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Tunc H, Dogan B, Darendeli Kiraz BN, Sari M, Durdagi S, Kotil S. Prediction of HIV-1 protease resistance using genotypic, phenotypic, and molecular information with artificial neural networks. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14987. [PMID: 36967989 PMCID: PMC10038082 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is a primary barrier to effective treatments of HIV/AIDS. Calculating quantitative relations between genotype and phenotype observations for each inhibitor with cell-based assays requires time and money-consuming experiments. Machine learning models are good options for tackling these problems by generalizing the available data with suitable linear or nonlinear mappings. The main aim of this study is to construct drug isolate fold (DIF) change-based artificial neural network (ANN) models for estimating the resistance potential of molecules inhibiting the HIV-1 protease (PR) enzyme. Throughout the study, seven of eight protease inhibitors (PIs) have been included in the training set and the remaining ones in the test set. We have obtained 11,803 genotype-phenotype data points for eight PIs from Stanford HIV drug resistance database. Using the leave-one-out (LVO) procedure, eight ANN models have been produced to measure the learning capacity of models from the descriptors of the inhibitors. Mean R2 value of eight ANN models for unseen inhibitors is 0.716, and the 95% confidence interval (CI) is [0.592-0.840]. Predicting the fold change resistance for hundreds of isolates allowed a robust comparison of drug pairs. These eight models have predicted the drug resistance tendencies of each inhibitor pair with the mean 2D correlation coefficient of 0.933 and 95% CI [0.930-0.938]. A classification problem has been created to predict the ordered relationship of the PIs, and the mean accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) values are calculated as 0.954, 0.791, 0.791, and 0.688, respectively. Furthermore, we have created an external test dataset consisting of 51 unique known HIV-1 PR inhibitors and 87 genotype-phenotype relations. Our developed ANN model has accuracy and area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.749 and 0.818 to predict the ordered relationships of molecules on the same strain for the external dataset. The currently derived ANN models can accurately predict the drug resistance tendencies of PI pairs. This observation could help test new inhibitors with various isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Tunc
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berna Dogan
- Department of Medicinal Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Büşra Nur Darendeli Kiraz
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Bioengineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Sari
- Department of Mathematics Engineering, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seyfullah Kotil
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
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2
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Ghosh AK, Weber IT, Mitsuya H. Beyond darunavir: recent development of next generation HIV-1 protease inhibitors to combat drug resistance. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:11762-11782. [PMID: 36200462 PMCID: PMC10942761 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04541a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
We report our recent development of a conceptually new generation of exceptionally potent non-peptidic HIV-1 protease inhibitors that displayed excellent pharmacological and drug-resistance profiles. Our X-ray structural studies of darunavir and other designed inhibitors from our laboratories led us to create a variety of inhibitors incorporating fused ring polycyclic ethers and aromatic heterocycles to promote hydrogen bonding interactions with the backbone atoms of HIV-1 protease as well as van der Waals interactions with residues in the S2 and S2' subsites. We have also incorporated specific functionalities to enhance van der Waals interactions in the S1 and S1' subsites. The combined effects of these structural templates are critical to the inhibitors' exceptional potency and drug-like properties. We highlight here our molecular design strategies to promote backbone hydrogen bonding interactions to combat drug-resistance and specific design of polycyclic ether templates to mimic peptide-like bonds in the HIV-1 protease active site. Our medicinal chemistry and drug development efforts led to the development of new generation inhibitors significantly improved over darunavir and displaying unprecedented antiviral activity against multidrug-resistant HIV-1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Irene T Weber
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Departments of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
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3
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Ram TS, Munikumar M, Raju VN, Devaraj P, Boiroju NK, Hemalatha R, Prasad PVV, Gundeti M, Sisodia BS, Pawar S, Prasad GP, Chincholikar M, Goel S, Mangal A, Gaidhani S, Srikanth N, Dhiman KS. In silico evaluation of the compounds of the ayurvedic drug, AYUSH-64, for the action against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2021; 13:100413. [PMID: 33654345 PMCID: PMC7906523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Outbreak of Corona Virus Disease in late 2019 (COVID-19) has become a pandemic global Public health emergency. Since there is no approved anti-viral drug or vaccine declared for the disease and investigating existing drugs against the COVID-19. Objective AYUSH-64 is an Ayurvedic formulation, developed and patented by Central Council of Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, India, has been in clinical use as anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic drug for few decades. Thus, the present study was undertaken to evaluate AYUSH-64 compounds available in this drug against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus (SARS-CoV-2) Main Protease (Mpro; PDB ID: 6LU7) via in silico techniques. Materials and methods Different molecular docking software's of Discovery studio and Auto Dock Vina were used for drugs from selected AYUSH-64 compounds against SARS-CoV-2. We also conducted 100 ns period of molecular dynamics simulations with Desmond and further MM/GBSA for the best complex of AYUSH-64 with Mpro of SARS-CoV-2. Results Among 36 compounds of four ingredients of AYUSH-64 screened, 35 observed to exhibits good binding energies than the published positive co–crystal compound of N3 pepetide. The best affinity and interactions of Akuammicine N-Oxide (from Alstonia scholaris) towards the Mpro with binding energy (AutoDock Vina) of −8.4 kcal/mol and Discovery studio of Libdock score of 147.92 kcal/mol. Further, molecular dynamics simulations with MM-GBSA were also performed for Mpro– Akuammicine N-Oxide docked complex to identify the stability, specific interaction between the enzyme and the ligand. Akuammicine N-Oxide is strongly formed h-bonds with crucial Mpro residues, Cys145, and His164. Conclusion The results provide lead that, the presence of Mpro– Akuammicine N-Oxide with highest Mpro binding energy along with other 34 chemical compounds having similar activity as part of AYUSH-64 make it a suitable candidate for repurposing to management of COVID-19 by further validating through experimental, clinical studies. Main protease (Mpro) is a molecular drug target for the 2019-nCoV of epidemic disease of COVID-19. Docking strategies implemented to identify AUSH-64 having dual role as immunomodualtor and inhibition against Mpro of SARS-CoV-2. Molecular dynamics stability analysis revealed that 2019-nCoV Mpro – Akuammicine N-Oxide is stable. Akuammicine N-Oxide may represent potential treatment options against Mpro of 2019-nCoV.
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Key Words
- 2019 novel coronavirus, 2019-nCOV
- AYUSH-64
- Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity, ADME/T
- COVID-19
- Coronavirus disease of 2019, COVID-19
- Coronavirus, CoV
- Dynamics simulations
- Main Protease
- Main protease, Mpro
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, MERS
- Molecular Docking
- Molecular Dynamics simulations, MD simulations
- Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area, MM/GBSA
- Number of atoms, Pressure, Temperature, NPT
- Protein Data Bank, PDB
- RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase, RdRp
- Radius of Gyration, rGyr
- Root Mean Square Deviation, RMSD
- Root Mean Square Fluctuation, RMSF
- SARS-CoV-2
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, SARS
- Simulation Event Analysis, SEA
- Simulation Quality Analysis, SQA
- World Health Organization, WHO
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Affiliation(s)
- Thrigulla Saketh Ram
- Research Officer (Ayurveda), CCRAS-National Institute of Indian Medical Heritage, Revenue Board Colony, Gaddiannaram, Hyderabad-500036, Telangana State, India
| | - Manne Munikumar
- Scientist-C (Bioinformatics), NIN-TATA Centre for Excellence in Public Health Nutrition, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad-500007, Telangana State, India
| | - Vankudavath Naik Raju
- Scientist-C (Programmer), Nutrition Information, Communication & Health Education (NICHE), ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad-500007, Telangana State, India
| | - Parasannanavar Devaraj
- Scientist-C, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad-500007, Telangana State, India
| | - Naveen Kumar Boiroju
- Scientist-C, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad-500007, Telangana State, India
| | - Rajkumar Hemalatha
- Scientist-G, Director, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad-500007, Telangana State, India
| | - P V V Prasad
- Assistant Director In-charge, CCRAS-National Institute of Indian Medical Heritage, Revenue Board Colony, Gaddiannaram, Hyderabad-500036, Telangana State, India
| | - Manohar Gundeti
- Research Officer (Ayurveda), CCRAS-Raja Ramdeo Anandilal Podar (RRAP) Central Ayurveda Research Institute for Cancer, Mumbai
| | - Brijesh S Sisodia
- Asst. Director (Biochemistry), CCRAS-Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Gwalior
| | - Sharad Pawar
- Research Officer, Scientist-2 (Pharmacognosy), CCRAS-Regional Ayurveda Institute for Fundamental Research, Pune
| | - G P Prasad
- Assistant Director (Ayurveda), CCRAS-Regional Ayurveda Institute for Fundamental Research, Pune
| | - Mukesh Chincholikar
- Research Officer (Ayurveda), Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, New Delhi
| | - Sumeet Goel
- Research Officer (Ayurveda), Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, New Delhi
| | - Anupam Mangal
- Assistant Director (Pharmacognosy), Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, New Delhi
| | - Sudesh Gaidhani
- Assistant Director (Pharmacology), Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, New Delhi
| | - N Srikanth
- Deputy Director General, Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, New Delhi
| | - K S Dhiman
- Director General, Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, New Delhi
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Triki D, Kermarrec M, Visseaux B, Descamps D, Flatters D, Camproux AC, Regad L. Exploration of the effects of sequence variations between HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases on their three-dimensional structures. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:5014-5026. [PMID: 31830870 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1704877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) approved by the FDA (US Food and Drug Administration) are a major class of antiretroviral. HIV-2 protease (PR2) is naturally resistant to most of them as PIs were designed for HIV-1 protease (PR1). In this study, we explored the impact of amino-acid substitutions between PR1 and PR2 on the structure of protease (PR) by comparing the structural variability of 13 regions using 24 PR1 and PR2 structures complexed with diverse ligands. Our analyses confirmed structural rigidity of the catalytic region and highlighted the important role of three regions in the conservation of the catalytic region conformation. Surprisingly, we showed that the flap region, corresponding to a flexible region, exhibits similar conformations in PR1 and PR2. Furthermore, we identified regions exhibiting different conformations in PR1 and PR2, which could be explained by the intrinsic flexibility of these regions, by crystal packing, or by PR1 and PR2 substitutions. Some substitutions induce structural changes in the R2 and R4 regions that could have an impact on the properties of PI-binding site and could thus modify PI binding mode. Substitutions involved in structural changes in the elbow region could alter the flexibility of the PR2 flap regions relative to PR1, and thus play a role in the transition from the semi-open form to the closed form, and have an impact on ligand binding. These results improve the understanding of the impact of sequence variations between PR1 and PR2 on the natural resistance of HIV-2 to commercially available PIs.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhoha Triki
- Department of Chemistry, Bioinformatics Research Center, College of Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, ERL U1133, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Kermarrec
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, ERL U1133, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Benoît Visseaux
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, AP-HP, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Diane Descamps
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, AP-HP, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Flatters
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, ERL U1133, Inserm, Paris, France
| | | | - Leslie Regad
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, ERL U1133, Inserm, Paris, France
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5
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Bertels F, Leemann C, Metzner KJ, Regoes R. Parallel evolution of HIV-1 in a long-term experiment. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 36:2400-2414. [PMID: 31251344 PMCID: PMC6805227 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most intriguing puzzles in biology is the degree to which evolution is repeatable. The repeatability of evolution, or parallel evolution, has been studied in a variety of model systems, but has rarely been investigated with clinically relevant viruses. To investigate parallel evolution of HIV-1, we passaged two replicate HIV-1 populations for almost 1 year in each of two human T-cell lines. For each of the four evolution lines, we determined the genetic composition of the viral population at nine time points by deep sequencing the entire genome. Mutations that were carried by the majority of the viral population accumulated continuously over 1 year in each evolution line. Many majority mutations appeared in more than one evolution line, that is, our experiments showed an extreme degree of parallel evolution. In one of the evolution lines, 62% of the majority mutations also occur in another line. The parallelism impairs our ability to reconstruct the evolutionary history by phylogenetic methods. We show that one can infer the correct phylogenetic topology by including minority mutations in our analysis. We also find that mutation diversity at the beginning of the experiment is predictive of the frequency of majority mutations at the end of the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Bertels
- Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich.,Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Department of Microbial Population Biology
| | - Christine Leemann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich.,Insitute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich
| | - Karin J Metzner
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich.,Insitute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich
| | - Roland Regoes
- Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich
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6
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Kumar A, Revathi R, Sriram D, Curreli F, Debnath AK, Pai KS, Kini SG. Targeting HIV-TB coinfection by developing novel piperidin-4-substituted imines: Design, synthesis, in vitro and in silico studies. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2019; 352:e1800358. [PMID: 31066103 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201800358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the "Achilles heel" of the human immunodeficiency (HIV) ministration. HIV-positive people are 16-27 times more prone to contract tuberculosis. But the adverse interaction between antiretroviral drugs and antitubercular drugs has made it necessary to look for a single drug regimen for HIV-TB coinfection. Piperidine derivatives have been reported as anti-HIV and anti-TB agents. This inspired us to design, synthesize, and characterize a series of 3,5-bis(furan-2-ylmethylidene)-piperidin-4-substituted imines (R1-R25) and these were further screened for in vitro antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and anti-HIV activity. Molecular docking studies showed energetically favorable binding interactions with both EACP reductase (1ZID.pdb) and reverse-transcriptase (1REV.pdb) targets. The compounds R7, R12, R17, R18, R19, R20 were found to be more potent as anti-TB agents than ethambutol (MIC 3.125 μg/ml). Compound R7 was found to be moderately active with an IC50 of 2.1 ± 0.04 μM in multicycle infection assays, in comparison with the standard drug, zidovudine (IC50 = 5.7 ± 0.04 nM), used as anti-HIV drug. The cytotoxicity assay was done on Vero, MT-2, and TZM-bl cells to assess the safety of these compounds and they were found to be safe. From the above results, R7 seems to be a promising lead for anti-HIV and anti-TB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MAHE, Manipal, India
| | - Rajappan Revathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MAHE, Manipal, India
| | - Dharmarajan Sriram
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad, India
| | - Francesca Curreli
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Kimball Research Institute of the New York Blood Centre, New York, NY
| | - Asim K Debnath
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Kimball Research Institute of the New York Blood Centre, New York, NY
| | - K Sreedhara Pai
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MAHE, Manipal, India
| | - Suvarna G Kini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MAHE, Manipal, India
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7
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Discovery of potential lumazine synthase antagonists for pathogens involved in bacterial meningitis: In silico study. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2019.100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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8
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Munikumar M, Krishna VS, Reddy VS, Rajeswari B, Sriram D, Rao MV. In silico design of small peptides antagonist against leptin receptor for the treatment of obesity and its associated immune-mediated diseases. J Mol Graph Model 2018; 82:20-36. [PMID: 29649778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Excess adiposity in obese inhibits negatively impacts immune function and host defence. Obesity is characterized by a state of low-grade, chronic inflammation in addition to disturbed levels of circulating nutrients and metabolic hormones. The impact of metabolic abnormalities on obesity-related co-morbidities has undergone intense scrutiny over the past decades. Thus, treatment of obesity and its associated immune-mediated diseases is challenging due to impaired function of leptin system. These disorders are managed through antibiotics and by cytokines replacement. However, the effectiveness of cytokines coupled to the complexity of the cytokine network leads to severe side-effects, which can still occur after careful preclinical evaluation. In addition, synthetic immunotherapeutics carry a degree of risk, time-consuming and expensive. Hence, the complexity of existing therapy and adverse effects emphasizes the need for an alternative approach for the management of immune dysfunction associated with obesity. Computer-aided small molecule antibody technology has been successful in the design of novel biologicals for the diagnosis of diseases and therapeutic interventions. In this study, the crystal structure of leptin receptor (LEPR) complex with monoclonal antibody (9F8 Fab) was explored to predict Ag-Ab interactions using bioinformatics tools. The LEPR of complementarity-determining region (CDR) loops were mutated with published positive control residues of Ser, Thr, Tyr, Trp, and Phe to design a set of 678 peptides which were evaluated through Ag-peptide docking, binding free-energies, and interaction energies. Thus, hypothesized novel peptides can be explored as clinically applicable antagonists for the treatment of obesity and associated immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manne Munikumar
- Biomedical Informatics Center (BMIC), National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Jamai-Osmania (Post), Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India.
| | - Vagolu Siva Krishna
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, Ranga Reddy, 500078, India
| | | | - Bolla Rajeswari
- Biomedical Informatics Center (BMIC), National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Jamai-Osmania (Post), Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Dharmarajan Sriram
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, Ranga Reddy, 500078, India
| | - Mendu Vishnuvardhana Rao
- National Institute of Medical Statistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
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9
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Ghosh AK, Fyvie WS, Brindisi M, Steffey M, Agniswamy J, Wang YF, Aoki M, Amano M, Weber IT, Mitsuya H. Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and X-ray Studies of HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors with Modified P2' Ligands of Darunavir. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1942-1952. [PMID: 29110408 PMCID: PMC5896574 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of nonpeptidic HIV-1 protease inhibitors with rationally designed P2' ligands are described. The inhibitors are designed to enhance backbone binding interactions, particularly at the S2' subsite. Synthesis of inhibitors was carried out efficiently. The stereochemistry of alcohol functionalities of the P2' ligands was set by asymmetric reduction of the corresponding ketone using (R,R)- or (S,S)-Noyori catalysts. A number of inhibitors displayed very potent enzyme inhibitory and antiviral activity. Inhibitors 3g and 3h showed enzyme Ki values of 27.9 and 49.7 pm and antiviral activity of 6.2 and 3.9 nm, respectively. These inhibitors also remained quite potent against darunavir-resistant HIV-1 variants. An X-ray structure of inhibitor 3g in complex with HIV-1 protease revealed key interactions in the S2' subsite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | - W. Sean Fyvie
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | - Melinda Steffey
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | - Johnson Agniswamy
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 (USA)
| | - Yuan-Fang Wang
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 (USA)
| | - Manabu Aoki
- Departments of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto 860-8556 (Japan)
| | - Masayuki Amano
- Departments of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto 860-8556 (Japan)
| | - Irene T. Weber
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 (USA)
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Departments of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto 860-8556 (Japan),Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 (USA),Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Heath and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655 (Japan)
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10
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Ghosh AK, Sean Fyvie W, Brindisi M, Steffey M, Agniswamy J, Wang YF, Aoki M, Amano M, Weber IT, Mitsuya H. Design, synthesis, X-ray studies, and biological evaluation of novel macrocyclic HIV-1 protease inhibitors involving the P1'-P2' ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4925-4931. [PMID: 28958624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of a new class of HIV-1 protease inhibitors containing diverse flexible macrocyclic P1'-P2' tethers are reported. Inhibitor 5a with a pyrrolidinone-derived macrocycle exhibited favorable enzyme inhibitory and antiviral activity (Ki=13.2nM, IC50=22nM). Further incorporation of heteroatoms in the macrocyclic skeleton provided macrocyclic inhibitors 5m and 5o. These compounds showed excellent HIV-1 protease inhibitory (Ki=62pM and 14pM, respectively) and antiviral activity (IC50=5.3nM and 2.0nM, respectively). Inhibitor 5o also remained highly potent against a DRV-resistant HIV-1 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - W Sean Fyvie
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | - Melinda Steffey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Johnson Agniswamy
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Yuan-Fang Wang
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Manabu Aoki
- Departments of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University of Medicine, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masayuki Amano
- Departments of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University of Medicine, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Irene T Weber
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Departments of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University of Medicine, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
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11
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Grewal GK, Singh KD, Kanojia N, Rawat C, Kukal S, Jajodia A, Singhal A, Misra R, Nagamani S, Muthusamy K, Kukreti R. Exploring the Carbamazepine Interaction with Human Pregnane X Receptor and Effect on ABCC2 Using in Vitro and in Silico Approach. Pharm Res 2017; 34:1444-1458. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2161-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Ghosh AK, Rao KV, Nyalapatla PR, Osswald HL, Martyr CD, Aoki M, Hayashi H, Agniswamy J, Wang YF, Bulut H, Das D, Weber IT, Mitsuya H. Design and Development of Highly Potent HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors with a Crown-Like Oxotricyclic Core as the P2-Ligand To Combat Multidrug-Resistant HIV Variants. J Med Chem 2017; 60:4267-4278. [PMID: 28418652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of a new class of exceptionally potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors are reported. Inhibitor 5 displayed superior antiviral activity and drug-resistance profiles. In fact, this inhibitor showed several orders of magnitude improved antiviral activity over the FDA approved drug darunavir. This inhibitor incorporates an unprecedented 6-5-5 ring-fused crown-like tetrahydropyranofuran as the P2 ligand and an aminobenzothiazole as the P2' ligand with the (R)-hydroxyethylsulfonamide isostere. The crown-like P2 ligand for this inhibitor has been synthesized efficiently in an optically active form using a chiral Diels-Alder catalyst providing a key intermediate in high enantiomeric purity. Two high resolution X-ray structures of inhibitor-bound HIV-1 protease revealed extensive interactions with the backbone atoms of HIV-1 protease and provided molecular insight into the binding properties of these new inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kalapala Venkateswara Rao
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Prasanth R Nyalapatla
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Heather L Osswald
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Cuthbert D Martyr
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Manabu Aoki
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.,Department of Medical Technology, Kumamoto Health Science University , Kumamoto 861-5598, Japan.,Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Hironori Hayashi
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.,Department of Refractory Viral Infection, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute , Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Johnson Agniswamy
- Department of Biology, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Yuan-Fang Wang
- Department of Biology, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Haydar Bulut
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Debananda Das
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Irene T Weber
- Department of Biology, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.,Department of Refractory Viral Infection, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute , Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.,Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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13
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Ghosh AK, Osswald HL, Prato G. Recent Progress in the Development of HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors for the Treatment of HIV/AIDS. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5172-208. [PMID: 26799988 PMCID: PMC5598487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 protease inhibitors continue to play an important role in the treatment of HIV/AIDS, transforming this deadly ailment into a more manageable chronic infection. Over the years, intensive research has led to a variety of approved protease inhibitors for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. In this review, we outline current drug design and medicinal chemistry efforts toward the development of next-generation protease inhibitors beyond the currently approved drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Heather L. Osswald
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Gary Prato
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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14
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Contribution of Gag and Protease to HIV-1 Phenotypic Drug Resistance in Pediatric Patients Failing Protease Inhibitor-Based Therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:2248-56. [PMID: 26833162 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02682-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease inhibitors (PIs) are used as a first-line regimen in HIV-1-infected children. Here we investigated the phenotypic consequences of amino acid changes in Gag and protease on lopinavir (LPV) and ritonavir (RTV) susceptibility among pediatric patients failing PI therapy. The Gag-protease from isolates from 20 HIV-1 subtype C-infected pediatric patients failing an LPV and/or RTV-based regimen was phenotyped using a nonreplicativein vitroassay. Changes in sensitivity to LPV and RTV relative to that of the matched baseline (pretherapy) sample were calculated. Gag and protease amino acid substitutions associated with PI failure were created in a reference clone by site-directed mutagenesis and assessed. Predicted phenotypes were determined using the Stanford drug resistance algorithm. Phenotypic resistance or reduced susceptibility to RTV and/or LPV was observed in isolates from 10 (50%) patients, all of whom had been treated with RTV. In most cases, this was associated with protease resistance mutations, but substitutions at Gag cleavage and noncleavage sites were also detected. Gag amino acid substitutions were also found in isolates from three patients with reduced drug susceptibilities who had wild-type protease. Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed that some amino acid changes in Gag contributed to PI resistance but only in the presence of major protease resistance-associated substitutions. The isolates from all patients who received LPV exclusively were phenotypically susceptible. Baseline isolates from the 20 patients showed a large (47-fold) range in the 50% effective concentration of LPV, which accounted for most of the discordance seen between the experimentally determined and the predicted phenotypes. Overall, the inclusion of thegaggene and the use of matched baseline samples provided a more comprehensive assessment of the effect of PI-induced amino acid changes on PI resistance. The lack of phenotypic resistance to LPV supports the continued use of this drug in pediatric patients.
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15
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In Silico Screening, Alanine Mutation, and DFT Approaches for Identification of NS2B/NS3 Protease Inhibitors. Biochem Res Int 2016; 2016:7264080. [PMID: 27057355 PMCID: PMC4785246 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7264080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify the ligand that binds to a target protein with high affinity is a nontrivial task in computer-assisted approaches. Antiviral drugs have been identified for NS2B/NS3 protease enzyme on the mechanism to cleave the viral protein using the computational tools. The consequence of the molecular docking, free energy calculations, and simulation protocols explores the better ligand. It provides in-depth structural insights with the catalytic triad of His51, Asp75, Ser135, and Gly133. The MD simulation was employed here to predict the stability of the complex. The alanine mutation has been performed and its stability was monitored by using the molecular dynamics simulation. The minimal RMSD value suggests that the derived complexes are close to equilibrium. The DFT outcome reveals that the HOMO-LUMO gap of Ligand19 is 2.86 kcal/mol. Among the considered ligands, Ligand19 shows the lowest gap and it is suggested that the HOMO of Ligand19 may transfer the electrons to the LUMO in the active regions. The calculated binding energy of Ligand19 using the DFT method is in good agreement with the docking studies. The pharmacological activity of ligand was performed and satisfies Lipinski rule of 5. Moreover, the computational results are compared with the available IC50 values of experimental results.
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16
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Giandhari J, Basson AE, Coovadia A, Kuhn L, Abrams EJ, Strehlau R, Morris L, Hunt GM. Genetic Changes in HIV-1 Gag-Protease Associated with Protease Inhibitor-Based Therapy Failure in Pediatric Patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:776-82. [PMID: 25919760 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown a low frequency of HIV-1 protease drug resistance mutations in patients failing protease inhibitor (PI)-based therapy. Recent studies have identified mutations in Gag as an alternate pathway for PI drug resistance in subtype B viruses. We therefore genotyped the Gag and protease genes from 20 HIV-1 subtype C-infected pediatric patients failing a PI-based regimen. Major protease resistance mutations (M46I, I54V, and V82A) were identified in eight (40%) patients, as well as Gag cleavage site (CS) mutations (at codons 373, 374, 378, 428, 431, 449, 451, and 453) in nine (45%) patients. Four of these Gag CS mutations occurred in the absence of major protease mutations at PI failure. In addition, amino acid changes were noted at Gag non-CS with some predicted to be under HLA/KIR immune-mediated pressure and/or drug selection pressure. Changes in Gag during PI failure therefore warrant further investigation of the Gag gene and its role in PI failure in HIV-1 subtype C infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Giandhari
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Adriaan E. Basson
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ashraf Coovadia
- Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Louise Kuhn
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Elaine J. Abrams
- International Center for AIDS Programs, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Renate Strehlau
- Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gillian M. Hunt
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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17
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Tripathi SK, Singh SK. Insights into the structural basis of 3,5-diaminoindazoles as CDK2 inhibitors: prediction of binding modes and potency by QM-MM interaction, MESP and MD simulation. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 10:2189-201. [PMID: 24909777 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00077c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The novel 3,5-diaminoindazole derivatives are well-known as potent and anti-proliferative cyclin-dependent kinase 2 inhibitors. We report a combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics study to determine the protein-ligand interaction energy, and some quantum chemical descriptors to successfully rank these inhibitors. The results in this work show that the QM-MM interaction energy is strongly correlated to the biological activity and can be used as a predictor, which was further validated by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. An exhaustive analysis of the protein-ligand structures obtained from molecular dynamics simulations shows specific interactions within the active site. Furthermore, the docking study was supported by electronic property analysis using density functional theory at the B3LYP/3-21*G level. The results obtained from molecular docking and surface analysis shed some insight on steric and electronic complementarities of these molecules to CDK2. Aqueous solvation energy values give an indication of the solubility and can be used as a guide for the pharmacokinetic optimization of these molecules. Furthermore, ADME/T properties calculated are in the desirable range, so these compounds are predicted to be drug like with low toxicity potential. Overall, the approach was successful in the cases considered, and it could be useful for the design of inhibitors in the lead optimization phase of drug discovery against CDK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Tripathi
- Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
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18
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Mbita Z, Hull R, Dlamini Z. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-mediated apoptosis: new therapeutic targets. Viruses 2014; 6:3181-227. [PMID: 25196285 PMCID: PMC4147692 DOI: 10.3390/v6083181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV has posed a significant challenge due to the ability of the virus to both impair and evade the host’s immune system. One of the most important mechanisms it has employed to do so is the modulation of the host’s native apoptotic pathways and mechanisms. Viral proteins alter normal apoptotic signaling resulting in increased viral load and the formation of viral reservoirs which ultimately increase infectivity. Both the host’s pro- and anti-apoptotic responses are regulated by the interactions of viral proteins with cell surface receptors or apoptotic pathway components. This dynamic has led to the development of therapies aimed at altering the ability of the virus to modulate apoptotic pathways. These therapies are aimed at preventing or inhibiting viral infection, or treating viral associated pathologies. These drugs target both the viral proteins and the apoptotic pathways of the host. This review will examine the cell types targeted by HIV, the surface receptors exploited by the virus and the mechanisms whereby HIV encoded proteins influence the apoptotic pathways. The viral manipulation of the hosts’ cell type to evade the immune system, establish viral reservoirs and enhance viral proliferation will be reviewed. The pathologies associated with the ability of HIV to alter apoptotic signaling and the drugs and therapies currently under development that target the ability of apoptotic signaling within HIV infection will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zukile Mbita
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, C/o Christiaan de Wet and Pioneer Avenue P/Bag X6, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa.
| | - Rodney Hull
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, C/o Christiaan de Wet and Pioneer Avenue P/Bag X6, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa.
| | - Zodwa Dlamini
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, C/o Christiaan de Wet and Pioneer Avenue P/Bag X6, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa.
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19
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Recent patents and emerging therapeutics for HIV infections: a focus on protease inhibitors. Pharm Pat Anal 2014; 2:513-38. [PMID: 24237127 DOI: 10.4155/ppa.13.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The inclusion of protease inhibitors (PIs) in highly active antiretroviral therapy has significantly improved clinical outcomes in HIV-1-infected patients. To date, PIs are considered to be the most important therapeutic agents for the treatment of HIV infections. Despite high anti-HIV-1 potency, poor oral bioavailability of PIs has been a major concern. For achieving therapeutic concentrations, large doses of PIs are administered, which results in unacceptable systemic toxicities. Such severe and long-term toxicities necessitate the development of safer and potentially promising PIs. Recently, considerable attention has been paid to the development of newer compounds capable of inhibiting wild-type and resistant HIV-1 protease. Some of these PIs have displayed potent HIV-1 protease inhibitory activity. In this review, we have made an attempt to provide an overview on clinically approved and newly developing PIs, and related recent patents in the development of novel PIs.
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20
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Tripathi SK, Muttineni R, Singh SK. Extra precision docking, free energy calculation and molecular dynamics simulation studies of CDK2 inhibitors. J Theor Biol 2013; 334:87-100. [PMID: 23727278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular docking, free energy calculation and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies have been performed, to explore the putative binding modes of 3,5-diaminoindazoles, imidazo(1,2-b)pyridazines and triazolo(1,5-a) pyridazines series of Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK2) inhibitors. To evaluate the effectiveness of docking protocol in flexible docking, we have selected crystallographic bound compound to validate our docking procedure as evident from root mean square deviations (RMSDs). We found different binding sites namely catalytic, inhibitory phosphorylation, cyclin binding and CKS-binding site of the CDK2 contributing towards the binding of these compounds. Moreover, correlation between free energy of binding and biological activity yielded a statistically significant correlation coefficient. Finally, three representative protein-ligand complexes were subjected to molecular dynamics simulation to determine the stability of the predicted conformations. The low value of the RMSDs between the initial complex structure and the energy minimized final average complex structure suggests that the derived docked complexes are close to equilibrium. We suggest that the phenylacetyl type of substituents and cyclohexyl moiety make the favorable interactions with a number of residues in the active site, and show better inhibitory activity to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of compounds against CDK2. The structure-based drug design strategy described in this study will be highly useful for the development of new inhibitors with high potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Tripathi
- Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
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21
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Agniswamy J, Shen CH, Wang YF, Ghosh AK, Rao KV, Xu CX, Sayer JM, Louis JM, Weber IT. Extreme multidrug resistant HIV-1 protease with 20 mutations is resistant to novel protease inhibitors with P1'-pyrrolidinone or P2-tris-tetrahydrofuran. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4017-27. [PMID: 23590295 DOI: 10.1021/jm400231v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extreme drug resistant mutant of HIV-1 protease (PR) bearing 20 mutations (PR20) has been studied with the clinical inhibitor amprenavir (1) and two potent antiviral investigational inhibitors GRL-02031 (2) and GRL-0519 (3). Clinical inhibitors are >1000-fold less active on PR20 than on wild-type enzyme, which is consistent with dissociation constants (KL) from isothermal titration calorimetry of 40 nM for 3, 178 nM for amprenavir, and 960 nM for 2. High resolution crystal structures of PR20-inhibitor complexes revealed altered interactions compared with the corresponding wild-type PR complexes in agreement with relative inhibition. Amprenavir lacks interactions due to PR20 mutations in the S2/S2' subsites relative to PR. Inhibitors 2 and 3 lose interactions with Arg8' in PR20 relative to the wild-type enzyme because Arg8' shifts to interact with mutated L10F side chain. Overall, inhibitor 3 compares favorably with darunavir in affinity for PR20 and shows promise for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson Agniswamy
- Department of Biology, Molecular Basis of Disease Program, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
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22
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Tripathi SK, Singh SK, Singh P, Chellaperumal P, Reddy KK, Selvaraj C. Exploring the selectivity of a ligand complex with CDK2/CDK1: a molecular dynamics simulation approach. J Mol Recognit 2013; 25:504-12. [PMID: 22996593 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are core components of the cell cycle machinery that govern the transition between phases during cell cycle progression. Abnormalities in CDKs activity and regulation are common features of cancer, making CDK family members attractive targets for the development of anticancer drugs. Their inhibitors have entered in clinical trials to treat cancer. Very recently, Heathcote et al. (J. Med. Chem. 2010, 53:8508-8522) have found a ligand BS194 that has a high affinity with CDK2 (IC(50) = 3 nM) but shows low affinity with CDK1 (IC(50) = 30 nM). To understand the selectivity, we used homology modeling, molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and free-energy calculation to analyze the interactions. A rational three-dimensional model of the CDK1/BS194 complex is built. We found that Leu83 is a key residue that recognizes BS194 more effectively with CDK2 with good binding free energies rather than CDK1. Energetic analysis reveals that van der Waals interaction and non-polar contributions to solvent are favorable in the formation of complexes and amine group of the ligand, which plays a crucial role for binding selectivity between CDK2 and CDK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Tripathi
- Computer-Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-, 630 003 Tamil Nadu, India
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23
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Fun A, Wensing AMJ, Verheyen J, Nijhuis M. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Gag and protease: partners in resistance. Retrovirology 2012; 9:63. [PMID: 22867298 PMCID: PMC3422997 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) maturation plays an essential role in the viral life cycle by enabling the generation of mature infectious virus particles through proteolytic processing of the viral Gag and GagPol precursor proteins. An impaired polyprotein processing results in the production of non-infectious virus particles. Consequently, particle maturation is an excellent drug target as exemplified by inhibitors specifically targeting the viral protease (protease inhibitors; PIs) and the experimental class of maturation inhibitors that target the precursor Gag and GagPol polyproteins. Considering the different target sites of the two drug classes, direct cross-resistance may seem unlikely. However, coevolution of protease and its substrate Gag during PI exposure has been observed both in vivo and in vitro. This review addresses in detail all mutations in Gag that are selected under PI pressure. We evaluate how polymorphisms and mutations in Gag affect PI therapy, an aspect of PI resistance that is currently not included in standard genotypic PI resistance testing. In addition, we consider the consequences of Gag mutations for the development and positioning of future maturation inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Fun
- Department of Virology, Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, HP G04,614, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
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24
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Chang YCE, Yu X, Zhang Y, Tie Y, Wang YF, Yashchuk S, Ghosh AK, Harrison RW, Weber IT. Potent antiviral HIV-1 protease inhibitor GRL-02031 adapts to the structures of drug resistant mutants with its P1'-pyrrolidinone ring. J Med Chem 2012; 55:3387-97. [PMID: 22401672 PMCID: PMC3355519 DOI: 10.1021/jm300072d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
GRL-02031 (1) is an HIV-1 protease (PR) inhibitor containing a novel P1' (R)-aminomethyl-2-pyrrolidinone group. Crystal structures at resolutions of 1.25-1.55 Å were analyzed for complexes of 1 with the PR containing major drug resistant mutations, PR(I47V), PR(L76V), PR(V82A), and PR(N88D). Mutations of I47V and V82A alter residues in the inhibitor-binding site, while L76V and N88D are distal mutations having no direct contact with the inhibitor. Substitution of a smaller amino acid in PR(I47V) and PR(L76V) and the altered charge of PR(N88D) are associated with significant local structural changes compared to the wild-type PR(WT), while substitution of alanine in PR(V82A) increases the size of the S1' subsite. The P1' pyrrolidinone group of 1 accommodates to these local changes by assuming two different conformations. Overall, the conformation and interactions of 1 with PR mutants resemble those of PR(WT) with similar inhibition constants in good agreement with the antiviral potency on multidrug resistant HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chung E. Chang
- Department of Biology, Molecular Basis of Disease Program, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - XiaXia Yu
- Department of Computer Science, Molecular Basis of Disease Program, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Basis of Disease Program, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Yunfeng Tie
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Yuan Fang Wang
- Department of Biology, Molecular Basis of Disease Program, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Sofiya Yashchuk
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Arun K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Robert W. Harrison
- Department of Biology, Molecular Basis of Disease Program, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
,Department of Computer Science, Molecular Basis of Disease Program, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Irene T. Weber
- Department of Biology, Molecular Basis of Disease Program, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
,Department of Chemistry, Molecular Basis of Disease Program, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
,To whom correspondence should be addressed. I.T. Weber, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4010, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA; Tel: (404) 413-5411; Fax: (404) 413-5301;
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25
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Ghosh AK, Anderson DD, Weber IT, Mitsuya H. Enhancing protein backbone binding--a fruitful concept for combating drug-resistant HIV. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:1778-802. [PMID: 22290878 PMCID: PMC7159617 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of drug resistance is one of the most fundamental problems in medicine. In HIV/AIDS, the rapid emergence of drug-resistant HIV-1 variants is a major obstacle to current treatments. HIV-1 protease inhibitors are essential components of present antiretroviral therapies. However, with these protease inhibitors, resistance occurs through viral mutations that alter inhibitor binding, resulting in a loss of efficacy. This loss of potency has raised serious questions with regard to effective long-term antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS. In this context, our research has focused on designing inhibitors that form extensive hydrogen-bonding interactions with the enzyme's backbone in the active site. In doing so, we limit the protease's ability to acquire drug resistance as the geometry of the catalytic site must be conserved to maintain functionality. In this Review, we examine the underlying principles of enzyme structure that support our backbone-binding concept as an effective means to combat drug resistance and highlight their application in our recent work on antiviral HIV-1 protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Ghosh AK, Anderson DD, Weber IT, Mitsuya H. Verstärkung der Bindung an das Proteinrückgrat - ein fruchtbares Konzept gegen die Arzneimittelresistenz von HIV. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Koh Y, Aoki M, Danish ML, Aoki-Ogata H, Amano M, Das D, Shafer RW, Ghosh AK, Mitsuya H. Loss of protease dimerization inhibition activity of darunavir is associated with the acquisition of resistance to darunavir by HIV-1. J Virol 2011; 85:10079-89. [PMID: 21813613 PMCID: PMC3196396 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05121-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimerization of HIV protease is essential for the acquisition of protease's proteolytic activity. We previously identified a group of HIV protease dimerization inhibitors, including darunavir (DRV). In the present work, we examine whether loss of DRV's protease dimerization inhibition activity is associated with HIV development of DRV resistance. Single amino acid substitutions, including I3A, L5A, R8A/Q, L24A, T26A, D29N, R87K, T96A, L97A, and F99A, disrupted protease dimerization, as examined using an intermolecular fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based HIV expression assay. All recombinant HIV(NL4-3)-based clones with such a protease dimerization-disrupting substitution failed to replicate. A highly DRV-resistant in vitro-selected HIV variant and clinical HIV strains isolated from AIDS patients failing to respond to DRV-containing antiviral regimens typically had the V32I, L33F, I54M, and I84V substitutions in common in protease. None of up to 3 of the 4 substitutions affected DRV's protease dimerization inhibition, which was significantly compromised by the four combined substitutions. Recombinant infectious clones containing up to 3 of the 4 substitutions remained sensitive to DRV, while a clonal HIV variant with all 4 substitutions proved highly resistant to DRV with a 205-fold 50% effective concentration (EC(50)) difference compared to HIV(NL4-3). The present data suggest that the loss of DRV activity to inhibit protease dimerization represents a novel mechanism contributing to HIV resistance to DRV. The finding that 4 substitutions in PR are required for significant loss of DRV's protease dimerization inhibition should at least partially explain the reason DRV has a high genetic barrier against HIV's acquisition of DRV resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Koh
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Manabu Aoki
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
- Department of Medical Technology, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto 861-5598, Japan
| | - Matthew L. Danish
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hiromi Aoki-Ogata
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masayuki Amano
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Debananda Das
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Robert W. Shafer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Arun K. Ghosh
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Ghosh AK, Chapsal BD, Parham GL, Steffey M, Agniswamy J, Wang YF, Amano M, Weber IT, Mitsuya H. Design of HIV-1 protease inhibitors with C3-substituted hexahydrocyclopentafuranyl urethanes as P2-ligands: synthesis, biological evaluation, and protein-ligand X-ray crystal structure. J Med Chem 2011; 54:5890-901. [PMID: 21800876 PMCID: PMC3164320 DOI: 10.1021/jm200649p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and the X-ray crystal structure of a novel inhibitor bound to the HIV-1 protease. Various C3-functionalized cyclopentanyltetrahydrofurans (Cp-THF) were designed to interact with the flap Gly48 carbonyl or amide NH in the S2-subsite of the HIV-1 protease. We investigated the potential of those functionalized ligands in combination with hydroxyethylsulfonamide isosteres. Inhibitor 26 containing a 3-(R)-hydroxyl group on the Cp-THF core displayed the most potent enzyme inhibitory and antiviral activity. Our studies revealed a preference for the 3-(R)-configuration over the corresponding 3-(S)-derivative. Inhibitor 26 exhibited potent activity against a panel of multidrug-resistant HIV-1 variants. A high resolution X-ray structure of 26-bound HIV-1 protease revealed important molecular insight into the ligand-binding site interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Ghosh
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907,The corresponding author: Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette, IN 47907 Phone: (765)-494-5323; Fax: (765)-496-1612
| | - Bruno D. Chapsal
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Garth L. Parham
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Melinda Steffey
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Johnson Agniswamy
- Department of Biology, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Yuan-Fang Wang
- Department of Biology, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Masayuki Amano
- Departments of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Irene T. Weber
- Department of Biology, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Departments of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan,Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Ghosh AK, Anderson DD. Tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, triazoles and related heterocyclic derivatives as HIV protease inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2011; 3:1181-97. [PMID: 21806380 PMCID: PMC3164575 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.11.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV/AIDS remains a formidable disease with millions of individuals inflicted worldwide. Although treatment regimens have improved considerably, drug resistance brought on by viral mutation continues to erode their effectiveness. Intense research efforts are currently underway in search of new and improved therapies. This review is concerned with the design of novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors that incorporate heterocyclic scaffolds and which have been reported within the recent literature (2005-2010). Various examples in this review showcase the essential role heterocycles play as scaffolds and bioisosteres in HIV-1 protease inhibitor drug development. This review will hopefully stimulate the widespread application of these heterocycles in the design of other therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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In vitro selection of highly darunavir-resistant and replication-competent HIV-1 variants by using a mixture of clinical HIV-1 isolates resistant to multiple conventional protease inhibitors. J Virol 2010; 84:11961-9. [PMID: 20810732 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00967-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We attempted to select HIV-1 variants resistant to darunavir (DRV), which potently inhibits the enzymatic activity and dimerization of protease and has a high genetic barrier to HIV-1 development of resistance to DRV. We conducted selection using a mixture of 8 highly multi-protease inhibitor (PI)-resistant, DRV-susceptible clinical HIV-1 variants (HIV-1(MIX)) containing 9 to 14 PI resistance-associated amino acid substitutions in protease. HIV-1(MIX) became highly resistant to DRV, with a 50% effective concentration (EC(50)) ∼333-fold greater than that against HIV-1(NL4-3). HIV-1(MIX) at passage 51 (HIV-1(MIX(P51))) replicated well in the presence of 5 μM DRV and contained 14 mutations. HIV-1(MIX(P51)) was highly resistant to amprenavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, lopinavir, and atazanavir and moderately resistant to saquinavir and tipranavir. HIV-1(MIX(P51)) had a resemblance with HIV-1(C) of the HIV-1(MIX) population, and selection using HIV-1(C) was also performed; however, its DRV resistance acquisition was substantially delayed. The H219Q and I223V substitutions in Gag, lacking in HIV-1(C(P51)), likely contributed to conferring a replication advantage on HIV-1(MIX(P51)) by reducing intravirion cyclophilin A content. HIV-1(MIX(P51)) apparently acquired the substitutions from another HIV-1 strain(s) of HIV-1(MIX) through possible homologous recombination. The present data suggest that the use of multiple drug-resistant HIV-1 isolates is of utility in selecting drug-resistant variants and that DRV would not easily permit HIV-1 to develop significant resistance; however, HIV-1 can develop high levels of DRV resistance when a variety of PI-resistant HIV-1 strains are generated, as seen in patients experiencing sequential PI failure, and ensuing homologous recombination takes place. HIV-1(MIX(P51)) should be useful in elucidating the mechanisms of HIV-1 resistance to DRV and related agents.
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Novel protease inhibitors (PIs) containing macrocyclic components and 3(R),3a(S),6a(R)-bis-tetrahydrofuranylurethane that are potent against multi-PI-resistant HIV-1 variants in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:3460-70. [PMID: 20439612 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01766-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products with macrocyclic structural features often display intriguing biological properties. Molecular design incorporating macrocycles may lead to molecules with unique protein-ligand interactions. We generated novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitors (PIs) containing a macrocycle and bis-tetrahydrofuranylurethane. Four such compounds exerted potent activity against HIV-1LAI and had 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) of as low as 0.002 microM with minimal cytotoxicity. GRL-216 and GRL-286 blocked the replication of HIV-1NL4-3 variants selected by up to 5 microM saquinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, lopinavir, or atazanavir; they had EC50s of 0.020 to 0.046 microM and potent activities against six multi-PI-resistant clinical HIV-1 (HIVmPIr) variants with EC50s of 0.027 to 0.089 microM. GRL-216 and -286 also blocked HIV-1 protease dimerization as efficiently as darunavir. When HIV-1NL4-3 was selected by GRL-216, it replicated progressively more poorly and failed to replicate in the presence of >0.26 microM GRL-216, suggesting that the emergence of GRL-216-resistant HIV-1 variants is substantially delayed. At passage 50 with GRL-216 (the HIV isolate selected with GRL-216 at up to 0.16 microM [HIV216-0.16 microM]), HIV-1NL4-3 containing the L10I, L24I, M46L, V82I, and I84V mutations remained relatively sensitive to PIs, including darunavir, with the EC50s being 3- to 8-fold-greater than the EC50 of each drug for HIV-1NL4-3. Interestingly, HIV216-0.16 microM had 10-fold increased sensitivity to tipranavir. Analysis of the protein-ligand X-ray structures of GRL-216 revealed that the macrocycle occupied a greater volume of the binding cavity of protease and formed greater van der Waals interactions with V82 and I84 than darunavir. The present data warrant the further development of GRL-216 as a potential antiviral agent for treating individuals harboring wild-type and/or HIVmPIr.
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Das D, Koh Y, Tojo Y, Ghosh AK, Mitsuya H. Prediction of potency of protease inhibitors using free energy simulations with polarizable quantum mechanics-based ligand charges and a hybrid water model. J Chem Inf Model 2010; 49:2851-62. [PMID: 19928916 DOI: 10.1021/ci900320p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reliable and robust prediction of the binding affinity for drug molecules continues to be a daunting challenge. We simulated the binding interactions and free energy of binding of nine protease inhibitors (PIs) with wild-type and various mutant proteases by performing GBSA simulations in which each PI's partial charge was determined by quantum mechanics (QM) and the partial charge accounts for the polarization induced by the protease environment. We employed a hybrid solvation model that retains selected explicit water molecules in the protein with surface-generalized Born (SGB) implicit solvent. We examined the correlation of the free energy with the antiviral potency of PIs with regard to amino acid substitutions in protease. The GBSA free energy thus simulated showed strong correlations (r > 0.75) with antiviral IC(50) values of PIs when amino acid substitutions were present in the protease active site. We also simulated the binding free energy of PIs with P2-bis-tetrahydrofuranylurethane (bis-THF) or related cores, utilizing a bis-THF-containing protease crystal structure as a template. The free energy showed a strong correlation (r = 0.93) with experimentally determined anti-HIV-1 potency. The present data suggest that the presence of selected explicit water in protein and protein polarization-induced quantum charges for the inhibitor, compared to lack of explicit water and a static force-field-based charge model, can serve as an improved lead optimization tool and warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debananda Das
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1868, USA
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Stellbrink HJ. Novel compounds for the treatment of HIV type-1 infection. Antivir Chem Chemother 2010; 19:189-200. [PMID: 19483267 DOI: 10.1177/095632020901900502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the recent licensure of several new antiretroviral compounds, there is still a need to develop additional agents. Problems with antiviral activity, tolerability, ease of administration, extent of cross-resistance and pharmacokinetic as well as pharmacodynamic interactions still represent important obstacles to life-long control of HIV type-1 replication by highly active antiretroviral therapy. Several compounds stem from the same classes as currently available drugs: apricitabine and elvucitabine (nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors), rilpivirine (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor), vicriviroc and INCB009471 (CCR5 inhibitors) and elvitegravir (integrase inhibitor). The potential of other compounds with new modes of action is less clear. Currently, maturation inhibitors appear promising but for other drugs, obstacles to continued development, such as the need of parenteral application (that is, monoclonal antibodies) or toxicity (for example, immune modulating agents and pegylated interferon), are already apparent. For even more compounds in the preclinical development phase, an assessment of their possible clinical role is still premature. This review provides an overview and a summary of the current status of drug development in the field.
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Ghosh AK, Gemma S, Simoni E, Baldridge A, Walters DE, Ide K, Tojo Y, Koh Y, Amano M, Mitsuya H. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel allophenylnorstatine-based HIV-1 protease inhibitors incorporating high affinity P2-ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 20:1241-6. [PMID: 20034787 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.11.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of stereochemically defined cyclic ethers as P2-ligands were incorporated in an allophenylnorstatine-based isostere to provide a new series of HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Inhibitors 3b and 3c, containing conformationally constrained cyclic ethers, displayed impressive enzymatic and antiviral properties and represent promising lead compounds for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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Ghosh AK, Leshchenko-Yashchuk S, Anderson DD, Baldridge A, Noetzel M, Miller HB, Tie Y, Wang YF, Koh Y, Weber IT, Mitsuya H. Design of HIV-1 protease inhibitors with pyrrolidinones and oxazolidinones as novel P1'-ligands to enhance backbone-binding interactions with protease: synthesis, biological evaluation, and protein-ligand X-ray studies. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3902-14. [PMID: 19473017 PMCID: PMC2745609 DOI: 10.1021/jm900303m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors are described. In an effort to enhance interactions with protease backbone atoms, we have incorporated stereochemically defined methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and methyl oxazolidinone as the P1'-ligands. These ligands are designed to interact with Gly-27' carbonyl and Arg-8 side chain in the S1'-subsite of the HIV protease. We have investigated the potential of these ligands in combination with our previously developed bis-tetrahydrofuran (bis-THF) and cyclopentanyltetrahydrofuran (Cp-THF) as the P2-ligands. Inhibitor 19b with a (R)-aminomethyl-2-pyrrolidinone and a Cp-THF was shown to be the most potent compound. This inhibitor maintained near full potency against multi-PI-resistant clinical HIV-1 variants. A high resolution protein-ligand X-ray crystal structure of 19b-bound HIV-1 protease revealed that the P1'-pyrrolidinone heterocycle and the P2-Cp-ligand are involved in several critical interactions with the backbone atoms in the S1' and S2 subsites of HIV-1 protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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Ghosh AK. Harnessing nature's insight: design of aspartyl protease inhibitors from treatment of drug-resistant HIV to Alzheimer's disease. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2163-76. [PMID: 19323561 DOI: 10.1021/jm900064c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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