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Chauhan N, Gaur KK, Asuru TR, Guchhait P. Dengue virus: pathogenesis and potential for small molecule inhibitors. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20240134. [PMID: 39051974 PMCID: PMC11327219 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20240134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Dengue, caused by dengue virus (DENV), is now endemic in nearly 100 countries and infection incidence is reported in another 30 countries. Yearly an estimated 400 million cases and 2200 deaths are reported. Effective vaccines against DENV are limited and there has been significant focus on the development of effective antiviral against the disease. The World Health Organization has initiated research programs to prioritize the development and optimization of antiviral agents against several viruses including Flaviviridae. A significant effort has been taken by the researchers to develop effective antivirals against DENV. Several potential small-molecule inhibitors like efavirenz, tipranavir and dasabuvir have been tested against envelope and non-structural proteins of DENV, and are in clinical trials around the world. We recently developed one small molecule, namely 7D, targeting the host PF4-CXCR3 axis. 7D inhibited all 4 serotypes of DENV in vitro and specifically DENV2 infection in two different mice models. Although the development of dengue vaccines remains a high priority, antibody cross reactivity among the serotypes and resulting antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection are major concerns that have limited the development of effective vaccine against DENV. Therefore, there has been a significant emphasis on the development of antiviral drugs against dengue. This review article describes the rescue effects of some of the small molecule inhibitors to viral/host factors associated with DENV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navya Chauhan
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Kishan Kumar Gaur
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Tejeswara Rao Asuru
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Prasenjit Guchhait
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
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2
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Lee MF, Wu YS, Poh CL. Molecular Mechanisms of Antiviral Agents against Dengue Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030705. [PMID: 36992414 PMCID: PMC10056858 DOI: 10.3390/v15030705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a major global health threat causing 390 million dengue infections and 25,000 deaths annually. The lack of efficacy of the licensed Dengvaxia vaccine and the absence of a clinically approved antiviral against dengue virus (DENV) drive the urgent demand for the development of novel anti-DENV therapeutics. Various antiviral agents have been developed and investigated for their anti-DENV activities. This review discusses the mechanisms of action employed by various antiviral agents against DENV. The development of host-directed antivirals targeting host receptors and direct-acting antivirals targeting DENV structural and non-structural proteins are reviewed. In addition, the development of antivirals that target different stages during post-infection such as viral replication, viral maturation, and viral assembly are reviewed. Antiviral agents designed based on these molecular mechanisms of action could lead to the discovery and development of novel anti-DENV therapeutics for the treatment of dengue infections. Evaluations of combinations of antiviral drugs with different mechanisms of action could also lead to the development of synergistic drug combinations for the treatment of dengue at any stage of the infection.
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3
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Lee MF, Anasir MI, Poh CL. Development of novel antiviral peptides against dengue serotypes 1-4. Virology 2023; 580:10-27. [PMID: 36739680 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Dengue infections pose a critical threat to public health worldwide. Since there are no clinically approved antiviral drugs to treat dengue infections caused by the four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes, there is an urgent need to develop effective antivirals. Peptides are promising antiviral candidates due to their specificity and non-toxic properties. The DENV envelope (E) protein was selected for the design of antiviral peptides due to its importance in receptor binding and viral fusion to the host cell membrane. Twelve novel peptides were designed to mimic regions containing critical amino acid residues of the DENV E protein required for interaction with the host. A total of four peptides were identified to exhibit potent inhibitory effects against at least three or all four DENV serotypes. Peptide 3 demonstrated all three modes of action: cell protection and inhibition of post-infection against all four DENV serotypes, whereas direct virus-inactivating effects were only observed against DENV-2, 3, and 4. Peptide 4 showed good direct virus-inactivating effects against DENV-2 (74.26%) as well as good inhibitions of DENV-1 (80.37%) and DENV-4 (72.22%) during the post-infection stage. Peptide 5 exhibited direct virus-inactivating effects against all four DENV serotypes, albeit at lower inhibition levels against DENV-1 and DENV-3. It also exhibited highly significant inhibition of DENV-4 (89.31%) during post-infection. Truncated peptide 5F which was derived from peptide 5 showed more significant inhibition of DENV-4 (91.58%) during post-infection and good direct virus-inactivating effects against DENV-2 (77.55%) at a lower concentration of 100 μM. Peptide 3 could be considered as the best antiviral candidate for pre- and post-infection treatments of DENV infections in regions with four circulating dengue serotypes. However, if the most predominant dengue serotype for a particular region could be identified, peptides with significantly high antiviral activities against that particular dengue serotype could serve as more suitable antiviral candidates. Thus, peptide 5F serves as a more suitable antiviral candidate for post-infection treatment against DENV-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Felicia Lee
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ishtiaq Anasir
- Virology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Setia Alam, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia.
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He X, Zheng Y, Tian C, Wen T, Yang T, Yu J, Fang X, Fan C, Liu J, Yu L. Quassinoids from Eurycoma longifolia with antiviral activities by inhibiting dengue virus replication. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 110:154650. [PMID: 36649670 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue caused by dengue virus (DENV) spreads rapidly around the world. However, there are no worldwide licensed vaccines or specific antivirals to combat DENV infection. Quassinoids are the most characteristic components of Eurycoma longifolia, which have been reported to display a variety of biological activities. However, whether quassinoids exert anti-DENV activities remains unknown. PURPOSE To test the quassinoids of E. longifolia for their activity against DENV and to clarify the potential mechanisms. METHODS The quassinoids from E. longifolia were isolated by chromatography techniques, and their chemical structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. The anti-DENV activities of quassinoids on baby hamster kidney cells BHK-21 were determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. The synthesis of progeny virus was measured by plaque assay. The expression levels of envelope protein (E) and non-structural protein 1 (NS1) were evaluated by qRT-PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence assays. Molecular docking was used to screen the potential targets of the most active quassinoid against DENV-2, and surface plasmon resonance analysis was employed to confirm the direct binding between the most active quassinoid and potential target. RESULTS Twenty-four quassinoids, including three new quassinoids (1 - 3), were isolated from the ethanol extract of E. longifolia. Quassinoids 4, 5, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 19 and 20 significantly reduced the LDH release at the stages of viral binding and entry or intracellular replication. Among them, 19 (6α-hydroxyeurycomalactone, 6α-HEL) exhibited the best anti-DENV-2 activities with an EC50 value of 0.39 ± 0.02 μM. Further experiments suggested that 6α-HEL remarkably inhibited progeny virus synthesis and mRNA and protein expression levels of E and NS1 of DENV-2. Time-of-drug-addition assay suggested that 6α-HEL inhibited intracellular replication of DENV-2 at an early stage. Moreover, 6α-HEL was shown to interact with NS5-RdRp domain at a binding affinity of -8.15 kcal/mol. SPR assay further verified 6α-HEL bound to RdRp protein with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 1.49 × 10-7 M. CONCLUSION Ten quassinoids from E. longifolia showed anti-DENV activities at processes of virus binding and entry or intracellular replication. The most active quassinoid 6α-HEL exerts the anti-DENV-2 activities at intracellular replication stage by directly targeting the NS5-RdRp protein. These results suggest that 6α-HEL could be a promising candidate for the treatment of DENV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei He
- Third Level Research Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Yuanru Zheng
- Third Level Research Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Chunyang Tian
- Third Level Research Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Ting Wen
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Tangjia Yang
- Third Level Research Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Jingtao Yu
- Third Level Research Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Xiaochuan Fang
- Third Level Research Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Chunlin Fan
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
| | - Junshan Liu
- Third Level Research Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
| | - Linzhong Yu
- Third Level Research Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
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Ortlieb LO, Caruso ÍP, Mebus-Antunes NC, Da Poian AT, Petronilho EDC, Figueroa-Villar JD, Nascimento CJ, Almeida FCL. Searching for drug leads targeted to the hydrophobic cleft of dengue virus capsid protein. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 37:287-298. [PMID: 34894959 PMCID: PMC8667904 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.2004591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We synthesised and screened 18 aromatic derivatives of guanylhydrazones and oximes aromatic for their capacity to bind to dengue virus capsid protein (DENVC). The intended therapeutic target was the hydrophobic cleft of DENVC, which is a region responsible for its anchoring in lipid droplets in the infected cells. The inhibition of this process completely suppresses virus infectivity. Using NMR, we describe five compounds able to bind to the α1-α2 interface in the hydrophobic cleft. Saturation transfer difference experiments showed that the aromatic protons of the ligands are important for the interaction with DENVC. Fluorescence binding isotherms indicated that the selected compounds bind at micromolar affinities, possibly leading to binding-induced conformational changes. NMR-derived docking calculations of ligands showed that they position similarly in the hydrophobic cleft. Cytotoxicity experiments and calculations of in silico drug properties suggest that these compounds may be promising candidates in the search for antivirals targeting DENVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane O Ortlieb
- Department of Chemistry, Military Institute of Engineering (IME), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis (IBqM) and National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (CENABIO), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ícaro P Caruso
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis (IBqM) and National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (CENABIO), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation (CMIB) and Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Nathane C Mebus-Antunes
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis (IBqM), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andrea T Da Poian
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis (IBqM), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elaine da C Petronilho
- Department of Chemistry, Military Institute of Engineering (IME), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia J Nascimento
- Department of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio C L Almeida
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis (IBqM) and National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (CENABIO), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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6
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Gálvez JA, Badorrey R, Mahía A, Díaz-de-Villegas MD. Asymmetric synthesis of (1R,5S)-2-methyl-6,7-benzomorphan via Aza-Prins reaction. Chirality 2021; 33:543-548. [PMID: 34279050 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
(1R,5S)-2-Methyl-6,7-benzomorphan has been synthesised from (R)-(benzyloxy)(phenyl)acetaldehyde. On a 2-mmol scale Bi (OTf)3 promoted Aza-Prins reaction with N-tosylhomoallylamine afforded an 88/12 mixture of 6-oxa-2-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes. Major diastereoisomer was converted to enantiomerically pure (2S,4S)-2-benzyl-1- methylpiperidin-4-ol via a high-yielding sequence hydrogenolysis/N-detosylation/N-methylation. Acid-catalysed intramolecular Friedel-Crafts cyclisation of the piperidinol afforded (1R,5S)-2-methyl-6,7-benzomorphan in five steps with a yield of 25%.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Gálvez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC - Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ramón Badorrey
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC - Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alejandro Mahía
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Biocomputation and Complex Systems Physics Institute (BIFI). Joint Unit IQFR-CSIC-BIFI, Joint Unit EEAD-CSIC-BIFI, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María D Díaz-de-Villegas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC - Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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7
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Troost B, Smit JM. Recent advances in antiviral drug development towards dengue virus. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 43:9-21. [PMID: 32795907 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high disease burden of dengue virus, there is no approved antiviral treatment or broadly applicable vaccine to treat or prevent dengue virus infection. In the last decade, many antiviral compounds have been identified but only few have been further evaluated in pre-clinical or clinical trials. This review will give an overview of the direct-acting and host-directed antivirals identified to date. Furthermore, important parameters for further development that is, drug properties including efficacy, specificity and stability, pre-clinical animal testing, and combinational drug therapy will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Troost
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M Smit
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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8
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Peptides targeting dengue viral nonstructural protein 1 inhibit dengue virus production. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12933. [PMID: 32737386 PMCID: PMC7395749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses manipulate the life cycle in host cells via the use of viral properties and host machineries. Development of antiviral peptides against dengue virus (DENV) infection has previously been concentrated on blocking the actions of viral structural proteins and enzymes in virus entry and viral RNA processing in host cells. In this study, we proposed DENV NS1, which is a multifunctional non-structural protein indispensable for virus production, as a new target for inhibition of DENV infection by specific peptides. We performed biopanning assays using a phage-displayed peptide library and identified 11 different sequences of 12-mer peptides binding to DENV NS1. In silico analyses of peptide-protein interactions revealed 4 peptides most likely to bind to DENV NS1 at specific positions and their association was analysed by surface plasmon resonance. Treatment of Huh7 cells with these 4 peptides conjugated with N-terminal fluorescent tag and C-terminal cell penetrating tag at varying time-of-addition post-DENV infection could inhibit the production of DENV-2 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory effects of the peptides were also observed in other virus serotypes (DENV-1 and DENV-4), but not in DENV-3. These findings indicate the potential application of peptides targeting DENV NS1 as antiviral agents against DENV infection.
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9
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Rawarak N, Suttitheptumrong A, Reamtong O, Boonnak K, Pattanakitsakul SN. Protein Disulfide Isomerase Inhibitor Suppresses Viral Replication and Production during Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Infection in Human Monocytic Cells. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020155. [PMID: 30781856 PMCID: PMC6410196 DOI: 10.3390/v11020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of several mechanisms that leads to the development of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) is called antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Monocytes can be infected by the ADE phenomenon, which occurs in dengue secondary infection. This study aimed to investigate the proteins involved in ADE of DENV infection in the human monocytic cell line U937. The phosphoproteins were used to perform and analyze for protein expression using mass spectrometry (GeLC-MS/MS). The differential phosphoproteins revealed 1131 altered proteins compared between isotype- and DENV-specific antibody-treated monocytes. The altered proteins revealed 558 upregulated proteins and 573 downregulated proteins. Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), which is an enzyme that had a high-ranking fold change and that catalyzes the formation, breakage, and rearrangement of disulfide bonds within a protein molecule, was selected for further study. PDI was found to be important for dengue virus infectivity during the ADE model. The effect of PDI inhibition was also shown to be involved in the early stage of life cycle by time-of-drug-addition assay. These results suggest that PDI is important for protein translation and virion assembly of dengue virus during infection in human monocytes, and it may play a significant role as a chaperone to stabilize dengue protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nantapon Rawarak
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Aroonroong Suttitheptumrong
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Kobporn Boonnak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Sa-Nga Pattanakitsakul
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
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10
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Dengue drug discovery: Progress, challenges and outlook. Antiviral Res 2018; 163:156-178. [PMID: 30597183 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the context of the only available vaccine (DENGVAXIA) that was marketed in several countries, but poses higher risks to unexposed individuals, the development of antivirals for dengue virus (DENV), whilst challenging, would bring significant benefits to public health. Here recent progress in the field of DENV drug discovery made in academic laboratories and industry is reviewed. Characteristics of an ideal DENV antiviral molecule, given the specific immunopathology provoked by this acute viral infection, are described. New chemical classes identified from biochemical, biophysical and phenotypic screens that target viral (especially NS4B) and host proteins, offer promising opportunities for further development. In particular, new methodologies ("omics") can accelerate the discovery of much awaited flavivirus specific inhibitors. Challenges and opportunities in lead identification activities as well as the path to clinical development of dengue drugs are discussed. To galvanize DENV drug discovery, collaborative public-public partnerships and open-access resources will greatly benefit both the DENV research community and DENV patients.
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11
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Routhu NK, Xie Y, Dunworth M, Casero RA, Oupicky D, Byrareddy SN. Polymeric Prodrugs Targeting Polyamine Metabolism Inhibit Zika Virus Replication. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4284-4295. [PMID: 30040423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) is primarily transmitted via an infected mosquito bite, during sexual intercourse, or in utero mother to child transmission. When a fetus is infected, both neurological malformations and deficits in brain development are frequently manifested. As such, there is a need for vaccines or drugs that may be used to cure ZIKV infections. Metabolic pathways play a crucial role in cell differentiation and development. More importantly, polyamines play a key role in replication and translation of several RNA viruses, including ZIKV, Dengue virus, and Chikungunya virus. Here, we present polyamine analogues (BENSpm and PG11047) and their corresponding polymer prodrug derivatives for inhibiting ZIKV infection by intersecting with polyamine catabolism pathways. We tested the compounds against ZIKV African (MR766) and Asian (PRVABC59) strains in human kidney epithelial (Vero) and glioblastoma derived (SNB-19) cell lines. Our results demonstrate potent inhibition of ZIKV viral replication in both cell lines tested. This antiviral effect was mediated by the upregulation of two polyamine catabolic enzymes, spermine oxidase, and spermidine (SMOX)/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SAT1) as apparent reduction of the ZIKV infection following heterologous expression of SMOX and SAT1. On the basis of these observations, we infer potential use of these polyamine analogues to treat ZIKV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanda Kishore Routhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198 , United States
| | - Ying Xie
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198 , United States
| | - Matthew Dunworth
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21287 , United States
| | - Robert A Casero
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21287 , United States
| | - David Oupicky
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198 , United States
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198 , United States
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12
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Chen HR, Lai YC, Yeh TM. Dengue virus non-structural protein 1: a pathogenic factor, therapeutic target, and vaccine candidate. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:58. [PMID: 30037331 PMCID: PMC6057007 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0462-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection is the most common mosquito-transmitted viral infection. DENV infection can cause mild dengue fever or severe dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)/dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Hemorrhage and vascular leakage are two characteristic symptoms of DHF/DSS. However, due to the limited understanding of dengue pathogenesis, no satisfactory therapies to treat nor vaccine to prevent dengue infection are available, and the mortality of DHF/DSS is still high. DENV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1), which can be secreted in patients’ sera, has been used as an early diagnostic marker for dengue infection for many years. However, the roles of NS1 in dengue-induced vascular leakage were described only recently. In this article, the pathogenic roles of DENV NS1 in hemorrhage and vascular leakage are reviewed, and the possibility of using NS1 as a therapeutic target and vaccine candidate is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ru Chen
- The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chung Lai
- The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Trai-Ming Yeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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13
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Turnaturi R, Montenegro L, Marrazzo A, Parenti R, Pasquinucci L, Parenti C. Benzomorphan skeleton, a versatile scaffold for different targets: A comprehensive review. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 155:492-502. [PMID: 29908442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that the benzomorphan skeleton has mainly been employed in medicinal chemistry for the development of opioid analgesics, it is a versatile structure. Its stereochemistry, as well as opportune modifications at the phenolic hydroxyl group and at the basic nitrogen, play a pivotal role addressing the benzomorphan-based compounds to a specific target. In this review, we describe the structure activity-relationships (SARs) of benzomorphan-based compounds acting at sigma 1 receptor (σ1R), sigma 2 receptor (σ2R), voltage-dependent sodium channel, N-Methyl-d-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor-channel complex and other targets. Collectively, the SARs data have highlighted that the benzomorphan nucleus could be regarded as a useful template for the synthesis of drug candidates for different targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Turnaturi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95100, Catania, Italy.
| | - Lucia Montenegro
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Agostino Marrazzo
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95100, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lorella Pasquinucci
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95100, Catania, Italy
| | - Carmela Parenti
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95100, Catania, Italy
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14
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Watanabe S, Low JGH, Vasudevan SG. Preclinical Antiviral Testing for Dengue Virus Infection in Mouse Models and Its Association with Clinical Studies. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1048-1057. [PMID: 29756760 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
At present, there is no licensed antiviral drug against dengue virus (DENV) infection. Mouse models of DENV infection have been widely used for preclinical evaluation of antivirals. However, only in a few instances so far have the data obtained from preclinical mouse model testing been associated with data from clinical studies in humans. In this Review, we focus on the antiviral drugs targeting viral replication that have been tested in animals/humans and discuss how preclinical drug evaluation in suitable mouse/animal models may be more fruitfully used to inform early phase clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Watanabe
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857
| | - Jenny Guek-Hong Low
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856
| | - Subhash G. Vasudevan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857
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15
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Yao X, Ling Y, Guo S, Wu W, He S, Zhang Q, Zou M, Nandakumar KS, Chen X, Liu S. Tatanan A from the Acorus calamus L. root inhibited dengue virus proliferation and infections. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 42:258-267. [PMID: 29655694 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acorus calamus l. (Acoraceae) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicinal plant, whose root are historically mainly used to treat neurodegenerative diseases, and for cholera treatment. This datum strongly indicates the antimicrobial activity of A. calamus. PURPOSE Our goal is to find the active constituents of A. calamus to treat dengue virus (DENV) infections, and to study the effects and mechanisms of these active substances. METHODS The root of A. calamus was extracted by ethanol. Mosquito larva C6/36 cells were used for DENV2 replication and transfection host. Mouse kidney fibroblast cells (BHK-21) were used as a host cell to study the infection ability of the virus. DENV2-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) and plaque assay were used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of A. calamus extracts on DENV2 infectivity inhibition. The levels of E and NS1 protein expression were measured by real-time PCR and western blot assays. RESULTS 12 compounds were isolated from ethanol extract of A. calamus root, tatanan A showed the best anti-DENV ability among these 12 compounds, which significantly alleviated DENV2-induced CPE and cytotoxicity effects, with an EC50 of 3.9 µM. In addition, RNA replication assay further confirmed the antivirus ability of tatanan A. Time-addition assay showed that tatanan A affected the early stage of viral RNA replication, which in turn inhibited mRNA and protein levels of DENV2. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated the anti-DENV2 effect of tatanan A, in inhibiting DENV2 RNA replication and infections. In summary, tatanan A was found to be a novel natural DENV inhibitor and a potential candidate for the treatment of DENV infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Yun Ling
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, PR China.
| | - Songxin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Wenyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, PR China
| | - Shijun He
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, PR China
| | - Min Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
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16
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Benzomorphan scaffold for opioid analgesics and pharmacological tools development: A comprehensive review. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 148:410-422. [PMID: 29477074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Benzomorphan, derived by morphine skeleton simplification, has been the subject of exploration in medicinal chemistry for the development of new drugs and pharmacological tools to explore opioid pharmacology in vitro and in vivo. Building upon these evidences, the design and synthesis of benzomorphan-based compounds, appropriately modified at the basic nitrogen and/or the phenolic hydroxyl (8-OH) group, represent a valid and versatile strategy to obtain analgesics. In this review, to improve the body of information in this field, we report structure activity-relationships (SARs) of benzomorphan-based compounds analysing data literature of last 25 years. Collectively, SARs data highlighted that the benzomorphan nucleus represents a template in the achievement of a specific functional profile, by modifying N-substituent or 8-OH group.
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17
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Yao X, Ling Y, Guo S, He S, Wang J, Zhang Q, Wu W, Zou M, Zhang T, Nandakumar KS, Chen X, Liu S. Inhibition of dengue viral infection by diasarone-I is associated with 2'O methyltransferase of NS5. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 821:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Halogenated Chrysins Inhibit Dengue and Zika Virus Infectivity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13696. [PMID: 29057920 PMCID: PMC5651866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus infection is a global threat for which no specific treatment has not been established. Previous reports suggested chrysin and flavanone derivatives were potential flaviviral inhibitors. Here, we reported two halogenated chrysins, abbreviated FV13 and FV14, were highly potent against DENV1-4 and ZIKV infectivities with the FV13 EC50 values of 2.30 ± 1.04, 1.47 ± 0.86, 2.32 ± 1.46, 1.78 ± 0.72 and 1.65 ± 0.86 µM; and FV14 EC50 values of 2.30 ± 0.92, 2.19 ± 0.31, 1.02 ± 0.31, 1.29 ± 0.60 and 1.39 ± 0.11 µM, respectively. The CC50s to LLC/MK2 of FV13 and FV14 were 44.28 ± 2.90 μM, 42.51 ± 2.53 µM, respectively. Mechanism of drug action studies suggested multiple targets but maximal efficiency was achieved with early post infection treatment. This is the first report showing a high potency of halogenated chrysins for development as a broad-spectrum anti-flaviviral drug.
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19
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Chan JFW, Chik KKH, Yuan S, Yip CCY, Zhu Z, Tee KM, Tsang JOL, Chan CCS, Poon VKM, Lu G, Zhang AJ, Lai KK, Chan KH, Kao RYT, Yuen KY. Novel antiviral activity and mechanism of bromocriptine as a Zika virus NS2B-NS3 protease inhibitor. Antiviral Res 2017; 141:29-37. [PMID: 28185815 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is associated with congenital malformations in infected fetuses and severe neurological and other systemic complications in adults. There are currently limited anti-ZIKV treatment options that are readily available and safe for use in pregnancy. In this drug repurposing study, bromocriptine was found to have inhibitory effects on ZIKV replication in cytopathic effect inhibition, virus yield reduction, and plaque reduction assays. Time-of-drug-addition assay showed that bromocriptine exerted anti-ZIKV activity between 0 and 12 h post-ZIKV inoculation, corroborating with post-entry events in the virus replication cycle prior to budding. Our docking model showed that bromocriptine interacted with several active site residues of the proteolytic cavity involving H51 and S135 in the ZIKV-NS2B-NS3 protease protein, and might occupy the active site and inhibit the protease activity of the ZIKV-NS2B-NS3 protein. A fluorescence-based protease inhibition assay confirmed that bromocriptine inhibited ZIKV protease activity. Moreover, bromocriptine exhibited synergistic effect with interferon-α2b against ZIKV replication in cytopathic effect inhibition assay. The availability of per vagina administration of bromocriptine as suppositories or vaginoadhesive discs and the synergistic anti-ZIKV activity between bromocriptine and type I interferon may make bromocriptine a potentially useful and readily available treatment option for ZIKV infection. The anti-ZIKV effects of bromocriptine should be evaluated in a suitable animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Kenn Ka-Heng Chik
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cyril Chik-Yan Yip
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zheng Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kah-Meng Tee
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jessica Oi-Ling Tsang
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chris Chung-Sing Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vincent Kwok-Man Poon
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anna Jinxia Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin-Kui Lai
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Hung Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Richard Yi-Tsun Kao
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; The Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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20
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Frabasile S, Koishi AC, Kuczera D, Silveira GF, Verri WA, Duarte dos Santos CN, Bordignon J. The citrus flavanone naringenin impairs dengue virus replication in human cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41864. [PMID: 28157234 PMCID: PMC5291091 DOI: 10.1038/srep41864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is one of the most significant health problems in tropical and sub-tropical regions throughout the world. Nearly 390 million cases are reported each year. Although a vaccine was recently approved in certain countries, an anti-dengue virus drug is still needed. Fruits and vegetables may be sources of compounds with medicinal properties, such as flavonoids. This study demonstrates the anti-dengue virus activity of the citrus flavanone naringenin, a class of flavonoid. Naringenin prevented infection with four dengue virus serotypes in Huh7.5 cells. Additionally, experiments employing subgenomic RepDV-1 and RepDV-3 replicon systems confirmed the ability of naringenin to inhibit dengue virus replication. Antiviral activity was observed even when naringenin was used to treat Huh7.5 cells 24 h after dengue virus exposure. Finally, naringenin anti-dengue virus activity was demonstrated in primary human monocytes infected with dengue virus sertoype-4, supporting the potential use of naringenin to control dengue virus replication. In conclusion, naringenin is a suitable candidate molecule for the development of specific dengue virus treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Frabasile
- Sección Virologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La República, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, ICC/FIOCRUZ/PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Andrea Cristine Koishi
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, ICC/FIOCRUZ/PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Diogo Kuczera
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, ICC/FIOCRUZ/PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Waldiceu Aparecido Verri
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Bordignon
- Sección Virologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La República, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
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21
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de Wispelaere M, Carocci M, Liang Y, Liu Q, Sun E, Vetter ML, Wang J, Gray NS, Yang PL. Discovery of host-targeted covalent inhibitors of dengue virus. Antiviral Res 2016; 139:171-179. [PMID: 28034743 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We report here on an approach targeting the host reactive cysteinome to identify inhibitors of host factors required for the infectious cycle of Flaviviruses and other viruses. We used two parallel cellular phenotypic screens to identify a series of covalent inhibitors, exemplified by QL-XII-47, that are active against dengue virus. We show that the compounds effectively block viral protein expression and that this inhibition is associated with repression of downstream processes of the infectious cycle, and thus significantly contributes to the potent antiviral activity of these compounds. We demonstrate that QL-XII-47's antiviral activity requires selective, covalent modification of a host target by showing that the compound's antiviral activity is recapitulated when cells are preincubated with QL-XII-47 and then washed prior to viral infection and by showing that QL-XII-47R, a non-reactive analog, lacks antiviral activity at concentrations more than 20-fold higher than QL-XII-47's IC90. QL-XII-47's inhibition of Zika virus, West Nile virus, hepatitis C virus, and poliovirus further suggests that it acts via a target mediating inhibition of these other medically relevant viruses. These results demonstrate the utility of screens targeting the host reactive cysteinome for rapid identification of compounds with potent antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margot Carocci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yanke Liang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qingsong Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eileen Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Michael L Vetter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Priscilla L Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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22
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Xie X, Zou J, Shan C, Yang Y, Kum DB, Dallmeier K, Neyts J, Shi PY. Zika Virus Replicons for Drug Discovery. EBioMedicine 2016; 12:156-160. [PMID: 27658737 PMCID: PMC5078599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The current epidemic of Zika virus (ZIKV) has underscored the urgency to establish experimental systems for studying viral replication and pathogenesis, and countermeasure development. Here we report two ZIKV replicon systems: a luciferase replicon that can differentiate between viral translation and RNA synthesis; and a stable luciferase replicon carrying cell line that can be used to screen and characterize inhibitors of viral replication. The transient replicon was used to evaluate the effect of an NS5 polymerase mutation on viral RNA synthesis and to analyze a known ZIKV inhibitor. The replicon cell line was developed into a 96-well format for antiviral testing. Compare with virus infection-based assay, the replicon cell line allows antiviral screening without using infectious virus. Collectively, the replicon systems have provided critical tools for both basic and translational research. A Zika virus replicon has been developed to study antivirals and to differentiate between viral translation and replication. A cell line carrying Zika virus replicon has been developed to screen and characterize antiviral inhibitors.
Experimental systems are urgently needed to study Zika virus and to develop countermeasures. In this communication, we report the development of Zika virus replicon systems that can be used to study viral replication and pathogenesis as well as to screen and characterize antiviral inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jing Zou
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Chao Shan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yujiao Yang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dieudonné Buh Kum
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kai Dallmeier
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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23
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Lavanya P, Ramaiah S, Anbarasu A. Ethyl 4-(4-methylphenyl)-4-pentenoate from Vetiveria zizanioides Inhibits Dengue NS2B-NS3 Protease and Prevents Viral Assembly: A Computational Molecular Dynamics and Docking Study. Cell Biochem Biophys 2016; 74:337-51. [PMID: 27324039 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-016-0741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Around 50 % of the world's population is at the risk of dengue, a viral infection. Presently, there are not many drugs and prophylactic measures available to control dengue viral infection, and hence, there is an urgent need to develop effective antidengue compound from natural sources. In the current study, we explored the antiviral properties of the medicinal plant Vetiveria zizanioides against dengue virus. Initially, the antiviral properties of active compounds were examined using docking analysis along with reference ligand. The enzyme-ligand complex which showed higher binding affinity than the reference ligand was employed for subsequent analysis. The stability of the top scoring enzyme-ligand complex was further validated using molecular simulation studies. On the whole, the study reveals that the compound Ethyl 4-(4-methylphenyl)-4-pentenoate has an effective antiviral property, which can serve as a potential lead molecule in drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lavanya
- Medical & Biological Computing Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sudha Ramaiah
- Medical & Biological Computing Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anand Anbarasu
- Medical & Biological Computing Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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24
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Kato F, Ishida Y, Oishi S, Fujii N, Watanabe S, Vasudevan SG, Tajima S, Takasaki T, Suzuki Y, Ichiyama K, Yamamoto N, Yoshii K, Takashima I, Kobayashi T, Miura T, Igarashi T, Hishiki T. Novel antiviral activity of bromocriptine against dengue virus replication. Antiviral Res 2016; 131:141-7. [PMID: 27181378 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infectious disease is a major public health problem worldwide; however, licensed vaccines or specific antiviral drugs against this infection are not available. To identify novel anti-DENV compounds, we screened 1280 pharmacologically active compounds using focus reduction assay. Bromocriptine (BRC) was found to have potent anti-DENV activity and low cytotoxicity (half maximal effective concentration [EC50], 0.8-1.6 μM; and half maximal cytotoxicity concentration [CC50], 53.6 μM). Time-of-drug-addition and time-of-drug-elimination assays suggested that BRC inhibits translation and/or replication steps in the DENV life cycle. A subgenomic replicon system was used to verify that BRC restricts RNA replication step. Furthermore, a single amino acid substitution (N374H) was detected in the NS3 protein that conferred resistance to BRC. In summary, BRC was found to be a novel DENV inhibitor and a potential candidate for the treatment of DENV infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Kato
- Laboratory of Primate Model, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Yuki Ishida
- Laboratory of Primate Model, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Watanabe
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Subhash G Vasudevan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Shigeru Tajima
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Takasaki
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Youichi Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Koji Ichiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kentaro Yoshii
- Laboratry of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ikuo Takashima
- Laboratry of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Primate Model, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miura
- Laboratory of Primate Model, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Igarashi
- Laboratory of Primate Model, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hishiki
- Laboratory of Primate Model, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Viral Infectious Diseases Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
The dengue virus and related flaviviruses are an increasing global health threat. In this perspective, we comment on and review medicinal chemistry efforts aimed at the prevention or treatment of dengue infections. We include target-based approaches aimed at viral or host factors and results from phenotypic screenings in cellular assay systems for viral replication. This perspective is limited to the discussion of results that provide explicit chemistry or structure-activity relationship (SAR), or appear to be of particular interest to the medicinal chemist for other reasons. The discovery and development efforts discussed here may at least partially be extrapolated toward other emerging flaviviral infections, such as West Nile virus. Therefore, this perspective, although not aimed at flaviviruses in general, should also be able to provide an overview of the medicinal chemistry of these closely related infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira A M Behnam
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Nitsche
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Veaceslav Boldescu
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova , Academiei 3, 2028 Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Christian D Klein
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Anusuya S, Velmurugan D, Gromiha MM. Identification of dengue viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor using computational fragment-based approaches and molecular dynamics study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 34:1512-32. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1081620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Anusuya
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Devadasan Velmurugan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India
- Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility (BIF), University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - M. Michael Gromiha
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
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27
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Ishikawa T, Konishi E. Potential chemotherapeutic targets for Japanese encephalitis: current status of antiviral drug development and future challenges. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1379-95. [PMID: 26156208 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1065817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Japanese encephalitis (JE) remains a public health threat in Asia. Although several vaccines have been licensed, ∼ 67,900 cases of the disease are estimated to occur annually, probably because the vaccine coverage is low. Therefore, effective antiviral drugs are required to control JE. However, no licensed anti-JE drugs are available, despite extensive efforts to develop them. AREAS COVERED We provide a general overview of JE and JE virus, including its transmission cycle, distribution, structure, replication machinery, immune evasion mechanisms and vaccines. The current situation in antiviral drug development is then reviewed and future perspectives are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Although the development of effective anti-JE drugs is an urgent issue, only supportive care is currently available. Recent progress in our understanding of the viral replication machinery and immune evasion strategies has identified new targets for anti-JE drug development. To date, most candidate drugs have only been evaluated in single-drug formulations, and efficient drug delivery to the CNS has virtually not been considered. However, an effective anti-JE treatment is expected to be achieved with multiple-drug formulations and a targeted drug delivery system in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ishikawa
- a 1 Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology , 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Eiji Konishi
- b 2 Mahidol University, BIKEN Endowed Department of Dengue Vaccine Development, Faculty of Tropical Medicine , 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.,c 3 Osaka University, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, BIKEN Endowed Department of Dengue Vaccine Development , 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan +66 2 354 5981 ;
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28
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Zou B, Chan WL, Ding M, Leong SY, Nilar S, Seah PG, Liu W, Karuna R, Blasco F, Yip A, Chao A, Susila A, Dong H, Wang QY, Xu HY, Chan K, Wan KF, Gu F, Diagana TT, Wagner T, Dix I, Shi PY, Smith PW. Lead optimization of spiropyrazolopyridones: a new and potent class of dengue virus inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:344-8. [PMID: 25878766 DOI: 10.1021/ml500521r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiropyrazolopyridone 1 was identified, as a novel dengue virus (DENV) inhibitor, from a DENV serotype 2 (DENV-2) high-throughput phenotypic screen. As a general trend within this chemical class, chiral resolution of the racemate revealed that R enantiomer was significantly more potent than the S. Cell-based lead optimization of the spiropyrazolopyridones focusing on improving the physicochemical properties is described. As a result, an optimal compound 14a, with balanced in vitro potency and pharmacokinetic profile, achieved about 1.9 log viremia reduction at 3 × 50 mg/kg (bid) or 3 × 100 mg/kg (QD) oral doses in the dengue in vivo mouse efficacy model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zou
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Wai Ling Chan
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Mei Ding
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Seh Yong Leong
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Shahul Nilar
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Peck Gee Seah
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Wei Liu
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Ratna Karuna
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Francesca Blasco
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Andy Yip
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Alex Chao
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Agatha Susila
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Hongping Dong
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Qing Yin Wang
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Hao Ying Xu
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Katherine Chan
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Kah Fei Wan
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Feng Gu
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Thierry T. Diagana
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Trixie Wagner
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Ina Dix
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Paul W. Smith
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
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29
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Kang S, Shields AR, Jupatanakul N, Dimopoulos G. Suppressing dengue-2 infection by chemical inhibition of Aedes aegypti host factors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3084. [PMID: 25101828 PMCID: PMC4125141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus host factors (DENV HFs) that are essential for the completion of the infection cycle in the mosquito vector and vertebrate host represent potent targets for transmission blocking. Here we investigated whether known mammalian DENV HF inhibitors could influence virus infection in the arthropod vector A. aegypti. We evaluated the potency of bafilomycin (BAF; inhibitor of vacuolar H+-ATPase (vATPase)), mycophenolic acid (MPA; inhibitor of inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH)), castanospermine (CAS; inhibitor of glucosidase), and deoxynojirimycin (DNJ; inhibitor of glucosidase) in blocking DENV infection of the mosquito midgut, using various treatment methods that included direct injection, ingestion by sugar feeding or blood feeding, and silencing of target genes by RNA interference (RNAi). Injection of BAF (5 µM) and MPA (25 µM) prior to feeding on virus-infected blood inhibited DENV titers in the midgut at 7 days post-infection by 56% and 60%, and in the salivary gland at 14 days post-infection by 90% and 83%, respectively, while treatment of mosquitoes with CAS or DNJ did not affect susceptibility to the virus. Ingestion of BAF and MPA through a sugar meal or together with an infectious blood meal also resulted in various degrees of virus inhibition. RNAi-mediated silencing of several vATPase subunit genes and the IMPDH gene resulted in a reduced DENV infection, thereby indicating that BAF- and MPA-mediated virus inhibition in adult mosquitoes most likely occurred through the inhibition of these DENV HFs. The route and timing of BAF and MPA administration was essential, and treatment after exposure to the virus diminished the antiviral effect of these compounds. Here we provide proof-of-principle that chemical inhibition or RNAi-mediated depletion of the DENV HFs vATPase and IMPDH can be used to suppress DENV infection of adult A. aegypti mosquitoes, which may translate to a reduction in DENV transmission. Arboviruses utilize homologous host factors of the mammalian and insect cellular machinery to complete the infection cycle. Studies in both mammalian and insect cell lines have shown that virus infection can be suppressed through inhibition of host factors by chemical compounds that therefore could be developed into transmission blocking agents. However, similar studies have not been conducted in adult mosquitoes. Here we investigated the effect of four chemical compounds (bafilomycin, mycophenolic acid, castanospermine, and deoxynojirimycin), known to inhibit the host factors vacuolar H+-ATPase (vATPase), inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) and glucosidases, on dengue virus replication in adult mosquitoes. We found that bafilomycin and mycophenolic acid suppressed dengue virus replication in adult mosquito guts when they were injected prior to dengue virus infection; however, castanospermine and deoxynojirimycin did not. Ingestion of bafilomycin and mycophenolic acid also inhibited virus replication. We showed that the predicted target genes of bafilomycin and mycophenolic acid function as virus host factors in adult mosquitoes through RNAi-mediated gene silencing. Inhibition of vATPase also decreases mosquito longevity and fecundity, thereby further compromising vector capacity. Our study demonstrated that chemical compounds or double stranded RNAs (dsRNA) can be used to suppress virus infection through inhibition of host factors in adult mosquitoes, thereby rendering such approaches interesting for the development of novel transmission-blocking strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokyoung Kang
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alicia R. Shields
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Natapong Jupatanakul
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Novel indole-2-carboxamide compounds are potent broad-spectrum antivirals active against western equine encephalitis virus in vivo. J Virol 2014; 88:11199-214. [PMID: 25031353 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01671-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic alphaviruses, including western, eastern, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses, cause serious and potentially fatal central nervous system infections in humans for which no currently approved therapies exist. We previously identified a series of thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole derivatives as novel inhibitors of neurotropic alphavirus replication, using a cell-based phenotypic assay (W. Peng et al., J. Infect. Dis. 199:950-957, 2009, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/597275), and subsequently developed second- and third-generation indole-2-carboxamide derivatives with improved potency, solubility, and metabolic stability (J. A. Sindac et al., J. Med. Chem. 55:3535-3545, 2012, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm300214e; J. A. Sindac et al., J. Med. Chem. 56:9222-9241, 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm401330r). In this report, we describe the antiviral activity of the most promising third-generation lead compound, CCG205432, and closely related analogs CCG206381 and CCG209023. These compounds have half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of ∼1 μM and selectivity indices of >100 in cell-based assays using western equine encephalitis virus replicons. Furthermore, CCG205432 retains similar potency against fully infectious virus in cultured human neuronal cells. These compounds show broad inhibitory activity against a range of RNA viruses in culture, including members of the Togaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Picornaviridae, and Paramyxoviridae families. Although their exact molecular target remains unknown, mechanism-of-action studies reveal that these novel indole-based compounds target a host factor that modulates cap-dependent translation. Finally, we demonstrate that both CCG205432 and CCG209023 dampen clinical disease severity and enhance survival of mice given a lethal western equine encephalitis virus challenge. These studies demonstrate that indole-2-carboxamide compounds are viable candidates for continued preclinical development as inhibitors of neurotropic alphaviruses and, potentially, of other RNA viruses. IMPORTANCE There are currently no approved drugs to treat infections with alphaviruses. We previously identified a novel series of compounds with activity against these potentially devastating pathogens (J. A. Sindac et al., J. Med. Chem. 55:3535-3545, 2012, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm300214e; W. Peng et al., J. Infect. Dis. 199:950-957, 2009, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/597275; J. A. Sindac et al., J. Med. Chem. 56:9222-9241, 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm401330r). We have now produced third-generation compounds with enhanced potency, and this manuscript provides detailed information on the antiviral activity of these advanced-generation compounds, including activity in an animal model. The results of this study represent a notable achievement in the continued development of this novel class of antiviral inhibitors.
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31
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Zellweger RM, Shresta S. Mouse models to study dengue virus immunology and pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2014; 5:151. [PMID: 24782859 PMCID: PMC3989707 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a compelling murine model of dengue virus (DENV) infection has been challenging, because DENV clinical isolates do not readily replicate or cause pathology in immunocompetent mice. However, research using immunocompromised mice and/or mouse-adapted viruses allows investigation of questions that may be impossible to address in human studies. In this review, we discuss the potential strengths and limitations of existing mouse models of dengue disease. Human studies are descriptive by nature; moreover, the strain, time, and sequence of infection are often unknown. In contrast, in mice, the conditions of infection are well defined and a large number of experimental parameters can be varied at will. Therefore, mouse models offer an opportunity to experimentally test hypotheses that are based on epidemiological observations. In particular, gain-of-function or loss-of-function models can be established to assess how different components of the immune system (either alone or in combination) contribute to protection or pathogenesis during secondary infections or after vaccination. In addition, mouse models have been used for pre-clinical testing of anti-viral drugs or for vaccine development studies. Conclusions based on mouse experiments must be extrapolated to DENV-infection in humans with caution due to the inherent limitations of animal models. However, research in mouse models is a useful complement to in vitro and epidemiological data, and may delineate new areas that deserve attention during future human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël M Zellweger
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla, CA , USA
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32
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Amodiaquine, an antimalarial drug, inhibits dengue virus type 2 replication and infectivity. Antiviral Res 2014; 106:125-34. [PMID: 24680954 PMCID: PMC4523242 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus serotypes 1-4 (DENV1-4) are transmitted by mosquitoes which cause most frequent arboviral infections in the world resulting in ∼390 million cases with ∼25,000 deaths annually. There is no vaccine or antiviral drug currently available for human use. Compounds containing quinoline scaffold were shown to inhibit flavivirus NS2B-NS3 protease (NS2B-NS3pro) with good potencies. In this study, we screened quinoline derivatives, which are known antimalarial drugs for inhibition of DENV2 and West Nile virus (WNV) replication using the corresponding replicon expressing cell-based assays. Amodiaquine (AQ), one of the 4-aminoquinoline drugs, inhibited DENV2 infectivity measured by plaque assays, with EC50 and EC90 values of 1.08±0.09μM and 2.69±0.47 μM, respectively, and DENV2 RNA replication measured by Renilla luciferase reporter assay, with EC50 value of 7.41±1.09μM in the replicon expressing cells. Cytotoxic concentration (CC50) in BHK-21 cells was 52.09±4.25μM. The replication inhibition was confirmed by plaque assay of the extracellular virions as well as by qRT-PCR of the intracellular and extracellular viral RNA levels. AQ was stable for at least 96h and had minor inhibitory effect on entry, translation, and post-replication stages in the viral life cycle. DENV protease, 5'-methyltransferase, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase do not seem to be targets of AQ. Both p-hydroxyanilino and diethylaminomethyl moieties are important for AQ to inhibit DENV2 replication and infectivity. Our results support AQ as a promising candidate for anti-flaviviral therapy.
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33
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Lim SP, Shi PY. West Nile virus drug discovery. Viruses 2013; 5:2977-3006. [PMID: 24300672 PMCID: PMC3967157 DOI: 10.3390/v5122977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of West Nile virus (WNV) in 1999 in the USA, and its continued spread throughout the Americas, parts of Europe, the Middle East and Africa, underscored the need for WNV antiviral development. Here, we review the current status of WNV drug discovery. A number of approaches have been used to search for inhibitors of WNV, including viral infection-based screening, enzyme-based screening, structure-based virtual screening, structure-based rationale design, and antibody-based therapy. These efforts have yielded inhibitors of viral or cellular factors that are critical for viral replication. For small molecule inhibitors, no promising preclinical candidate has been developed; most of the inhibitors could not even be advanced to the stage of hit-to-lead optimization due to their poor drug-like properties. However, several inhibitors developed for related members of the family Flaviviridae, such as dengue virus and hepatitis C virus, exhibited cross-inhibition of WNV, suggesting the possibility to re-purpose these antivirals for WNV treatment. Most promisingly, therapeutic antibodies have shown excellent efficacy in mouse model; one of such antibodies has been advanced into clinical trial. The knowledge accumulated during the past fifteen years has provided better rationale for the ongoing WNV and other flavivirus antiviral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Pheng Lim
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, Chromos 05-01, Singapore 138670, Singapore.
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34
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Lim SP, Wang QY, Noble CG, Chen YL, Dong H, Zou B, Yokokawa F, Nilar S, Smith P, Beer D, Lescar J, Shi PY. Ten years of dengue drug discovery: progress and prospects. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:500-19. [PMID: 24076358 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To combat neglected diseases, the Novartis Institute of Tropical Diseases (NITD) was founded in 2002 through private-public funding from Novartis and the Singapore Economic Development Board. One of NITD's missions is to develop antivirals for dengue virus (DENV), the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral pathogen. Neither vaccine nor antiviral is currently available for DENV. Here we review the progress in dengue drug discovery made at NITD as well as the major discoveries made by academia and other companies. Four strategies have been pursued to identify inhibitors of DENV through targeting both viral and host proteins: (i) HTS (high-throughput screening) using virus replication assays; (ii) HTS using viral enzyme assays; (iii) structure-based in silico docking and rational design; (iv) repurposing hepatitis C virus inhibitors for DENV. Along the developmental process from hit finding to clinical candidate, many inhibitors did not advance beyond the stage of hit-to-lead optimization, due to their poor selectivity, physiochemical or pharmacokinetic properties. Only a few compounds showed efficacy in the AG129 DENV mouse model. Two nucleoside analogs, NITD-008 and Balapiravir, entered preclinical animal safety study and clinic trial, but both were terminated due to toxicity and lack of potency, respectively. Celgosivir, a host alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, is currently under clinical trial; its clinical efficacy remains to be determined. The knowledge accumulated during the past decade has provided a better rationale for ongoing dengue drug discovery. Though challenging, we are optimistic that this continuous, concerted effort will lead to an effective dengue therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Pheng Lim
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, 05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
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35
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Cruz DJM, Koishi AC, Taniguchi JB, Li X, Milan Bonotto R, No JH, Kim KH, Baek S, Kim HY, Windisch MP, Pamplona Mosimann AL, de Borba L, Liuzzi M, Hansen MAE, Nunes Duarte dos Santos C, Freitas-Junior LH. High content screening of a kinase-focused library reveals compounds broadly-active against dengue viruses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2073. [PMID: 23437413 PMCID: PMC3578765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that has a large impact in global health. It is considered as one of the medically important arboviruses, and developing a preventive or therapeutic solution remains a top priority in the medical and scientific community. Drug discovery programs for potential dengue antivirals have increased dramatically over the last decade, largely in part to the introduction of high-throughput assays. In this study, we have developed an image-based dengue high-throughput/high-content assay (HT/HCA) using an innovative computer vision approach to screen a kinase-focused library for anti-dengue compounds. Using this dengue HT/HCA, we identified a group of compounds with a 4-(1-aminoethyl)-N-methylthiazol-2-amine as a common core structure that inhibits dengue viral infection in a human liver-derived cell line (Huh-7.5 cells). Compounds CND1201, CND1203 and CND1243 exhibited strong antiviral activities against all four dengue serotypes. Plaque reduction and time-of-addition assays suggests that these compounds interfere with the late stage of viral infection cycle. These findings demonstrate that our image-based dengue HT/HCA is a reliable tool that can be used to screen various chemical libraries for potential dengue antiviral candidates. Dengue, a re-emergent human disease that places nearly half of the world's population at risk, threatens to further expand in geographical distribution. The lack of an available effective dengue vaccine has encouraged the search for antiviral drugs as an alternative approach. In recent years, drug discovery through high-throughput screening has become a trend in the search for dengue antivirals. In this study, we developed an image-based dengue high-throughput/high-content assay using prevalent viral strains of three dengue serotypes (DENV1, DENV2 and DENV3) isolated from dengue outbreaks in South America and a laboratory-adapted strain of DENV4. We demonstrated the usefulness of our image-based dengue HT/HCA in identifying potential dengue antivirals by screening a small subset of chemical compounds for inhibition of dengue virus infection in a human-derived host cell line (Huh-7.5), and partially characterized their activities against dengue infection in a mosquito host cell line (C6/36), a distantly-related virus (hepatitis C virus), and an unrelated virus that is transmitted by the same mosquito vector (chikungunya virus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Deu John M. Cruz
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery (CND3), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Andrea Cristine Koishi
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Paraná (ICC/FIOCRUZ-PR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Xiaolan Li
- Image Mining Group (IMG), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | | | - Joo Hwan No
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery (CND3), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Keum Hyun Kim
- Applied Molecular Virology (AMV), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Sungmin Baek
- Applied Molecular Virology (AMV), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Hee Young Kim
- Applied Molecular Virology (AMV), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Marc Peter Windisch
- Applied Molecular Virology (AMV), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | | | - Luana de Borba
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Paraná (ICC/FIOCRUZ-PR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Michel Liuzzi
- Early Discovery Program, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | | | | | - Lucio Holanda Freitas-Junior
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery (CND3), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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A novel inhibitor of dengue virus replication that targets the capsid protein. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 57:15-25. [PMID: 23070172 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01429-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue viruses (DENV) infect 50 to 100 million people worldwide per year, of which 500,000 develop severe life-threatening disease. This mosquito-borne illness is endemic in most tropical and subtropical countries and has spread significantly over the last decade. While there are several promising vaccine candidates in clinical trials, there are currently no approved vaccines or therapeutics available for treatment of dengue infection. Here, we describe a novel small-molecule compound, ST-148, that is a potent inhibitor of all four serotypes of DENV in vitro. ST-148 significantly reduced viremia and viral load in vital organs and tended to lower cytokine levels in the plasma in a nonlethal model of DENV infection in AG129 mice. Compound resistance mapped to the DENV capsid (C) gene, and a direct interaction of ST-148 with C protein is suggested by alterations of the intrinsic fluorescence of the protein in the presence of compound. Thus, ST-148 appears to interact with the DENV C protein and inhibits a distinct step(s) of the viral replication cycle.
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Animal models of dengue virus infection. Viruses 2012; 4:62-82. [PMID: 22355452 PMCID: PMC3280519 DOI: 10.3390/v4010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of animal models of dengue virus (DENV) infection and disease has been challenging, as epidemic DENV does not naturally infect non-human species. Non-human primates (NHPs) can sustain viral replication in relevant cell types and develop a robust immune response, but they do not develop overt disease. In contrast, certain immunodeficient mouse models infected with mouse-adapted DENV strains show signs of severe disease similar to the 'vascular-leak' syndrome seen in severe dengue in humans. Humanized mouse models can sustain DENV replication and show some signs of disease, but further development is needed to validate the immune response. Classically, immunocompetent mice infected with DENV do not manifest disease or else develop paralysis when inoculated intracranially; however, a new model using high doses of DENV has recently been shown to develop hemorrhagic signs after infection. Overall, each model has its advantages and disadvantages and is differentially suited for studies of dengue pathogenesis and immunopathogenesis and/or pre-clinical testing of antiviral drugs and vaccines.
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