1
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Han B, Wang H, Niu X. A natural inhibitor of diapophytoene desaturase attenuates methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pathogenicity and overcomes drug-resistance. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2583-2599. [PMID: 38604611 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE At present, the inhibition of staphyloxanthin biosynthesis has emerged as a prominent strategy in combating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. Nonetheless, there remains a limited understanding regarding the bio-structural characteristics of staphyloxanthin biosynthetic enzymes, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between inhibitors and proteins. Furthermore, the functional scope of these inhibitors is relatively narrow. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In this study, we address these limitations by harnessing the power of deep learning techniques to construct the 3D structure of diapophytoene desaturase (CrtN). We perform efficient virtual screening and unveil alnustone as a potent inhibitor of CrtN. Further investigations employing molecular modelling, site-directed mutagenesis and biolayer interferometry (BLI) confirmed that alnustone binds to the catalytic active site of CrtN. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that alnustone significantly down-regulates genes associated with staphyloxanthin, histidine and peptidoglycan biosynthesis. KEY RESULTS Under the effects of alnustone, MRSA strains exhibit enhanced sensitivity to various antibiotics and the host immune system, accompanied by increased cell membrane permeability. In a mouse model of systemic MRSA infection, the combination of alnustone and antibiotics exhibited a significant therapeutic effect, leading to reduced bacterial colony counts and attenuated pathological damage. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Alnustone, as a natural inhibitor targeting CrtN, exhibits outstanding antibacterial properties that are single-targeted yet multifunctional. This finding provides a novel strategy and theoretical basis for the development of drugs targeting staphyloxanthin producing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqing Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongsu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaodi Niu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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2
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Barbarek SC, Shah R, Paul S, Alvarado G, Appala K, Phillips C, Henderson EC, Strandquist ET, Pokorny A, Singh VK, Gatto C, Dahl JU, Hines KM, Wilkinson BJ. Lipidomics of homeoviscous adaptation to low temperatures in Staphylococcus aureus utilizing exogenous straight-chain unsaturated fatty acids. J Bacteriol 2024:e0018724. [PMID: 38953643 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00187-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
It is well established that Staphylococcus aureus can incorporate exogenous straight-chain unsaturated fatty acids (SCUFAs) into membrane phospho- and glyco-lipids from various sources in supplemented culture media and when growing in vivo during infection. Given the enhancement of membrane fluidity when oleic acid (C18:1Δ9) is incorporated into lipids, we were prompted to examine the effect of medium supplementation with C18:1Δ9 on growth at low temperatures. C18:1Δ9 supported the growth of a cold-sensitive, branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA)-deficient mutant at 12°C. Interestingly, we found similar results in the BCFA-sufficient parental strain, supported by the fact that the incorporation of C18:1Δ9 into the membrane increased membrane fluidity in both strains. We show that the incorporation of C18:1Δ9 and its elongation product C20:1Δ11 into membrane lipids was required for growth stimulation and relied on a functional FakAB incorporation system. Lipidomics analysis of the phosphatidylglycerol and diglycosyldiacylglycerol lipid classes revealed major impacts of C18:1Δ9 and temperature on lipid species. Growth at 12°C in the presence of C18:1Δ9 also led to increased production of the carotenoid pigment staphyloxanthin. The enhancement of growth by C18:1Δ9 is an example of homeoviscous adaptation to low temperatures utilizing an exogenous fatty acid. This may be significant in the growth of S. aureus at low temperatures in foods that commonly contain C18:1Δ9 and other SCUFAs in various forms. IMPORTANCE We show that Staphylococcus aureus can use its known ability to incorporate exogenous fatty acids to enhance its growth at low temperatures. Individual species of phosphatidylglycerols and diglycosyldiacylglycerols bearing one or two degrees of unsaturation derived from the incorporation of C18:1Δ9 at 12°C are described for the first time. In addition, enhanced production of the carotenoid staphyloxanthin occurs at low temperatures. The studies describe a biochemical reality underlying membrane biophysics. This is an example of homeoviscous adaptation to low temperatures utilizing exogenous fatty acids over the regulation of the biosynthesis of endogenous fatty acids. The studies have likely relevance to food safety in that unsaturated fatty acids may enhance the growth of S. aureus in the food environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon C Barbarek
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Ritika Shah
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Sharanya Paul
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Gloria Alvarado
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Keerthi Appala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Caiden Phillips
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A. T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, Missouri, USA
| | - Emma C Henderson
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Evan T Strandquist
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Antje Pokorny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina-Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vineet K Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A. T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, Missouri, USA
| | - Craig Gatto
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Jan-Ulrik Dahl
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Kelly M Hines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Brian J Wilkinson
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
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3
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Freeman CD, Hansen T, Urbauer R, Wilkinson BJ, Singh VK, Hines KM. Defective pgsA contributes to increased membrane fluidity and cell wall thickening in Staphylococcus aureus with high-level daptomycin resistance. mSphere 2024; 9:e0011524. [PMID: 38752757 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00115-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Daptomycin is a membrane-targeting last-resort antimicrobial therapeutic for the treatment of infections caused by methicillin- and/or vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In the rare event of failed daptomycin therapy, the source of resistance is often attributable to mutations directly within the membrane phospholipid biosynthetic pathway of S. aureus or in the regulatory systems that control cell envelope response and membrane homeostasis. Here we describe the structural changes to the cell envelope in a daptomycin-resistant isolate of S. aureus strain N315 that has acquired mutations in the genes most commonly reported associated with daptomycin resistance: mprF, yycG, and pgsA. In addition to the decreased phosphatidylglycerol (PG) levels that are the hallmark of daptomycin resistance, the mutant with high-level daptomycin resistance had increased branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) in its membrane lipids, increased membrane fluidity, and increased cell wall thickness. However, the successful utilization of isotope-labeled straight-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in lipid synthesis suggested that the aberrant BCFA:SCFA ratio arose from upstream alteration in fatty acid synthesis rather than a structural preference in PgsA. Transcriptomics studies revealed that expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase (pdhB) was suppressed in the daptomycin-resistant isolate, which is known to increase BCFA levels. While complementation with an additional copy of pdhB had no effect, complementation of the pgsA mutation resulted in increased PG formation, reduction in cell wall thickness, restoration of normal BCFA levels, and increased daptomycin susceptibility. Collectively, these results demonstrate that pgsA contributes to daptomycin resistance through its influence on membrane fluidity and cell wall thickness, in addition to phosphatidylglycerol levels. IMPORTANCE The cationic lipopeptide antimicrobial daptomycin has become an essential tool for combating infections with Staphylococcus aureus that display reduced susceptibility to β-lactams or vancomycin. Since daptomycin's activity is based on interaction with the negatively charged membrane of S. aureus, routes to daptomycin-resistance occur through mutations in the lipid biosynthetic pathway surrounding phosphatidylglycerols and the regulatory systems that control cell envelope homeostasis. Therefore, there are many avenues to achieve daptomycin resistance and several different, and sometimes contradictory, phenotypes of daptomycin-resistant S. aureus, including both increased and decreased cell wall thickness and membrane fluidity. This study is significant because it demonstrates the unexpected influence of a lipid biosynthesis gene, pgsA, on membrane fluidity and cell wall thickness in S. aureus with high-level daptomycin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tayte Hansen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, Missouri, USA
| | - Ramona Urbauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Brian J Wilkinson
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Vineet K Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, Missouri, USA
| | - Kelly M Hines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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4
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Freeman CD, Hansen T, Urbauer R, Wilkinson BJ, Singh VK, Hines KM. Defective pgsA contributes to increased membrane fluidity and cell wall thickening in S. aureus with high-level daptomycin resistance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.04.11.536441. [PMID: 37090586 PMCID: PMC10120677 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.11.536441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Daptomycin is a membrane-targeting last-resort antimicrobial therapeutic for the treatment of infections caused by methicillin- and/or vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In the rare event of failed daptomycin therapy, the source of resistance is often attributable to mutations directly within the membrane phospholipid biosynthetic pathway of S. aureus or in the regulatory systems that control cell envelope response and membrane homeostasis. Here we describe the structural changes to the cell envelope in a daptomycin-resistant isolate of S. aureus strain N315 that has acquired mutations in the genes most commonly reported associated with daptomycin-resistance: mprF, yycG, and pgsA. In addition to the decreased phosphatidylglycerol (PG) levels that are the hallmark of daptomycin-resistance, the mutant with high-level daptomycin resistance had increased branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) in its membrane lipids, increased membrane fluidity, and increased cell wall thickness. However, the successful utilization of isotope-labeled straight-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in lipid synthesis suggested that the aberrant BCFA:SCFA ratio arose from upstream alteration in fatty acid synthesis rather than a structural preference in PgsA. RT-qPCR studies revealed that expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase (pdhB) was suppressed in the daptomycin-resistant isolate, which is known to increase BCFA levels. While complementation with an additional copy of pdhB had no effect, complementation of the pgsA mutation resulted in increased PG formation, reduction in cell wall thickness, restoration of normal BCFA levels, and increased daptomycin susceptibility. Collectively, these results demonstrate that pgsA contributes to daptomycin resistance through its influence on membrane fluidity and cell wall thickness, in addition to phosphatidylglycerol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tayte Hansen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO, USA
| | - Ramona Urbauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Brian J. Wilkinson
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Vineet K. Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO, USA
| | - Kelly M. Hines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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5
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Múnera-Jaramillo J, López GD, Suesca E, Carazzone C, Leidy C, Manrique-Moreno M. The role of staphyloxanthin in the regulation of membrane biophysical properties in Staphylococcus aureus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2024; 1866:184288. [PMID: 38286247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2024.184288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that is considered a global health threat. This microorganism can adapt to hostile conditions by regulating membrane lipid composition in response to external stress factors such as changes in pH and ionic strength. S. aureus synthesizes and incorporates in its membrane staphyloxanthin, a carotenoid providing protection against oxidative damage and antimicrobial agents. Staphyloxanthin is known to modulate the physical properties of the bacterial membranes due to the rigid diaponeurosporenoic group it contains. In this work, preparative thin layer chromatography and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry were used to purify staphyloxanthin from S. aureus and characterize its structure, identifying C15, C17 and C19 as the main fatty acids in this carotenoid. Changes in the biophysical properties of models of S. aureus membranes containing phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, and staphyloxanthin were evaluated. Infrared spectroscopy shows that staphyloxanthin reduces the liquid-crystalline to gel phase transition temperature in the evaluated model systems. Interestingly, these shifts are not accompanied by strong changes in trans/gauche isomerization, indicating that chain conformation in the liquid-crystalline phase is not altered by staphyloxanthin. In contrast, headgroup spacing, measured by Laurdan GP fluorescence spectroscopy, and lipid core dynamics, measured by DPH fluorescence anisotropy, show significant shifts in the presence of staphyloxanthin. The combined results show that staphyloxanthin reduces lipid core dynamics and headgroup spacing without altering acyl chain conformations, therefore decoupling these normally correlated effects. We propose that the rigid diaponeurosporenoic group in staphyloxanthin and its positioning in the membrane is likely responsible for the results observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Múnera-Jaramillo
- Chemistry Institute, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Gerson-Dirceu López
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Techniques in Natural Products (LATNAP), Chemistry Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; PhysCheMath Research Group, Chemistry Department, Universidad de América, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Elizabeth Suesca
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Chiara Carazzone
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Techniques in Natural Products (LATNAP), Chemistry Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Chad Leidy
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Marcela Manrique-Moreno
- Chemistry Institute, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.
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6
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Barbarek SC, Shah R, Paul S, Alvarado G, Appala K, Henderson EC, Strandquist ET, Pokorny A, Singh VK, Gatto C, Dahl JU, Hines KM, Wilkinson BJ. Lipidomics of homeoviscous adaptation to low temperatures in Staphylococcus aureus utilizing exogenous straight-chain unsaturated fatty acids over biosynthesized endogenous branched-chain fatty acids. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.02.578686. [PMID: 38352554 PMCID: PMC10862916 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.02.578686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
It is well established that Staphylococcus aureus can incorporate exogenous straight-chain unsaturated fatty acids (SCUFAs) into membrane phospho- and glyco-lipids from various sources in supplemented culture media, and when growing in vivo in an infection. Given the enhancement of membrane fluidity when oleic acid (C18:1Δ9) is incorporated into lipids, we were prompted to examine the effect of medium supplementation with C18:1Δ9 on growth at low temperatures. C18:1Δ9 supported the growth of a cold-sensitive, branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA)-deficient mutant at 12°C. Interestingly, we found similar results in the BCFA-sufficient parental strain. We show that incorporation of C18:1Δ9 and its elongation product C20:1Δ9 into membrane lipids was required for growth stimulation and relied on a functional FakAB incorporation system. Lipidomics analysis of the phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and diglycosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) lipid classes revealed major impacts of C18:1Δ9 and temperature on lipid species. Growth at 12°C in the presence of C18:1Δ9 also led to increased production of the carotenoid pigment staphyloxanthin; however, this was not an obligatory requirement for cold adaptation. Enhancement of growth by C18:1Δ9 is an example of homeoviscous adaptation to low temperatures utilizing an exogenous fatty acid. This may be significant in the growth of S. aureus at low temperatures in foods that commonly contain C18:1Δ9 and other SCUFAs in various forms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ritika Shah
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL
| | - Sharanya Paul
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL
| | - Gloria Alvarado
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL
| | - Keerthi Appala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Emma C. Henderson
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL
| | | | - Antje Pokorny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina-Wilmington, Wilmington, NC
| | - Vineet K. Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A. T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO
| | - Craig Gatto
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL
| | - Jan-Ulrik Dahl
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL
| | - Kelly M. Hines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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7
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Kanesaka I, Yabuta J, Jitsukawa T, Fujisaki S, Morita M, Mikawa T, Kanayama Katsuse A, Takahashi H, Ohno A, Kobayashi I. Population Analysis of Daptomycin-non-Susceptible Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Reveals the Presence of Variants That Contribute to Daptomycin Resistance. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:61. [PMID: 38206417 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03579-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In this study, population analysis (PA) of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), before and after long-duration daptomycin (DAP) treatment, was used to detect subpopulations with different susceptibilities to DAP and to verify the changes in the number of resistant cells. Furthermore, we aimed to characterize the bacteriology of the variants present in the non-susceptible cell subpopulation. A DAP non-susceptible (NS) MRSA phenotype (D2) that emerged from a DAP- susceptible MRSA phenotype (D1) during treatment of an open wound, was used for testing. We performed bacteriological and genetic analyses of cryptic DAP-NS MRSA variants detected by PA to study the variants present in the resistant cell subpopulation. PA results suggest that MRSA adapted to survival in the presence of DAP are selected leading to reduced susceptibility. Within the cell population growing in media containing 2.0 mg/L of DAP, three variants with different pigment production and colony size were detected. Variant 3 was an orange colony due to enhanced production of staphyloxanthin. Our results revealed that the DAP minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value increased two-fold (4 mg/L) in variant 3, in which pigment production was most enhanced, compared to the parental strain D2. In conclusion, our results indicate that long-duration DAP treatment can lead to the emergence and increased proportion of DAP-NS subpopulations. Furthermore, slow-growing variants that can be detected only under antimicrobial selective pressure are present among DAP-NS cells, suggesting that these variants may also contribute to the development of DAP resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumo Kanesaka
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Faculty of Nursing, Toho University, 4-16-20, Omori-Nishi, Ota-Ku, Tokyo, 143-0015, Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1, Miyama, Funabashi-Shi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Junya Yabuta
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1, Miyama, Funabashi-Shi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Jitsukawa
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1, Miyama, Funabashi-Shi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Shingo Fujisaki
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1, Miyama, Funabashi-Shi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Morita
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Faculty of Nursing, Toho University, 4-16-20, Omori-Nishi, Ota-Ku, Tokyo, 143-0015, Japan
| | - Takashi Mikawa
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Faculty of Nursing, Toho University, 4-16-20, Omori-Nishi, Ota-Ku, Tokyo, 143-0015, Japan
| | - Akiko Kanayama Katsuse
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Faculty of Nursing, Toho University, 4-16-20, Omori-Nishi, Ota-Ku, Tokyo, 143-0015, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takahashi
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Faculty of Nursing, Toho University, 4-16-20, Omori-Nishi, Ota-Ku, Tokyo, 143-0015, Japan
| | - Akira Ohno
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Faculty of Nursing, Toho University, 4-16-20, Omori-Nishi, Ota-Ku, Tokyo, 143-0015, Japan
| | - Intetsu Kobayashi
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Faculty of Nursing, Toho University, 4-16-20, Omori-Nishi, Ota-Ku, Tokyo, 143-0015, Japan.
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8
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Liu Y, McQuillen EA, Rana PSJB, Gloag ES, Parsek MR, Wozniak DJ. A bacterial pigment provides cross-species protection from H 2O 2- and neutrophil-mediated killing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312334121. [PMID: 38170744 PMCID: PMC10786307 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312334121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections are often polymicrobial. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus cause chronic co-infections, which are more problematic than mono-species infections. Understanding the mechanisms of their interactions is crucial for treating co-infections. Staphyloxanthin (STX), a yellow pigment synthesized by the S. aureus crt operon, promotes S. aureus resistance to oxidative stress and neutrophil-mediated killing. We found that STX production by S. aureus, either as surface-grown macrocolonies or planktonic cultures, was elevated when exposed to the P. aeruginosa exoproduct, 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide (HQNO). This was observed with both mucoid and non-mucoid P. aeruginosa strains. The induction phenotype was found in a majority of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus clinical isolates examined. When subjected to hydrogen peroxide or human neutrophils, P. aeruginosa survival was significantly higher when mixed with wild-type (WT) S. aureus, compared to P. aeruginosa alone or with an S. aureus crt mutant deficient in STX production. In a murine wound model, co-infection with WT S. aureus, but not the STX-deficient mutant, enhanced P. aeruginosa burden and disease compared to mono-infection. In conclusion, we identified a role for P. aeruginosa HQNO mediating polymicrobial interactions with S. aureus by inducing STX production, which consequently promotes resistance to the innate immune effectors H2O2 and neutrophils. These results further our understanding of how different bacterial species cooperatively cause co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH43210
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH43210
| | - Eleanor A. McQuillen
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH43210
| | - Pranav S. J. B. Rana
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH43210
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH43210
| | - Erin S. Gloag
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH43210
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA24060
| | - Matthew R. Parsek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Daniel J. Wozniak
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH43210
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH43210
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9
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Campbell AE, McCready-Vangi AR, Uberoi A, Murga-Garrido SM, Lovins VM, White EK, Pan JTC, Knight SAB, Morgenstern AR, Bianco C, Planet PJ, Gardner SE, Grice EA. Variable staphyloxanthin production by Staphylococcus aureus drives strain-dependent effects on diabetic wound-healing outcomes. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113281. [PMID: 37858460 PMCID: PMC10680119 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Strain-level variation in Staphylococcus aureus is a factor that contributes to disease burden and clinical outcomes in skin disorders and chronic wounds. However, the microbial mechanisms that drive these variable host responses are poorly understood. To identify mechanisms underlying strain-specific outcomes, we perform high-throughput phenotyping screens on S. aureus isolates cultured from diabetic foot ulcers. Isolates from non-healing wounds produce more staphyloxanthin, a cell membrane pigment. In murine diabetic wounds, staphyloxanthin-producing isolates delay wound closure significantly compared with staphyloxanthin-deficient isolates. Staphyloxanthin promotes resistance to oxidative stress and enhances bacterial survival in neutrophils. Comparative genomic and transcriptomic analysis of genetically similar clinical isolates with disparate staphyloxanthin phenotypes reveals a mutation in the sigma B operon, resulting in marked differences in stress response gene expression. Our work illustrates a framework to identify traits that underlie strain-level variation in disease burden and suggests more precise targets for therapeutic intervention in S. aureus-positive wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Campbell
- Departments of Dermatology and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amelia R McCready-Vangi
- Departments of Dermatology and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aayushi Uberoi
- Departments of Dermatology and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sofía M Murga-Garrido
- Departments of Dermatology and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Victoria M Lovins
- Departments of Dermatology and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ellen K White
- Departments of Dermatology and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jamie Ting-Chun Pan
- Departments of Dermatology and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Simon A B Knight
- Departments of Dermatology and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexis R Morgenstern
- Departments of Dermatology and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Colleen Bianco
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paul J Planet
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sue E Gardner
- College of Nursing, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Grice
- Departments of Dermatology and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Zamudio-Chávez L, Suesca E, López GD, Carazzone C, Manrique-Moreno M, Leidy C. Staphylococcus aureus Modulates Carotenoid and Phospholipid Content in Response to Oxygen-Restricted Growth Conditions, Triggering Changes in Membrane Biophysical Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14906. [PMID: 37834354 PMCID: PMC10573160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus membranes contain carotenoids formed during the biosynthesis of staphyloxanthin. These carotenoids are considered virulence factors due to their activity as scavengers of reactive oxygen species and as inhibitors of antimicrobial peptides. Here, we show that the growth of S. aureus under oxygen-restricting conditions downregulates carotenoid biosynthesis and modifies phospholipid content in biofilms and planktonic cells analyzed using LC-MS. At oxygen-restrictive levels, the staphyloxanthin precursor 4,4-diapophytofluene accumulates, indicating that the dehydrogenation reaction catalyzed by 4,4'-diapophytoene desaturases (CrtN) is inhibited. An increase in lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol is observed under oxygen-restrictive conditions in planktonic cells, and high levels of cardiolipin are detected in biofilms compared to planktonic cells. Under oxygen-restriction conditions, the biophysical parameters of S. aureus membranes show an increase in lipid headgroup spacing, as measured with Laurdan GP, and decreased bilayer core order, as measured with DPH anisotropy. An increase in the liquid-crystalline to gel phase melting temperature, as measured with FTIR, is also observed. S. aureus membranes are therefore less condensed under oxygen-restriction conditions at 37 °C. However, the lack of carotenoids leads to a highly ordered gel phase at low temperatures, around 15 °C. Carotenoids are therefore likely to be low in S. aureus found in tissues with low oxygen levels, such as abscesses, leading to altered membrane biophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zamudio-Chávez
- Biophysics Group, Physics Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111211, Colombia; (L.Z.-C.); (E.S.)
| | - Elizabeth Suesca
- Biophysics Group, Physics Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111211, Colombia; (L.Z.-C.); (E.S.)
| | - Gerson-Dirceu López
- PhysCheMath Research Group, Chemistry Department, Universidad de América, Bogotá 111211, Colombia;
| | - Chiara Carazzone
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Techniques in Natural Products (LATNAP), Chemistry Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111211, Colombia;
| | - Marcela Manrique-Moreno
- Chemistry Institute, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia;
| | - Chad Leidy
- Biophysics Group, Physics Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111211, Colombia; (L.Z.-C.); (E.S.)
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11
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Siems K, Runzheimer K, Rebrosova K, Etzbach L, Auerhammer A, Rehm A, Schwengers O, Šiler M, Samek O, Růžička F, Moeller R. Identification of staphyloxanthin and derivates in yellow-pigmented Staphylococcus capitis subsp. capitis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1272734. [PMID: 37840735 PMCID: PMC10570620 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1272734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Staphylococcus capitis naturally colonizes the human skin but as an opportunistic pathogen, it can also cause biofilm-associated infections and bloodstream infections in newborns. Previously, we found that two strains from the subspecies S. capitis subsp. capitis produce yellow carotenoids despite the initial species description, reporting this subspecies as non-pigmented. In Staphylococcus aureus, the golden pigment staphyloxanthin is an important virulence factor, protecting cells against reactive oxygen species and modulating membrane fluidity. Methods In this study, we used two pigmented (DSM 111179 and DSM 113836) and two non-pigmented S. capitis subsp. capitis strains (DSM 20326T and DSM 31028) to identify the pigment, determine conditions under which pigment-production occurs and investigate whether pigmented strains show increased resistance to ROS and temperature stress. Results We found that the non-pigmented strains remained colorless regardless of the type of medium, whereas intensity of pigmentation in the two pigmented strains increased under low nutrient conditions and with longer incubation times. We were able to detect and identify staphyloxanthin and its derivates in the two pigmented strains but found that methanol cell extracts from all four strains showed ROS scavenging activity regardless of staphyloxanthin production. Increased survival to cold temperatures (-20°C) was detected in the two pigmented strains only after long-term storage compared to the non-pigmented strains. Conclusion The identification of staphyloxanthin in S. capitis is of clinical relevance and could be used, in the same way as in S. aureus, as a possible target for anti-virulence drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Siems
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Runzheimer
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Katarina Rebrosova
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lara Etzbach
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alina Auerhammer
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Rehm
- Department of Algorithmic Bioinformatics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Oliver Schwengers
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Šiler
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ota Samek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Filip Růžička
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ralf Moeller
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
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12
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Li Y, Zhu F, Manna AC, Chen L, Jiang J, Hong JI, Proctor RA, Bayer AS, Cheung AL, Xiong YQ. Gp05, a Prophage-Encoded Virulence Factor, Contributes to Persistent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Endovascular Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0060023. [PMID: 37358448 PMCID: PMC10434118 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00600-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) endovascular infections represent a serious public health threat. We recently demonstrated that the presence of a novel prophage ϕSA169 was associated with vancomycin (VAN) treatment failure in experimental MRSA endocarditis. In this study, we assessed the role of a ϕSA169 gene, ϕ80α_gp05 (gp05), in VAN-persistent outcome using gp05 isogenic MRSA strain sets. Of note, Gp05 significantly influences the intersection of MRSA virulence factors, host immune responses, and antibiotic treatment efficacy, including the following: (i) activity of the significant energy-yielding metabolic pathway (e.g., tricarboxylic acid cycle); (ii) carotenoid pigment production; (iii) (p)ppGpp (guanosine tetra- and pentaphosphate) production, which activates the stringent response and subsequent downstream functional factors (e.g., phenol-soluble modulins and polymorphonuclear neutrophil bactericidal activity); and (iv) persistence to VAN treatment in an experimental infective endocarditis model. These data suggest that Gp05 is a significant virulence factor which contributes to the persistent outcomes in MRSA endovascular infection by multiple pathways. IMPORTANCE Persistent endovascular infections are often caused by MRSA strains that are susceptible to anti-MRSA antibiotics in vitro by CLSI breakpoints. Thus, the persistent outcome represents a unique variant of traditional antibiotic resistance mechanisms and a significant therapeutic challenge. Prophage, a critical mobile genetic element carried by most MRSA isolates, provides their bacterial host with metabolic advantages and resistance mechanisms. However, how prophage-encoded virulence factors interact with the host defense system and antibiotics, driving the persistent outcome, is not well known. In the current study, we demonstrated that a novel prophage gene, gp05, significantly impacts tricarboxylic acid cycle activity, stringent response, and pigmentation, as well as vancomycin treatment outcome in an experimental endocarditis model using isogenic gp05 overexpression and chromosomal deletion mutant MRSA strain sets. The findings significantly advance our understanding of the role of Gp05 in persistent MRSA endovascular infection and provide a potential target for development of novel drugs against these life-threatening infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Fengli Zhu
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Adhar C. Manna
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Liang Chen
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jason Jiang
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Jong-In Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Richard A. Proctor
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Arnold S. Bayer
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ambrose L. Cheung
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Yan Q. Xiong
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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13
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Mitchison-Field LM, Belin BJ. Bacterial lipid biophysics and membrane organization. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 74:102315. [PMID: 37058914 PMCID: PMC10523990 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The formation of lateral microdomains is emerging as a central organizing principle in bacterial membranes. These microdomains are targets of antibiotic development and have the potential to enhance natural product synthesis, but the rules governing their assembly are unclear. Previous studies have suggested that microdomain formation is promoted by lipid phase separation, particularly by cardiolipin (CL) and isoprenoid lipids, and there is strong evidence that CL biosynthesis is required for recruitment of membrane proteins to cell poles and division sites. New work demonstrates that additional bacterial lipids may mediate membrane protein localization and function, opening the field for mechanistic evaluation of lipid-driven membrane organization in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna My Mitchison-Field
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brittany J Belin
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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14
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Tao Z, Wang H, Ke K, Shi D, Zhu L. Flavone inhibits Staphylococcus aureus virulence via inhibiting the sae two component system. Microb Pathog 2023; 180:106128. [PMID: 37148922 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus calls for the development of innovative antimicrobial agents targeting novel pathways. S. aureus generates various virulence factors that compromise host defense mechanisms. Flavone, a core structure of flavonoids, has been shown to diminish the production of staphyloxanthin and alpha-hemolysin. Nonetheless, the influence of flavone on the majority of other virulence factors in S. aureus and its underlying molecular mechanism remain elusive. In this study, we examined the impact of flavone on the transcriptional profile of S. aureus using transcriptome sequencing. Our findings revealed that flavone substantially downregulated the expression of over 30 virulence factors implicated in immune evasion by the pathogen. Gene set enrichment analysis of the fold change-ranked gene list in relation to the Sae regulon indicated a robust association between flavone-induced downregulation and membership in the Sae regulon. Through the analysis of Sae target promoter-gfp fusion expression patterns, we observed a dose-dependent inhibition of Sae target promoter activity by flavone. Moreover, we discovered that flavone protected human neutrophils from S. aureus-mediated killing. Flavone also decreased the expression of alpha-hemolysin and other hemolytic toxins, resulting in a reduction in S. aureus' hemolytic capacity. Additionally, our data suggested that the inhibitory effect of flavone on the Sae system operates independently of its capacity to lower staphyloxanthin levels. In conclusion, our study proposes that flavone exhibits a broad inhibitory action on multiple virulence factors of S. aureus by targeting the Sae system, consequently diminishing the bacterium's pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhua Tao
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Research, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530003, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Nanning, 530003, Guangxi, China.
| | - Haoren Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154002, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Ke Ke
- Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530003, Guangxi, China.
| | - Deqiang Shi
- Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530003, Guangxi, China.
| | - Libo Zhu
- Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530003, Guangxi, China.
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15
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Linden M, Flegler A, Feuereisen MM, Weber F, Lipski A, Schieber A. Effects of flavonoids on membrane adaptation of food-associated bacteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184137. [PMID: 36746312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of naringenin and the biflavonoids amentoflavone and tetrahydroamentoflavone on select bacterial lipids (carotenoids, fatty acids, and menaquinones) and membrane fluidity based on Laurdan generalized polarization were investigated. For this purpose, the pigment-forming food-associated microorganisms Staphylococcus xylosus (DSM 20266T and J70), Staphylococcus carnosus DSM 20501T, and Micrococcus luteus (ATCC 9341 and J3) were studied. The results suggest an envelope stress response by microorganisms due to flavonoids and an employment of adaptive mechanisms using carotenoids, fatty acids, and menaquinones. The flavonoid monomer naringenin impacted carotenoids, fatty acids, menaquinones, and membrane fluidity. Naringenin significantly influenced the carotenoid profile, particularly by an increase in the relative proportion of 4,4'-diaponeurosporenoic acid in Staphylococcus xylosus. Amentoflavone caused changes mainly in the membrane of Micrococcus luteus and decreased the menaquinone content. Tetrahydroamentoflavone mainly affected the carotenoids in the investigated strains. The noticeably different CCS value of tetrahydroamentoflavone compared to naringenin and amentoflavone revealed further insights into the structure-dependent effects of flavonoids. This study provides valuable insights into the response of pigment-forming food-associated microorganisms to naringenin, amentoflavone, and tetrahydroamentoflavone, which is important for the targeted and safe application of the latter as natural preservatives and useful for further research on the mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Linden
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Flegler
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Food Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michelle M Feuereisen
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Fabian Weber
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - André Lipski
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Food Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Schieber
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
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16
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Cella MA, Coulson T, MacEachern S, Badr S, Ahmadi A, Tabatabaei MS, Labbe A, Griffiths MW. Probiotic disruption of quorum sensing reduces virulence and increases cefoxitin sensitivity in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4373. [PMID: 36928453 PMCID: PMC10020441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapies which target quorum sensing (QS) systems that regulate virulence in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are a promising alternative to antibiotics. QS systems play a crucial in the regulation of MRSA antibiotic resistance, exotoxin production, antioxidant protection and immune cell evasion, and are therefore attractive therapeutic targets to reduce the virulence of a pathogen. In the present work the the effects of bioactive peptides isolated from two strains of lactic acid bacteria were tested against antibiotic resistance, carotenoid production, resistance to oxidative killing and biofilm structure in two clinical MRSA isolates. The results obtained from fractional-inhibitory concentration assays with bulk and semi-purified bioactive molecules showed a significant synergistic effect increasing cefoxitin mediated killing of MRSA. This was coupled to a six-fold decrease of the major membrane pigment staphyloxanthin, and a 99% increase in susceptibility to oxidative stress mediated killing. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis of the QS-genes agrA and luxS, showed differential expression between MRSA strains, and a significant downregulation of the hemolysin gene hla. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed alteration in biofilm formation and clustering behavior. These results demonstrate that bioactive metabolites may be effectively applied in tandem with beta-lactam antibiotics to sensitize MRSA to cefoxitin. Moreover, these results shown that several key QS-controlled virulence mechanisms are diminished by probiotic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Angela Cella
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure (ÉTS), Montreal, QC, H3C 1K3, Canada
| | | | | | - Sara Badr
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure (ÉTS), Montreal, QC, H3C 1K3, Canada
| | - Ali Ahmadi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure (ÉTS), Montreal, QC, H3C 1K3, Canada
| | | | - Alain Labbe
- MicroSintesis Inc., Victoria, PE, COA 2G0, Canada.
| | - Mansel William Griffiths
- Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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17
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Abstract
Almost all bactericidal drugs require bacterial replication and/or metabolic activity for their killing activity. When these processes are inhibited by bacteriostatic antibiotics, bacterial killing is significantly reduced. One notable exception is the lipopeptide antibiotic daptomycin, which has been reported to efficiently kill growth-arrested bacteria. However, these studies employed only short periods of growth arrest (<1 h), which may not fully represent the duration of growth arrest that can occur in vivo. We found that a growth inhibitory concentration of the protein synthesis inhibitor tetracycline led to a time-dependent induction of daptomycin tolerance in S. aureus, with an approximately 100,000-fold increase in survival after 16 h of growth arrest, relative to exponential-phase bacteria. Daptomycin tolerance required glucose and was associated with increased production of the cell wall polymers peptidoglycan and wall-teichoic acids. However, while the accumulation of peptidoglycan was required for daptomycin tolerance, only a low abundance of wall teichoic acid was necessary. Therefore, whereas tolerance to most antibiotics occurs passively due to a lack of metabolic activity and/or replication, daptomycin tolerance arises via active cell wall remodelling. IMPORTANCE Understanding why antibiotics sometimes fail to cure infections is fundamental to improving treatment outcomes. This is a major challenge when it comes to Staphylococcus aureus because this pathogen causes several different chronic or recurrent infections. Previous work has shown that a lack of replication, as often occurs during infection, makes bacteria tolerant of most bactericidal antibiotics. However, one antibiotic that has been reported to kill nonreplicating bacteria is daptomycin. In this work, we show that the growth arrest of S. aureus does in fact lead to daptomycin tolerance, but it requires time, nutrients, and biosynthetic pathways, making it distinct from other types of antibiotic tolerance that occur in nonreplicating bacteria.
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18
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Kwiatkowski P, Kurzawski M, Kukula-Koch W, Pruss A, Sienkiewicz M, Płaziński W, Dołęgowska B, Wojciechowska-Koszko I. Staphyloxanthin inhibitory potential of trans-anethole: A preliminary study. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114153. [PMID: 36566523 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduction of staphyloxanthin (STX) production in Staphylococcus aureus under trans-anethole (TA) influence was proven in former studies. However, no tests concerning the impact of TA on a biosynthetic pathway of this carotenoid pigment have been published so far. Thus, for the first time, the present preliminary study evaluated the influence of TA on the expression level of genes (crtOPQMN operon and aldH) encoding STX pathway enzymes. Additional attention was paid to the identification of STX and its intermediates. Gene expression and identification of extracted compounds were conducted using quantitative real-time PCR and HPLC-MS techniques, respectively. The analyzes showed no difference in crtM, crtN, crtO, crtP, crtQ, and aldH gene expression between bacterial samples isolated from the non-stimulated (control) medium and the stimulated one with TA. Compared to the control group that showed the presence of all metabolic intermediates and STX, the TA-treated bacteria were characterized by a lack or a significant reduction of the majority of compounds, except 4,4'-diaponeurosporenoate, the content of which was elevated in the TA-treated sample. Moreover, in silico molecular docking analysis revealed that TA is capable to create relatively strong interactions with both 4,4'-diapophytoene synthase and 4,4'-diapophytoene desaturase. The preliminary findings indicate that the previously observed TA effect reducing the number of S. aureus colonies pigmentation is probably not associated with the expression levels of genes encoding STX pathway enzymes. It has been proven that adding TA to the medium can interfere with the formation of STX at different levels of its biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Kwiatkowski
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Kurzawski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Wirginia Kukula-Koch
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Pruss
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Monika Sienkiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostic, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Płaziński
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland; Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Barbara Dołęgowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
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19
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Liu Y, McQuillen EA, Rana PSJB, Gloag ES, Wozniak DJ. Cross-Species Protection to Innate Immunity Mediated by A Bacterial Pigment. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.15.524085. [PMID: 36711503 PMCID: PMC9882196 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.15.524085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are often polymicrobial. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus cause chronic co-infections, which are more problematic than mono-species infections. We found that the production of S. aureus membrane-bound pigment staphyloxanthin (STX), was induced by the P. aeruginosa exoproduct, 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide (HQNO). The induction phenotype was conserved in P. aeruginosa and S. aureus clinical isolates examined. When subjected to hydrogen peroxide or human neutrophils, P. aeruginosa survival was significantly higher when mixed with wild-type (WT) S. aureus , compared to a mutant deficient in STX production or P. aeruginosa alone. In a murine wound model, co-infection with WT S. aureus , but not the STX-deficient mutant, enhanced P. aeruginosa burden and disease compared to mono-infection. In conclusion, we discovered a novel role for P. aeruginosa HQNO mediating polymicrobial interactions with S. aureus by inducing STX production, which consequently promotes resistance of both pathogens to innate immune effectors. These results further our understanding of how different bacterial species cooperatively cause co-infections.
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20
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Greenfield ML, Martin LM, Joodaki F. Computing Individual Area per Head Group Reveals Lipid Bilayer Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:10697-10711. [PMID: 36475708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c04633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipid bilayers express a range of phases from solid-like to gel-like to liquid-like as a function of temperature and lipid surface concentration. The area occupied per lipid head group serves as one useful indicator of the bilayer phase, in conjunction with the two-dimensional radial distribution function (i.e., structure factor) within the bilayer. Typically, the area per head group is determined by dividing the bilayer area equally among all head groups. Such an approach is less satisfactory for a multicomponent set of diverse lipids. In this work, area determination is performed on a lipid-by-lipid basis by attributing to a lipid the volume that surrounds each atom. Voronoi tessellation provides this division of the interfacial region on a per-atom basis. The method is applied to a multicomponent system of water, NaCl, and 19 phospholipid types that was devised recently [Langmuir2022, 38, 9481-9499] as a computational representation of the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus phospholipid bilayer. Results demonstrate that lipids and water molecules occupy similar extents of area within the interfacial region; ascribing area only to head groups implicitly incorporates assumptions about head group hydration. Results further show that lipid tails provide non-negligible contributions to area on the membrane side of the bilayer-water interface. Results for minimum and maximum area of individual lipids reveal that spontaneous fluctuations displace head groups more than 10 Å from the interfacial region during an NPT simulation at 310 K, leading to a zero contribution to total area at some times. Total area fluctuations and fluctuations per individual lipid relax with a correlation time of ∼10 ns. The method complements density profile as an approach to quantify the structure and dynamics of computational lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Greenfield
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 360 Fascitelli Center for Advanced Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island02881, United States
| | - Lenore M Martin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island02881, United States
| | - Faramarz Joodaki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 360 Fascitelli Center for Advanced Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island02881, United States
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Nguyen AH, Hood KS, Mileykovskaya E, Miller WR, Tran TT. Bacterial cell membranes and their role in daptomycin resistance: A review. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1035574. [PMID: 36452455 PMCID: PMC9702088 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1035574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids play a major role in bacterial cells. Foremost, lipids are the primary constituents of the cell membrane bilayer, providing structure and separating the cell from the surrounding environment. This makes the lipid bilayer a prime target for antimicrobial peptides and membrane-acting antibiotics such as daptomycin. In response, bacteria have evolved mechanisms by which the membrane can be adapted to resist attack by these antimicrobial compounds. In this review, we focus on the membrane phospholipid changes associated with daptomycin resistance in enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and the Viridans group streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- April H. Nguyen
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kara S. Hood
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Eugenia Mileykovskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - William R. Miller
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Truc T. Tran
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States,*Correspondence: Truc T. Tran,
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22
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Manrique-Moreno M, Jemioła-Rzemińska M, Múnera-Jaramillo J, López GD, Suesca E, Leidy C, Strzałka K. Staphylococcus aureus Carotenoids Modulate the Thermotropic Phase Behavior of Model Systems That Mimic Its Membrane Composition. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:945. [PMID: 36295704 PMCID: PMC9612337 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a pathogenic gram-positive bacterium that normally resides in the skin and nose of the human body. It is subject to fluctuations in environmental conditions that may affect the integrity of the membrane. S. aureus produces carotenoids, which act as antioxidants. However, these carotenoids have also been implicated in modulating the biophysical properties of the membrane. Here, we investigate how carotenoids modulate the thermotropic phase behavior of model systems that mimic the phospholipid composition of S. aureus. We found that carotenoids depress the main phase transition of DMPG and CL, indicating that they strongly affect cooperativity of membrane lipids in their gel phase. In addition, carotenoids modulate the phase behavior of mixtures of DMPG and CL, indicating that they may play a role in modulation of lipid domain formation in S. aureus membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Manrique-Moreno
- Chemistry Institute, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Małgorzata Jemioła-Rzemińska
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-392 Krakow, Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-392 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jessica Múnera-Jaramillo
- Chemistry Institute, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Gerson-Dirceu López
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Techniques in Natural Products (LATNAP), Chemistry Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Elizabeth Suesca
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Chad Leidy
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Kazimierz Strzałka
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-392 Krakow, Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-392 Krakow, Poland
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23
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Joodaki F, Martin LM, Greenfield ML. Generation and Computational Characterization of a Complex Staphylococcus aureus Lipid Bilayer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:9481-9499. [PMID: 35901279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Studies indicate a crucial cell membrane role in the antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus. To simulate its membrane structure and dynamics, a complex molecular-scale computational representation of the S. aureus lipid bilayer was developed. Phospholipid types and their amounts were optimized by reverse Monte Carlo to represent characterization data from the literature, leading to 19 different phospholipid types that combine three headgroups [phosphatidylglycerol, lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol (LPG), and cardiolipin] and 10 tails, including iso- and anteiso-branched saturated chains. The averaged lipid bilayer thickness was 36.7 Å, and area per headgroup was 67.8 Å2. Phosphorus and nitrogen density profiles showed that LPG headgroups tended to be bent and oriented more parallel to the bilayer plane. The water density profile showed that small amounts reached the membrane center. Carbon density profiles indicated hydrophobic interactions for all lipids in the middle of the bilayer. Bond vector order parameters along each tail demonstrated different C-H ordering even within distinct lipids of the same type; however, all tails followed similar trends in average order parameter. These complex simulations further revealed bilayer insights beyond those attainable with monodisperse, unbranched lipids. Longer tails often extended into the opposite leaflet. Carbon at and beyond a branch showed significantly decreased ordering compared to carbon in unbranched tails; this feature arose in every branched lipid. Diverse tail lengths distributed these disordered methyl groups throughout the middle third of the bilayer. Distributions in mobility and ordering reveal diverse properties that cannot be obtained with monodisperse lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faramarz Joodaki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 360 Fascitelli Center for Advanced Engineering, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Lenore M Martin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Michael L Greenfield
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 360 Fascitelli Center for Advanced Engineering, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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24
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Dysregulation of Cell Envelope Homeostasis in Staphylococcus aureus Exposed to Solvated Lignin. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0054822. [PMID: 35852361 PMCID: PMC9361832 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00548-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin is an aromatic plant cell wall polymer that facilitates water transport through the vasculature of plants and is generated in large quantities as an inexpensive by-product of pulp and paper manufacturing and biorefineries. Although lignin's ability to reduce bacterial growth has been reported previously, its hydrophobicity complicates the ability to examine its biological effects on living cells in aqueous growth media. We recently described the ability to solvate lignin in Good's buffers with neutral pH, a breakthrough that allowed examination of lignin's antimicrobial effects against the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. These analyses showed that lignin damages the S. aureus cell membrane, causes increased cell clustering, and inhibits growth synergistically with tunicamycin, a teichoic acid synthesis inhibitor. In the present study, we examined the physiological and transcriptomic responses of S. aureus to lignin. Intriguingly, lignin restored the susceptibility of genetically resistant S. aureus isolates to penicillin and oxacillin, decreased intracellular pH, impaired normal cell division, and rendered cells more resistant to detergent-induced lysis. Additionally, transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) differential expression (DE) analysis of lignin-treated cultures revealed significant gene expression changes (P < 0.05 with 5% false discovery rate [FDR]) related to the cell envelope, cell wall physiology, fatty acid metabolism, and stress resistance. Moreover, a pattern of concurrent up- and downregulation of genes within biochemical pathways involved in transmembrane transport and cell wall physiology was observed, which likely reflects an attempt to tolerate or compensate for lignin-induced damage. Together, these results represent the first comprehensive analysis of lignin's antibacterial activity against S. aureus. IMPORTANCE S. aureus is a leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections. The ability of S. aureus to acquire genetic resistance to antibiotics further compounds its ability to cause life-threatening infections. While the historical response to antibiotic resistance has been to develop new antibiotics, bacterial pathogens are notorious for rapidly acquiring genetic resistance mechanisms. As such, the development of adjuvants represents a viable way of extending the life span of current antibiotics to which pathogens may already be resistant. Here, we describe the phenotypic and transcriptomic response of S. aureus to treatment with lignin. Our results demonstrate that lignin extracted from sugarcane and sorghum bagasse restores S. aureus susceptibility to β-lactams, providing a premise for repurposing these antibiotics in treatment of resistant S. aureus strains, possibly in the form of topical lignin/β-lactam formulations.
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25
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Weaver AJ, Borgogna TR, O’Shea-Stone G, Peters TR, Copié V, Voyich J, Teintze M. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Induces Metabolic Changes and Reduces Staphylococcus aureus Bacterial Cell-to-Cell Interactions. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060781. [PMID: 35740189 PMCID: PMC9220049 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in bacterial resistance to common antibiotics has raised an increased need for alternative treatment strategies. The natural antibacterial product, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GRA) has shown efficacy against community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), although its interactions against planktonic and biofilm modes of growth remain poorly understood. This investigation utilized biochemical and metabolic approaches to further elucidate the effects of GRA on MRSA. Prolonged exposure of planktonic MRSA cell cultures to GRA resulted in increased production of staphyloxanthin, a pigment known to exhibit antioxidant and membrane-stabilizing functions. Then, 1D 1H NMR analyses of intracellular metabolite extracts from MRSA treated with GRA revealed significant changes in intracellular polar metabolite profiles, including increased levels of succinate and citrate, and significant reductions in several amino acids, including branch chain amino acids. These changes reflect the MRSA response to GRA exposure, including potentially altering its membrane composition, which consumes branched chain amino acids and leads to significant energy expenditure. Although GRA itself had no significant effect of biofilm viability, it seems to be an effective biofilm disruptor. This may be related to interference with cell–cell aggregation, as treatment of planktonic MRSA cultures with GRA leads to a significant reduction in micro-aggregation. The dispersive nature of GRA on MRSA biofilms may prove valuable for treatment of such infections and could be used to increase susceptibility to complementary antibiotic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J. Weaver
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (A.J.W.J.); (G.O.-S.); (T.R.P.)
| | - Timothy R. Borgogna
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA;
| | - Galen O’Shea-Stone
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (A.J.W.J.); (G.O.-S.); (T.R.P.)
| | - Tami R. Peters
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (A.J.W.J.); (G.O.-S.); (T.R.P.)
| | - Valérie Copié
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (A.J.W.J.); (G.O.-S.); (T.R.P.)
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (J.V.); (M.T.); Tel.: +406-994-7244 (V.C.); +406-994-7184 (J.V.); +406-994-6515 (M.T.)
| | - Jovanka Voyich
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA;
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (J.V.); (M.T.); Tel.: +406-994-7244 (V.C.); +406-994-7184 (J.V.); +406-994-6515 (M.T.)
| | - Martin Teintze
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (A.J.W.J.); (G.O.-S.); (T.R.P.)
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (J.V.); (M.T.); Tel.: +406-994-7244 (V.C.); +406-994-7184 (J.V.); +406-994-6515 (M.T.)
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Askoura M, Yousef N, Mansour B, Yehia FAZA. Antibiofilm and staphyloxanthin inhibitory potential of terbinafine against Staphylococcus aureus: in vitro and in vivo studies. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2022; 21:21. [PMID: 35637481 PMCID: PMC9153124 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-022-00513-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance is growing substantially, which necessitates the search for novel therapeutic options. Terbinafine, an allylamine antifungal agent that exhibits a broad spectrum of activity and is used in the treatment of dermatophytosis, could be a possible option to disarm S. aureus virulence. Methods Terbinafine inhibitory effect on staphyloxanthin was characterized by quantitative measurement of staphyloxanthin intermediates and molecular docking. The effect of terbinafine on S. aureus stress survival was characterized by viable counting. The anti-biofilm activity of terbinafine on S. aureus was assessed by the crystal violet assay and microscopy. Changes in S. aureus membrane following treatment with terbinafine were determined using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The synergistic action of terbinafine in combination with conventional antibiotics was characterized using the checkerboard assay. qRT-PCR was used to evaluate the impact of terbinafine on S. aureus gene expression. The influence of terbinafine on S. aureus pathogenesis was investigated in mice infection model. Results Terbinafine inhibits staphyloxanthin biosynthesis through targeting dehydrosqualene desaturase (CrtN). Docking analysis of terbinafine against the predicted active site of CrtN reveals a binding energy of − 9.579 kcal/mol exemplified by the formation of H-bonds, H-arene bonds, and hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions with the conserved amino acids of the receptor pocket. Terbinafine treated S. aureus was more susceptible to both oxidative and acid stress as well as human blood killing as compared to untreated cells. Targeting staphyloxanthin by terbinafine rendered S. aureus more sensitive to membrane acting antibiotics. Terbinafine interfered with S. aureus biofilm formation through targeting cell autoaggregation, hydrophobicity, and exopolysaccharide production. Moreover, terbinafine demonstrated a synergistic interaction against S. aureus when combined with conventional antibiotics. Importantly, terbinafine attenuated S. aureus pathogenesis using mice infection model. qRT-PCR revealed that terbinafine repressed expression of the transcriptional regulators sigB, sarA, and msaB, as well as icaA in S. aureus. Conclusions Present findings strongly suggest that terbinafine could be used safely and efficiently as an anti-virulent agent to combat S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momen Askoura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Nehal Yousef
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Basem Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 11152, Belqas, Egypt
| | - Fatma Al-Zahraa A Yehia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
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27
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Kim SD, Kim GB, Lee GY, Yang SJ. Multilocus sequence type-dependent activity of human and animal cathelicidins against community-, hospital-, and livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:515-530. [PMID: 35709124 PMCID: PMC9184701 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sequence type (ST) 5 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) with staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec)
type II (ST5-MRSA-II) and ST72-MRSA-IV represent the most significant genotypes
for healthcare- (HA) and community-associated (CA) MRSA in Korea, respectively.
In addition to the human-type MRSA strains, the prevalence of
livestock-associated (LA) MRSA clonal lineages, such as ST541 and ST398
LA-MRSA-V in pigs and ST692 LA-MRSA-V and ST188 LA-MRSA-IV in chickens, has
recently been found. In this study, clonotype-specific resistance profiles to
cathelicidins derived from humans (LL-37), pigs (PMAP-36), and chickens (CATH-2)
were examined using six different ST groups of MRSA strains: ST5 HA-MRSA-II,
ST72 CA-MRSA-IV, ST398 LA-MRSA-V, ST541 LA-MRSA-V, ST188 LA-MRSA-IV, and ST692
LA-MRSA-V. Phenotypic characteristics often involved in cathelicidin resistance,
such as net surface positive charge, carotenoid production, and hydrogen
peroxide susceptibility were also determined in the MRSA strains. Human- and
animal-type MRSA strains exhibited clonotype-specific resistance profiles to
LL-37, PMAP-36, or CATH-2, indicating the potential role of cathelicidin
resistance in the adaptation and colonization of human and animal hosts. The ST5
HA-MRSA isolates showed enhanced resistance to all three cathelicidins and
hydrogen peroxide than ST72 CA-MRSA isolates by implementing increased surface
positive charge and carotenoid production. In contrast, LA-MRSA strains employed
mechanisms independent of surface charge regulation and carotenoid production
for cathelicidin resistance. These results suggest that human- and
livestock-derived MRSA strains use different strategies to counteract the
bactericidal action of cathelicidins during the colonization of their respective
host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Do Kim
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Geun-Bae Kim
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Gi Yong Lee
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Yang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology,
College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary
Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Corresponding author: Soo-Jin Yang, Department of
Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute
for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea. Tel:
+82-2-880-1185, E-mail:
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28
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Mimusops elengi Flower-Mediated Green Silver Nanoparticles Control Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:3066-3081. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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29
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Sulaiman JE, Long L, Qian PY, Lam H. Proteomics and Transcriptomics Uncover Key Processes for Elasnin Tolerance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. mSystems 2022; 7:e0139321. [PMID: 35076266 PMCID: PMC8788329 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01393-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Elasnin is a new antibiofilm compound that was recently reported to have excellent activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilms. In this study, we established that elasnin also has antibacterial activity against growing S. aureus planktonic cells. To explore elasnin's potential as an antibiotic, we applied adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) and produced evolved strains with elevated elasnin tolerance. Interestingly, they were more sensitive toward daptomycin and lysostaphin. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that all of the evolved strains possessed a single point mutation in a putative phosphate transport regulator. Subsequently, they exhibited increased intracellular phosphate (Pi) and polyphosphate levels. Inhibition of the phosphate transport regulator gene changed the phenotype of the wild type to one resembling those observed in the evolved strains. Proteomics and transcriptomics analyses showed that elasnin treatment resulted in the downregulation of many proteins related to cell division and cell wall synthesis, which is important for the survival of growing exponential-phase cells. Other downregulated processes and factors were fatty acid metabolism, glycolysis, the two-component system, RNA degradation, and ribosomal proteins. Most importantly, transport proteins and proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation and the phosphotransferase system were more upregulated in the evolved strain than in the ancestral strain, indicating that they are important for elasnin tolerance. Overall, this study showed that elasnin has antibacterial activity against growing S. aureus cells and revealed the altered processes due to elasnin treatment and those associated with its tolerance. IMPORTANCE Besides the excellent antibiofilm properties of elasnin, we discovered that it can also kill growing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) planktonic cells. We subjected MRSA cells to an in vitro evolution experiment, and the resulting evolved strains exhibited increased elasnin tolerance, reduced growth rate, loss of pigmentation, and an increased proportion of small-colony formation, and they became more sensitive toward daptomycin and lysostaphin. Through multiomics analysis, we uncovered the affected processes in growing S. aureus planktonic cells following elasnin treatment, including the downregulation of cell wall synthesis, cell division, and some genes/proteins for the two-component system. These findings suggest that elasnin suppressed processes important for the cells' survival and adaptation to environmental stresses, making it an ideal drug adjuvant candidate. Overall, our study provides new insights into the mechanism of elasnin in S. aureus planktonic cells and pointed out the potential application of elasnin in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordy Evan Sulaiman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lexin Long
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Henry Lam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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López GD, Álvarez-Rivera G, Carazzone C, Ibáñez E, Leidy C, Cifuentes A. Bacterial Carotenoids: Extraction, Characterization, and Applications. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:1239-1262. [PMID: 34915787 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2016366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Natural carotenoids are secondary metabolites that exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. These types of compounds are highly demanded by pharmaceutical, cosmetic, nutraceutical, and food industries, leading to the search for new natural sources of carotenoids. In recent years, the production of carotenoids from bacteria has become of great interest for industrial applications. In addition to carotenoids with C40-skeletons, some bacteria have the ability to synthesize characteristic carotenoids with C30-skeletons. In this regard, a great variety of methodologies for the extraction and identification of bacterial carotenoids has been reported and this is the first review that condenses most of this information. To understand the diversity of carotenoids from bacteria, we present their biosynthetic origin in order to focus on the methodologies employed in their extraction and characterization. Special emphasis has been made on high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) for the analysis and identification of bacterial carotenoids. We end up this review showing their potential commercial use. This review is proposed as a guide for the identification of these metabolites, which are frequently reported in new bacteria strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerson-Dirceu López
- Chemistry Department, Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Techniques in Natural Products (LATNAP), Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Physics Department, Laboratory of Biophysics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Chiara Carazzone
- Chemistry Department, Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Techniques in Natural Products (LATNAP), Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Elena Ibáñez
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chad Leidy
- Physics Department, Laboratory of Biophysics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Cifuentes
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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31
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El-Ganiny AM, Gad AI, El-Sayed MA, Shaldam MA, Abbas HA. The promising anti-virulence activity of candesartan, domperidone, and miconazole on Staphylococcus aureus. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 53:1-18. [PMID: 34773629 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a primary cause of hospital and community-acquired infections. With the emergence of multidrug-resistant S. aureus strains, there is a need for new drugs discovery. Due to the poor supply of new antimicrobials, targeting virulence of S. aureus may generate weaker selection for resistant strains, anti-virulence agents disarm the pathogen instead of killing it. In this study, the ability of the FDA-approved drugs domperidone, candesartan, and miconazole as inhibitors of S. aureus virulence was investigated. The effect of tested drugs was evaluated against biofilm formation, lipase, protease, hemolysin, and staphyloxanthin production by using phenotypic and genotypic methods. At sub-inhibitory concentrations, candesartan, domperidone, and miconazole showed a significant inhibition of hemolysin (75.8-96%), staphyloxanthin (81.2-85%), lipase (50-65%), protease (40-64%), and biofilm formation (71.4-90%). Domperidone and candesartan have similar activity and were more powerful than miconazole against S. aureus virulence. The hemolysins and lipase inhibition were the greatest under the domperidone effect. Candesartan showed a remarkable reduction in staphyloxanthin production. The highest inhibitory effect of proteolytic activity was obtained with domperidone and candesartan. Biofilm was significantly reduced by miconazole. Expression levels of crtM, sigB, sarA, agrA, hla, fnbA, and icaA genes were significantly reduced under candesartan (68.98-82.7%), domperidone (62.6-77.2%), and miconazole (32.96-52.6%) at sub-MIC concentrations. Candesartan showed the highest inhibition activity against crtM, sigB, sarA, agrA, hla, and icaA expression followed by domperidone then miconazole. Domperidone showed the highest downregulation activity against fnbA gene. In conclusion, candesartan, domperidone, and miconazole could serve as anti-virulence agents for attenuation of S. aureus pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira M El-Ganiny
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Amany I Gad
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Industries, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, 11829, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mona A El-Sayed
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Moataz A Shaldam
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Hisham A Abbas
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
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Izbicka E, Streeper RT. Adaptive Membrane Fluidity Modulation: A Feedback Regulated Homeostatic System Hiding in Plain Sight. In Vivo 2021; 35:2991-3000. [PMID: 34697130 PMCID: PMC8627736 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the plasma membrane affects its function. Changes in membrane fluidity with concomitant effects on membrane protein activities and cellular communication often accompany the transition from a healthy to a diseased state. Although deliberate modulation of membrane fluidity with drugs has not been exploited to date, the latest data suggest the "druggability" of the membrane. Azelaic acid esters (azelates) modulate plasma membrane fluidity and exhibit a broad range of immunomodulatory effects in vitro and in vivo. Azelates represent a new class of drugs, membrane active immunomodulators (MAIMs), which use the entire plasma membrane as the target, altering the dynamics of an innate feedback regulated homeostatic system, adaptive membrane fluidity modulation (AMFM). A review of the literature data spanning >200 years supports the notion that molecules in the MAIMs category including known drugs do exert immunomodulatory effects that have been either neglected or dismissed as off-target effects.
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Sulaiman JE, Long L, Wu L, Qian PY, Lam H. Comparative proteomic investigation of multiple methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains generated through adaptive laboratory evolution. iScience 2021; 24:102950. [PMID: 34458699 PMCID: PMC8377494 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries indicate that tolerance and resistance could rapidly evolve in bacterial populations under intermittent antibiotic treatment. In the present study, we applied antibiotic combinations in laboratory experiments to generate novel methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains with distinct phenotypes (tolerance, resistance, and suppressed tolerance), and compared their proteome profiles to uncover the adaptation mechanisms. While the tolerant strains have very different proteomes than the susceptible ancestral strain, the resistant strain largely resembles the ancestral in terms of their proteomes. Our proteomics data and other assays support the connection between the detected mutations to the observed phenotypes, confirming the general understanding of tolerance and resistance mechanisms. While resistance directly counteracts the action mechanism of the antibiotic, tolerance involves complex substantial changes in the cells' biological process to achieve survival advantages. Overall, this study provides insights into the existence of diverse evolutionary pathways for tolerance and resistance development under different treatment scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordy Evan Sulaiman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Lexin Long
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Long Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Henry Lam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Lee HS, Song HS, Lee HJ, Kim SH, Suh MJ, Cho JY, Ham S, Kim YG, Joo HS, Kim W, Lee SH, Yoo D, Bhatia SK, Yang YH. Comparative Study of the Difference in Behavior of the Accessory Gene Regulator (Agr) in USA300 and USA400 Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:1060-1068. [PMID: 34226408 PMCID: PMC9705881 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2104.04032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Community-associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is notorious as a leading cause of soft tissue infections. Despite several studies on the Agr regulator, the mechanisms of action of Agr on the virulence factors in different strains are still unknown. To reveal the role of Agr in different CA-MRSA, we investigated the LACΔagr mutant and the MW2Δagr mutant by comparing LAC (USA300), MW2 (USA400), and Δagr mutants. The changes of Δagr mutants in sensitivity to oxacillin and several virulence factors such as biofilm formation, pigmentation, motility, and membrane properties were monitored. LACΔagr and MW2Δagr mutants showed different oxacillin sensitivity and biofilm formation compared to the LAC and MW2 strains. Regardless of the strain, the motility was reduced in Δagr mutants. And there was an increase in the long chain fatty acid in phospholipid fatty acid composition of Δagr mutants. Other properties such as biofilm formation, pigmentation, motility, and membrane properties were different in both Δagr mutants. The Agr regulator may have a common role like the control of motility and straindependent roles such as antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, change of membrane, and pigment production. It does not seem easy to control all MRSA by targeting the Agr regulator only as it showed strain-dependent behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Soo Lee
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun-Suk Song
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Ju Lee
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ju Suh
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Yeon Cho
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sion Ham
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Gon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 07040, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwang-Soo Joo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooseong Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ho Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwon Yoo
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors S.K. Bhatia Phone: +82-2-450-3936 Fax: + 82-2-3437-8360 E-mail:
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea,
Y.-H. Yang E-mail:
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35
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Fluorescence Polarization (FP) Assay for Measuring Staphylococcus aureus Membrane Fluidity. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2341:55-68. [PMID: 34264461 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1550-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence polarization is a method to determine membrane fluidity using a hydrophobic fluorescent dye that intercalates into the fatty acid bilayer. A spectrofluorometer is used to polarize UV light as a vertical excitation beam which passes through the dye-labeled membrane where the dye fluoresces. The beams perpendicular and horizontal to the excitation light are then collected and analyzed. Membrane structural properties are largely due to the packing of the fatty acids in the lipid bilayer that determines the membrane biophysical parameters. Staphylococcus aureus contains straight-chain (SCFAs) and branched-chain (BCFAs) fatty acids in the membrane and alters the proportion of membrane fluidizing BCFAs and stabilizing SCFAs as a response to a variety of stresses. Herein, we describe a method for determination of membrane fluidity in S. aureus using diphenylhexatriene, one of the most used fluorescent dyes for this purpose.
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Abstract
Many S. aureus strains produce membrane-associated carotenoid pigments, advantageous secondary metabolites that can alter membrane fluidity, resistance to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and act as antioxidants, properties that can impact resistance against aspects of the host innate immune system. Several studies have reported connections between mutations in both regulatory (i.e., alternative sigma factor B) and metabolic (purine biosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation) genes, and noticeable differences in carotenoid pigmentation. This chapter outlines a simple protocol to quantify cellular pigments using a methanol extraction method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leia E Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kelly C Rice
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Okukawa M, Yoshizaki Y, Yano S, Nonomura Y. The Selective Antibacterial Activity of the Mixed Systems Containing Myristic Acid against Staphylococci. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:1239-1246. [PMID: 34373405 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids and their derivatives are interesting cosmetic ingredients because they show the selective antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). However, the antibacterial activity in mixed systems containing several active ingredients is unclear because previous studies focused antibacterial systems containing one kind of fatty acid. In the present study, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) were evaluated for myristic acid/lauric acid, myristic acid/palmitoleic acid, and myristic acid/lactic acid mixed systems to show the effect of the coexisting components on the selective antibacterial activity of myristic acid. In the myristic acid/palmitoleic acid mixed system, the antibacterial activity against S. aureus was enhanced by additive effect, whereas the antibacterial activity was not observed against S. epidermidis. On the other hand, the myristic acid/lauric acid mixed system showed antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis: Lauric acid impaired the selectivity of antibacterial activity of myristic acid. These results suggest that the selective activity of myristic acid varies with the additives. The present findings are useful for designing formulations of cosmetics and body cleansers containing myristic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Okukawa
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
| | - Yuika Yoshizaki
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
| | - Shigekazu Yano
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
| | - Yoshimune Nonomura
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
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Staphyloxanthin inhibitory potential of thymol impairs antioxidant fitness, enhances neutrophil mediated killing and alters membrane fluidity of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111933. [PMID: 34328107 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading pathogen responsible for mild to severe invasive infections in humans. Especially, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is prevalent in hospital and community associated infections. Staphyloxanthin is a golden yellow color eponymous pigment produced by S. aureus and provides resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and host neutrophil-based killing. In addition, this membrane pigment contributes to membrane rigidity and helps MRSA to survive under stress conditions. Targeting virulence of pathogen without exerting selection pressure is the recent approach to fight bacterial infections without developing drug resistance. The present study for the first time evaluated the staphyloxanthin inhibitory potential of thymol against MRSA. Qualitative and quantitative analyses demonstrated 90% of staphyloxanthin inhibition at 100 µg/mL concentration of thymol without alteration in growth. Molecular docking analysis and in vitro measurement of metabolic intermediates of staphyloxanthin revealed that thymol could possibly interact with CrtM to inhibit staphyloxanthin. Absorbance and infra red spectra further validated the inhibition of staphyloxanthin by thymol. In addition, thymol treatment significantly reduced the resistance of MRSA to ROS and neutrophil-based killing as exhibited by oxidant susceptibility assays and ex vivo innate immune clearance assay using human whole blood and neutrophils. Further, reduction in staphyloxanthin by thymol treatment increased the membrane fluidity and made MRSA cells more susceptible to membrane targeting antibiotic polymyxin B. Especially, thymol was found to be non-cytotoxic to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Our study validated the antivirulence potential of thymol against MRSA by inhibiting staphyloxanthin and suggests the prospective therapeutic role of thymol to combat MRSA infections.
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Derakhshan S, Navidinia M, Haghi F. Antibiotic susceptibility of human-associated Staphylococcus aureus and its relation to agr typing, virulence genes, and biofilm formation. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:627. [PMID: 34210263 PMCID: PMC8247160 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Carriage of virulence factors confers some evolutionary benefit to bacteria, which favors the resistant strains. We aimed to analyze whether antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus strains is affected by agr typing, biofilm formation ability, and virulence profiles. METHODS A total of 123 S. aureus clinical isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disk diffusion method, biofilm formation by microtiter plate method, as well as polymerase chain reaction screening to identify virulence genes and the accessory gene regulator (agr) types I-IV. A P value < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS The most prevalent virulence gene was staphyloxanthin crtN, followed by hemolysin genes, capsular cap8H, toxic shock toxin tst, and enterotoxin sea, respectively. Resistant isolates were more commonly found in the agr-negative group than in the agr-positive group. Isolates of agr type III were more virulent than agr I isolates. Strong biofilm producers showed more antibiotic susceptibility and carried more virulence genes than non-strong biofilm producers. Associations were found between the presence of virulence genes and susceptibility to antibiotics. Carriage of the virulence genes and agr was higher in the inpatients; while, resistance and strong biofilms were more prevalent in the outpatients. CONCLUSION These findings indicated the presence of several virulence factors, biofilm production capacity, agr types and resistance to antibiotics in clinical S. aureus isolates. Considering the importance of S. aureus for human medicine, an understanding of virulence and resistance relationships would help to reduce the impact of S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safoura Derakhshan
- Liver and Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Masoumeh Navidinia
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fakhri Haghi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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40
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Rapacka-Zdończyk A, Woźniak A, Michalska K, Pierański M, Ogonowska P, Grinholc M, Nakonieczna J. Factors Determining the Susceptibility of Bacteria to Antibacterial Photodynamic Inactivation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:642609. [PMID: 34055830 PMCID: PMC8149737 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.642609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms (aPDI) is an excellent method to destroy antibiotic-resistant microbial isolates. The use of an exogenous photosensitizer or irradiation of microbial cells already equipped with endogenous photosensitizers makes aPDI a convenient tool for treating the infections whenever technical light delivery is possible. Currently, aPDI research carried out on a vast repertoire of depending on the photosensitizer used, the target microorganism, and the light delivery system shows efficacy mostly on in vitro models. The search for mechanisms underlying different responses to photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms is an essential issue in aPDI because one niche (e.g., infection site in a human body) may have bacterial subpopulations that will exhibit different susceptibility. Rapidly growing bacteria are probably more susceptible to aPDI than persister cells. Some subpopulations can produce more antioxidant enzymes or have better performance due to efficient efflux pumps. The ultimate goal was and still is to identify and characterize molecular features that drive the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation. To this end, we examined several genetic and biochemical characteristics, including the presence of individual genetic elements, protein activity, cell membrane content and its physical properties, the localization of the photosensitizer, with the result that some of them are important and others do not appear to play a crucial role in the process of aPDI. In the review, we would like to provide an overview of the factors studied so far in our group and others that contributed to the aPDI process at the cellular level. We want to challenge the question, is there a general pattern of molecular characterization of aPDI effectiveness? Or is it more likely that a photosensitizer-specific pattern of molecular characteristics of aPDI efficacy will occur?
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Woźniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Klaudia Michalska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Pierański
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Patrycja Ogonowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Grinholc
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Nakonieczna
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Mishra NN, Bayer AS, Baines SL, Hayes AS, Howden BP, Lapitan CK, Lew C, Rose WE. Cell Membrane Adaptations Mediate β-Lactam-Induced Resensitization of Daptomycin-Resistant (DAP-R) Staphylococcus aureus In Vitro. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1028. [PMID: 34064631 PMCID: PMC8150363 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The reversal of daptomycin resistance in MRSA to a daptomycin-susceptible phenotype following prolonged passage in selected β-lactams occurs coincident with the accumulation of multiple point mutations in the mprF gene. MprF regulates surface charge by modulating the content and translocation of the positively charged cell membrane phospholipid, lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol (LPG). The precise cell membrane adaptations accompanying such β-lactam-induced mprF perturbations are unknown. This study examined key cell membrane metrics relevant to antimicrobial resistance among three daptomycin-resistant MRSA clinical strains, which became daptomycin-susceptible following prolonged exposure to cloxacillin ('daptomycin-resensitized'). The causal role of such secondary mprF mutations in mediating daptomycin resensitization was confirmed through allelic exchange strategies. The daptomycin-resensitized strains derived either post-cloxacillin passage or via allelic exchange (vs. their respective daptomycin-resistant strains) showed the following cell membrane changes: (i) enhanced BODIPY-DAP binding; (ii) significant reductions in LPG content, accompanied by significant increases in phosphatidylglycerol content (p < 0.05); (iii) no significant changes in positive cell surface charge; (iv) decreased cell membrane fluidity (p < 0.05); (v) enhanced carotenoid content (p < 0.05); and (vi) lower branched chain fatty acid profiles (antiso- vs. iso-), resulting in increases in saturated fatty acid composition (p < 0.05). Overall, the cell membrane characteristics of the daptomycin-resensitized strains resembled those of parental daptomycin-susceptible strains. Daptomycin resensitization with selected β-lactams results in both definable genetic changes (i.e., mprF mutations) and a number of key cell membrane phenotype modifications, which likely facilitate daptomycin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra N. Mishra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; (A.S.B.); (C.K.L.)
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Arnold S. Bayer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; (A.S.B.); (C.K.L.)
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Sarah L. Baines
- Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (S.L.B.); (A.S.H.); (B.P.H.)
| | - Ashleigh S. Hayes
- Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (S.L.B.); (A.S.H.); (B.P.H.)
| | - Benjamin P. Howden
- Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (S.L.B.); (A.S.H.); (B.P.H.)
| | - Christian K. Lapitan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; (A.S.B.); (C.K.L.)
| | - Cassandra Lew
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (C.L.); (W.E.R.)
| | - Warren E. Rose
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (C.L.); (W.E.R.)
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42
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Impact of Bicarbonate on PBP2a Production, Maturation, and Functionality in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.02621-20. [PMID: 33649115 PMCID: PMC8092911 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02621-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains exhibit β-lactam-susceptibility in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo in the presence of NaHCO3 (NaHCO3-responsive MRSA). Herein, we investigate the impact of NaHCO3 on factors required for PBP2a functionality. Prototype NaHCO3-responsive and -nonresponsive MRSA strains (as defined in vitro) were assessed for the impact of NaHCO3 on: expression of genes involved in PBP2a production-maturation pathways (mecA, blaZ, pbp4, vraSR, prsA, sigB, and floA); membrane PBP2a and PrsA protein content; and membrane carotenoid content. Following NaHCO3 exposure in NaHCO3-responsive (vs - nonresponsive) MRSA, there was significantly reduced expression of: i) mecA and blaZ; ii) the vraSR-prsA gene axis; and iii) pbp4 Carotenoid production was reduced, while floA expression was increased by NaHCO3 exposure in all MRSA strains. This work underscores the distinct regulatory impact of NaHCO3 on a cadre of genes encoding factors required for maintenance of the MRSA phenotype through PBP2a functionality and maturation.
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43
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López GD, Suesca E, Álvarez-Rivera G, Rosato AE, Ibáñez E, Cifuentes A, Leidy C, Carazzone C. Carotenogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus: New insights and impact on membrane biophysical properties. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158941. [PMID: 33862238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Staphyloxanthin (STX) is a saccharolipid derived from a carotenoid in Staphylococcus aureus involved in oxidative-stress tolerance and antimicrobial peptide resistance. STX influences the biophysical properties of the bacterial membrane and has been associated to the formation of lipid domains in the regulation of methicillin-resistance. In this work, a targeted metabolomics and biophysical characterization study was carried out to investigate the biosynthetic pathways of carotenoids, and their impact on the membrane biophysical properties. Five different S. aureus strains were investigated, including three wild-type strains containing the crtM gene related to STX biosynthesis, a crtM-deletion mutant, and a crtMN plasmid-complemented variant. LC-DAD-MS/MS analysis of extracts allowed the identification of 34 metabolites related to carotenogenesis in S. aureus at different growth phases (8, 24 and 48 h), showing the progression of these metabolites as the bacteria advances into the stationary phase. For the first time, 22 members of a large family of carotenoids were identified, including STX and STX-homologues, as well as Dehydro-STX and Dehydro-STX-homologues. Moreover, thermotropic behavior of the CH2 stretch of lipid acyl chains in live cells by FTIR, show that the presence of STX increases acyl chain order at the bacterial growth temperature. Indeed, the cooperative melting event of the bacterial membrane, which occurs around 15 °C in the native strains, shifts with increased carotenoid content. These results show the diversity biosynthetic of carotenoids in S. aureus, and their influence on membrane biophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerson-Dirceu López
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Techniques in Natural Products (LATNAP), Chemistry Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C., Colombia; Laboratory of Biophysics, Physics Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C., Colombia; Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Suesca
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Physics Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | | | - Adriana E Rosato
- Molecular Microbiology Diagnostics-Research, Riverside University Health System, Professor Loma Linda University, Moreno Valley, CA, USA
| | - Elena Ibáñez
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Cifuentes
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chad Leidy
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Physics Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
| | - Chiara Carazzone
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Techniques in Natural Products (LATNAP), Chemistry Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
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44
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Cardoso P, Glossop H, Meikle TG, Aburto-Medina A, Conn CE, Sarojini V, Valery C. Molecular engineering of antimicrobial peptides: microbial targets, peptide motifs and translation opportunities. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:35-69. [PMID: 33495702 PMCID: PMC7817352 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00784-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The global public health threat of antimicrobial resistance has led the scientific community to highly engage into research on alternative strategies to the traditional small molecule therapeutics. Here, we review one of the most popular alternatives amongst basic and applied research scientists, synthetic antimicrobial peptides. The ease of peptide chemical synthesis combined with emerging engineering principles and potent broad-spectrum activity, including against multidrug-resistant strains, has motivated intense scientific focus on these compounds for the past decade. This global effort has resulted in significant advances in our understanding of peptide antimicrobial activity at the molecular scale. Recent evidence of molecular targets other than the microbial lipid membrane, and efforts towards consensus antimicrobial peptide motifs, have supported the rise of molecular engineering approaches and design tools, including machine learning. Beyond molecular concepts, supramolecular chemistry has been lately added to the debate; and helped unravel the impact of peptide self-assembly on activity, including on biofilms and secondary targets, while providing new directions in pharmaceutical formulation through taking advantage of peptide self-assembled nanostructures. We argue that these basic research advances constitute a solid basis for promising industry translation of rationally designed synthetic peptide antimicrobials, not only as novel drugs against multidrug-resistant strains but also as components of emerging antimicrobial biomaterials. This perspective is supported by recent developments of innovative peptide-based and peptide-carrier nanobiomaterials that we also review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Cardoso
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hugh Glossop
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | - Celine Valery
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
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Ranganathan N, Johnson R, Edwards AM. The general stress response of Staphylococcus aureus promotes tolerance of antibiotics and survival in whole human blood. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2020; 166:1088-1094. [PMID: 33095698 PMCID: PMC7723259 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent cause of invasive human infections such as bacteraemia and infective endocarditis. These infections frequently relapse or become chronic, suggesting that the pathogen has mechanisms to tolerate the twin threats of therapeutic antibiotics and host immunity. The general stress response of S. aureus is regulated by the alternative sigma factor B (σB) and provides protection from multiple stresses including oxidative, acidic and heat. σB also contributes to virulence, intracellular persistence and chronic infection. However, the protective effect of σB on bacterial survival during exposure to antibiotics or host immune defences is poorly characterized. We found that σB promotes the survival of S. aureus exposed to the antibiotics gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin and daptomycin, but not oxacillin or clindamycin. We also found that σB promoted staphylococcal survival in whole human blood, most likely via its contribution to oxidative stress resistance. Therefore, we conclude that the general stress response of S. aureus may contribute to the development of chronic infection by conferring tolerance to both antibiotics and host immune defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Ranganathan
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Rd, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Present address: Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham, Palace Road, W6 8RF, UK
| | - Rebecca Johnson
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Rd, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Present address: Horizon Discovery, Waterbeach, Cambridge, CB25 9TL, UK
| | - Andrew M. Edwards
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Rd, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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46
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Assoni L, Milani B, Carvalho MR, Nepomuceno LN, Waz NT, Guerra MES, Converso TR, Darrieux M. Resistance Mechanisms to Antimicrobial Peptides in Gram-Positive Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:593215. [PMID: 33193264 PMCID: PMC7609970 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.593215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the alarming increase of infections caused by pathogenic multidrug-resistant bacteria over the last decades, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been investigated as a potential treatment for those infections, directly through their lytic effect or indirectly, due to their ability to modulate the immune system. There are still concerns regarding the use of such molecules in the treatment of infections, such as cell toxicity and host factors that lead to peptide inhibition. To overcome these limitations, different approaches like peptide modification to reduce toxicity and peptide combinations to improve therapeutic efficacy are being tested. Human defense peptides consist of an important part of the innate immune system, against a myriad of potential aggressors, which have in turn developed different ways to overcome the AMPs microbicidal activities. Since the antimicrobial activity of AMPs vary between Gram-positive and Gram-negative species, so do the bacterial resistance arsenal. This review discusses the mechanisms exploited by Gram-positive bacteria to circumvent killing by antimicrobial peptides. Specifically, the most clinically relevant genera, Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp. and Gram-positive bacilli, have been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Assoni
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Barbara Milani
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Marianna Ribeiro Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Lucas Natanael Nepomuceno
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Natalha Tedeschi Waz
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Souza Guerra
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Thiago Rojas Converso
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Michelle Darrieux
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
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The antivirulence compound myricetin possesses remarkable synergistic effect with antibacterials upon multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104571. [PMID: 33075517 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen involved in several human diseases and presents ability to produce many virulence factors and resistance to antibacterial agents. One of the current strategies to combat such multidrug resistant bacteria is the antibacterial combination therapy. Myricetin is a flavonoid capable of inhibiting several S. aureus virulence factors without influencing on bacterial growth. Therefore, the combination of antibacterials with the antivirulence compound myricetin may provide a positive interaction to control multidrug resistant-bacteria. This work aims to evaluate the effect of the combination of myricetin with oxacillin and vancomycin against methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin intermediate resistant S. aureus (VISA) strains. Concentrations used in combination assays were determined according to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for antibacterials and to the biofilm minimum inhibitory concentration (BMIC) for myricetin. Checkerboard evaluations showed reduction in MIC for antibacterials in presence of myricetin and time-kill assays confirmed the synergism for these combinations, except for VISA strain when the flavonoid was combined with vancomycin. Importantly, when myricetin was combined with oxacillin, MRSA strain became susceptible to the antibacterial. Myricetin did not reduce staphyloxanthin production, indicating that the oxacillin susceptibility seems not to be related to this step of functional membrane microdomains. In vivo evaluations using Galleria mellonella confirmed the efficacy of oxacillin plus myricetin in treatment of MRSA infected-larvae when compared to the control groups, increasing in 20% host survival. The present work points out the potential of antibacterial and antivirulence compounds combinations as new alternative to control infections by multidrug resistant-bacteria.
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Vijaya Kumar S, Abraham PE, Hurst GB, Chourey K, Bible AN, Hettich RL, Doktycz MJ, Morrell-Falvey JL. A carotenoid-deficient mutant of the plant-associated microbe Pantoea sp. YR343 displays an altered membrane proteome. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14985. [PMID: 32917935 PMCID: PMC7486946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71672-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane organization plays an important role in signaling, transport, and defense. In eukaryotes, the stability, organization, and function of membrane proteins are influenced by certain lipids and sterols, such as cholesterol. Bacteria lack cholesterol, but carotenoids and hopanoids are predicted to play a similar role in modulating membrane properties. We have previously shown that the loss of carotenoids in the plant-associated bacteria Pantoea sp. YR343 results in changes to membrane biophysical properties and leads to physiological changes, including increased sensitivity to reactive oxygen species, reduced indole-3-acetic acid secretion, reduced biofilm and pellicle formation, and reduced plant colonization. Here, using whole cell and membrane proteomics, we show that the deletion of carotenoid production in Pantoea sp. YR343 results in altered membrane protein distribution and abundance. Moreover, we observe significant differences in the protein composition of detergent-resistant membrane fractions from wildtype and mutant cells, consistent with the prediction that carotenoids play a role in organizing membrane microdomains. These data provide new insights into the function of carotenoids in bacterial membrane organization and identify cellular functions that are affected by the loss of carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmitha Vijaya Kumar
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Paul E Abraham
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Gregory B Hurst
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Karuna Chourey
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Amber N Bible
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Robert L Hettich
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Mitchel J Doktycz
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.,Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer L Morrell-Falvey
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA. .,Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
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Acapsular Staphylococcus aureus with a non-functional agr regains capsule expression after passage through the bloodstream in a bacteremia mouse model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14108. [PMID: 32839485 PMCID: PMC7445255 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70671-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Selection pressures exerted on Staphylococcus aureus by host factors during infection may lead to the emergence of regulatory phenotypes better adapted to the infection site. Traits convenient for persistence may be fixed by mutation thus turning these mutants into microevolution endpoints. The feasibility that stable, non-encapsulated S. aureus mutants can regain expression of key virulence factors for survival in the bloodstream was investigated. S. aureus agr mutant HU-14 (IS256 insertion in agrC) from a patient with chronic osteomyelitis was passed through the bloodstream using a bacteriemia mouse model and derivative P3.1 was obtained. Although IS256 remained inserted in agrC, P3.1 regained production of capsular polysaccharide type 5 (CP5) and staphyloxanthin. Furthermore, P3.1 expressed higher levels of asp23/SigB when compared with parental strain HU-14. Strain P3.1 displayed decreased osteoclastogenesis capacity, thus indicating decreased adaptability to bone compared with strain HU-14 and exhibited a trend to be more virulent than parental strain HU-14. Strain P3.1 exhibited the loss of one IS256 copy, which was originally located in the HU-14 noncoding region between dnaG (DNA primase) and rpoD (sigA). This loss may be associated with the observed phenotype change but the mechanism remains unknown. In conclusion, S. aureus organisms that escape the infected bone may recover the expression of key virulence factors through a rapid microevolution pathway involving SigB regulation of key virulence factors.
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Prolonged Exposure to β-Lactam Antibiotics Reestablishes Susceptibility of Daptomycin-Nonsusceptible Staphylococcus aureus to Daptomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00890-20. [PMID: 32601160 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00890-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Daptomycin-nonsusceptible (DAP-NS) Staphylococcus aureus often exhibits gain-in-function mutations in the mprF gene (involved in positive surface charge maintenance). Standard β-lactams, although relatively inactive against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), may prevent the emergence of mprF mutations and DAP-NS. We determined if β-lactams might also impact DAP-NS isolates already possessing an mprF mutation to revert them to DAP-susceptible (DAP-S) phenotypes and, if so, whether this is associated with specific penicillin-binding protein (PBP) targeting. This study included 25 DAP-S/DAP-NS isogenic, clinically derived MRSA bloodstream isolates. MICs were performed for DAP, nafcillin (NAF; PBP-promiscuous), cloxacillin (LOX; PBP-1), ceftriaxone (CRO; PBP-2), and cefoxitin (FOX; PBP-4). Three DAP-NS isolates were selected for a 28-day serial passage in subinhibitory β-lactams. DAP MICs and time-kill assays, host defense peptide (LL-37) susceptibilities, and whole-genome sequencing were performed to associate genetic changes with key phenotypic profiles. Pronounced decreases in baseline MICs were observed for NAF and LOX (but not for CRO or FOX) among DAP-NS versus DAP-S isolates ("seesaw" effect). Prolonged (28-d) β-lactam passage of three DAP-NS isolates significantly reduced DAP MICs. LOX was most impactful (∼16-fold decrease in DAP MIC; 2 to 0.125 mg/liter). In these DAP-NS isolates with preexisting mprF polymorphisms, accumulation of additional mprF mutations occurred with prolonged LOX exposures. This was associated with enhanced LL-37 killing activity and reduced surface charge (both mprF-dependent phenotypes). β-lactams that either promiscuously or specifically target PBP-1 have significant DAP "resensitizing" effects against DAP-NS S. aureus strains. This may relate to the acquisition of multiple mprF single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), which, in turn, affect cell envelope function and metabolism.
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