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Iwodi C, Gberikon GM, Ogbonna IO, Agada EO. Multi-drug-resistant Escherichia coli in adult male patients with enlarged prostate attending general hospitals in Benue state. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:447-454. [PMID: 38308684 PMCID: PMC10920493 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli in urine of adult male patients with enlarged prostate. Three hundred and sixty-eight samples of urine and blood were collected. Escherichia coli was isolated, purified, and identified and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was determined. Multi-drug resistance test and specific drug resistance genes were assessed. Prevalence of Escherichia coli was high (38.5%) in patients with PSA of 60-79 ng ml-1 and 60% were MDR. The isolates showed highest resistance to tetracycline (53.3.0%) and least to cephalosporins (5%). They had intL and gyrA genes, which are integron, and quinolone resistance genes and sul1 and sul2 which are sulphonamide resistance-associated genes. Levofloxacin, ertapenem, and Augmentin (100% susceptibilities) were considered choice drugs for treatment of Escherichia coli infection in patients with elevated PSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Iwodi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Grace M Gberikon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Innocent Okonkwo Ogbonna
- Department of Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, Nigeria.
| | - Emmanuel O Agada
- Department of Microbiology, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, Nigeria
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2
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Tang H, Liu Z, Hu B, Zhu L. D-Ring Modifications of Tetracyclines Determine Their Ability to Induce Resistance Genes in the Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:1338-1348. [PMID: 38157442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The widespread utilization of tetracyclines (TCs) in agriculture and medicine has led to the borderless spread of tetracycline resistance in humans, animals, and the environment, posing huge risks to both the ecosystem and human society. Changes in the functional group modifications resulted in a higher bacteriostatic efficacy of the new generation of TCs, but their effect on the emergence and evolution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is not yet known. To this end, four TCs from three generations were chosen to compare their structural effects on influencing the evolution of ARGs in soil microbial communities. The findings revealed that low-generation TCs, such as tetracycline and oxytetracycline, exhibited a greater propensity to stimulate the production and proliferation of ARGs than did high-generation tigecycline. Molecular docking analysis demonstrated that modifications of the D-ring functional group determined the binding capacity of TCs to the substrate-binding pocket of transcriptional regulators and efflux pumps mainly involved in drug resistance. This can be further evidenced by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction quantification and intracellular antibiotic accumulation assessment. This study sheds light on the mechanism of the structural effect of antibiotic-induced ARG production from the perspective of compound-protein binding, therefore providing theoretical support for controlling the dissemination of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Tang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zishu Liu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Baolan Hu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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3
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Liu H, Li H, Qiu L, Xie Q, Lu Y, Chen B, Wang H, Long Y, Hu L, Fang C. Alteration of the migration trajectory of antibiotic resistance genes by microplastics in a leachate activated sludge system. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:121981. [PMID: 37321316 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The environmental behavior of emerging contaminants of microplastics (MPs), antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the leachate activated sludge system has been monitored and analyzed comprehensively. The results suggested that MPs could effectively alter the migration trajectory of tetracycline resistance genes (tet genes) in the leachate activated sludge system under intermittent and continuous influent conditions. After adding MPs, the total average abundance of tet genes in leachate increased from 0.74 ± 0.07 to 0.78 ± 0.07 (log10tet genes/log10 16S rRNA) and that in sludge increased from 0.65 ± 0.08 to 0.70 ± 0.06 (log10tet genes/log10 16S rRNA). Except for tetA, the abundance of tetB, tetO, tetM and tetQ on MPs increased with increasing TC concentration under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. MPs not only significantly affect the abundance level and migration trajectory of ARGs in the leachate activated sludge system, but also remarkably improve the level of heavy metals in the ambient environment, indirectly promoting the selective effect of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and promoting the development of antibiotic resistance (AR). In addition, MPs changed their physicochemical properties and released hazardous substances with aging to force tet genes to migrate from the leachate activated sludge system to the MPs, making AR more difficult to eliminate and persisted in wastewater treatment plants. Meanwhile, microorganisms played a driving role, making MPs serve as a niche for ARGs and ARB colonization. The co-occurrence network analysis indicated the specific distribution pattern of tet genes and microorganisms in different media, and the potential host was speculated. This study improves the understanding of the environmental behavior of emerging contaminants in leachate activated sludge system and lays a theoretical for protecting the ecological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Liu
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China.
| | - Hong Li
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Libo Qiu
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Qiaona Xie
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Yingying Lu
- Environmental Science Research & Design Institute of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310007, China
| | - Binhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Yuyang Long
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Lifang Hu
- College of Quality and Safety Engineering, Institution of Industrial Carbon Metrology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Chengran Fang
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China.
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Zheng ZJ, Cui ZH, Diao QY, Ye XQ, Zhong ZX, Tang T, Wu SB, He HL, Lian XL, Fang LX, Wang XR, Liang LJ, Liu YH, Liao XP, Sun J. MALDI-TOF MS for rapid detection and differentiation between Tet(X)-producers and non-Tet(X)-producing tetracycline-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Virulence 2022; 13:77-88. [PMID: 34951562 PMCID: PMC9794003 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.2018768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive use of tetracycline antibiotics has led to the widespread presence of tetracycline-resistance genes in Gram-negative bacteria and this poses serious threats to human and animal health. In our previous study, we reported a method for rapid detection of Tet(X)-producers using MALDI-TOF MS. However, there have been multiple machineries involved in tetracycline resistance including efflux pump, and ribosomal protection protein. Our previous demonstrated the limitation in probing the non-Tet(X)-producing tetracycline-resistant strains. In this regard, we further developed a MALDI-TOF MS method to detect and differentiate Tet(X)-producers and non-Tet(X)-producing tetracycline-resistant strains. Test strains were incubated with tigecycline and oxytetracycline in separate tubes for 3 h and then analyzed spectral peaks of tigecycline, oxytetracycline, and their metabolite. Strains were distinguished using MS ratio for [metabolite/(metabolite+ tigecycline or oxytetracycline)]. Four control strains and 319 test strains were analyzed and the sensitivity was 98.90% and specificity was 98.34%. This was consistent with the results obtained from LC-MS/MS analysis. Interestingly, we also found that the reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by tetracycline-susceptible strains were able to promote the degradation of oxytetracycline. Overall, the MALDITet(X)-plus test represents a rapid and reliable method to detect Tet(X)-producers, non-Tet(X)-producing tetracycline-resistant strains, and tetracycline-susceptible strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jian Zheng
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Hua Cui
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Yue Diao
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Qing Ye
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Xing Zhong
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian Tang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai-Bin Wu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Ling He
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Lei Lian
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang-Xing Fang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Ran Wang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Jie Liang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liao
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,CONTACT Jian Sun National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Jagdmann J, Andersson DI, Nicoloff H. Low levels of tetracyclines select for a mutation that prevents the evolution of high-level resistance to tigecycline. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001808. [PMID: 36170241 PMCID: PMC9550176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In a collection of Escherichia coli isolates, we discovered a new mechanism leading to frequent and high-level tigecycline resistance involving tandem gene amplifications of an efflux pump encoded by the tet(A) determinant. Some isolates, despite carrying a functional tet(A), could not evolve high-level tigecycline resistance by amplification due to the presence of a deletion in the TetR(A) repressor. This mutation impaired induction of tetA(A) (encoding the TetA(A) efflux pump) in presence of tetracyclines, with the strongest effect observed for tigecycline, subsequently preventing the development of tet(A) amplification-dependent high-level tigecycline resistance. We found that this mutated tet(A) determinant was common among tet(A)-carrying E. coli isolates and analysed possible explanations for this high frequency. First, while the mutated tet(A) was found in several ST-groups, we found evidence of clonal spread among ST131 isolates, which increases its frequency within E. coli databases. Second, evolution and competition experiments revealed that the mutation in tetR(A) could be positively selected over the wild-type allele at sub-inhibitory concentrations of tetracyclines. Our work demonstrates how low concentrations of tetracyclines, such as those found in contaminated environments, can enrich and select for a mutation that generates an evolutionary dead-end that precludes the evolution towards high-level, clinically relevant tigecycline resistance. A study on evolution of antimicrobial resistance reveals how sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics enrich and select for a mutated allele that prevents evolution towards clinically significant levels of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Jagdmann
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan I. Andersson
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hervé Nicoloff
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Mutuku C, Gazdag Z, Melegh S. Occurrence of antibiotics and bacterial resistance genes in wastewater: resistance mechanisms and antimicrobial resistance control approaches. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:152. [PMID: 35781751 PMCID: PMC9250919 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial pharmaceuticals are classified as emergent micropollutants of concern, implying that even at low concentrations, long-term exposure to the environment can have significant eco-toxicological effects. There is a lack of a standardized regulatory framework governing the permissible antibiotic content for monitoring environmental water quality standards. Therefore, indiscriminate discharge of antimicrobials at potentially active concentrations into urban wastewater treatment facilities is rampant. Antimicrobials may exert selective pressure on bacteria, leading to resistance development and eventual health consequences. The emergence of clinically important multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria in untreated hospital effluents and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has been linked to the continuous exposure of bacteria to antimicrobials. The levels of environmental exposure to antibiotics and their correlation to the evolution and spread of resistant bacteria need to be elucidated to help in the formulation of mitigation measures. This review explores frequently detected antimicrobials in wastewater and gives a comprehensive coverage of bacterial resistance mechanisms to different antibiotic classes through the expression of a wide variety of antibiotic resistance genes either inherent and/or exchanged among bacteria or acquired from the reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in wastewater systems. To complement the removal of antibiotics and ARGs from WWTPs, upscaling the implementation of prospective interventions such as vaccines, phage therapy, and natural compounds as alternatives to widespread antibiotic use provides a multifaceted approach to minimize the spread of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Mutuku
- Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 6, Pecs, 7624, Hungary.
| | - Zoltan Gazdag
- Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 6, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Melegh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7622, Pecs, Hungary
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7
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Antibiotics Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Livestock in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, UAE, 2014–2019. Int J Microbiol 2022; 2022:3411560. [PMID: 35519508 PMCID: PMC9064518 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3411560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a zoonotic pathogen that showed growing resistance to antibiotics. No descriptive analysis highlights the threat of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) of E. coli among livestock in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Herein, we conducted phenotypic and genotypic resistance studies on E. coli isolates from livestock samples in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi based on routine diagnosis between the periods 2014–2019. Bacterial culture and disk diffusion methods were used for bacterial isolation and phenotypic resistance analysis. Resistance mechanism was studied by PCR targeting the most commonly resistance genes: ampicillin (blaSHV, blaCMY, and blaTEM-1B), tetracyclines (tetA and tetB), co-trimoxazole [sulfamethoxazole (sul1, sul2, and sul3) + trimethoprim (dfrA1 and dfrA17)], aminoglycosides [aph(3'')-Ia, aph(6)-Id, and aac(3)-IV], and fluoroquinolones (qnrA and aac(6’)-Ib-cr). Analysis of 165 E. coli isolates showed resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, co-trimoxazole, gentamicin, and enrofloxacin by 157/165 (95.4%), 154/165 (93.6%), 141/165 (86%), 139/165 (85%), and 135/165 (82.7%), respectively. Predominant resistance gene/s detected by PCR were blaCMY (119/160, 72%) and blaTEM-1B (154/160, 96.3%) for ampicillin; tetA (162/164, 98.8%) and tetB (112/164, 68.3%) for tetracyclines; sul2 (156/164, 95%), sul3 (138/164, 84%), and dfra17 (74/164, 44.5%) for co-trimoxazole; aph(3'')-Ia (134/164, 82.1%) and aph(6)-Id (161/164, 98.2%) for aminoglycosides; and aac(6’)-Ib-cr (61/61, 100%) for enrofloxacin. Both phenotypic and genotypic analyses revealed that all E. coli isolates were multidrug-resistant (resistance to 3, 4, and 5 antibiotics classes by 3.6%, 57.6%, and 38.8%, respectively) carrying one or more resistance gene/s for the same antibiotic. PCR profiling confirmed the presence of resistance genes corresponding to their antibiotic profile. Results of the study will highlight the knowledge based on E. coli AMR related to livestock in UAE that may call for interventions.
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Sun S, Geng J, Ma L, Sun X, Qi H, Wu Y, Zhang R. Changes in antibiotic resistance genotypes and phenotypes after two typical sewage disposal processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132833. [PMID: 34762888 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistome is a growing concern around the world. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been identified as hotspots for antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) research. However, the distribution of antibiotic resistance genotypes and phenotypes in biofilm wastewater treatment system is poorly understood. In this study, the abundance and fate of antibiotic resistance genotypes and phenotypes in two typical wastewater treatment processes [biological aerated filter (BAF), anaerobic-oxic (A/O)] were quantitatively studied. The average removal rate of total ARGs was greater than 90%. In the biological treatment unit, the abundance of ARGs increased in the A/O unit and decreased in the biofilm unit. In addition, the resistance of tetracycline resistant bacteria changed after sewage disposal, which was closely related to the evolution of bacterial community. In total, the removal rate of resistance bacteria in A/O system was lower than that in BAF system. Genotypes were the basis of determining the phenotypes of microbial resistance. But it is necessary to pay close attention to antibiotic resistance phenotype due to its high variability. More specifically, antibiotic resistance mitigation in WWTPs should focus more on removing bacterial hosts to reduce the release of ARGs into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jialu Geng
- The Engineering Technology Center of Pollution Control in Taizhou, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Lixin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Xiazhong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Hong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Yining Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Heilongjiang Metrology Institute of Measurement & Verification, Harbin, 150036, China
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9
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Liu L, Zhou L, Zhao Z. Impacts of antibiotics on biofilm bacterial community and disinfection performance on simulated drinking water supply pipe wall. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117736. [PMID: 34256291 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Overuse of antibiotics is accelerating the spread of resistance risk in the environment. In drinking water supply systems, the effect of antibiotics on the resistance of biofilm is unclear, and there have been few studies in disinfectant-containing systems. Here, we designed a series of drinking water supply reactors to investigate the effects of antibiotics on biofilm and bacteria in the water. At low concentrations, antibiotics could promote the growth of bacteria in biofilm; among the tested antibiotics (tetracycline, sulfadiazine and chloramphenicol), tetracycline had the strongest ability to promote this. And the antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) could inhibit the growth of bacteria in drinking water. Results have shown that antibiotics enhanced the bacterial chlorine resistance in the effluent, but reduced that in the biofilm. Furthermore, metagenomic analysis showed that antibiotics reduced the richness of biofilm communities. The dominant phyla in the biofilm were Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Firmicutes. In tetracycline-treated biofilm, the dominant phylum was Planctomycetes. In sulfadiazine- and chloramphenicol-treated groups, bacteria with complex cell structures preferentially accumulated. The dominant class in biofilm in the ARB-added group was Gammaproteobacteria. The abundance of antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) was correlated with biofilm community structure. This study shows that antibiotics make the biofilm community structure of drinking water more resistant to chlorine. ARGs may be selective for certain bacteria in the process, and there may ultimately be enhanced chlorine and antibiotic resistance of effluent bacteria in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongji Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yingyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lina Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lingling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Zhiling Zhao
- College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Jimei District, Xiamen, 361021, China
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10
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Ozawa M, Kawanishi M, Uchiyama M, Mitsuya D, Abo H, Koike R, Kijima M. Correlation of minimum inhibitory concentrations between human and animal antimicrobials against Escherichia coli isolated from livestock. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:744-748. [PMID: 34159856 PMCID: PMC8229827 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211019718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the correlation between minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antimicrobials used in humans and those used in animals to enable comparison of antimicrobial susceptibility between Escherichia coli isolated from humans and those from animals. We compared the following pairs of MIC data: piperacillin (PIPC) to ampicillin (ABPC), amikacin (AMK) to kanamycin (KM), minocycline (MINO) to oxytetracycline (OTC), and levofloxacin (LVFX) to enrofloxacin (ERFX) using 103 isolates of E. coli from healthy livestock (cattle, pigs, broiler chickens, and layer chickens). Kappa analysis of the agreement for resistance and susceptibility between PIPC and ABPC, AMK and KM, MINO and OTC, and LVFX and ERFX showed almost perfect (κ = 0.81), slight (κ = 0.12), fair (κ = 0.37), and moderate (κ = 0.46) agreement, respectively. Within the antimicrobial pairs, all isolates resistant to the human antimicrobial were also resistant to the veterinary antimicrobial. However, there was less agreement within the pairs for those isolates that were sensitive to the human antimicrobial. The percentage agreement for susceptibility, defined as the percentage of isolates sensitive to both antimicrobials compared with isolates sensitive to both antimicrobials, as well as those sensitive only to the human antimicrobial, was 89.9%, 87.3%, 64.0%, and 89.9% for PIPC and ABPC, AMK and KM, MINO and OTC, and LVFX and ERFX, respectively. Our results suggest that the possibility of missing the resistance for antimicrobials used in human medicine by examining MICs for the equivalent antimicrobials used in veterinary medicine is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manao Ozawa
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of
Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Tokura, Kokubunji, Japan
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11
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Cui ZH, Ni WN, Tang T, He B, Zhong ZX, Fang LX, Chen L, Chen C, Cui CY, Liu YH, Liao XP, Sun J. Rapid detection of plasmid-mediated high-level tigecycline resistance in Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter spp. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:1479-1483. [PMID: 32091099 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The emergence and spread of plasmid-encoded tet(X3/X4) genes that confer high-level tigecycline and eravacycline resistance in Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter spp. pose serious threats to human and animal health. We developed a rapid and robust assay to detect Tet(X3/X4) in Gram-negative bacteria based on eravacycline degradation by the presence of the Tet(X) enzyme in the test strain. METHODS This tetracycline inactivation method (TIM) is based on the degradation of eravacycline by the Tet(X3/X4)-producing strain, which results in reduced eravacycline activity against an acid-producing thermophile Bacillus stearothermophilus indicator strain. For Tet(X)-negative strains, eravacycline retains its antimicrobial activity. Coupled with a pH-sensitive dye (bromocresol purple), the reduced colorimetric inhibition zone can be measured to determine the production of Tet(X3/X4). One hundred and eighteen isolates, including 30 tet(X4)-positive E. coli, 30 tet(X3)-positive Acinetobacter spp. and 58 tet(X)-negative E. coli and Acinetobacter spp., were examined to evaluate the performance of this TIM. RESULTS The sensitivity and specificity for E. coli carrying tet(X4) was 96.7% and 100%, respectively, and for Acinetobacter spp. carrying tet(X3) both were 100%. The TIM assay can be completed within 6.5 h. CONCLUSIONS The TIM is a simple, rapid and cost-effective method for the detection of plasmid-mediated high-level tigecycline resistance in E. coli and Acinetobacter spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hua Cui
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Na Ni
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Tian Tang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Bing He
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Xing Zhong
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Liang-Xing Fang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- Hackensack-Meridian Health Center for Discovery and Innovation, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Chong Chen
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Chao-Yue Cui
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liao
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
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12
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Yadav K, Garoff L, Huseby DL, Hughes D. Phenotypic and genetic barriers to establishment of horizontally transferred genes encoding ribosomal protection proteins. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:1441-1447. [PMID: 33655294 PMCID: PMC8120329 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ribosomal protection proteins (RPPs) interact with bacterial ribosomes to prevent inhibition of protein synthesis by tetracycline. RPP genes have evolved from a common ancestor into at least 12 distinct classes and spread by horizontal genetic transfer into a wide range of bacteria. Many bacterial genera host RPP genes from multiple classes but tet(M) is the predominant RPP gene found in Escherichia coli. Objectives We asked whether phenotypic barriers (low-level resistance, high fitness cost) might constrain the fixation of other RPP genes in E. coli. Methods We expressed a diverse set of six different RPP genes in E. coli, including tet(M), and quantified tetracycline susceptibility and growth phenotypes as a function of expression level, and evolvability to overcome identified phenotypic barriers. Results The genes tet(M) and tet(Q) conferred high-level tetracycline resistance without reducing fitness; tet(O) and tet(W) conferred high-level resistance but significantly reduced growth fitness; tetB(P) conferred low-level resistance and while mutants conferring high-level resistance were selectable these had reduced growth fitness; otr(A) did not confer resistance and resistant mutants could not be selected. Evolution experiments suggested that codon usage patterns in tet(O) and tet(W), and transcriptional silencing associated with nucleotide composition in tetB(P), accounted for the observed phenotypic barriers. Conclusions With the exception of tet(Q), the data reveal significant phenotypic and genetic barriers to the fixation of additional RPP genes in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Yadav
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, (Box 582), Uppsala S-75123, Sweden
| | - Linnéa Garoff
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, (Box 582), Uppsala S-75123, Sweden
| | - Douglas L Huseby
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, (Box 582), Uppsala S-75123, Sweden
| | - Diarmaid Hughes
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, (Box 582), Uppsala S-75123, Sweden
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13
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Detection of Phylogenetic Groups and Drug Resistance Genes of Escherichia coli Causing Urinary Tract Infection in Southwest Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.112547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Many bacteria can cause urinary tract infections (UTIs), among which Escherichia coli is the most common causative agent. Escherichia coli strains are divided into eight phylogenetic groups based on the new Quadroplex-PCR method, which are different in terms of patterns of resistance to antibiotics, virulence, and environmental characteristics. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the phylogenetic groups and the prevalence of drug resistance genes in E. coli strains causing UTIs. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 129 E. coli isolates obtained from the culture of patients with UTIs were evaluated for phylogenetic groups using the new method of Clermont et al. The identification of phylogenetic groups and antibiotic resistance genes was performed using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Results: In this study, concerning the distribution of phylogenetic groups among E. coli isolates, the phylogenetic group B2 (36.4%) was the most common phylogenetic group, followed by phylogroups C (13.2%), clade I (10.1%), D (9.3%), and A (3.1%) while groups B1 and F were not observed in any of the isolates, and 20.2% had an unknown state. Also, out of 129 E. coli isolates, the total frequency of tetA, tetB, sul1, sul2, CITM, DfrA, and qnr resistance genes was 59.7%, 66.7, 69, 62, 30.2, 23.3, and 20.2%, respectively. In this study, there was a significant relationship between antibiotics (P = 0.026), cefotaxime (P = 0.003), and nalidixic acid (P = 0.044) and E. coli phylogenetic groups. No significant relationship was observed between E. coli phylogenetic groups and antibiotic resistance genes. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that strains belonging to group B2 had the highest prevalence among other phylogroups, and also, the frequency of antibiotic resistance genes and drug-resistant isolates had a higher prevalence in this phylogroup. These results show that phylogroup B2 has a more effective role in causing urinary tract infections compared to other phylogroups, and this phylogroup can be considered a genetic reservoir of antibiotic resistance.
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14
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Hobson C, Chan AN, Wright GD. The Antibiotic Resistome: A Guide for the Discovery of Natural Products as Antimicrobial Agents. Chem Rev 2021; 121:3464-3494. [PMID: 33606500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of life-saving antibiotics has long been plagued by the ability of pathogenic bacteria to acquire and develop an array of antibiotic resistance mechanisms. The sum of these resistance mechanisms, the antibiotic resistome, is a formidable threat to antibiotic discovery, development, and use. The study and understanding of the molecular mechanisms in the resistome provide the basis for traditional approaches to combat resistance, including semisynthetic modification of naturally occurring antibiotic scaffolds, the development of adjuvant therapies that overcome resistance mechanisms, and the total synthesis of new antibiotics and their analogues. Using two major classes of antibiotics, the aminoglycosides and tetracyclines as case studies, we review the success and limitations of these strategies when used to combat the many forms of resistance that have emerged toward natural product-based antibiotics specifically. Furthermore, we discuss the use of the resistome as a guide for the genomics-driven discovery of novel antimicrobials, which are essential to combat the growing number of emerging pathogens that are resistant to even the newest approved therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hobson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Andrew N Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Gerard D Wright
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
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15
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Emergence of a Novel tet(L) Variant in Campylobacter spp. of Chicken Origin in China. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 65:AAC.01622-20. [PMID: 33046498 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01622-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetracyclines are widely used in veterinary medicine and food animal production. Campylobacter members are major foodborne pathogens, and their resistance to tetracycline has been widely reported in different countries. To date, Tet(O), a ribosomal protection protein, is the only confirmed Tet resistance determinant in Campylobacter spp. Here, we reported the detection and characterization of a novel Tet resistance element in Campylobacter spp. of chicken origin. This gene is identified to be a variant of tet(L), which encodes an efflux pump for Tet resistance. The variant was detected in 14 of the 82 tetracycline-resistant Campylobacter isolates collected from chickens in Henan, China. Cloning of the tet(L) variant into tetracycline-susceptible Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11168 confirmed its function in conferring resistance to tetracycline and doxycycline. In addition, this tet(L) variant elevated the MIC (4-fold increase) of tigecycline in the heterologous Escherichia coli host. Sequencing analysis indicated the tet(L) variant was located within a multidrug-resistance genomic island (MDRGI) containing tet(L) variant IS1216E-ORF1-fexA-Δtnp-IS1216E-tet(O)-tnpV-repA This MDRGI is inserted into conserved gene potB on the chromosome. Multilocus sequence type (MLST) analysis revealed that both clonal expansion and horizontal transfer were involved in the dissemination of the tet(L) variant. These findings reveal the emergence of a new Tet resistance determinant in Campylobacter spp., which may facilitate their adaptation to the antimicrobial selection pressure in chickens.
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16
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Cui ZH, Zheng ZJ, Tang T, Zhong ZX, Cui CY, Lian XL, Fang LX, He Q, Wang XR, Chen C, He B, Wang MG, Liu YH, Liao XP, Sun J. Rapid Detection of High-Level Tigecycline Resistance in Tet(X)-Producing Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter spp. Based on MALDI-TOF MS. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:583341. [PMID: 33102258 PMCID: PMC7545121 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.583341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and spread of the novel mobile Tet(X) tetracycline destructases confer high-level tigecycline and eravacycline resistance in Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter spp. and pose serious threats to human and animal health. Therefore, a rapid and robust Tet(X) detection assay was urgently needed to monitor the dissemination of tigecycline resistance. We developed a rapid and simple assay to detect Tet(X) producers in Gram-negative bacteria based on matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). This MALDITet(X) test was based on the inactivation of tigecycline by a Tet(X)-producing strain after a 3-h incubation of bacterial cultures with tigecycline. Culture supernatants were analyzed using MALDI-TOF MS to identify peaks corresponding to tigecycline (586 ± 0.2 m/z) and a tigecycline metabolite (602 ± 0.2 m/z). The results were calculated using the MS ratio [metabolite/(metabolite + tigecycline)]. The sensitivity of the MALDITet(X) test with all 216 test strains was 99.19%, and specificity was 100%. The test can be completed within 3 h. Overall, the MALDITet(X) test is an accurate, rapid, cost-effective method for the detection of Tet(X)-producing E. coli and Acinetobacter spp. by determining the unique peak of an oxygen-modified derivative of tigecycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hua Cui
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Jian Zheng
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian Tang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Xing Zhong
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao-Yue Cui
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Lei Lian
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang-Xing Fang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian He
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Ran Wang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chong Chen
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing He
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min-Ge Wang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liao
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Jahantigh M, Samadi K, Dizaji RE, Salari S. Antimicrobial resistance and prevalence of tetracycline resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from lesions of colibacillosis in broiler chickens in Sistan, Iran. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:267. [PMID: 32746815 PMCID: PMC7397602 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02488-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotics have long been the first line of defense to prevent Escherichia coli infections, but they have lost their potency since bacteria have grown increasingly resistant to treatment. The present research aimed to study the drug resistance and the prevalence of tetracycline resistance genes in E. coli isolated from broilers with colibacillosis. RESULTS The results showed that the most prevalent type of drug resistance was to tetracycline at 95.0%, and the least was to gentamicin at 21.7%. The prevalences of antimicrobial resistance among the tested antibiotics were significantly different (p < 0.001). A statistically significant difference was observed between the prevalence of the tet genes (p < 0.001). The tetD positive isolates and antibiotic sensitivity to tetracycline showed statistical significant differences (p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS Considering the results, tetA is the most common tetracycline resistance gene, and the presence of tetD and antibiotic sensitivity to tetracycline had a significant relationship in E. coli isolated from colibacillosis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jahantigh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.
| | - Keyvan Samadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Reza Esmaeelzadeh Dizaji
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Salari
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
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18
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Liu YY, Liu XK, Cui XD, Chen M, Li SH, He DD, Liu JH, Yuan L, Hu GZ, Pan YS. Characterization of pTS14, an IncF2:A1:B1 Plasmid Carrying tet(M) in a Salmonella enterica Isolate. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1523. [PMID: 32719670 PMCID: PMC7347964 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the genetic and biological features of the tet(M)-harboring plasmid pTS14 in Salmonella enterica strain S14 isolated from a chicken fecal sample. Plasmid pTS14 was identified by conjugation, S1-pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), Southern hybridization, and plasmid sequencing. The biological characteristics of pTS14 were assessed via stability, growth kinetics, and starvation survival experiments. Strain S14, belonging to ST3007, harbored a 119-kb tet(M)-bearing IncF2:A1:B1 conjugative plasmid pTS14. The plasmid pTS14 contained a novel transposon Tn6709 with the genetic structure IS26-tnpA1-tnpA2-Δorf13-LP-tet(M)-tnpX-ΔtnpR-IS26, and the resistance genes tet(B), tet(D), strAB, sul2, and blaTEM–1b. In addition, pTS14 was found to be highly stable in the recipient strain E. coli J53. The transconjugant TS14 exhibited a higher survival ratio than E. coli J53 under permanent starvation-induced stress. The tet(M)-bearing IncF2 epidemic plasmid lineage may accelerate the dissemination of tet(M) and other genes by coselection, which could constitute a potentially serious threat to clinical treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Liu
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Kang Liu
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Die Cui
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Min Chen
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuai-Hua Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dan-Dan He
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Liu
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Yuan
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gong-Zheng Hu
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-Shan Pan
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Identification of Selected Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Two Different Wastewater Treatment Plant Systems in Poland: A Preliminary Study. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122851. [PMID: 32575673 PMCID: PMC7355585 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem worldwide. The emergence and rapid spread of antibiotic resistance determinants have led to an increasing concern about the potential environmental and public health endangering. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play an important role in this phenomenon since antibacterial drugs introduced into wastewater can exert a selection pressure on antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Therefore, WWTPs are perceived as the main sources of antibiotics, ARB and ARG spread in various environmental components. Furthermore, technological processes used in WWTPs and its exploitation conditions may influence the effectiveness of antibiotic resistance determinants’ elimination. The main aim of the present study was to compare the occurrence of selected tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance genes in raw influent and final effluent samples from two WWTPs different in terms of size and applied biological wastewater treatment processes (conventional activated sludge (AS)-based and combining a conventional AS-based method with constructed wetlands (CWs)). All 13 selected ARGs were detected in raw influent and final effluent samples from both WWTPs. Significant ARG enrichment, especially for tet(B, K, L, O) and sulIII genes, was observed in conventional WWTP. The obtained data did not show a clear trend in seasonal fluctuations in the abundance of selected resistance genes in wastewaters.
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20
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Liu YY, Sun YW, Sun HR, Luo XW, He DD, Wu H, Yuan L, Pan YS, Hu GZ, Liu JH. Characterization of the IncHI 2 plasmid pTW4 harboring tet(M) from an isolate of Escherichia coli ST162. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2020; 73:876-880. [PMID: 32528162 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-020-0337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the genetic features and biological costs of the plasmid pTW4 harboring tet(M) in an isolate of Escherichia coli ST162 from a duck. The complete nucleotide sequence of plasmid pTW4 was determined. The characteristics of plasmid pTW4 in E. coli were investigated by stability and direct competition assays. pTW4 is an IncHI2-type plasmid that contained the resistant genes tet(M), floR, strAB, sul2, rmtB, and blaCMY-2. Tet(M) is located in the composite transposon Tn6539 within the multidrug resistant (MDR) region on this plasmid. Furthermore, the resistance gene rmtB and blaCMY-2 were found outside the MDR region. The plasmid pTW4 remained stable in the host strain E. coli J53 after passage under an antibiotic-free environment for 7 days. However, the strain E. coli J53/pTW4 showed a fitness disadvantage of 6% per ten generations in the process of growth competition with E. coli J53. In conclusion, the plasmid pTW4, a mobile MDR vehicle, may promote the dissemination of tet(M), floR, rmtB, strAB, sul2, and blaCMY-2 among bacteria and then, but it appears to confer growth disadvantage to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, 450002, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Ya-Wei Sun
- Department of Animal Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China
| | - Hua-Run Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, 450002, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xing-Wei Luo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, 450002, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Dan-Dan He
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, 450002, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Hua Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, 450002, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, 450002, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Yu-Shan Pan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, 450002, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Gong-Zheng Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, 450002, Zhengzhou, PR China.
| | - Jian-Hua Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, 450002, Zhengzhou, PR China
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Bhatt M, Gupta N, Kodan P, Soneja M. Tigecycline: A rescue drug for multi-drug resistant organisms causing urinary tract infection. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL UROLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2051415820930625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manasvini Bhatt
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India
| | - Nitin Gupta
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India
| | - Parul Kodan
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India
| | - Manish Soneja
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India
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Gad El-Rab SMF, Abo-Amer AE, Asiri AM. Biogenic Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles and Its Potential Use as Antimicrobial Agent Against Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:1767-1779. [PMID: 32328748 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-01991-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In case of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae infection, the increased prominence of multidrug-resistance strains has become the greatest challenge in the urinary tract disease treatment. Therefore, the 16S rRNA sequencing of multidrug-resistant strains was performed, in addition to those of plasmids and genes responsible for multidrug resistance. These strains showed containing responsible genes Sulfonamides sul1, Tetracycline Tet(A), Tetracycline Tet(B), chloramphenicol catA1, β-lactams blaSHV, and cmlA. Also, the strains demonstrated resistance to at least 10 types of antibiotics or more due to carrying various plasmids. For increasing the level of public health in daily life and treatment of multidrug-resistant bacteria, the nanomedicine was employed. Consequently, ZnO nanoparticles (ZnONPs-E) were synthesized by employing supernatant of Escherichia hermannii strain isolated from raw milk source. The E. hermannii strain produces high concentration of ZnONPs-E compared to other strains so we used it in this study. This ZnONPs-E has a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged from the concentration 10 μg/ml to 40 μg/ml against E. coli and K. pneumoniae, respectively. The antimicrobial efficiency of ZnONPs-E was 40 µg/ml and it was superior to the reported values in literature. Moreover, SEM results evident for distorted membrane morphology, blebbing of membrane, cell elongation, and leakage of cellular contents due to ZnONPs-E activity against tested bacteria. These results indicated that the ZnONPs-E exhibited interesting antimicrobial activity against pathogenic extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) strains. The present study revealed that the active components entered in biosynthesis of ZnONPs-E pave the way to lead its effective nano-medical and drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaa M F Gad El-Rab
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 888, Taif, 21974, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt.
| | - Aly E Abo-Amer
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Taif, P.O. Box 888, Taif, 21974, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohâg, 82524, Egypt
| | - Ahlam M Asiri
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Taif, P.O. Box 888, Taif, 21974, Saudi Arabia
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Pazda M, Kumirska J, Stepnowski P, Mulkiewicz E. Antibiotic resistance genes identified in wastewater treatment plant systems - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 697:134023. [PMID: 31479900 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The intensive use of antibiotics for human, veterinary and agricultural purposes, results in their continuous release into the environment. Together with antibiotics, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are introduced into wastewater. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are believed to be probable hotspots for antibiotic resistance dissemination in the environment as they offer convenient conditions for ARB proliferation as well as for horizontal transfer of ARGs among different microorganisms. In fact, genes conferring resistance to all classes of antibiotics together with mobile genetic elements (MGEs) like plasmids, transposons, bacteriophages, integrons are detected in WWTPs in different countries. It seems that WWTPs with conventional treatment processes are capable of significant reduction of ARB but are not efficient in ARG removal. Implementation of advanced wastewater cleaning processes in addition to a conventional wastewater treatment is an important step to protect the aquatic environment. Growing interest in presence and fate of ARB and ARGs in WWTP systems resulted in the fact that knowledge in this area has increased staggeringly in the past few years. The main aim of the article is to collect and organize available data on ARGs, that are commonly detected in raw sewage, treated wastewater or activated sludge. Resistance to the antibiotics usually used in antibacterial therapy belonging to main classes like beta-lactams, macrolides, quinolones, sulfonamides, trimethoprim and tetracyclines was taken into account. The presence of multidrug efflux genes is also included in this paper. The occurrence of antibiotics may promote the selection of ARB and ARGs. As it is important to discuss the problem considering all aspects that influence it, the levels of antibiotics detected in influent and effluent of WWTPs were also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Pazda
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kumirska
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Mulkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
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Nowakiewicz A, Zięba P, Gnat S, Trościańczyk A, Osińska M, Łagowski D, Kosior-Korzecka U, Puzio I. Bats as a reservoir of resistant Escherichia coli: A methodical view. Can we fully estimate the scale of resistance in the reservoirs of free-living animals? Res Vet Sci 2019; 128:49-58. [PMID: 31710964 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bats are a poorly understood reservoir of pathogenic and multi-drug resistant microorganisms; therefore, the aim of the study was to analyze the presence of drug resistance among E. coli isolated from the species of bats occurring naturally in Poland. The strategy of isolation and identification of resistant strains from pooled and single-animal samples was based on selective media with cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, kanamycin and tetracycline, the use of the ADSRRS-fingerprinting method for genomic differentiation of isolates, and the classical methods of evaluation of phenotypic and genotypic resistance. Of the 78 isolated isolates confirmed as E. coli, there were 38 genetically distinct strains resistant at least to one antimicrobial. 71% of these strains met the multi-drug resistance criterion. Moreover, two different multidrug resistant strains were isolated from three single samples. The highest resistance was observed in the case of ampicillin (66%), kanamycin (84%), sulfamethoxazole/trimetoprim (61%/55% respectively), and streptomycin (50%), which in most cases was confirmed by the presence of an adequate gene. Two isolates from single hosts produced extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (blaCTX-M-3, blaCTX-M-15, blaTEM-1). With the exception of tetracycline resistance, which was dominant among isolates from single animals, no significant differences in the resistance of the strains from both groups of samples were observed. Bats should not be neglected as another environmental reservoir and as an unpredictable source of potential pathogenic and multidrug resistant bacteria and should be extensively studied to predict the direction of the development and range of spreading resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Nowakiewicz
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Zięba
- State Veterinary Laboratory, Droga Męczenników Majdanka 50, 20-325 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sebastian Gnat
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Trościańczyk
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcelina Osińska
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Urszula Kosior-Korzecka
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Sub-Department of Pathophysiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Iwona Puzio
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Physiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Sun YW, Liu YY, Wu H, Wang LF, Liu JH, Yuan L, Pan YS, He DD, Hu GZ. IS26-Flanked Composite Transposon Tn6539 Carrying the tet(M) Gene in IncHI2-Type Conjugative Plasmids From Escherichia coli Isolated From Ducks in China. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3168. [PMID: 30697195 PMCID: PMC6340991 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tet(M)-type proteins confer resistance to tetracycline and related antibiotics by interacting with the ribosome. Genes encoding Tet(M) have been found in a range of bacteria, including Escherichia coli. In the current study, conjugation experiments were performed between seven different tetracycline-resistant, azide-susceptible E. coli strains isolated from ducks and tetracycline-sensitive, azide-resistant E.coli J53. Transconjugants were obtained from two of the strains at a frequency of 1.2 × 10-8. PCR, southern blotting and sequencing demonstrated that tet(M) in the transconjugants was located on a ~50 kb IncHI2-type plasmid and was part of a composite transposon, designated Tn6539. This transposon is flanked by two IS26 elements in opposite orientation and contains the Tn3ΔtnpA+Δorf13-lp-tet(M)+gamma delta+tnpX+ΔtnpR sequences. The Δorf13-lp-tet(M) sequence was a highly conserved genetic fragment in E. coli harboring tet(M) and mainly located in the composite transposons flanked by IS6-family elements. In summary, Tn6539 is a new composite transposon capable of horizontal transfer of tet(M) among E. coli isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wei Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Animal Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ying-Ying Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ling-Fei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-Shan Pan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dan-Dan He
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gong-Zheng Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Hamed OM, Sabry MA, Hassanain NA, Hamza E, Hegazi AG, Salman MB. Occurrence of virulent and antibiotic-resistant Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in some food products and human stool in Egypt. Vet World 2017; 10:1233-1240. [PMID: 29184370 PMCID: PMC5682269 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.1233-1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) represent a severe public health issue worldwide, causing life-threatening diseases in the human gastrointestinal tract. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of virulent and antibiotic-resistant STEC in retail meat and milk products and human stool samples and to characterize the genes encoding for virulence and antibiotic resistance among the identified STEC isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 260 food samples were randomly collected from retail markets in different localities of El Giza Governorate, Egypt. 50 stool specimens were obtained from children that had diarrhea at Embaba Fever Hospital. All collected samples were initially subjected to bacteriological examination and serotyping, and then subsequently, the isolates were exposed to polymerase chain reaction application and sequencing for the identification of the virulence-related genes. Finally, the virulent STEC isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility. RESULTS Serotyping of the 76 biochemically identified isolates showed that 18 were STEC with a predominance of non-O157 (16) while 2 O157:K-serotype was detected only in one food and one human isolate. Molecular identification of the virulence genes illustrated that the minced meat showed the highest prevalence of STEC (8%) as compared to the other food products. In the humans, the O157 was the only serotype that expresses the Shiga toxin-associated gene (eaeA). Antibiotic susceptibility test displayed that 13 of the 17 food and human isolates (76.47%) were resistant to cephalothin (KF30). 9 of the 13 cephalothin-resistant isolates harbor the β lactamase (blaTEM )-resistant gene. All isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, amikacin, and gentamicin. DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the stx2-positive minced meat isolate revealed a high genetic relatedness with beef minced meat from the USA and Australia. CONCLUSION This study showed the predominance of non-O157 among the identified isolates. Minced meat showed the highest prevalence of STEC as compared to the other food products, and this work illustrates the necessity to consider the food products as a potential source of the non-O157 STEC serotypes. DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed a high genetic relatedness with beef minced meat from the USA and Australia. This highlights the high probability of worldwide spread of such serotypes, signifying the importance of the one world concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Mohamed Hamed
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha Ahmed Sabry
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nawal A. Hassanain
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman Hamza
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed G. Hegazi
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa Badawy Salman
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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Gomi R, Matsuda T, Matsumura Y, Yamamoto M, Tanaka M, Ichiyama S, Yoneda M. Whole-Genome Analysis of Antimicrobial-Resistant and Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli in River Water. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e02703-16. [PMID: 27986723 PMCID: PMC5311411 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02703-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of surface waters by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and pathogenic bacteria is a great concern. In this study, 531 Escherichia coli isolates obtained from the Yamato River in Japan were evaluated phenotypically for resistance to 25 antimicrobials. Seventy-six isolates (14.3%) were multidrug resistant (MDR), 66 (12.4%) were nonsusceptible to one or two classes of agents, and 389 (73.3%) were susceptible. We performed whole-genome sequencing of selected strains by using Illumina technology. In total, the genome sequences of 155 strains were analyzed for antibiotic resistance determinants and phylogenetic characteristics. More than 50 different resistance determinants, including acquired resistance genes and chromosomal resistance mutations, were detected. Among the sequenced MDR strains (n = 66), sequence type 155 (ST155) complex (n = 9), ST10 complex (n = 9), and ST69 complex (n = 7) were prevalent. Among extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) strains (n = 58), clinically important clonal groups, namely, ST95 complex (n = 18), ST127 complex (n = 8), ST12 complex (n = 6), ST14 complex (n = 6), and ST131 complex (n = 6), were prevalent, demonstrating the clonal distribution of environmental ExPEC strains. Typing of the fimH (type 1 fimbrial adhesin) gene revealed that ST131 complex strains carried fimH22 or fimH41, and no strains belonging to the fimH30 subgroup were detected. Fine-scale phylogenetic analysis and virulence gene content analysis of strains belonging to the ST95 complex (one of the major clonal ExPEC groups causing community-onset infections) revealed no significant differences between environmental and clinical strains. The results indicate contamination of surface waters by E. coli strains belonging to clinically important clonal groups.IMPORTANCE The prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant and pathogenic E. coli strains in surface waters is a concern because surface waters are used as sources for drinking water, irrigation, and recreational purposes. In this study, MDR and ExPEC strains in river water were characterized by genomic sequencing and analysis. We detected more than 50 resistance determinants and identified clonal groups specific to MDR and ExPEC strains. This study showed contamination of surface waters by E. coli strains belonging to clinically important clonal groups. Overall, this study advances our understanding of environmental MDR and ExPEC strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Gomi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomonari Matsuda
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Matsumura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaki Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michio Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ichiyama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoneda
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Patterns of Efflux Pump Genes Among Tetracycline Resistance Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates Obtained From Human Urinary Infections. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.40884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Hwang D, Kim SM, Kim HJ. Modelling of tetracycline resistance gene transfer by commensal Escherichia coli food isolates that survived in gastric fluid conditions. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 49:81-87. [PMID: 27955806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AR) is a major public health concern and a food safety issue worldwide. Escherichia coli strains, indicators of antibiotic resistance, are a source of horizontal gene transfer to other bacteria in the human intestinal system. A probabilistic exposure model was used to estimate the transfer of the AR gene tet(A). The acid resistance and kinetic behaviour of E. coli was analysed as a function of pH to describe the inactivation of E. coli in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), the major host barrier against exogenous micro-organisms. The kinetic parameters of microbial inactivation in SGF were estimated using GInaFiT, and log-linear + tail and Weibull models were found to be suitable for commensal and enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), respectively. A probabilistic exposure model was developed to estimate E. coli survival in gastric pH conditions as well as gene transfer from resistant to susceptible cells in humans. E. coli-contaminated retail foods for consumption without further cooking and gastric pH data in South Korea were considered as an example. The model predicts that 22-33% of commensal E. coli can survive under gastric pH conditions of Koreans. The estimated total mean tet(A) transfer level by commensal E. coli was 1.68 × 10-4-8.15 × 10-4 log CFU/mL/h. The inactivation kinetic parameters of E. coli in SGF and the quantitative exposure model can provide useful information regarding risk management options to control the spread of AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daekeun Hwang
- Food Safety Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13539, South Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Seung Min Kim
- Department of Human Ecology, Korea National Open University, 86 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03087, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Food Safety Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13539, South Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, South Korea.
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Osei Sekyere J, Govinden U, Bester LA, Essack SY. Colistin and tigecycline resistance in carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria: emerging resistance mechanisms and detection methods. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:601-17. [PMID: 27153928 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A literature review was undertaken to ascertain the molecular basis for tigecycline and colistin resistance mechanisms and the experimental basis for the detection and delineation of this resistance particularly in carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria. Pubmed, Google Scholar and Science Direct were searched with the keywords colistin, tigecycline, resistance mechanisms and detection methods. Trans-complementation and comparative MIC studies, mass spectrometry, chromatography, spectrofluorometry, PCR, qRT-PCR and whole genome sequencing (WGS) were commonly used to determine tigecycline and colistin resistance mechanisms, specifically modifications in the structural and regulatory efflux (acrAB, OqxAB, kpgABC adeABC-FGH-IJK, mexAB-XY-oprJM and soxS, rarA robA, ramRAB marRABC, adeLRS, mexRZ and nfxb) and lipid A (pmrHFIJFKLM, lpxA, lpxC lpxD and mgrB, pmrAB, phoPQ,) genes respectively. Mutations in the ribosomal 16S rRNA operon rrnBC, also yielded resistance to tigecycline through target site modifications. The mcr-1 gene conferring resistance to colistin was identified via WGS, trans-complementation and a murine thigh infection model studies. Common detection methods are mainly antibiotic sensitivity testing with broth microdilution while molecular identification tools are mostly PCR and WGS. Spectrofluorometry, MALDI-TOF MS, micro-array and real-time multiplex PCR hold much promise for the future as new detection tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Osei Sekyere
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - U Govinden
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - L A Bester
- Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - S Y Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Lee M, Shin E, Lee Y. Antimicrobial resistance and integron profiles in multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from pigs. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 11:988-97. [PMID: 25303163 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
From July 2006 to June 2008, a total of 3876 Escherichia coli strains were collected from 1014 porcine intestinal contents to investigate antimicrobial resistance and related gene patterns. Average resistance rates of porcine E. coli isolates were 93.2% for tetracycline, 65.3% for ampicillin, 60.4% for chloramphenicol, 57.7% for streptomycin, 35.8% for nalidixic acid, 23.6% for gentamicin, 10.8% for ciprofloxacin, 10.0% for norfloxacin, 4.5% for cephalothin, 1.0% for cefoxitin, and 0.4% for cefazolin. The number of isolates resistant to more than 3 different classes of antimicrobials was 2537. Among these, 92 isolates were resistant to 5 or more classes of antimicrobials, and 69 isolates among 92 multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates were integrase positive. Among 69 integrase-positive MDR isolates, only class I integron was detected in 19 isolates (20.7%). The class-1-integron-positive isolates had different sizes and gene contents (i.e., 1.0 kb containing aadA1 and 1.5 kb containing aadA1-dfrA1 and aadA1-aadB), and showed 15 distinct types by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis, with 80% cut-off band pattern similarity. PFGE typing of four groups of isolates with identical antimicrobial resistance gene profiles showed two heterogeneous groups, while one group had very similar PFGE patterns; the fourth group was not typeable due to DNA degradation. In conjugation experiments, class I integron-harboring isolates transferred resistance to ampicillin, norfloxacin, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol to the recipient strain. This study showed that antimicrobial resistance rates and corresponding genes in porcine E. coli isolates are different from those in human isolates described by previous studies, and that transfer of antimicrobial-resistant genes from animal to human occurred. These data can be used as a baseline to evaluate the effect of antimicrobial use after implementation of the animal antimicrobial ban for prophylactic and growth promotion except for therapeutic use in 2012 in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyoung Lee
- Culture Collection of Antimicrobial Resistant Microbes, Department of Horticulture, Biotechnology, and Landscape Architecture, Seoul Women's University , Seoul, Korea
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Adesoji AT, Ogunjobi AA, Olatoye IO, Call DR, Douglas DR. Prevalence of tetracycline resistance genes among multi-drug resistant bacteria from selected water distribution systems in southwestern Nigeria. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2015; 14:35. [PMID: 26108344 PMCID: PMC4481114 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-015-0093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotic resistance genes [ARGs] in aquatic systems have drawn increasing attention they could be transferred horizontally to pathogenic bacteria. Water treatment plants (WTPs) are intended to provide quality and widely available water to the local populace they serve. However, WTPs in developing countries may not be dependable for clean water and they could serve as points of dissemination for antibiotic resistant bacteria. Only a few studies have investigated the occurrence of ARGs among these bacteria including tetracycline resistance genes in water distribution systems in Nigeria. Methodology Multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria, including resistance to tetracycline, were isolated from treated and untreated water distribution systems in southwest Nigeria. MDR bacteria were resistant to >3 classes of antibiotics based on break-point assays. Isolates were characterized using partial 16S rDNA sequencing and PCR assays for six tetracycline-resistance genes. Plasmid conjugation was evaluated using E. coli strain DH5α as the recipient strain. Results Out of the 105 bacteria, 85 (81 %) and 20 (19 %) were Gram- negative or Gram- positive, respectively. Twenty-nine isolates carried at least one of the targeted tetracycline resistance genes including strains of Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Klebsiella, Leucobacter, Morganella, Proteus and a sequence matching a previously uncultured bacteria. Tet(A) was the most prevalent (16/29) followed by tet(E) (4/29) and tet30 (2/29). Tet(O) was not detected in any of the isolates. Tet(A) was mostly found with Alcaligenes strains (9/10) and a combination of more than one resistance gene was observed only amongst Alcaligenes strains [tet(A) + tet30 (2/10), tet(A) + tet(E) (3/10), tet(E) + tet(M) (1/10), tet(E) + tet30 (1/10)]. Tet(A) was transferred by conjugation for five Alcaligenes and two E. coli isolates. Conclusions This study found a high prevalence of plasmid-encoded tet(A) among Alcaligenes isolates, raising the possibility that this strain could shuttle resistance plasmids to pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodele T Adesoji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria.
| | - Adeniyi A Ogunjobi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Isaac O Olatoye
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. .,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington State, USA.
| | - Douglas R Call
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington State, USA. .,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, USA.
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Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance and Transfer of Tetracycline Resistance Genes in Escherichia coli Isolates from Beef Cattle. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:5560-6. [PMID: 26048929 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01511-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and transferability of resistance in tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli isolates recovered from beef cattle in South Korea. A total of 155 E. coli isolates were collected from feces in South Korea, and 146 were confirmed to be resistant to tetracycline. The tetracycline resistance gene tet(A) (46.5%) was the most prevalent, followed by tet(B) (45.1%) and tet(C) (5.8%). Strains carrying tet(A) plus tet(B) and tet(B) plus tet(C) were detected in two isolates each. In terms of phylogenetic grouping, 101 (65.2%) isolates were classified as phylogenetic group B1, followed in decreasing order by D (17.4%), A (14.2%), and B2 (3.2%). Ninety-one (62.3%) isolates were determined to be multidrug resistant by the disk diffusion method. MIC testing using the principal tetracyclines, namely, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline, revealed that isolates carrying tet(B) had higher MIC values than isolates carrying tet(A). Conjugation assays showed that 121 (82.9%) isolates could transfer a tetracycline resistance gene to a recipient via the IncFIB replicon (65.1%). This study suggests that the high prevalence of tetracycline-resistant E. coli isolates in beef cattle is due to the transferability of tetracycline resistance genes between E. coli populations which have survived the selective pressure caused by the use of antimicrobial agents.
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Harnisz M, Korzeniewska E, Ciesielski S, Gołaś I. tet genes as indicators of changes in the water environment: relationships between culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:704-11. [PMID: 25461073 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify tetracycline resistance determinants that could be used as molecular indicators of anthropogenic changes in aquatic environments. Two parallel approaches were used to examine the prevalence of tet genes: a culture-based method involving standard PCR and a method relying on quantitative PCR. The studied site was the Łyna River in Olsztyn (Poland). The culture-dependent method revealed that the concentrations of doxycycline-resistant bacteria harboring the tet(B) gene were higher in wastewater and downstream river samples than in upstream water samples. The tet(B) gene was transferred from environmental bacteria to Escherichia coli. The results generated by the culture-independent method validated statistically significant differences in tet(B) concentrations between upstream and downstream river sections, and revealed that tet(B) levels were correlated with the presence of other tetracycline resistance genes, dissolved oxygen concentrations, temperature and doxycycline concentrations in water. Our findings indicate that doxycycline-resistant bacteria, in particular E. coli harboring tet(B) or increased concentrations of tet(B), are potentially robust indicators of changes in water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Harnisz
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Ewa Korzeniewska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sławomir Ciesielski
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 45G, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Iwona Gołaś
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
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An eco-friendly and water mediated product selective synthesis of 2-aminopyrimidines and their in vitro anti-bacterial evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4999-5007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia coli O157 from cattle and slaughterhouse wastewater isolates. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-0961-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Bokaeian M, Saeidi S, Shahi Z, Kadaei V. tetA and tetB Genes in Klebsiella Pneumoniae Isolated From Clinical Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.17795/gct-18152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang C, Gu X, Zhang S, Wang P, Guo C, Gu J, Hou J. Characterization of antibiotic-resistance genes in antibiotic resistance Escherichia coli isolates from a lake. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 65:635-641. [PMID: 23846774 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-013-9932-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The spread of antibiotic-resistance bacteria and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) has been of concern worldwide. In this study, 114 Escherichia coli isolates were isolated from surface water samples of a lake to identify their susceptibility to antibiotics, including tetracycline (TC), gentamicin (GN), ampicillin (AMP), streptomycin (ST), oxytetracycline (OC), levofloxacin (LEV), nalidixic acid (NA), and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SFT). Isolates showing resistance to TC, GN, AMP, ST, OC, LEV, NA, and SFT occurred in 50, 76, 68, 71, 55, 32, 82, and 85 % of the total isolates, respectively. Thirty-seven different resistance patterns were identified, and the most abundant resistance profile (28 of 104) was TC/GN/AMP/ST/OC/LEV/NA/SFT. The occurrence of 29 ARGs were detected in their corresponding resistance clones, and 88 % of TC-resistance, 94 % of SFT-resistance, 90 % of AMP-resistance, 78 % of ST-resistance, and 72 % of quinolone-resistance clones can be described by their corresponding ARGs. It should be noted that most of these antibiotic-resistance clones harbored at least two corresponding ARGs, indicating that high frequencies of combined ARGs occurred in these isolates. In addition, 9 new types of DNA sequence of qnr(B) gene were obtained and were clustered into the same group as showed by phylogenetic trees analysis. These results suggest that the development of antibiotic resistance can be ascribed to the high frequency in the recombination of ARGs through horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Xikang Road No. 1, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210098, China
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Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli from farm-raised diarrheic sika deer in Northeastern China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73342. [PMID: 24039919 PMCID: PMC3767801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, overuse and/or abuse of antimicrobials are common in stockbreeding, which possess high risks of antimicrobial-resistant contaminations. The serogroups, major virulence genes, and antimicrobial resistant patterns of the antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) were investigated in the feces of diarrheic farm-raised sika deer from 50 farms in three Northeastern provinces of China. A total of 220 E. coli isolates were obtained and characterized. Twenty-eight O serogroups were identified from the obtained E. coli isolates with O2, O26, O128, O142 and O154 being dominant. Nearly all the isolates were resistant to at least four of the tested antimicrobials. More than 90% of the E. coli isolates carried at least one of the tested virulence genes. About 85% of the E. coli isolates carried one or more antimicrobial-resistant genes responsible for resistant phenotypes of sulfonamides, streptomycin/spectionomycin or tetracycline. The antimicrobial resistant level and pathogenic group occurrences of the obtained E. coli isolates were higher than that of livestock and wild animals reported in some developed countries. Thus, the fecal-carrying antimicrobial-resistant E. coli from the farm-raised sika deer is potentially a significant contamination source for freshwater systems and food chain, and may pose great health risks for human and animals in Northeastern China.
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Olowe OA, Idris OJ, Taiwo SS. Prevalence of tet genes mediating tetracycline resistance in Escherichia coli clinical isolates in Osun State, Nigeria. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2013; 3:135-40. [PMID: 24265930 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.3.2013.2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of tetracycline resistance determinants in 203 Escherichia coli isolates recovered from clinical samples at three different hospitals in Nigeria between June 2009 and May 2010 was investigated. The isolates were subjected to standard procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility to a panel of eight antibiotics was also performed, and resistance genes were detected with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. One hundred and six E. coli isolates (52.2%) were obtained at LAUTECH Teaching Hospital Osogbo, 85 (41.9%) from OAUTHC Ile Ife and 12 (5.9%) from Osun State Hospital Asubiaro Osogbo. Result of the disk diffusion antibiotic susceptibility test showed 96.1% isolates to be resistant to ampicillin, 77.8% to tetracycline, 37.9% to cotrimoxazole, 38.4% to nalidixic acid, 20.7% to ofloxacin, 17.7% to ceftriaxone, 11.8% to gentamycin, and 2% to nitrofurantoin. One hundred and sixty two (79.9%) isolates had minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tetracycline ≥ 128 μg/ml. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected tetA gene in 89 (43.8%) isolates, tetB gene in 65 (32.0%), and both tetA and tetB genes in 9 (4.4%) isolates. The study demonstrated a relatively high level of gene mediated antibiotic resistance to tetracycline and other antibiotics in E. coli clinical isolates in Southwest region of Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Olowe
- 1Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, PMB 4400 Osogbo, Osun State Nigeria
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Prevalence of tetracycline resistance genes and identification of tet(M) in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli from sick ducks in China. J Med Microbiol 2013; 62:851-858. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.051896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetracycline resistance is one of the most frequently encountered resistance properties in bacteria of animal origin. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and diversity of tetracycline resistance (tet) genes among Escherichia coli clinical isolates from diseased ducks in China and to report the identification and sequencing of the tet(M) gene. The susceptibility of 85 Escherichia coli strains to tetracyclines was determined by broth microdilution, and the presence of tet genes was investigated by multiplex PCR. All of the 85 isolates were fully resistant to both oxytetracycline and tetracycline, and 76.5 % were resistant to doxycycline. Seventy-seven of the isolates (90.6 %) encoded multiple tet genes, with 17.6, 38.8 and 34.1 % encoding two, three and four tet genes, respectively, and only 7.1 % encoded a single tet(A) gene. The MICs of oxytetracycline and tetracycline for all isolates ranged from 16 to ≥128 µg ml−1 with a MIC90 of >128 µg ml−1, regardless of the type or number of tet genes encoded. Isolates containing tet(M) commonly had more than one tet gene per strain. The doxycycline resistance rate in the tet(M)-positive isolates was significantly higher than in the tet(M)-negative isolates (P<0.05). A full-length tet(M) gene, including the promoter region, was obtained by PCR in seven of the 41 tet(M)-positive isolates and was sequenced and cloned. The cloned tet(M) gene conferred resistance to tetracyclines in the recombinant Escherichia coli host strain. These results revealed that, in these isolates, the prevalence of multiple tet genes was strikingly high and that tet(M) played a role in doxycycline resistance.
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Vento TJ, Cole DW, Mende K, Calvano TP, Rini EA, Tully CC, Zera WC, Guymon CH, Yu X, Cheatle KA, Akers KS, Beckius ML, Landrum ML, Murray CK. Multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria colonization of healthy US military personnel in the US and Afghanistan. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:68. [PMID: 23384348 PMCID: PMC3610270 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The US military has seen steady increases in multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacteria (GNB) infections in casualties from Iraq and Afghanistan. This study evaluates the prevalence of MDR GNB colonization in US military personnel. Methods GNB colonization surveillance of healthy, asymptomatic military personnel (101 in the US and 100 in Afghanistan) was performed by swabbing 7 anatomical sites. US-based personnel had received no antibiotics within 30 days of specimen collection, and Afghanistan-based personnel were receiving doxycycline for malaria chemoprophylaxis at time of specimen collection. Isolates underwent genotypic and phenotypic characterization. Results The only colonizing MDR GNB recovered in both populations was Escherichia coli (p=0.01), which was seen in 2% of US-based personnel (all perirectal) and 11% of Afghanistan-based personnel (10 perirectal, 1 foot+groin). Individuals with higher off-base exposures in Afghanistan did not show a difference in overall GNB colonization or MDR E. coli colonization, compared with those with limited off-base exposures. Conclusion Healthy US- and Afghanistan-based military personnel have community onset-MDR E. coli colonization, with Afghanistan-based personnel showing a 5.5-fold higher prevalence. The association of doxycycline prophylaxis or other exposures with antimicrobial resistance and increased rates of MDR E. coli colonization needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd J Vento
- Brooke Army Medical Center/San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
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McIntosh EDG. Efflux: how bacteria use pumps to control their microenvironment. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012:153-166. [PMID: 23090601 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-28951-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Efflux pumps are a potent and clinically important cause of antibiotic resistance. The particular focus of this chapter is on the efflux pump as a target for antimicrobial therapy and the development of new antibacterials to address the efflux problem.Tigecycline is an example of how old antibiotics, in this case tetracyclines, which have become substrates for efflux pumps, can be extensively modified to restore antimicrobial activity and clinical efficacy.
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KITADAI N, OBI T, YAMASHITA S, MURASE T, TAKASE K. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Escherichia coli Isolated from Feces of Wild Cranes Migrating to Kagoshima, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:395-7. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki KITADAI
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University
- Department of Animal Science, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma. Co. Ltd
| | - Takeshi OBI
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| | - Shogo YAMASHITA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| | - Toshiyuki MURASE
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Kozo TAKASE
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
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Nakamura I, Obi T, Sakemi Y, Nakayama A, Miyazaki K, Ogura G, Tamaki M, Oka T, Takase K, Miyamoto A, Kawamoto Y. The prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in two species of invasive alien mammals in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:1067-70. [PMID: 21467758 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in 128 Escherichia coli isolates was investigated in two species of invasive alien mammals (IAMs): the small Asian mongoose (SAM) and Japanese weasel (JW). The SAM is found on the main island of Okinawa, Japan, where a large number of livestock is available, and the JW is present on a small island, where is isolated from the main island, and have a small number of livestock. We focused on the two IAMs, inhabiting under the different environments, and compared their prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli. In the comparison of the frequencies of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli isolates between the SAM and JW, JW showed significantly higher prevalence of resistance against three drugs, ampicillin, chlortetracycline and nalidixic acid, compared with SAM's test results (P<0.05). The bla(TEM) gene and the aph1 gene were detected in 35 subjects (91%) of ampicillin-resistant isolates and 6 subjects (100%) of kanamycin-resistant isolates, respectively. The tet (A) gene was detected in 62 subjects (46%) of CTC-resistant isolates, and the tet (B) gene was detected in 25 subjects (8%) of those in IAM. The present results suggest that some IAMs were the carrier of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and their genes, and the frequencies of these resistances were different between two IAM species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Nakamura
- Department of Subtropical Agro-Production Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1, Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903–0213, Japan
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Popowska M, Miernik A, Rzeczycka M, Łopaciuk A. The impact of environmental contamination with antibiotics on levels of resistance in soil bacteria. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2010; 39:1679-1687. [PMID: 21043273 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2009.0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of tetracycline and streptomycin on microorganisms in three different soil habitats: forest soil, agricultural soil, and compost. These antibiotics are commonly used in both medical and veterinary therapy as well as in the production of plant biomass and until quite recently, the production of animal biomass. Microcosms were used as model systems in which the number of microorganisms in environments containing different amounts of antibiotics was analyzed. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of tetracycline and streptomycin were determined. The MIC and MBC values of tetracycline against the tested strains were 20 to 180 microg/ mL and 30 to 300 microg/mL, respectively, and of streptomycin, 360 to 500 microg/mL and > or =500 microg/mL, respectively. Resistant bacterial strains were identified and their physiological profiles assessed. Streptomycin and tetracycline were found to reduce the number of bacteria in the studied soils by between 50 and 80%. Soil bacteria were found to be more resistant to streptomycin than to tetracycline. The bacterial species showing the highest resistance to tetracycline were Rhizobium radiobacter, Burkholderia cepacia, Brevundimonas vesicularis, and Pasteurella multocida. Most soils with high concentrations of streptomycin (5 mg/kg) contained Rhizobium radiobacter, Burkholderia cepacia, and Sphingomonas multivorum, among others. The strains most resistant to tetracycline were isolated from agricultural soil that is constantly subjected to tetracycline pressure from animal manures and biosolids. Among resistant strains, opportunistic pathogens were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Popowska
- Dep. of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Univ. of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
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Petersen PJ, Ruzin A, Tuckman M, Jones CH. In vitro activity of tigecycline against patient isolates collected during phase 3 clinical trials for diabetic foot infections. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 66:407-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Petersen PJ, Tuckman M, Jones CH. In vitro activity of tigecycline against patient isolates collected during phase 3 clinical trials for hospital acquired pneumonia. Infect Dis Rep 2010; 2:e1. [PMID: 24470884 PMCID: PMC3892572 DOI: 10.4081/idr.2010.e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro activity of tigecycline was evaluated against 819 baseline pathogens isolated from 383 patients enrolled in the phase 3 clinical trial investigating the efficacy of tigecycline in hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP). The trials were global, enrolling patients in 27 countries. Tigecycline was active against the most prevalent pathogens in HAP, including gram-positive and gram-negative strains (90% of MICs ≤2 µg/mL for the entire collection). The spectrum of activity of tigecycline included important pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant S. aureus), Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii/calcoaceticus complex, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Enterobacter cloacae. As reported previously, a few genera, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the Proteeae, were generally less susceptible to tigecycline by comparison to other gram-negative pathogens. The excellent in vitro, expanded, broad-spectrum activity of tigecycline in the clinical isolates confirmed the potential utility of tigecycline for pathogens associated with with hospital acquired pneumonia infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Petersen
- Infectious Diseases, Biosynthetic Chemistry, Wyeth Research, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | - Margareta Tuckman
- Infectious Diseases, Biosynthetic Chemistry, Wyeth Research, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | - C Hal Jones
- Infectious Diseases, Biosynthetic Chemistry, Wyeth Research, Pearl River, NY, USA
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