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Venu VKP, Saifeddine M, Mihara K, Faiza M, Gorobets E, Flewelling AJ, Derksen DJ, Hirota SA, Marei I, Al-Majid D, Motahhary M, Ding H, Triggle CR, Hollenberg MD. Metformin Prevents Hyperglycemia-Associated, Oxidative Stress-Induced Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction: Essential Role for the Orphan Nuclear Receptor Human Nuclear Receptor 4A1 (Nur77). Mol Pharmacol 2021; 100:428-455. [PMID: 34452975 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular pathology is increased in diabetes because of reactive-oxygen-species (ROS)-induced endothelial cell damage. We found that in vitro and in a streptozotocin diabetes model in vivo, metformin at diabetes-therapeutic concentrations (1-50 µM) protects tissue-intact and cultured vascular endothelial cells from hyperglycemia/ROS-induced dysfunction typified by reduced agonist-stimulated endothelium-dependent, nitric oxide-mediated vasorelaxation in response to muscarinic or proteinase-activated-receptor 2 agonists. Metformin not only attenuated hyperglycemia-induced ROS production in aorta-derived endothelial cell cultures but also prevented hyperglycemia-induced endothelial mitochondrial dysfunction (reduced oxygen consumption rate). These endothelium-protective effects of metformin were absent in orphan-nuclear-receptor Nr4a1-null murine aorta tissues in accord with our observing a direct metformin-Nr4a1 interaction. Using in silico modeling of metformin-NR4A1 interactions, Nr4a1-mutagenesis, and a transfected human embryonic kidney 293T cell functional assay for metformin-activated Nr4a1, we identified two Nr4a1 prolines, P505/P549 (mouse sequences corresponding to human P501/P546), as key residues for enabling metformin to affect mitochondrial function. Our data indicate a critical role for Nr4a1 in metformin's endothelial-protective effects observed at micromolar concentrations, which activate AMPKinase but do not affect mitochondrial complex-I or complex-III oxygen consumption rates, as does 0.5 mM metformin. Thus, therapeutic metformin concentrations requiring the expression of Nr4a1 protect the vasculature from hyperglycemia-induced dysfunction in addition to metformin's action to enhance insulin action in patients with diabetes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Metformin improves diabetic vasodilator function, having cardioprotective effects beyond glycemic control, but its mechanism to do so is unknown. We found that metformin at therapeutic concentrations (1-50µM) prevents hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction by attenuating reactive oxygen species-induced damage, whereas high metformin (>250 µM) impairs vascular function. However, metformin's action requires the expression of the orphan nuclear receptor NR4A1/Nur77. Our data reveal a novel mechanism whereby metformin preserves diabetic vascular endothelial function, with implications for developing new metformin-related therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Krishna Pulakazhi Venu
- Inflammation Research Network and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (V.K.P.V, M.S., K.M., M.M., S.A.H., M.D.H.), and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.), University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary AB, Canada (E.G., A.J.F., D.D.); Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Al-Rayyan, Doha, Qatar (I. M., D. A-M., H.D., C.R.T.) and Bioinformatics (M.F.), Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), Jaima Nagar, Okhla New Delhi, India
| | - Mahmoud Saifeddine
- Inflammation Research Network and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (V.K.P.V, M.S., K.M., M.M., S.A.H., M.D.H.), and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.), University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary AB, Canada (E.G., A.J.F., D.D.); Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Al-Rayyan, Doha, Qatar (I. M., D. A-M., H.D., C.R.T.) and Bioinformatics (M.F.), Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), Jaima Nagar, Okhla New Delhi, India
| | - Koichiro Mihara
- Inflammation Research Network and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (V.K.P.V, M.S., K.M., M.M., S.A.H., M.D.H.), and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.), University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary AB, Canada (E.G., A.J.F., D.D.); Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Al-Rayyan, Doha, Qatar (I. M., D. A-M., H.D., C.R.T.) and Bioinformatics (M.F.), Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), Jaima Nagar, Okhla New Delhi, India
| | - Muniba Faiza
- Inflammation Research Network and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (V.K.P.V, M.S., K.M., M.M., S.A.H., M.D.H.), and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.), University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary AB, Canada (E.G., A.J.F., D.D.); Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Al-Rayyan, Doha, Qatar (I. M., D. A-M., H.D., C.R.T.) and Bioinformatics (M.F.), Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), Jaima Nagar, Okhla New Delhi, India
| | - Evgueni Gorobets
- Inflammation Research Network and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (V.K.P.V, M.S., K.M., M.M., S.A.H., M.D.H.), and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.), University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary AB, Canada (E.G., A.J.F., D.D.); Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Al-Rayyan, Doha, Qatar (I. M., D. A-M., H.D., C.R.T.) and Bioinformatics (M.F.), Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), Jaima Nagar, Okhla New Delhi, India
| | - Andrew J Flewelling
- Inflammation Research Network and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (V.K.P.V, M.S., K.M., M.M., S.A.H., M.D.H.), and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.), University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary AB, Canada (E.G., A.J.F., D.D.); Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Al-Rayyan, Doha, Qatar (I. M., D. A-M., H.D., C.R.T.) and Bioinformatics (M.F.), Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), Jaima Nagar, Okhla New Delhi, India
| | - Darren J Derksen
- Inflammation Research Network and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (V.K.P.V, M.S., K.M., M.M., S.A.H., M.D.H.), and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.), University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary AB, Canada (E.G., A.J.F., D.D.); Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Al-Rayyan, Doha, Qatar (I. M., D. A-M., H.D., C.R.T.) and Bioinformatics (M.F.), Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), Jaima Nagar, Okhla New Delhi, India
| | - Simon A Hirota
- Inflammation Research Network and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (V.K.P.V, M.S., K.M., M.M., S.A.H., M.D.H.), and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.), University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary AB, Canada (E.G., A.J.F., D.D.); Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Al-Rayyan, Doha, Qatar (I. M., D. A-M., H.D., C.R.T.) and Bioinformatics (M.F.), Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), Jaima Nagar, Okhla New Delhi, India
| | - Isra Marei
- Inflammation Research Network and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (V.K.P.V, M.S., K.M., M.M., S.A.H., M.D.H.), and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.), University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary AB, Canada (E.G., A.J.F., D.D.); Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Al-Rayyan, Doha, Qatar (I. M., D. A-M., H.D., C.R.T.) and Bioinformatics (M.F.), Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), Jaima Nagar, Okhla New Delhi, India
| | - Dana Al-Majid
- Inflammation Research Network and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (V.K.P.V, M.S., K.M., M.M., S.A.H., M.D.H.), and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.), University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary AB, Canada (E.G., A.J.F., D.D.); Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Al-Rayyan, Doha, Qatar (I. M., D. A-M., H.D., C.R.T.) and Bioinformatics (M.F.), Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), Jaima Nagar, Okhla New Delhi, India
| | - Majid Motahhary
- Inflammation Research Network and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (V.K.P.V, M.S., K.M., M.M., S.A.H., M.D.H.), and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.), University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary AB, Canada (E.G., A.J.F., D.D.); Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Al-Rayyan, Doha, Qatar (I. M., D. A-M., H.D., C.R.T.) and Bioinformatics (M.F.), Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), Jaima Nagar, Okhla New Delhi, India
| | - Hong Ding
- Inflammation Research Network and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (V.K.P.V, M.S., K.M., M.M., S.A.H., M.D.H.), and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.), University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary AB, Canada (E.G., A.J.F., D.D.); Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Al-Rayyan, Doha, Qatar (I. M., D. A-M., H.D., C.R.T.) and Bioinformatics (M.F.), Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), Jaima Nagar, Okhla New Delhi, India
| | - Chris R Triggle
- Inflammation Research Network and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (V.K.P.V, M.S., K.M., M.M., S.A.H., M.D.H.), and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.), University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary AB, Canada (E.G., A.J.F., D.D.); Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Al-Rayyan, Doha, Qatar (I. M., D. A-M., H.D., C.R.T.) and Bioinformatics (M.F.), Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), Jaima Nagar, Okhla New Delhi, India
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Inflammation Research Network and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (V.K.P.V, M.S., K.M., M.M., S.A.H., M.D.H.), and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.), University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary AB, Canada (E.G., A.J.F., D.D.); Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Al-Rayyan, Doha, Qatar (I. M., D. A-M., H.D., C.R.T.) and Bioinformatics (M.F.), Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), Jaima Nagar, Okhla New Delhi, India
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