound RR6. OMP-7 was further subjected to an in vivo assay using a normal hamster. More potent activity was observed than that of RR6 against both serum and renal vanin-1. The activity lasted for 4 h after injection against serum vanin-1 and 1 h after injection against renal vanin-1, whereas RR6 did not show the desired activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yoneyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1Nasahara, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Keiko Hosohata
- Education and Research Center of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1Nasahara, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Denan Jin
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Iroha Yoshida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1Nasahara, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Miyui Toyoda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1Nasahara, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Ikuko Kitamura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1Nasahara, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Shinji Takai
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Usami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1Nasahara, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
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5
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de Vries LE, Jansen PAM, Barcelo C, Munro J, Verhoef JMJ, Pasaje CFA, Rubiano K, Striepen J, Abla N, Berning L, Bolscher JM, Demarta-Gatsi C, Henderson RWM, Huijs T, Koolen KMJ, Tumwebaze PK, Yeo T, Aguiar ACC, Angulo-Barturen I, Churchyard A, Baum J, Fernández BC, Fuchs A, Gamo FJ, Guido RVC, Jiménez-Diaz MB, Pereira DB, Rochford R, Roesch C, Sanz LM, Trevitt G, Witkowski B, Wittlin S, Cooper RA, Rosenthal PJ, Sauerwein RW, Schalkwijk J, Hermkens PHH, Bonnert RV, Campo B, Fidock DA, Llinás M, Niles JC, Kooij TWA, Dechering KJ. Preclinical characterization and target validation of the antimalarial pantothenamide MMV693183. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2158. [PMID: 35444200 PMCID: PMC9021288 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29688-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance and a dire lack of transmission-blocking antimalarials hamper malaria elimination. Here, we present the pantothenamide MMV693183 as a first-in-class acetyl-CoA synthetase (AcAS) inhibitor to enter preclinical development. Our studies demonstrate attractive drug-like properties and in vivo efficacy in a humanized mouse model of Plasmodium falciparum infection. The compound shows single digit nanomolar in vitro activity against P. falciparum and P. vivax clinical isolates, and potently blocks P. falciparum transmission to Anopheles mosquitoes. Genetic and biochemical studies identify AcAS as the target of the MMV693183-derived antimetabolite, CoA-MMV693183. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling predict that a single 30 mg oral dose is sufficient to cure a malaria infection in humans. Toxicology studies in rats indicate a > 30-fold safety margin in relation to the predicted human efficacious exposure. In conclusion, MMV693183 represents a promising candidate for further (pre)clinical development with a novel mode of action for treatment of malaria and blocking transmission. Here, de Vries et al. perform a pre-clinical characterization of the antimalarial compound MMV693183: the compound targets acetyl-CoA synthetase, has efficacy in humanized mice against Plasmodium falciparum infection, blocks transmission to mosquito vectors, is safe in rats, and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling informs about a potential oral human dosing regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E de Vries
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick A M Jansen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Justin Munro
- Department of Chemistry and Huck Center for Malaria Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Julie M J Verhoef
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kelly Rubiano
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Josefine Striepen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nada Abla
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luuk Berning
- TropIQ Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Tonnie Huijs
- TropIQ Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Tomas Yeo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna C C Aguiar
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Alisje Churchyard
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jake Baum
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Aline Fuchs
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Rafael V C Guido
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Dhelio B Pereira
- Research Center for Tropical Medicine of Rondonia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Rosemary Rochford
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Camille Roesch
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.,Malaria Translational Research Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris & Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Laura M Sanz
- Global Health, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Benoit Witkowski
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.,Malaria Translational Research Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris & Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland A Cooper
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA, USA
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert W Sauerwein
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,TropIQ Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Brice Campo
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Malaria Therapeutics and Antimicrobial Resistance, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manuel Llinás
- Department of Chemistry and Huck Center for Malaria Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jacquin C Niles
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Taco W A Kooij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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6
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de Vries LE, Lunghi M, Krishnan A, Kooij TWA, Soldati-Favre D. Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis in Apicomplexa and their promise as antiparasitic drug targets. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010124. [PMID: 34969059 PMCID: PMC8717973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Apicomplexa phylum comprises thousands of distinct intracellular parasite species, including coccidians, haemosporidians, piroplasms, and cryptosporidia. These parasites are characterized by complex and divergent life cycles occupying a variety of host niches. Consequently, they exhibit distinct adaptations to the differences in nutritional availabilities, either relying on biosynthetic pathways or by salvaging metabolites from their host. Pantothenate (Pan, vitamin B5) is the precursor for the synthesis of an essential cofactor, coenzyme A (CoA), but among the apicomplexans, only the coccidian subgroup has the ability to synthesize Pan. While the pathway to synthesize CoA from Pan is largely conserved across all branches of life, there are differences in the redundancy of enzymes and possible alternative pathways to generate CoA from Pan. Impeding the scavenge of Pan and synthesis of Pan and CoA have been long recognized as potential targets for antimicrobial drug development, but in order to fully exploit these critical pathways, it is important to understand such differences. Recently, a potent class of pantothenamides (PanAms), Pan analogs, which target CoA-utilizing enzymes, has entered antimalarial preclinical development. The potential of PanAms to target multiple downstream pathways make them a promising compound class as broad antiparasitic drugs against other apicomplexans. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in understanding the Pan and CoA biosynthesis pathways, and the suitability of these pathways as drug targets in Apicomplexa, with a particular focus on the cyst-forming coccidian, Toxoplasma gondii, and the haemosporidian, Plasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. de Vries
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Matteo Lunghi
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aarti Krishnan
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Taco W. A. Kooij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dominique Soldati-Favre
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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7
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Guan J, Spry C, Tjhin ET, Yang P, Kittikool T, Howieson VM, Ling H, Starrs L, Duncan D, Burgio G, Saliba KJ, Auclair K. Exploring Heteroaromatic Rings as a Replacement for the Labile Amide of Antiplasmodial Pantothenamides. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4478-4497. [PMID: 33792339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Malaria-causing Plasmodium parasites are developing resistance to antimalarial drugs, providing the impetus for new antiplasmodials. Although pantothenamides show potent antiplasmodial activity, hydrolysis by pantetheinases/vanins present in blood rapidly inactivates them. We herein report the facile synthesis and biological activity of a small library of pantothenamide analogues in which the labile amide group is replaced with a heteroaromatic ring. Several of these analogues display nanomolar antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum and/or Plasmodium knowlesi, and are stable in the presence of pantetheinase. Both a known triazole and a novel isoxazole derivative were further characterized and found to possess high selectivity indices, medium or high Caco-2 permeability, and medium or low microsomal clearance in vitro. Although they fail to suppress Plasmodium berghei proliferation in vivo, the pharmacokinetic and contact time data presented provide a benchmark for the compound profile likely required to achieve antiplasmodial activity in mice and should facilitate lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Guan
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Christina Spry
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Erick T Tjhin
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Penghui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Tanakorn Kittikool
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Vanessa M Howieson
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Harriet Ling
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Lora Starrs
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Dustin Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Gaetan Burgio
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Kevin J Saliba
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.,Medical School, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
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8
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Cools F, Delputte P, Cos P. The search for novel treatment strategies for Streptococcus pneumoniae infections. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6064299. [PMID: 33399826 PMCID: PMC8371276 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the most important novel treatment strategies against Streptococcus pneumoniae infections published over the past 10 years. The pneumococcus causes the majority of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia cases, and it is one of the prime pathogens in bacterial meningitis. Over the last 10 years, extensive research has been conducted to prevent severe pneumococcal infections, with a major focus on (i) boosting the host immune system and (ii) discovering novel antibacterials. Boosting the immune system can be done in two ways, either by actively modulating host immunity, mostly through administration of selective antibodies, or by interfering with pneumococcal virulence factors, thereby supporting the host immune system to effectively overcome an infection. While several of such experimental therapies are promising, few have evolved to clinical trials. The discovery of novel antibacterials is hampered by the high research and development costs versus the relatively low revenues for the pharmaceutical industry. Nevertheless, novel enzymatic assays and target-based drug design, allow the identification of targets and the development of novel molecules to effectively treat this life-threatening pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cools
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - P Delputte
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - P Cos
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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9
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Czumaj A, Szrok-Jurga S, Hebanowska A, Turyn J, Swierczynski J, Sledzinski T, Stelmanska E. The Pathophysiological Role of CoA. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239057. [PMID: 33260564 PMCID: PMC7731229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of coenzyme A (CoA) as a carrier of acyl residues in cell metabolism is well understood. Coenzyme A participates in more than 100 different catabolic and anabolic reactions, including those involved in the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, ethanol, bile acids, and xenobiotics. However, much less is known about the importance of the concentration of this cofactor in various cell compartments and the role of altered CoA concentration in various pathologies. Despite continuous research on these issues, the molecular mechanisms in the regulation of the intracellular level of CoA under pathological conditions are still not well understood. This review summarizes the current knowledge of (a) CoA subcellular concentrations; (b) the roles of CoA synthesis and degradation processes; and (c) protein modification by reversible CoA binding to proteins (CoAlation). Particular attention is paid to (a) the roles of changes in the level of CoA under pathological conditions, such as in neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, myopathies, and infectious diseases; and (b) the beneficial effect of CoA and pantethine (which like CoA is finally converted to Pan and cysteamine), used at pharmacological doses for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Czumaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Sylwia Szrok-Jurga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.S.-J.); (A.H.); (J.T.)
| | - Areta Hebanowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.S.-J.); (A.H.); (J.T.)
| | - Jacek Turyn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.S.-J.); (A.H.); (J.T.)
| | - Julian Swierczynski
- State School of Higher Vocational Education in Koszalin, 75-582 Koszalin, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Sledzinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (E.S.); Tel.: +48-(0)-583-491-479 (T.S.)
| | - Ewa Stelmanska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.S.-J.); (A.H.); (J.T.)
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (E.S.); Tel.: +48-(0)-583-491-479 (T.S.)
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10
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Schalkwijk J, Allman EL, Jansen PAM, de Vries LE, Verhoef JMJ, Jackowski S, Botman PNM, Beuckens-Schortinghuis CA, Koolen KMJ, Bolscher JM, Vos MW, Miller K, Reeves SA, Pett H, Trevitt G, Wittlin S, Scheurer C, Sax S, Fischli C, Angulo-Barturen I, Jiménez-Diaz MB, Josling G, Kooij TWA, Bonnert R, Campo B, Blaauw RH, Rutjes FPJT, Sauerwein RW, Llinás M, Hermkens PHH, Dechering KJ. Antimalarial pantothenamide metabolites target acetyl-coenzyme A biosynthesis in Plasmodium falciparum. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/510/eaas9917. [PMID: 31534021 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aas9917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Malaria eradication is critically dependent on new therapeutics that target resistant Plasmodium parasites and block transmission of the disease. Here, we report that pantothenamide bioisosteres were active against blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum parasites and also blocked transmission of sexual stages to the mosquito vector. These compounds were resistant to degradation by serum pantetheinases, showed favorable pharmacokinetic properties, and cleared parasites in a humanized mouse model of P. falciparum infection. Metabolomics revealed that coenzyme A biosynthetic enzymes converted pantothenamides into coenzyme A analogs that interfered with parasite acetyl-coenzyme A anabolism. Resistant parasites generated in vitro showed mutations in acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase and acyl-coenzyme A synthetase 11. Introduction and reversion of these mutations in P. falciparum using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing confirmed the roles of these enzymes in the sensitivity of the malaria parasites to pantothenamides. These pantothenamide compounds with a new mode of action may have potential as drugs against malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
| | - Erik L Allman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Huck Center for Malaria Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Patrick A M Jansen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Laura E de Vries
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Julie M J Verhoef
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Karen Miller
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stacy A Reeves
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Helmi Pett
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Scheurer
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sibylle Sax
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Fischli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Gabrielle Josling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Huck Center for Malaria Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Taco W A Kooij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Brice Campo
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Robert W Sauerwein
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,TropIQ Health Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Manuel Llinás
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Huck Center for Malaria Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA.,Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
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11
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Duncan D, Auclair K. The coenzyme A biosynthetic pathway: A new tool for prodrug bioactivation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 672:108069. [PMID: 31404525 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prodrugs account for more than 5% of pharmaceuticals approved worldwide. Over the past decades several prodrug design strategies have been firmly established; however, only a few functional groups remain amenable to this approach. The aim of this overview is to highlight the use of coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthetic enzymes as a recently explored bioactivation scheme and provide information about its scope of utility. This emerging tool is likely to have a strong impact on future medicinal and biological studies as it offers promiscuity, orthogonal selectivity, and the capability of assembling exceptionally large molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada.
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12
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Jansen PAM, van der Krieken DA, Botman PNM, Blaauw RH, Cavina L, Raaijmakers EM, de Heuvel E, Sandrock J, Pennings LJ, Hermkens PHH, Zeeuwen PLJM, Rutjes FPJT, Schalkwijk J. Stable pantothenamide bioisosteres: novel antibiotics for Gram-positive bacteria. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2019; 72:682-692. [PMID: 31171848 PMCID: PMC6760626 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-019-0196-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria has prioritized the development of new antibiotics. N-substituted pantothenamides, analogs of the natural compound pantetheine, were reported to target bacterial coenzyme A biosynthesis, but these compounds have never reached the clinic due to their instability in biological fluids. Plasma-stable pantothenamide analogs could overcome these issues. We first synthesized a number of bioisosteres of the prototypic pantothenamide N7-Pan. A compound with an inverted amide bond (CXP18.6-012) was found to provide plasma-stability with minimal loss of activity compared to the parent compound N7-Pan. Next, we synthesized inverted pantothenamides with a large variety of side chains. Among these we identified a number of novel stable inverted pantothenamides with selective activity against Gram-positive bacteria such as staphylococci and streptococci, at low micromolar concentrations. These data provide future direction for the development of pantothenamides with clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A M Jansen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lian J Pennings
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris P J T Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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13
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Guan J, Tjhin ET, Howieson VM, Kittikool T, Spry C, Saliba KJ, Auclair K. Structure-Activity Relationships of Antiplasmodial Pantothenamide Analogues Reveal a New Way by Which Triazoles Mimic Amide Bonds. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:2677-2683. [PMID: 30370998 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Pantothenamides are potent growth inhibitors of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Their clinical use is, however, hindered due to the ubiquitous presence of pantetheinases in human serum, which rapidly degrade pantothenamides into pantothenate and the corresponding amine. We previously reported that replacement of the labile amide bond with a triazole ring not only imparts stability toward pantetheinases, but also improves activity against P. falciparum. A small library of new triazole derivatives was synthesized, and their use in establishing structure-activity relationships relevant to antiplasmodial activity of this family of compounds is discussed herein. Overall it was observed that 1,4-substitution on the triazole ring and use of an unbranched, one-carbon linker between the pantoyl group and the triazole are optimal for inhibition of intraerythrocytic P. falciparum growth. Our results imply that the triazole ring may mimic the amide bond with an orientation different from what was previously suggested for this amide bioisostere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Guan
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Erick T Tjhin
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Vanessa M Howieson
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Tanakorn Kittikool
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Christina Spry
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Kevin J Saliba
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.,Medical School, The Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
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14
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Trevisi P, Priori D, Jansman AJM, Luise D, Koopmans SJ, Hynönen U, Palva A, van der Meulen J, Bosi P. Molecular networks affected by neonatal microbial colonization in porcine jejunum, luminally perfused with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, F4ac fimbria or Lactobacillus amylovorus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202160. [PMID: 30161141 PMCID: PMC6116929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of an early complex gut microbiota may play an important role in the protection against intestinal dysbiosis later in life. The significance of the developed microbiota for gut barrier functionality upon interaction with pathogenic or beneficial bacteria is largely unknown. The transcriptome of differently perfused jejunal loops of 12 caesarian-derived pigs, neonatally associated with microbiota of different complexity, was studied. Piglets received pasteurized sow colostrum at birth (d0), a starter microbiota (Lactobacillus amylovorus (LAM), Clostridium glycolicum, and Parabacteroides) on d1-d3, and a placebo inoculant (simple association, SA) or an inoculant consisting of sow’s diluted feces (complex association, CA) on d3-d4. On d 26–37, jejunal loops were perfused for 8 h with either enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4 (ETEC), purified F4 fimbriae, LAM or saline control (CTRL). Gene expression of each intestinal loop was analyzed by Affymetrix Porcine Gene 1.1_ST array strips. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was performed on expression values. Compared to CTRL, 184 and 74; 2 and 139; 2 and 48 gene sets, were up- and down-regulated by ETEC, F4 and LAM, respectively. ETEC up-regulated networks related to inflammatory and immune responses, RNA processing, and mitosis. There was a limited overlap in up-regulated gene sets between ETEC and F4 fimbriae. LAM down-regulated genes related to inflammatory and immune responses, as well as to cellular compound metabolism. In CA pigs, 57 gene sets were up-regulated by CA, while 73 were down-regulated compared to SA. CA up-regulated gene sets related to lymphocyte modulation and to cellular defense in all loop perfusions. In CA pigs, compared to SA pigs, genes for chemokine and cytokine activity and for response to external stimuli were down-regulated in ETEC-perfused loops and up-regulated in CTRL. The results highlight the importance of the nature of neonatal microbial colonization in the response to microbial stimuli later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Diana Luise
- DISTAL, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Ulla Hynönen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Airi Palva
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Paolo Bosi
- DISTAL, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail:
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15
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Chytridiomycosis causes catastrophic organism-wide metabolic dysregulation including profound failure of cellular energy pathways. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8188. [PMID: 29844538 PMCID: PMC5974026 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26427-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chytridiomycosis is among several recently emerged fungal diseases of wildlife that have caused decline or extinction of naïve populations. Despite recent advances in understanding pathogenesis, host response to infection remains poorly understood. Here we modelled a total of 162 metabolites across skin and liver tissues of 61 frogs from four populations (three long-exposed and one naïve to the fungus) of the Australian alpine tree frog (Litoria verreauxii alpina) throughout a longitudinal exposure experiment involving both infected and negative control individuals. We found that chytridiomycosis dramatically altered the organism-wide metabolism of clinically diseased frogs. Chytridiomycosis caused catastrophic failure of normal homeostatic mechanisms (interruption of biosynthetic and degradation metabolic pathways), and pronounced dysregulation of cellular energy metabolism. Key intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle were markedly depleted, including in particular α-ketoglutarate and glutamate that together constitute a key nutrient pathway for immune processes. This study was the first to apply a non-targeted metabolomics approach to a fungal wildlife disease and specifically to dissect the host-pathogen interface of Bd-infected frogs. The patterns of metabolite accumulation we have identified reveal whole-body metabolic dysfunction induced by a fungal skin infection, and these findings have broad relevance for other fungal diseases.
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16
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Barnard L, Mostert KJ, van Otterlo WAL, Strauss E. Developing Pantetheinase-Resistant Pantothenamide Antibacterials: Structural Modification Impacts on PanK Interaction and Mode of Action. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:736-743. [PMID: 29332383 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pantothenamides (PanAms) are analogues of pantothenate, the biosynthetic precursor of coenzyme A (CoA), and show potent antimicrobial activity against several bacteria and the malaria parasite in vitro. However, pantetheinase enzymes that normally degrade pantetheine in human serum also act on the PanAms, thereby reducing their potency. In this study, we designed analogues of the known antibacterial PanAm N-heptylpantothenamide (N7-Pan) to be resistant to pantetheinase by using three complementary structural modification strategies. We show that, while two of these are effective in imparting resistance, the introduced modifications have an impact on the analogues' interaction with pantothenate kinase (PanK, the first CoA biosynthetic enzyme), which acts as a metabolic activator and/or target of the PanAms. This, in turn, directly affects their mode of action. Importantly, we discover that the phosphorylated version of N7-Pan shows pantetheinase resistance and antistaphylococcal activity, providing a lead for future studies in the ongoing search of PanAm analogues that show in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Barnard
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Konrad J. Mostert
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Willem A. L. van Otterlo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Erick Strauss
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
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17
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Abstract
Vitamin B contributes to the overall health and wellbeing, including that of energy metabolism, methylation, synthesis and DNA repair and proper immune function. Deficiency in B vitamins has been linked to neurocognitive disorders, mitochondrial dysfunction, immune dysfunction and inflammatory conditions. In ageing populations B vitamin deficiency has been linked to cardiovascular disorders, cognitive dysfunction, osteoporosis and methylation disorders and can increase the risk of developing degenerative diseases, particularly cardiovascular disease, cognitive diseases and osteoporosis. Optimization of B vitamin status in the elderly may prove beneficial in the prevention of degenerative diseases. Here we discuss broadly the role of B vitamins in ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Mikkelsen
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Werribee, VIC, Australia
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18
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Chiu JE, Thekkiniath J, Choi JY, Perrin BA, Lawres L, Plummer M, Virji AZ, Abraham A, Toh JY, Zandt MV, Aly ASI, Voelker DR, Mamoun CB. The antimalarial activity of the pantothenamide α-PanAm is via inhibition of pantothenate phosphorylation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14234. [PMID: 29079738 PMCID: PMC5660193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14074-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of the major acyl carrier Coenzyme A from pantothenic acid (PA) is critical for survival of Plasmodium falciparum within human erythrocytes. Accordingly, a PA analog α-PanAm showed potent activity against blood stage parasites in vitro; however, its efficacy in vivo and its mode of action remain unknown. We developed a new synthesis route for α-PanAm and showed that the compound is highly effective against blood stages of drug-sensitive and -resistant P. falciparum strains, inhibits development of P. berghei in hepatocytes, and at doses up to 100 mg/kg also inhibits blood stage development of P. chabaudi in mice. We used yeast and its pantothenate kinase Cab1 as models to characterize mode of action of α-PanAm and found that α-PanAm inhibits yeast growth in a PA-dependent manner, and its potency increases dramatically in a yeast mutant with defective pantothenate kinase activity. Biochemical analyses using 14C-PA as a substrate demonstrated that α-PanAm is a competitive inhibitor of Cab1. Interestingly, biochemical and mass spectrometry analyses also showed that the compound is phosphorylated by Cab1. Together, these data suggest that α-PanAm exerts its antimicrobial activity by direct competition with the natural substrate PA for phosphorylation by the pantothenate kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy E Chiu
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jose Thekkiniath
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jae-Yeon Choi
- Basic Science Section, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St, Denver, Colorado, 80206, USA
| | - Benjamin A Perrin
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lauren Lawres
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mark Plummer
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Azan Z Virji
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Amanah Abraham
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Justin Y Toh
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Ahmed S I Aly
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Dennis R Voelker
- Basic Science Section, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St, Denver, Colorado, 80206, USA
| | - Choukri Ben Mamoun
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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19
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Di Meo I, Colombelli C, Srinivasan B, de Villiers M, Hamada J, Jeong SY, Fox R, Woltjer RL, Tepper PG, Lahaye LL, Rizzetto E, Harrs CH, de Boer T, van der Zwaag M, Jenko B, Čusak A, Pahor J, Kosec G, Grzeschik NA, Hayflick SJ, Tiranti V, Sibon OCM. Acetyl-4'-phosphopantetheine is stable in serum and prevents phenotypes induced by pantothenate kinase deficiency. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11260. [PMID: 28900161 PMCID: PMC5595861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11564-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme A is an essential metabolite known for its central role in over one hundred cellular metabolic reactions. In cells, Coenzyme A is synthesized de novo in five enzymatic steps with vitamin B5 as the starting metabolite, phosphorylated by pantothenate kinase. Mutations in the pantothenate kinase 2 gene cause a severe form of neurodegeneration for which no treatment is available. One therapeutic strategy is to generate Coenzyme A precursors downstream of the defective step in the pathway. Here we describe the synthesis, characteristics and in vivo rescue potential of the acetyl-Coenzyme A precursor S-acetyl-4′-phosphopantetheine as a possible treatment for neurodegeneration associated with pantothenate kinase deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivano Di Meo
- Division of Molecular Neurogenetics, IRCCS Foundation Neurological Institute "C.Besta" Via Temolo 4, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Colombelli
- Division of Molecular Neurogenetics, IRCCS Foundation Neurological Institute "C.Besta" Via Temolo 4, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Balaji Srinivasan
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne de Villiers
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Jeffrey Hamada
- Departments of Molecular & Medical Genetics and Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Suh Y Jeong
- Departments of Molecular & Medical Genetics and Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Rachel Fox
- Departments of Molecular & Medical Genetics and Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Randall L Woltjer
- Departments of Molecular & Medical Genetics and Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Pieter G Tepper
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Liza L Lahaye
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Emanuela Rizzetto
- Clinical Pathology and Medical Genetics Unit, Foundation IRCCS-Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milano, Italy
| | - Clara H Harrs
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo de Boer
- Analytical Biochemical Laboratory (ABL), WA Scholtenstraat 7, 9403 AJ, Assen, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne van der Zwaag
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Branko Jenko
- Acies Bio d.o.o., Tehnološki park 21, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alen Čusak
- Acies Bio d.o.o., Tehnološki park 21, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jerca Pahor
- Acies Bio d.o.o., Tehnološki park 21, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Kosec
- Acies Bio d.o.o., Tehnološki park 21, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nicola A Grzeschik
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susan J Hayflick
- Departments of Molecular & Medical Genetics and Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Valeria Tiranti
- Division of Molecular Neurogenetics, IRCCS Foundation Neurological Institute "C.Besta" Via Temolo 4, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Ody C M Sibon
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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20
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de Villiers M, Spry C, Macuamule CJ, Barnard L, Wells G, Saliba KJ, Strauss E. Antiplasmodial Mode of Action of Pantothenamides: Pantothenate Kinase Serves as a Metabolic Activator Not as a Target. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:527-541. [PMID: 28437604 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
N-Substituted pantothenamides (PanAms) are pantothenate analogues with up to nanomolar potency against blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum (the most virulent species responsible for malaria). Although these compounds are known to target coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis and/or utilization, their exact mode of action (MoA) is still unknown. Importantly, PanAms that retain the natural β-alanine moiety are more potent than other variants, consistent with the involvement of processes that are selective for pantothenate (the precursor of CoA) or its derivatives. The transport of pantothenate and its phosphorylation by P. falciparum pantothenate kinase (PfPanK, the first enzyme of CoA biosynthesis) are two such processes previously highlighted as potential targets for the PanAms' antiplasmodial action. In this study, we investigated the effect of PanAms on these processes using their radiolabeled versions (synthesized here for the first time), which made possible the direct measurement of PanAm uptake by isolated blood-stage parasites and PanAm phosphorylation by PfPanK present in parasite lysates. We found that the MoA of PanAms does not involve interference with pantothenate transport and that inhibition of PfPanK-mediated pantothenate phosphorylation does not correlate with PanAm antiplasmodial activity. Instead, PanAms that retain the β-alanine moiety were found to be metabolically activated by PfPanK in a selective manner, forming phosphorylated products that likely inhibit other steps in CoA biosynthesis or are transformed into CoA antimetabolites that can interfere with CoA utilization. These findings provide direction for the ongoing development of CoA-targeted inhibitors as antiplasmodial agents with clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne de Villiers
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | | | | | - Leanne Barnard
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Gordon Wells
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | | | - Erick Strauss
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
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Hughes SJ, Barnard L, Mottaghi K, Tempel W, Antoshchenko T, Hong BS, Allali-Hassani A, Smil D, Vedadi M, Strauss E, Park HW. Discovery of Potent Pantothenamide Inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus Pantothenate Kinase through a Minimal SAR Study: Inhibition Is Due to Trapping of the Product. ACS Infect Dis 2016; 2:627-641. [PMID: 27759386 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The potent antistaphylococcal activity of N-substituted pantothenamides (PanAms) has been shown to at least partially be due to the inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus's atypical type II pantothenate kinase (SaPanKII), the first enzyme of coenzyme A biosynthesis. This mechanism of action follows from SaPanKII having a binding mode for PanAms that is distinct from those of other PanKs. To dissect the molecular interactions responsible for PanAm inhibitory activity, we conducted a mini SAR study in tandem with the cocrystallization of SaPanKII with two classic PanAms (N5-Pan and N7-Pan), culminating in the synthesis and characterization of two new PanAms, N-Pip-PanAm and MeO-N5-PanAm. The cocrystal structures showed that all of the PanAms are phosphorylated by SaPanKII but remain bound at the active site; this occurs primarily through interactions with Tyr240' and Thr172'. Kinetic analysis showed a strong correlation between kcat (slow PanAm turnover) and IC50 (inhibition of pantothenate phosphorylation) values, suggesting that SaPanKII inhibition occurs via a delay in product release. In-depth analysis of the PanAm-bound structures showed that the capacity for accepting a hydrogen bond from the amide of Thr172' was a stronger determinant for PanAm potency than the capacity to π-stack with Tyr240'. The two new PanAms, N-Pip-PanAm and MeO-N5-PanAm, effectively combine both hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, resulting in the most potent SaPanKII inhibition described to date. Taken together, our results are consistent with an inhibition mechanism wherein PanAms act as SaPanKII substrates that remain bound upon phosphorylation. The phospho-PanAm-SaPanKII interactions described herein may help future antistaphylococcal drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leanne Barnard
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | | | | | - Tetyana Antoshchenko
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Erick Strauss
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Hee-Won Park
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
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22
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Recent advances in targeting coenzyme A biosynthesis and utilization for antimicrobial drug development. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:1080-6. [PMID: 25110006 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis and utilization of CoA (coenzyme A), the ubiquitous and essential acyl carrier in all organisms, have long been regarded as excellent targets for the development of new antimicrobial drugs. Moreover, bioinformatics and biochemical studies have highlighted significant differences between several of the bacterial enzyme targets and their human counterparts, indicating that selective inhibition of the former should be possible. Over the past decade, a large amount of structural and mechanistic data has been gathered on CoA metabolism and the CoA biosynthetic enzymes, and this has facilitated the discovery and development of several promising candidate antimicrobial agents. These compounds include both target-specific inhibitors, as well as CoA antimetabolite precursors that can reduce CoA levels and interfere with processes that are dependent on this cofactor. In the present mini-review we provide an overview of the most recent of these studies that, taken together, have also provided chemical validation of CoA biosynthesis and utilization as viable targets for antimicrobial drug development.
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Chemical biology tools to study pantetheinases of the vanin family. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:1052-5. [PMID: 25110001 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
VNNs (vanins) are pantetheinases that hydrolyse pantetheine to pantothenic acid and cysteamine. Studies with Vnn1-knockout mice have indicated a role of VNN-1 in inflammation and stress responses. VNN-1 is highly expressed in liver and is under transcriptional control of PPAR (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor)-α and nutritional status, suggesting a role in energy metabolism. Recently, the specific substrates and inhibitors of VNNs were obtained as tools to study VNN biology and to investigate whether VNNs are potential drug targets. Oral administration of RR6, a pantothenone with nanomolar anti-VNN potency, completely inhibited plasma VNN activity in rats and showed favourable pharmacokinetics. Prolonged RR6 administration caused alterations of hepatic and plasma lipid concentrations upon fasting. VNN inhibitors were found to protect pantothenamides (pantetheine analogues with antibiotic activity) against breakdown by plasma VNN, thereby preserving their antibiotic activity. Combination of pantothenamides with a VNN inhibitor showed a strong activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pneumoniae when assayed in the presence of 10% serum. Recent studies have reported plasma stable pantothenamides that were active against the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. We conclude that VNN inhibitors and pantothenate derivatives that target enzymes in the CoA (coenzyme A) biosynthetic pathway may have potential use as novel drugs in infection, inflammation and metabolism.
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Exploiting the coenzyme A biosynthesis pathway for the identification of new antimalarial agents: the case for pantothenamides. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:1087-93. [PMID: 25110007 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Malaria kills more than half a million people each year. There is no vaccine, and recent reports suggest that resistance is developing to the antimalarial regimes currently recommended by the World Health Organization. New drugs are therefore needed to ensure malaria treatment options continue to be available. The intra-erythrocytic stage of the malaria parasite's life cycle is dependent on an extracellular supply of pantothenate (vitamin B5), the precursor of CoA (coenzyme A). It has been known for many years that proliferation of the parasite during this stage of its life cycle can be inhibited with pantothenate analogues. We have shown recently that pantothenamides, a class of pantothenate analogues with antibacterial activity, inhibit parasite proliferation at submicromolar concentrations and do so competitively with pantothenate. These compounds, however, are degraded, and therefore rendered inactive, by the enzyme pantetheinase (vanin), which is present in serum. In the present mini-review, we discuss the two strategies that have been put forward to overcome pantetheinase-mediated degradation of pantothenamides. The strategies effectively provide an opportunity for pantothenamides to be tested in vivo. We also put forward our 'blueprint' for the further development of pantothenamides (and other pantothenate analogues) as potential antimalarials.
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25
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Pett HE, Jansen PAM, Hermkens PHH, Botman PNM, Beuckens-Schortinghuis CA, Blaauw RH, Graumans W, van de Vegte-Bolmer M, Koolen KMJ, Rutjes FPJT, Dechering KJ, Sauerwein RW, Schalkwijk J. Novel pantothenate derivatives for anti-malarial chemotherapy. Malar J 2015; 14:169. [PMID: 25927675 PMCID: PMC4425855 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0673-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A number of synthetic pantothenate derivatives, such as pantothenamides, are known to inhibit the growth of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, by interfering with the parasite Coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthetic pathway. The clinical use of pantothenamides is limited by their sensitivity to breakdown by ubiquitous human pantetheinases of the vanin family. Methods A number of pantothenate derivatives (pantothenones) with potent and specific inhibitory activity against mammalian vanins were tested in a proliferation assay of asexual P. falciparum blood stages alone, and in combination with pantothenamides. Results The vanin inhibitors were found to protect pantothenamides against breakdown by plasma vanins, thereby preserving the in vitro anti-malarial activity. Moreover, some of the vanin inhibitors showed in vitro anti-malarial activity in the low micromolar range. The most potent antimalarial in this series of compounds (RR8), was found to compete with pantothenate in a combination proliferation assay. No correlation, however, was found between anti-vanin and anti-malarial activity, nor was pantetheinase activity detected in P. falciparum extracts. Conclusions Growth inhibition is most likely due to competition with pantothenate, rather than pantetheinase inhibition. As vanin inhibitors of the pantothenone class are stable in biological fluids and are non-toxic to mammalian cells, they may represent novel pantothenate-based anti-malarials, either on their own or in combination with pantothenamides. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0673-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmi E Pett
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Patrick A M Jansen
- Department of Dermatology and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | - Wouter Graumans
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marga van de Vegte-Bolmer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Floris P J T Rutjes
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Pansynt B V, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Robert W Sauerwein
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,TropIQ Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Pansynt B V, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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de Villiers M, Barnard L, Koekemoer L, Snoep JL, Strauss E. Variation in pantothenate kinase type determines the pantothenamide mode of action and impacts on coenzyme A salvage biosynthesis. FEBS J 2014; 281:4731-53. [PMID: 25156889 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-substituted pantothenamides are analogues of pantothenic acid, the vitamin precursor of CoA, and constitute a class of well-studied bacterial growth inhibitors that show potential as new antibacterial agents. Previous studies have highlighted the importance of pantothenate kinase (PanK; EC 2.7.1.33) (the first enzyme of CoA biosynthesis) in mediating pantothenamide-induced growth inhibition by one of two proposed mechanisms: first, by acting on the pantothenamides as alternate substrates (allowing their conversion into CoA antimetabolites, with subsequent effects on CoA- and acyl carrier protein-dependent processes) or, second, by being directly inhibited by them (causing a reduction in CoA biosynthesis). In the present study we used structurally modified pantothenamides to probe whether PanKs interact with these compounds in the same manner. We show that the three distinct types of eubacterial PanKs that are known to exist (PanKI , PanKII and PanKIII ) respond very differently and, consequently, are responsible for determining the pantothenamide mode of action in each case: although the promiscuous PanKI enzymes accept them as substrates, the highly selective PanKIII s are resistant to their inhibitory effects. Most unexpectedly, Staphylococcus aureus PanK (the only known example of a bacterial PanKII ) experiences uncompetitive inhibition in a manner that is described for the first time. In addition, we show that pantetheine, a CoA degradation product that closely resembles the pantothenamides, causes the same effect. This suggests that, in S. aureus, pantothenamides may act by usurping a previously unknown role of pantetheine in the regulation of CoA biosynthesis, and validates its PanK as a target for the development of new antistaphylococcal agents.
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