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Tomsuk Ö, Kuete V, Sivas H, Kürkçüoğlu M. Effects of essential oil of Origanum onites and its major component carvacrol on the expression of toxicity pathway genes in HepG2 cells. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:265. [PMID: 38992651 PMCID: PMC11238398 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Origanum species have been used in various commercial constructions as a remedy against burns and wounds, agriculture, alcoholic drinks, fragrance, and flavoring substances of food products. The essential oil of Origanum onites L. (EOOO) and its component carvacrol (CV) possesses a wide range of biological activities including anti-cancer activity. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the growth inhibitory activity of the essential oil and its major component CV and then hepatotoxicity pathway-related genes in HepG2 cells. METHODS The effects of the EOOO and CV on cell growth and mRNA expressions of 84 hepatotoxicity pathway-related genes were investigated in HepG2, using trypan blue exclusion/ bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation tests and real-time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) array, respectively. RESULTS The EOOO and CV inhibited cell growth with IC50 values of 0.08 µg/mL and 45 µg/mL, respectively, after 24 h. Real-time, reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT2-PCR) array analysis revealed that expressions of 32 genes out of 84 were changed at least 2-fold or more in the EOOO-treated cells. Among them, expression levels of 17 genes were elevated, while expression levels of 15 genes were diminished. Furthermore, after exposure of cells to 45 µg/mL of CV, the expression of 8 genes was increased while the other 8 genes were decreased. Both the EOOO and carvacrol affected the expression of 48 genes of HepG2 cells which are involved in the hepatotoxicity pathway, indicating their hepatoprotective and possible anti-hepatocarcinogenic effects. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that the essential oil of Origanum onites and carvacrol can be used in various applications such as anticancer or herbal drugs, since its non-hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Tomsuk
- Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Production Application and Research Centre (ESTEM), Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, 26480, Turkey.
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Biotechnology and Biosafety Department, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey.
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Anadolu University, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Victor Kuete
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 1499, Bafoussam, Cameroon.
| | - Hülya Sivas
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Anadolu University, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Mine Kürkçüoğlu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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Balto H, Bekhit MS, Auda SH, Elansary A, Bhat RS, Marraiki N, Al-Hadlaq S. Synergistic effect of Salvadora persica and chitosan nanoparticles against oropharyngeal microorganisms. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12997. [PMID: 38844768 PMCID: PMC11156879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63636-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Herbal medicine combined with nanoparticles has caught much interest in clinical dental practice, yet the incorporation of chitosan with Salvadora persica (S. persica) extract as an oral care product has not been explored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined effectiveness of Salvadora persica(S. persica) and Chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs) against oropharyngeal microorganisms. Agar well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimal lethal concentration assays were used to assess the antimicrobial activity of different concentrations of ethanolic extracts of S. persica and ChNPs against selected fungal strains, Gram-positive, and Gram-negative bacteria. A mixture of 10% S. persica and 0.5% ChNPs was prepared (SChNPs) and its synergistic effect against the tested microbes was evaluated. Furthermore, the strain that was considered most sensitive was subjected to a 24-h treatment with SChNPs mixture; and examined using SEM, FT-IR and GC-MS analysis. S. persica extract and ChNPs exhibited concentration-dependent antimicrobial activities against all tested strains. S. persica extract and ChNPs at 10% were most effective against S. pneumoni, K. pneumoni, and C. albicans. SEM images confirmed the synergistic effect of the SChNPs mixture, revealing S. pneumonia cells with increased irregularity and higher cell lysis compared to the individual solutions. GC-MS and FT-IR analysis of SChNPs showed many active antimicrobial phytocompounds and some additional peaks, respectively. The synergy of the mixture of SChNPs in the form of mouth-rinsing solutions can be a promising approach for the control of oropharyngeal microbes that are implicated in viral secondary bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Balto
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 62645, 11595, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mounir Salim Bekhit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 12372, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed H Auda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 12372, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf Elansary
- Central Research Laboratory, Female Campus, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramesa Shafi Bhat
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najat Marraiki
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Solaiman Al-Hadlaq
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 62645, 11595, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Fik-Jaskółka M, Mittova V, Motsonelidze C, Vakhania M, Vicidomini C, Roviello GN. Antimicrobial Metabolites of Caucasian Medicinal Plants as Alternatives to Antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:487. [PMID: 38927153 PMCID: PMC11200912 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13060487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review explores the potential of antimicrobial metabolites derived from Caucasian medicinal plants as alternatives to conventional antibiotics. With the rise of antibiotic resistance posing a global health threat, there is a pressing need to investigate alternative sources of antimicrobial agents. Caucasian medicinal plants have traditionally been used for their therapeutic properties, and recent research has highlighted their potential as sources of antimicrobial compounds. Representatives of 15 families of Caucasian medicinal plant extracts (24 species) have been explored for their efficacy against these pathogens. The effect of these plants on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi is discussed in this paper. By harnessing the bioactive metabolites present in these plants, this study aims to contribute to the development of new antimicrobial treatments that can effectively combat bacterial infections while minimizing the risk of resistance emergence. Herein we discuss the following classes of bioactive compounds exhibiting antimicrobial activity: phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, saponins, alkaloids, and sulfur-containing compounds of Allium species. The review discusses the pharmacological properties of selected Caucasian medicinal plants, the extraction and characterization of these antimicrobial metabolites, the mechanisms of action of antibacterial and antifungal plant compounds, and their potential applications in clinical settings. Additionally, challenges and future directions in the research of antimicrobial metabolites from Caucasian medicinal plants are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fik-Jaskółka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Valentina Mittova
- Teaching University Geomedi, 4 King Solomon II Str., Tbilisi 0114, Georgia; (V.M.)
| | | | - Malkhaz Vakhania
- Teaching University Geomedi, 4 King Solomon II Str., Tbilisi 0114, Georgia; (V.M.)
| | - Caterina Vicidomini
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, Italian National Council for Research (IBB-CNR), Area di Ricerca Site and Headquarters, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni N. Roviello
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, Italian National Council for Research (IBB-CNR), Area di Ricerca Site and Headquarters, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Sarrazin SLF, Bourdineaud JP, Maia JGS, Mourão RHV, Oliveira RB. Antifungal chemosensitization through induction of oxidative stress: A model for control of candidiasis based on the Lippia origanoides essential oil. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2024; 96:e20230532. [PMID: 38597491 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202420230532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, evaluated the antifungal chemosensitizing effect of the Lippia origanoides essential oil (EO) through the induction of oxidative stress. The EO was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. To evaluate the antifungal chemosensitizing effect through induction of oxidative stress, cultures of the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae ∆ycf1 were exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of the EO, and the expression of genes known, due be overexpressed in response to oxidative and mutagenic stress was analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) method. Carvacrol and thymol were identified as the main components. The EO was effective in preventing or reducing the growth of the microorganisms tested. The gene expression profiles showed that EO promoted changes in the patterns of expression of genes involved in oxidative and mutagenic stress resistance. The combined use of the L. origanoides EO with fluconazole has been tested on Candida yeasts and the strategy resulted in a synergistic enhancement of the antifungal action of the azolic chemical product. Indeed, in association with EO, the fluconazole MICs dropped. Thus, the combinatorial use of L. origanoides EO as a chemosensitizer agent should contribute to enhancing the efficiency of conventional antifungal drugs, reducing their negative side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Layse F Sarrazin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Oeste doPará, Campus Tapajós, Bloco Modular I, Avenida Vera Paz, s/n, 68040-255 Santarém, PR, Brazil
| | - Jean-Paul Bourdineaud
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5234, Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity Laboratory, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - José Guilherme S Maia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Rosa Helena V Mourão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Doutorado em Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia (BIONORTE/Polo Pará), Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Campus Tapajós, Bloco Modular I, Avenida Vera Paz, s/n, 68040-255 Santarém, PR, Brazil
| | - Ricardo B Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Oeste doPará, Campus Tapajós, Bloco Modular I, Avenida Vera Paz, s/n, 68040-255 Santarém, PR, Brazil
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Alas I, Braun DR, Ericksen SS, Salamzade R, Kalan L, Rajski SR, Bugni TS. Micromonosporaceae biosynthetic gene cluster diversity highlights the need for broad-spectrum investigations. Microb Genom 2024; 10:001167. [PMID: 38175683 PMCID: PMC10868606 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Investigations of the bacterial family Micromonosporaceae have enabled the development of secondary metabolites critical to human health. Historical investigation of bacterial families for natural product discovery has focused on terrestrial strains, where time-consuming isolation processes often lead to the rediscovery of known compounds. To investigate the secondary metabolite potential of marine-derived Micromonosporaceae , 38 strains were sequenced, assembled and analysed using antiSMASH and BiG-SLiCE. BiG-SLiCE contains a near-comprehensive dataset of approximately 1.2 million publicly available biosynthetic gene clusters from primarily terrestrial strains. Our marine-derived Micromonosporaceae were directly compared to BiG-SLiCE’s preprocessed database using BiG-SLiCE’s query mode; genetic diversity within our strains was uncovered using BiG-SCAPE and metric multidimensional scaling analysis. Our analysis of marine-derived Micromonosporaceae emphasizes the clear need for broader genomic investigations of marine strains to fully realize their potential as sources of new natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imraan Alas
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Doug R. Braun
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Spencer S. Ericksen
- Small Molecule Screening Facility, UW Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rauf Salamzade
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Lindsay Kalan
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Scott R. Rajski
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tim S. Bugni
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Small Molecule Screening Facility, UW Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
- Lachman Institute for Pharmaceutical Development, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Acuna E, Ndlovu E, Molaeitabari A, Shahina Z, Dahms TES. Carvacrol-Induced Vacuole Dysfunction and Morphological Consequences in Nakaseomyces glabratus and Candida albicans. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2915. [PMID: 38138059 PMCID: PMC10745442 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
With the prevalence of systemic fungal infections caused by Candida albicans and non-albicans species and their resistance to classical antifungals, there is an urgent need to explore alternatives. Herein, we evaluate the impact of the monoterpene carvacrol, a major component of oregano and thyme oils, on clinical and laboratory strains of C. albicans and Nakaseomyces glabratus. Carvacrol induces a wide range of antifungal effects, including the inhibition of growth and hyphal and biofilm formation. Using biochemical and microscopic approaches, we elucidate carvacrol-induced hyphal inhibition. The significantly reduced survival rates following exposure to carvacrol were accompanied by dose-dependent vacuolar acidification, disrupted membrane integrity, and aberrant morphology. Germ tube assays, used to elucidate the relationship between vacuolar dysfunction and hyphal inhibition, showed that carvacrol significantly reduced hyphal formation, which was accompanied by a defective C. albicans morphology. Thus, we show a link between vacuolar acidification/disrupted vacuole membrane integrity and compromised candidal morphology/morphogenesis, demonstrating that carvacrol exerts its anti-hyphal activity by altering vacuole integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zinnat Shahina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 1P4, Canada; (E.A.)
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Sun A, Chai N, Zhu X, Li Y, Wang R, Zhang Y, Mao Z. Optimization and antifungal activity of quinoline derivatives linked to chalcone moiety combined with FLC against Candida albicans. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115782. [PMID: 37672929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
In present work, a series of quinoline derivatives linked to chalcone moiety have been prepared, and their in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities against C. albicans have been evaluated. The results indicated that quinoline combined with fluconazole (FLC) showed good inhibitory activity against C. albicans. Especially, compound PK-10 combined with FLC displayed the best antifungal activity against 14 FLC-resistant C. albicans strains with almost no cytotoxicity. Preliminary mechanistic studies proved that PK-10 combined with FLC could inhibit the hyphae formation of C. albicans, induce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the damage of mitochondrial membrane potential and the decrease of intracellular ATP content, which led to mitochondrial dysfunction. In vivo studies found obvious effects of the co-treatment regimen had obvious effects based on histological analysis, body weight curves, and coefficients of major organs. Therefore, the optimization of quinolone-chalcone derivatives combined with FLC could exert the potent antifungal activity in vitro and in vivo obviously, suggesting them as new agents to treat drug-resistant C. albicans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimei Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Nannan Chai
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Xianhu Zhu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Yanping Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Ruirui Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, PR China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Zewei Mao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, PR China.
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Sahni T, Sharma S, Verma D, Kaur H, Kumar S. Exploration of novel syringic esters as antifungal agent against phytopathogenic fungi of maize: Structure-activity studies. J Basic Microbiol 2023; 63:1265-1278. [PMID: 37236164 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The production of maize is limited by major diseases such as foliar blights, stalk rot, maydis leaf blight; banded leaf and sheath blight and many more. Synthesis of ecologically sustainable and naturally derived products can help us counter these diseases. Hence, Syringaldehyde (a natural occurring isolate) should explore as a viable option as green agrochemical. We performed a structure-activity study to optimize syringaldehyde and its physicochemical properties. A series of novel syringaldehyde esters was synthesized and investigated focusing on esters' nature of lipophillicity, and membrane affinity. Tri-chloro acetylated ester of syringaldehyde was emerged as broad-spectrum fungicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Sahni
- Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Sunita Sharma
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Diksha Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Harleen Kaur
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
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Niu L, Wu Z, Liu J, Xiang Q, Bai Y. Enhancement effect of carvacrol on yeast inactivation by mild pressure carbon dioxide. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:353. [PMID: 37815591 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03689-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the common spoilage microorganisms in fruit juices. This paper investigated the influences of carvacrol on S. cerevisiae inactivation by mild pressure carbon dioxide (MPCO2). The results demonstrated that carvacrol synergistically enhanced the antifungal activity against S. cerevisiae of MPCO2. With the increase of carvacrol concentration (20-160 µg/mL), CO2 pressure (1.5-3.5 MPa), process temperature (20-40 °C), and treatment time (15-60 min), the inactivation effect of carvacrol combined with MPCO2 on S. cerevisiae was gradually increased and significantly stronger than either single treatment. In the presence of carvacrol, MPCO2 severely disordered the plasma membrane of S. cerevisiae, including the increase of membrane permeability, and the loss of membrane potential and integrity. MPCO2 and carvacrol in combination also aggravated the mitochondrial depolarization of S. cerevisiae and reduced intracellular ATP and protein content. This study suggests the potential of carvacrol and pressurized CO2 as an alternative technology for food pasteurization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Niu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Processing and Safety Control (Zhengzhou University of Light Industry), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihao Wu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingfei Liu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qisen Xiang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Processing and Safety Control (Zhengzhou University of Light Industry), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Bai
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Processing and Safety Control (Zhengzhou University of Light Industry), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
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Aisy DUR, Adawiyah R, Rozaliyani A, Estuningtyas A, Fadilah F. The Antifungal Activities of Syzygium aromaticum and Alpinia purpurata Extracts Against Candida krusei: Bioactivity Tests, Molecular Modeling, and Toxicity Tests. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2023; 24:3403-3409. [PMID: 37898844 PMCID: PMC10770677 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2023.24.10.3403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida krusei is the cause of the fungal infection candidiasis, which has a high mortality rate. Intrinsic resistance to fluconazole can cause the failure of Krusei candidiasis treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to find alternative drugs to eliminate the fungus. Extracts of Syzygium aromaticum and Alpinia purpurata have been proven to be alternative solutions for treating Candida krusei resistance. OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore the active compounds Syzygium aromaticum and Alpinia purpurata as treatments against Candida krusei through bioactivity tests, molecular modeling, and toxicity tests. METHODS Determination of antifungal activity with the agar well diffusion and microbroth dilution method. Molecular modeling was conducted using the following software: Marvin Sketch, LigandScout 4.4.5, AutoDock ver 4.2.6, PyMOL, LigPlus, MOE ver 2008. RESULT Bioactivity test results of the two natural extracts against C. krusei ATCC 6258, it was found that the S. aromaticum and A. purpurata extracts have MIC50 values of 0.031 μg/mL and 1.435x105 μg/mL. The molecular modeling found that the compounds Benzotriazole, 1-(4-methyl-3-nitrobenzoyl)-, 1,3,4-Eugenol Acetate, Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol, acetate (3 beta)- and Farnesyl acetate from the two natural extracts, interacts with the active site of the enzyme lanosterol-14-α-demethylase with a binding energy of -8.91, -6.04, -13.53, and -7.15 kcal/mol. The oral acute toxicity test of S. aromaticum and A. purpurata extracts proved that the LD50 was >6000 mg/kg BW and >8000 mg/kg BW. The acute dermal toxicity test of the two extracts showed that the LD50 was >6000 mg/kg BW. CONCLUSION S. aromaticum and A. purpurata extracts have been proven to be alternative solutions for treating Candida krusei resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robiatul Adawiyah
- Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia.
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia.
- Study Program of Clinical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia.
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Research Center (IDIRC), Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute (IMERI), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Anna Rozaliyani
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia.
| | - Ari Estuningtyas
- Farmacology department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Fadilah Fadilah
- Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia.
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
- Bioinformatics Core Facilities, IMERI, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
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D'Ambrosio HK, Keeler AM, Derbyshire ER. Examination of Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis in Apicomplexa. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300263. [PMID: 37171468 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural product discovery has traditionally relied on the isolation of small molecules from producing species, but genome-sequencing technology and advances in molecular biology techniques have expanded efforts to a wider array of organisms. Protists represent an underexplored kingdom for specialized metabolite searches despite bioinformatic analysis that suggests they harbor distinct biologically active small molecules. Specifically, pathogenic apicomplexan parasites, responsible for billions of global infections, have been found to possess multiple biosynthetic gene clusters, which hints at their capacity to produce polyketide metabolites. Biochemical studies have revealed unique features of apicomplexan polyketide synthases, but to date, the identity and function of the polyketides synthesized by these megaenzymes remains unknown. Herein, we discuss the potential for specialized metabolite production in protists and the possible evolution of polyketide biosynthetic gene clusters in apicomplexan parasites. We then focus on a polyketide synthase from the apicomplexan Toxoplasma gondii to discuss the unique domain architecture and properties of these proteins when compared to previously characterized systems, and further speculate on the possible functions for polyketides in these pathogenic parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K D'Ambrosio
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Aaron M Keeler
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Emily R Derbyshire
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Noel D, Hallsworth JE, Gelhaye E, Darnet S, Sormani R, Morel-Rouhier M. Modes-of-action of antifungal compounds: Stressors and (target-site-specific) toxins, toxicants, or Toxin-stressors. Microb Biotechnol 2023. [PMID: 37191200 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi and antifungal compounds are relevant to the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals. However, the modes-of-action of antifungals-whether they are naturally occurring substances or anthropogenic fungicides-are often unknown or are misallocated in terms of their mechanistic category. Here, we consider the most effective approaches to identifying whether antifungal substances are cellular stressors, toxins/toxicants (that are target-site-specific), or have a hybrid mode-of-action as Toxin-stressors (that induce cellular stress yet are target-site-specific). This newly described 'toxin-stressor' category includes some photosensitisers that target the cell membrane and, once activated by light or ultraviolet radiation, cause oxidative damage. We provide a glossary of terms and a diagrammatic representation of diverse types of stressors, toxic substances, and Toxin-stressors, a classification that is pertinent to inhibitory substances not only for fungi but for all types of cellular life. A decision-tree approach can also be used to help differentiate toxic substances from cellular stressors (Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015 33: 228-259). For compounds that target specific sites in the cell, we evaluate the relative merits of using metabolite analyses, chemical genetics, chemoproteomics, transcriptomics, and the target-based drug-discovery approach (based on that used in pharmaceutical research), focusing on both ascomycete models and the less-studied basidiomycete fungi. Chemical genetic methods to elucidate modes-of-action currently have limited application for fungi where molecular tools are not yet available; we discuss ways to circumvent this bottleneck. We also discuss ecologically commonplace scenarios in which multiple substances act to limit the functionality of the fungal cell and a number of as-yet-unresolved questions about the modes-of-action of antifungal compounds pertaining to the Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John E Hallsworth
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Eric Gelhaye
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France
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Farouk A, Alsulami T, Ali HS, Badr AN. In-Vitro and In-Silico Investigation for the Spent-Coffee Bioactive Phenolics as a Promising Aflatoxins Production Inhibitor. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030225. [PMID: 36977116 PMCID: PMC10051990 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin, is a naturally occurring polyketide generated by Aspergillus flavus via biosynthetic pathways, including polyketide synthase (PKS) and non-ribosomal enzymes. The in vitro analysis supported by molecular dynamics (MD) techniques was used to examine the antifungal and anti-aflatoxigenic activity of spent coffee grounds (SCGs) methanol extract. The High-Performance Liquid Chromatography results revealed the presence of 15 phenolic acids and five flavonoids. (R)-(+)-Rosmarinic acid (176.43 ± 2.41 µg/g) was the predominant of the detected acids, followed by gallic acid (34.83 ± 1.05 µg/g). At the same time, apigenin-7-glucoside is the dominant flavonoid in the SCGs extract by 1717.05 ± 5.76 µg/g, and naringin (97.27 ± 1.97 µg/g) comes next. The antifungal and anti-aflatoxigenic activity of the SCGs extracts was 380 µL/mL and 460 µL/mL, respectively. The SGGs’ effect of inhibiting five Aspergillus strains’ growth on the agar media ranged between 12.81 ± 1.71 to 15.64 ± 1.08 mm by two diffusion assays. Molecular docking results confirmed the inhibitory action of different phenolics and flavonoids on the PKS and NPS key enzymes of the aflatoxin biosynthetic mechanism. The SCGs extract components with the highest free binding energy, naringin (−9.1 kcal/mL) and apigenin 7-glucoside (−9.1 kcal/mol), were subjected to an MD simulation study. The computational results infer the stabilizing effects on the enzymes upon ligand binding led to the impairment in its functionality. The current study represents a novel attempt to assess the anti aflatoxins mechanism of phenolics and flavonoids targeting PKS and NPS via computational approaches compared to in-vitro assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Farouk
- Flavor and Aroma Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Tawfiq Alsulami
- Food Science & Nutrition Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatem S. Ali
- Food Technology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Noah Badr
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +20-1000327640
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Effects of Coleus amboinicus L. Essential Oil and Ethanolic Extracts on Planktonic Cells and Biofilm Formation of Microsporum canis Isolated from Feline Dermatophytosis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121734. [PMID: 36551390 PMCID: PMC9774219 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporum canis is an important zoonotic fungus that causes dermatophytosis in domestic animals and their owners. Domestic cats are the primary reservoir for M. canis. Antifungal drugs frequently produce adverse effects on the host animal, increasing the demand for novel alternative treatments derived from nature. We evaluated the antifungal activity of Coleus amboinicus essential oil (CEO) and ethanolic extracts (CEE) against M. canis in planktonic and biofilm growth. Twelve clinical isolates of M. canis were identified in feline dermatophyte samples. Using GC-MS, 18 compounds were identified in CEO, with carvacrol being the major constituent. HPLC analysis of CEE revealed that it contained rosmarinic acid, apigenin, and caffeic acid. The planktonic growth of all M. canis isolates was inhibited by C. amboinicus extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentration at which ≥50% of the isolates were inhibited (MIC50) was 128 µg/mL (32-256 µg/mL) for both CEO and CEE. The MIC90 values of CEO and CEE were 128 and 256 µg/mL, respectively. CEO at MIC (128 µg/mL) and 2× MIC (256 µg/mL) significantly inhibited the biofilm formation of weak, moderate, and strong biofilm-producing M. canis. CEE at 2× MIC (256 µg/mL) significantly inhibited the biofilm formation of all isolates. Overall, C. amboinicus extracts inhibited planktonic growth and exhibited a significant antibiofilm effect against M. canis. Thus, C. amboinicus is a potential source of natural antifungal compounds.
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Tian F, Woo SY, Lee SY, Park SB, Zheng Y, Chun HS. Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil and Plant-Derived Natural Compounds against Aspergillus flavus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121727. [PMID: 36551384 PMCID: PMC9774910 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is a facultative parasite that contaminates several important food crops at both the pre- and post-harvest stages. Moreover, it is an opportunistic animal and human pathogen that causes aspergillosis diseases. A. flavus also produces the polyketide-derived carcinogenic and mutagenic secondary metabolite aflatoxin, which negatively impacts global food security and threatens human and livestock health. Recently, plant-derived natural compounds and essential oils (EOs) have shown great potential in combatting A. flavus spoilage and aflatoxin contamination. In this review, the in situ antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic properties of EOs are discussed. The mechanisms through which EOs affect A. flavus growth and aflatoxin biosynthesis are then reviewed. Indeed, several involve physical, chemical, or biochemical changes to the cell wall, cell membrane, mitochondria, and related metabolic enzymes and genes. Finally, the future perspectives towards the application of plant-derived natural compounds and EOs in food protection and novel antifungal agent development are discussed. The present review highlights the great potential of plant-derived natural compounds and EOs to protect agricultural commodities and food items from A. flavus spoilage and aflatoxin contamination, along with reducing the threat of aspergillosis diseases.
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Rosemary essential oil and its components 1,8-cineole and α-pinene induce ROS-dependent lethality and ROS-independent virulence inhibition in Candida albicans. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277097. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential oil from Rosmarinus officinalis L., a composite mixture of plant-derived secondary metabolites, exhibits antifungal activity against virulent candidal species. Here we report the impact of rosemary oil and two of its components, the monoterpene α-pinene and the monoterpenoid 1,8-cineole, against Candida albicans, which induce ROS-dependent cell death at high concentrations and inhibit hyphal morphogenesis and biofilm formation at lower concentrations. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (100% inhibition) for both rosemary oil and 1,8-cineole were 4500 μg/ml and 3125 μg/ml for α-pinene, with the two components exhibiting partial synergy (FICI = 0.55 ± 0.07). At MIC and 1/2 MIC, rosemary oil and its components induced a generalized cell wall stress response, causing damage to cellular and organelle membranes, along with elevated chitin production and increased cell surface adhesion and elasticity, leading to complete vacuolar segregation, mitochondrial depolarization, elevated reactive oxygen species, microtubule dysfunction, and cell cycle arrest mainly at the G1/S phase, consequently triggering cell death. Interestingly, the same oils at lower fractional MIC (1/8-1/4) inhibited virulence traits, including reduction of mycelium (up to 2-fold) and biofilm (up to 4-fold) formation, through a ROS-independent mechanism.
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Sweet R, Kroon PA, Webber MA. Activity of antibacterial phytochemicals and their potential use as natural food preservatives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:2076-2087. [PMID: 36121430 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2121255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The risk to human health from bacterial foodborne infection is presently controlled by the addition of antimicrobial preservatives to food. However, the use of chemical preservatives such as sodium nitrite poses a health risk in themselves with concerns around carcinogenic effects. This makes the development of improved preservatives a priority for the food industry. One promising source of novel antimicrobial compounds can be found in nature; phytochemicals, in particular polyphenols are secondary metabolites produced by plants for numerous purposes including antimicrobial defence. There has been significant study of phytochemicals; including quantifying their antimicrobial activity, potential to synergise with current antibiotics and the feasibility of their application as natural food preservatives. However, there remains significant uncertainty about the relative antimicrobial efficacy of different phytochemicals, their mechanisms of action (MOA) and the potential for emergence of bacterial resistance to their effects. This review summarizes recent work relevant to the potential development of phytochemicals as antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Sweet
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Paul A Kroon
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Mark A Webber
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Norwich Medical School, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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Alorfi HS. Antifungal–antiproliferative norcycloartane-type triterpenes from the Red Sea green alga Tydemania expeditionis. OPEN CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2022-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The current work aims to isolate the bioactive secondary metabolites from the Red Sea green alga T. expeditionis. Its organic extract was partitioned and analyzed using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Four triterpenoids of the cycloartane-carbon skeleton were identified as: 29-norcycloartane-3-en-23,28-diol (1), 29-norcycloartane-5,24-dien-3-ol-23-one (2), 29-norcycloartane-3,24-dien-3-ol-23-one (3), and 29-norcycloartane-5,24-dien-3-ol (4), along with hydroxylated C-18 fatty acid, 3-hydroxyoctadeca-15(Z)-enoic acid (5). The antiproliferative activity of the isolated metabolites was examined against three cancer cell lines, i.e., HeLa, HepG-2, and MCF-7. Compounds 2 and 3 demonstrated a strong antiproliferative effect against all cells with IC50 values ranging from 17.8 ± 1.71 to 23.3 ± 1.66 µM. Compounds 1 and 4 showed a moderate antiproliferative effect against all cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 44.7 ± 2.32 to 65.0 ± 3.66 µM. The antifungal activity of all compounds has been tested against several fungi. Compounds 2–4 revealed strong inhibition against A. flavus and Fusarium oxysporum. Compounds 1–4 showed moderate to weak inhibition activity against A. niger, A. fumigatus, C. albicans, and C. tropicalis. Compound 5 showed weak to non-detected activity against all cell lines and microbes. The results indicated that norcycloartanes exhibit antiproliferative and antifungal activities, especially those with α,β-unsaturated ketones in their side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajer S. Alorfi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , P.O. Box 80200 , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
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Kasthuri T, Swetha TK, Bhaskar JP, Pandian SK. Rapid-killing efficacy substantiates the antiseptic property of the synergistic combination of carvacrol and nerol against nosocomial pathogens. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:590. [PMID: 36053368 PMCID: PMC9438373 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Globally, new classes of synthetic and natural antibiotics and antivirulents have continuously been validated for their potential broad-spectrum antagonistic activity with the aim of identifying an effective active molecule to prevent the spread of infectious agents in both food industry and medical field. In view of this, present study is aimed at evaluating the rapid killing efficacy of bioactive molecules Carvacrol (C) and Nerol (N) through British Standard European Norm 1276: phase2/step1 (EN1276) protocol. Active molecules C and N showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against the test strains Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus hirae at concentration range of 78.125, 625, 156.25 and 312.5 μg/mL, respectively, for C, and 625 μg/mL for N. Whereas, combinatorial approach showed efficient activity with four times reduced concentration of C and N at 78.125 and 156.25 µg/mL, respectively, against test strains. Further, EN1276 results proved the rapid killing efficacy of test strains in 1 min of contact time with significant (> 5 log) growth reduction at 100X concentration of actives. SEM analysis and reduced concentration of protease, lipids and carbohydrate contents of treated group biofilm components ascertained preformed biofilm disruption potential of C + N on polystyrene and nail surfaces. C + N at synergistic concentration exhibited no adverse effect on HaCaT cells at 78.125 µg/mL (C) + 156.25 µg/mL (N). Taken together, based on the observed experimental results, present study evidence the antiseptic/disinfectant ability of C + N and suggest that the combination can preferentially be used in foam-based hand wash formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirupathi Kasthuri
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | - Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Saxena M, Jadhav EB, Sankhla MS, Singhal M, Parihar K, Awasthi KK, Awasthi G. Bintaro (Cerbera odollam and Cerbera manghas): an overview of its eco-friendly use, pharmacology, and toxicology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 30:10.1007/s11356-022-22585-w. [PMID: 36044149 PMCID: PMC9428885 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22585-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bintaro is a tropical mangrove plant often used as a shade tree found in Asia, Australia, Madagascar, and the Islands of the Western Pacific Ocean. The word Bintaro is also often pinned to its closest relative species, the Cerbera odollam. Flower color is one of the distinguishing features between these two species. Human poisoning with the cardiotoxic plant Bintaro is common in Southeast Asia because it bears a fruit that yields a powerful poison that has been used for suicide and homicide, hence it is also called the "Indian suicide tree". The seeds of Bintaro contain Cerberin, a cardiac glycoside toxin of the heart that blocks the calcium ion channels in heart muscles, resulting in disruption of the heartbeat most often fatally. The bio-active compound in the kernels of Bintaro varies due to which plant possesses other properties as well. The plant may also be used for medicinal purposes as it shows many pharmaceutical properties. The seeds of the plant have auspicious anticancer properties through apoptotic activity and the leaf extract of the plant was screened for its antioxidant activities. In addition, it is also used as an insecticide, pesticide, or antifungal agent. This review highlights the Pharmaceutical, toxicological, and environmentally friendly approaches of Bintaro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Saxena
- Department of Forensic Science, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, India
| | - Ekta B. Jadhav
- Department of Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology, Government Institute of Forensic Science Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Muskan Singhal
- Department of Forensic Science, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, India
| | - Kapil Parihar
- State Forensic Science Laboratory, Jaipur, Rajasthan India
| | - Kumud Kant Awasthi
- Department of Life Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, India
| | - Garima Awasthi
- Department of Life Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, India
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Phenolics and terpenoids change in response to yeast extract and chitosan elicitation in Zataria multiflora cell suspension culture. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:163. [PMID: 35822153 PMCID: PMC9271148 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Zataria multiflora is an important medicinal plant with antioxidant and anticancer properties attributed to its phytochemicals. To develop a method for bulk production of valuable phytochemicals, cell suspension culture of Z. multiflora were grown in liquid B5 medium and then treated in their log growth phase with chitosan (0, 10, 20, and 40 mg L-1) and yeast extract (0, 400, 800, and 1200 mg L-1) for 3 days. The levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and the main terpenoids and phenylpropanoids in the cell extracts were determined by HPLC and spectrophotometric techniques. The H2O2 and MDA levels significantly increased in the cells treated with both yeast extract and chitosan, while the NO level increased in those exposed to yeast extract. At their highest concentrations, both elicitors significantly increased PAL and TAL activities, as well as phenolic acids and flavonoids contents. Chitosan only induced the production of caffeic acid (22 µg g-1 DW), benzoic acid (2 µg g-1 DW), 4-hydroxy benzoic acid (6 µg g-1 DW), epicatechin (63 µg g-1 DW), and apigenin (5 µg g-1 DW) in the cells, while yeast extract increased the contents of phenylpropanoids gallic acid (50 µg g-1 DW), vanillin (35 µg g-1 DW), salicylic acid (24 µg g-1 DW), catechin (130 µg g-1 DW) and terpenoids carvacrol (7 µg g-1 DW) and thymol (24 µg g-1 DW). In conclusion, changes in the production of phenolics and terpenoids are a defensive mechanism in Z. multiflora cells treated by yeast extract and chitosan. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03235-x.
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Recent Advances in the Application of Essential Oils as Potential Therapeutic Candidates for Candida-Related Infections. Appl Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol2020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Candidiasis (oral, vulvovaginal, or systemic bloodstream infections) are important human fungal infections associated with a high global prevalence in otherwise healthy adults but are also opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. With the recent discovery of the multidrug resistant—and often difficult to treat—Candida auris, as well as the rising costs associated with hospitalisations and the treatment of infections caused by Candida species, there is an urgent need to develop effective therapeutics against these pathogenic yeasts. Essential oils have been documented for many years as treatments for different ailments and are widely known and utilised in alternative and complementary therapies, including treating microbial infections. This review highlights knowledge from research on the effects of medicinal plants, and in particular, essential oils, as potential treatments against different Candida species. Studies have been evaluated that describe the experimental approaches used in investigating the anticandidal effects of essential oils (in vivo and in vitro), the established mode of action of the different compounds against different Candida species, the effect of a combination of essential oils with other compounds as potential therapies, and the evidence from clinical trial studies.
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Dhandapani K, Sivarajan K, Ravindhiran R, Sekar JN. Fungal Infections as an Uprising Threat to Human Health: Chemosensitization of Fungal Pathogens With AFP From Aspergillus giganteus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:887971. [PMID: 35694549 PMCID: PMC9174459 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.887971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Occurrence and intensity of systemic invasive fungal infections have significantly risen in recent decades with large amount of mortality and morbidity rates at global level. Treatment therapy lies on the current antifungal interventions and are often limited due to the emergence of resistance to antifungal agents. Chemosensitization of fungal strains to the conventional antimycotic drugs are of growing concern. Current antifungal drugs often have been reported with poor activity and side effects to the host and have a few number of targets to manifest their efficacy on the pathogens. Indiscriminately, the aforementioned issues have been easily resolved by the development of new intervention strategies. One such approach is to employ combinational therapy that has exhibited a great level of inhibitions than that of a single compound. Chemosensitization of pathogenic mycoses to commercial antifungal drugs could be drastically enhanced by co-application of chemosensitizers along with the conventional drugs. Chemosensitizers could address the resistance mechanisms evolved in the pathogenic fungi and targeting the system to make the organism susceptible to commercially and clinically proven antifungal drugs. However, this strategy has not been overreached to the greater level, but it needs much attention to fight against not only with the pathogen but combat the resistance mechanisms of pathogens to drugs. Natural compounds including plant compounds and microbial proteins act as potential chemosensitizers to break the resistance in mycoses. Aspergillus giganteus, a filamentous fungus, is known to produce a cysteine rich extracellular protein called as antifungal protein (AFP). AFP has shown enhanced efficacy against several filamentous and non-filamentous fungal pathogens. On the basis of the reported studies on its targeted potential against pathogenic mycoses, AFP would be fabricated as a good chemosensitizer to augment the fungicidal efficacy of commercial antimycotic drugs. This paper reviews on breakthrough in the discovery of antifungal drugs along with the resistance patterns of mycoses to commercial drugs followed by the current intervention strategies applied to augment the fungicidal potential of drugs.
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Scandorieiro S, Rodrigues BCD, Nishio EK, Panagio LA, de Oliveira AG, Durán N, Nakazato G, Kobayashi RKT. Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Strategically Combined With Origanum vulgare Derivatives: Antibacterial Mechanism of Action and Effect on Multidrug-Resistant Strains. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:842600. [PMID: 35602016 PMCID: PMC9121793 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.842600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant bacteria have become a public health problem worldwide, reducing treatment options against several pathogens. If we do not act against this problem, it is estimated that by 2050 superbugs will kill more people than the current COVID-19 pandemic. Among solutions to combat antibacterial resistance, there is increasing demand for new antimicrobials. The antibacterial activity of binary combinations containing bioAgNP (biogenically synthesized silver nanoparticles using Fusarium oxysporum), oregano essential oil (OEO), carvacrol (Car), and thymol (Thy) was evaluated: OEO plus bioAgNP, Car plus bioAgNP, Thy plus bioAgNP, and Car plus Thy. This study shows that the mechanism of action of Thy, bioAgNP, and Thy plus bioAgNP involves damaging the membrane and cell wall (surface blebbing and disruption seen with an electron microscope), causing cytoplasmic molecule leakage (ATP, DNA, RNA, and total proteins) and oxidative stress by enhancing intracellular reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation; a similar mechanism happens for OEO and Car, except for oxidative stress. The combination containing bioAgNP and oregano derivatives, especially thymol, shows strategic antibacterial mechanism; thymol disturbs the selective permeability of the cell membrane and consequently facilitates access of the nanoparticles to bacterial cytoplasm. BioAgNP-treated Escherichia coli developed resistance to nanosilver after 12 days of daily exposition. The combination of Thy and bioAgNP prevented the emergence of resistance to both antimicrobials; therefore, mixture of antimicrobials is a strategy to extend their life. For antimicrobials alone, minimal bactericidal concentration ranges were 0.3-2.38 mg/ml (OEO), 0.31-1.22 mg/ml (Car), 0.25-1 mg/ml (Thy), and 15.75-31.5 μg/ml (bioAgNP). The time-kill assays showed that the oregano derivatives acted very fast (at least 10 s), while the bioAgNP took at least 30 min to kill Gram-negative bacteria and 7 h to kill methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). All the combinations resulted in additive antibacterial effect, reducing significantly minimal inhibitory concentration and acting faster than the bioAgNP alone; they also showed no cytotoxicity. This study describes for the first time the effect of Car and Thy combined with bioAgNP (produced with F. oxysporum components) against bacteria for which efficient antimicrobials are urgently needed, such as carbapenem-resistant strains (E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Scandorieiro
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Bianca C. D. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Erick K. Nishio
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Luciano A. Panagio
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology and Oral Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Admilton G. de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology – Laboratory of Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Nelson Durán
- Institute of Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gerson Nakazato
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Renata K. T. Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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Applications of Essential Oils as Antibacterial Agents in Minimally Processed Fruits and Vegetables—A Review. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040760. [PMID: 35456810 PMCID: PMC9032070 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial foodborne diseases are a major health concern. In this regard, one of the major risk factors is related to consumer preferences for “ready-to-eat” or minimally processed (MP) fruits and vegetables. Essential oil (EO) is a viable alternative used to reduce pathogenic bacteria and increase the shelf-life of MP foods, due to the health risks associated with food chlorine. Indeed, there has been increased interest in using EO in fresh produce. However, more information about EO applications in MP foods is necessary. For instance, although in vitro tests have defined EO as a valuable antimicrobial agent, its practical use in MP foods can be hampered by unrealistic concentrations, as most studies focus on growth reductions instead of bactericidal activity, which, in the case of MP foods, is of utmost importance. The present review focuses on the effects of EO in MP food pathogens, including the more realistic applications. Overall, due to this type of information, EO could be better regarded as an “added value” to the food industry.
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Soal NC, Coetzee MPA, van der Nest MA, Hammerbacher A, Wingfield BD. Phenolic degradation by catechol dioxygenases is associated with pathogenic fungi with a necrotrophic lifestyle in the Ceratocystidaceae. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:jkac008. [PMID: 35077565 PMCID: PMC8896014 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Fungal species of the Ceratocystidaceae grow on their host plants using a variety of different lifestyles, from saprophytic to highly pathogenic. Although many genomes of fungi in the Ceratocystidaceae are publicly available, it is not known how the genes that encode catechol dioxygenases (CDOs), enzymes involved in the degradation of phenolic plant defense compounds, differ among members of the Ceratocystidaceae. The aim of this study was therefore to identify and characterize the genes encoding CDOs in the genomes of Ceratocystidaceae representatives. We found that genes encoding CDOs are more abundant in pathogenic necrotrophic species of the Ceratocystidaceae and less abundant in saprophytic species. The loss of the CDO genes and the associated 3-oxoadipate catabolic pathway appears to have occurred in a lineage-specific manner. Taken together, this study revealed a positive association between CDO gene copy number and fungal lifestyle in Ceratocystidaceae representatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Soal
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Martin P A Coetzee
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Magriet A van der Nest
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
- Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Almuth Hammerbacher
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Brenda D Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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Malkani N, Sohail MI, Ijaz F, Naeem A, Mumtaz S, Saeed Z. Berberis aristata reduces vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity by down-regulation of cell proliferation markers. J Herb Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2022.100540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chtioui W, Balmas V, Delogu G, Migheli Q, Oufensou S. Bioprospecting Phenols as Inhibitors of Trichothecene-Producing Fusarium: Sustainable Approaches to the Management of Wheat Pathogens. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020072. [PMID: 35202101 PMCID: PMC8875213 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium spp. are ubiquitous fungi able to cause Fusarium head blight and Fusarium foot and root rot on wheat. Among relevant pathogenic species, Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum cause significant yield and quality loss and result in contamination of the grain with mycotoxins, mainly type B trichothecenes, which are a major health concern for humans and animals. Phenolic compounds of natural origin are being increasingly explored as fungicides on those pathogens. This review summarizes recent research activities related to the antifungal and anti-mycotoxigenic activity of natural phenolic compounds against Fusarium, including studies into the mechanisms of action of major exogenous phenolic inhibitors, their structure-activity interaction, and the combined effect of these compounds with other natural products or with conventional fungicides in mycotoxin modulation. The role of high-throughput analysis tools to decipher key signaling molecules able to modulate the production of mycotoxins and the development of sustainable formulations enhancing potential inhibitors’ efficacy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiem Chtioui
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (W.C.); (V.B.); (Q.M.)
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (W.C.); (V.B.); (Q.M.)
| | - Giovanna Delogu
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (W.C.); (V.B.); (Q.M.)
- Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Safa Oufensou
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (W.C.); (V.B.); (Q.M.)
- Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-079-229-297
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Islam MM, Alam R, Chung HJ, Emon NU, Fazlul Kabir M, Rudra S, Alam S, Ullah A, Hong ST, Aktar Sayeed M. Chemical, Pharmacological and Computerized Molecular Analysis of Stem's Extracts of Bauhinia scandens L. Provide Insights into the Management of Diarrheal and Microbial Infections. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020265. [PMID: 35057446 PMCID: PMC8778859 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bauhinia scandens L. (Family: Fabaceae) is commonly used to treat cholera, diarrhea, asthma, and diabetes disorder in integrative medicine. This study aimed to screen the presence of phytochemicals (preliminary and UPLC-QTOF–M.S. analysis) and to examine the pharmacological activities of Bauhinia scandens L. stems (MEBS) stem extracts. Besides, in silico study was also implemented to elucidate the binding affinity and drug capability of the selected phytochemicals. In vivo anti diarrheal activity was investigated in mice models. In vitro, antibacterial and antifungal properties of MEBS against several pathogenic strains were evaluated using the disc diffusion method. In addition, in silico study has been employed using Discovery studio 2020, UCFS Chimera, PyRx autodock vina, and online tools. In the anti-diarrheal investigation, MEBS showed a significant dose-dependent inhibition rate in all three methods. The antibacterial and antifungal screening showed a remarkable zone of inhibition, of the diameter 14–26 mm and 12–28 mm, by MEBS. The present study revealed that MEBS has remarkable anti-diarrheal potential and is highly effective in wide-spectrum bacterial and fungal strains. Moreover, the in silico study validated the results of biological screenings. To conclude, MEBS is presumed to be a good source in treating diarrhea, bacterial and fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Minarul Islam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Korea; (M.M.I.); (S.-T.H.)
| | - Rashedul Alam
- Department of Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Korea; (R.A.); (A.U.)
| | - Hea-Jong Chung
- Gwanju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwanju 61715, Korea;
| | - Nazim Uddin Emon
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chattogram 4318, Bangladesh;
| | | | - Sajib Rudra
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh;
| | - Safaet Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, 77 Satmasjid Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh;
| | - Ahsan Ullah
- Department of Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Korea; (R.A.); (A.U.)
| | - Seong-Tshool Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Korea; (M.M.I.); (S.-T.H.)
| | - Mohammed Aktar Sayeed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chattogram 4318, Bangladesh;
- Correspondence:
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Oyom W, Xu H, Liu Z, Long H, Li Y, Zhang Z, Bi Y, Tahergorabi R, Prusky D. Effects of modified sweet potato starch edible coating incorporated with cumin essential oil on storage quality of ‘early crisp’. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ibukun OJ, Mondal S, Kumar S, Haldar D. Supramolecular Microtubes by Self‐Assembly of a Co–Drug and Antifungal Activities against
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olamilekan Joseph Ibukun
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur West Bengal 741246 India
| | - Sahabaj Mondal
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur West Bengal 741246 India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur West Bengal 741246 India
| | - Debasish Haldar
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur West Bengal 741246 India
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Bhattacharya S, Das A, Krishnan K, Patil NA, Sadique J. Co-substrate-mediated utilization of high concentration of phenol by Aspergillus niger FP7 and reduction of its phytotoxicity on Vigna radiata L. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:64030-64038. [PMID: 33890222 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13947-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phenol and its derivatives behave as mutagens, teratogens and carcinogens inducing adverse physiological effects and are considered environmental hazards. The present study focuses on high concentration phenol utilization by Aspergillus niger FP7 under various physicochemical parameters. The soil remediation potential of the culture for reducing phenol toxicity against Vigna radiata L. seed germination was also evaluated along with the extent of phenol utilization using high-performance liquid chromatography. Aspergillus niger FP7 showed phenol tolerance up to 1000 mg/l, beyond which there was a sharp reduction in phenol utilization. Supplementation of the mineral salt medium with glucose and peptone and application of a 100 rpm agitation rate enhanced phenol utilization (up to 88.3%). Phenol utilization efficiency decreased (up to 29.6%) when cadmium and mercury salts were present, but the same improved (59.4-75.5%) by the incorporation of cobalt, copper and zinc salts. Vigna radiata L. seeds sown in the non-augmented soil revealed a 3.27% germination index, and with fungal augmentation, the germination index improved (97.3%). The non-augmented soil demonstrated 3.1% phenol utilization, while for the augmented soil, the utilization was 79.3%. Based on the phytotoxicity study and chromatographic analysis, it could be inferred that Aspergillus niger FP7 significantly enhanced phenol utilization in soil. In the future, Aspergillus niger FP7 could be of potential use in bioremediation of sites polluted with high concentrations of phenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), 18/3, 9th Main, 3rd Block, Jayanagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560011, India.
| | - Arijit Das
- Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), 18/3, 9th Main, 3rd Block, Jayanagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560011, India
| | - Kavitha Krishnan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), 18/3, 9th Main, 3rd Block, Jayanagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560011, India
| | - Nischita A Patil
- Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), 18/3, 9th Main, 3rd Block, Jayanagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560011, India
| | - Jaffar Sadique
- Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), 18/3, 9th Main, 3rd Block, Jayanagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560011, India
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Sheikh M, Mehnaz S, Sadiq MB. Prevalence of fungi in fresh tomatoes and their control by chitosan and sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel essential oil coating. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:6248-6257. [PMID: 33937995 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungal contamination is a major cause of food spoilage. There is an urgent need to find and characterize natural preservatives. This study evaluates the prevalence of fungi in tomatoes and their control by using essential oil (EO) from sweet orange peel. Essential oils were extracted from dried and fresh sweet orange peels by using n-hexane and ethanol as extraction solvents. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were performed to identify the chemical composition of the EO. A combination of chitosan (CS) and EO was used to control the fungal decay of tomatoes inoculated with Aspergillus niger and Penicillium citrinum. RESULTS Tomatoes obtained from local markets and supermarkets showed a high prevalence of Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. Essential oils extracted by ethanol from dried peels showed complete inhibition of A. niger and P. citrinum and hyphal degradation at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 100 μL mL-1 . The combination of EO with chitosan (2%) as a coating, effectively controlled the fungal decay of tomatoes until the eighth day of storage at 25 °C. CONCLUSION Due to their edible nature, and their antifungal and preservative potential, EO- and CS-based coatings can be used to extend the shelf life of tomatoes and other agriculture commodities. Essential oil- and CS-based coating can be used as alternative to synthetic preservatives, which are associated with various health hazards. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrunisa Sheikh
- School of Life Sciences, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Samina Mehnaz
- School of Life Sciences, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal Sadiq
- School of Life Sciences, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan
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Ranjith A, Srilatha C, Lekshmi P, Rameshbabu N. Antiaflatoxigenic potential of essential oils of spices – a review. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are important food contaminants posing a significant threat to food and feed safety and public health. Among the mycotoxins, aflatoxins are deemed to be a more significant contaminant due to their potent carcinogenic, and hepatotoxic effects, and their levels are highly regulated in the international food trade. Phytochemicals are considered a major source of natural antifungal agents. The volatile nature of essential oil of plants makes them ideal candidates for antifungal agents due to their ability to distribute in free air spaces in closed containers and penetrate through heterogeneous food materials. In these, essential oils in spices attain special attention due to their commercial availability and low toxicity. This article reviews the antiaflatoxigenic capacity of spice essential oils and the effect of essential oil composition on the activity and mechanism of antifungal action and is expected to be useful for the planning of further research in the subject area.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Ranjith
- Spices Board Quality Evaluation Laboratory, R-11, SIPCOT, Gummidipoondi, Tamil Nadu 601201, India
| | - C.M. Srilatha
- Spices Board Quality Evaluation Laboratory, R-11, SIPCOT, Gummidipoondi, Tamil Nadu 601201, India
| | - P.C. Lekshmi
- Spices Board Quality Evaluation Laboratory, R-11, SIPCOT, Gummidipoondi, Tamil Nadu 601201, India
| | - N. Rameshbabu
- Spices Board Quality Evaluation Laboratory, Suganda Bhavan, Palarivattom, Cochin, Kerala 682025, India
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The Effects of Tormentic Acid and Extracts from Callistemon citrinus on Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis Growth and Inhibition of Ergosterol Biosynthesis in Candida albicans. ScientificWorldJournal 2021; 2021:8856147. [PMID: 34594161 PMCID: PMC8478599 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8856147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis are the leading causes of human fungal infections worldwide. There is an increase in resistance of Candida pathogens to existing antifungal drugs leading to a need to find new sources of antifungal agents. Tormentic acid has been isolated from different plants including Callistemon citrinus and has been found to possess antimicrobial properties, including antifungal activity. The study aimed to determine the effects of tormentic and extracts from C. citrinus on C. albicans and C. tropicalis and a possible mode of action. The extracts and tormentic acid were screened for antifungal activity using the broth microdilution method. The growth of both species was inhibited by the extracts, and C. albicans was more susceptible to the extract compared to C. tropicalis. The growth of C. albicans was inhibited by 80% at 100 μg/ml of both the DCM: methanol extract and the ethanol: water extract. Tormentic acid reduced the growth of C. albicans by 72% at 100 μg/ml. The effects of the extracts and tormentic acid on ergosterol content in C. albicans were determined using a UV/Vis scanning spectrophotometer. At concentrations of tormentic acid of 25 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, and 200 μg/ml, the content of ergosterol was decreased by 22%, 36%, 48%, and 78%, respectively. Similarly, the DCM: methanol extract at 100 μg/ml and 200 μg/ml decreased the content by 78% and 88%, respectively. A dose-dependent decrease in ergosterol content was observed in cells exposed to miconazole with a 25 μg/ml concentration causing a 100% decrease in ergosterol content. Therefore, tormentic acid inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol in C. albicans. Modifications of the structure of tormentic acid to increase its antifungal potency may be explored in further studies.
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Ahmad A, Elisha IL, van Vuuren S, Viljoen A. Volatile phenolics: A comprehensive review of the anti-infective properties of an important class of essential oil constituents. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 190:112864. [PMID: 34311279 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Historically, essential oils and their lead molecules have been extensively recognised for their anti-infective properties. In this context, certain volatile phenolics (VPs) have emerged as important antimicrobial compounds with excellent inhibitory activity against pathogenic bacteria and fungi, which further extends to drug-resistant and biofilm-forming micro-organisms. In this review, we aim to collate and discuss a number of published papers on the anti-infective activities of naturally occurring VPs with special emphasis on eugenol, isoeugenol, thymol and carvacrol, using Scopus Web of Science and PubMed databases. The biosynthesis and extraction of these VPs are discussed, while particular attention is given to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and the mechanisms of action. We highlight combinational studies of the VPs with other phytocompounds and with commercially available drugs, which may be a promising and a rewarding future approach to combat antimicrobial resistance. These VPs alone, or concomitantly with other compounds or drugs, have the potential to be incorporated into different formulations for biomedical applications. An in-depth assessment of 2310 articles retrieved from the Scopus database spanning a 35-year period indicated 23.1% increase in global publication growth in VPs anti-infective research, with authors from Italy, Portugal and Austria dominating the research landscape. The dominant areas of investigations are identified as antimicrobial activity, antibacterial mechanism of action, antifungal mechanism of action, extraction methods and phytochemistry, use in the food industry, and for oral and dental anti-infective activity. Specific research areas, which require future attention include; antituberculosis research, nanoparticle formulation of antimicrobial active VP molecules, preclinical and clinical trials. The antimicrobial testing of isoeugenol was found to be the least studied of the VPs and this requires further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijaz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Ishaku Leo Elisha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Drug Development Section, Biochemistry Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 01 Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Sandy van Vuuren
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa.
| | - Alvaro Viljoen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
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Hsu H, Sheth CC, Veses V. Herbal Extracts with Antifungal Activity against Candida albicans: A Systematic Review. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:90-117. [PMID: 32600229 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666200628032116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the era of antimicrobial resistance, fungal pathogens are not an exception. Several strategies, including antimicrobial stewardship programs and high throughput screening of new drugs, are being implemented. Several recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of plant compounds with antifungal activity. In this systematic review, we examine the use of natural compounds as a possible avenue to fight fungal infections produced by Candida albicans, the most common human fungal pathogen. Electronic literature searches were conducted through PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Science Direct limited to the 5 years. A total of 131 articles were included, with 186 plants extracts evaluated. Although the majority of the natural extracts exhibited antifungal activities against C. albicans (both in vivo and in vitro), the strongest antifungal activity was obtained from Lawsonia inermis, Pelargonium graveolens, Camellia sinensis, Mentha piperita, and Citrus latifolia. The main components with proven antifungal activities were phenolic compounds such as gallic acid, thymol, and flavonoids (especially catechin), polyphenols such as tannins, terpenoids and saponins. The incorporation of nanotechnology greatly enhances the antifungal properties of these natural compounds. Further research is needed to fully characterize the composition of all herbal extracts with antifungal activity as well as the mechanisms of action of the active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan Hsu
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Moncada 46113, Valencia, Spain
| | - Chirag C Sheth
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Moncada 46113, Valencia, Spain
| | - Veronica Veses
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Moncada 46113, Valencia, Spain
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Investigation of Antifungal Mechanisms of Thymol in the Human Fungal Pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113476. [PMID: 34200464 PMCID: PMC8201179 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to lifespan extension and changes in global climate, the increase in mycoses caused by primary and opportunistic fungal pathogens is now a global concern. Despite increasing attention, limited options are available for the treatment of systematic and invasive mycoses, owing to the evolutionary similarity between humans and fungi. Although plants produce a diversity of chemicals to protect themselves from pathogens, the molecular targets and modes of action of these plant-derived chemicals have not been well characterized. Using a reverse genetics approach, the present study revealed that thymol, a monoterpene alcohol from Thymus vulgaris L., (Lamiaceae), exhibits antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans by regulating multiple signaling pathways including calcineurin, unfolded protein response, and HOG (high-osmolarity glycerol) MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathways. Thymol treatment reduced the intracellular concentration of Ca2+ by controlling the expression levels of calcium transporter genes in a calcineurin-dependent manner. We demonstrated that thymol decreased N-glycosylation by regulating the expression levels of genes involved in glycan-mediated post-translational modifications. Furthermore, thymol treatment reduced endogenous ergosterol content by decreasing the expression of ergosterol biosynthesis genes in a HOG MAPK pathway-dependent manner. Collectively, this study sheds light on the antifungal mechanisms of thymol against C. neoformans.
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Gaba J, Sharma S, Kaur P, Joshi S. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Thymol Functionalized Oxadiazole thiol, Triazole thione and β-lactam Derivatives. LETT ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178617999200807213410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, different derivatives of thymol (1) viz. hydrazide (2), oxadiazole thiol
(3), triazole thione (4), hydrazones (5-7), and β-lactams (8-10) were synthesized. All synthesized
compounds were identified and characterized using elemental analysis, UV-Visible, <sup>1</sup>H NMR, <sup>13</sup>C
NMR, and IR spectroscopic techniques. Synthesized thymol derivatives were evaluated for antifungal
potential against phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium moniliforme, Rhizoctonia solani, and Dreschlera
maydis of maize in comparison to recommended standards in terms of percent inhibition and ED50 values.
Thymol was more effective as compared to its derivatives against all three tested fungi. Hydrazones
(5-7) and β-lactams (8-10), having m-NO<sub>2</sub> substituted phenyl ring (6, 9), were less effective as
compared to o-NO<sub>2</sub> and p-NO<sub>2</sub> analogs against F. moniliforme and R. solani, however, the reverse
trend was observed against D. maydis. Thymol and its derivatives were also tested for insecticidal activity
against stored grain (chickpea) insect Callosobruchus chinensis and various parameters viz. egg
laying, adult emergence, and grain damage were recorded and compared. Compounds having oxadiazole
thiol (3) and triazole thione (4) moiety showed promising effects against insect C. chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Gaba
- Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004,India
| | - Sunita Sharma
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004,India
| | - Pardeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004,India
| | - Sukesha Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004,India
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Effect of Naturally Occurring Compounds on Fumonisin Production and fum Gene Expression in Fusarium verticillioides. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy11061060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides, one of the most common pathogens in maize, is responsible for yield losses and reduced kernel quality due to contamination by fumonisins (FBs). Two F. verticillioides isolates that differed in their ability to produce FBs were treated with a selection of eight natural phenolic compounds with the aim of identifying those that were able to decrease toxin production at concentrations that had a limited effect on fungal growth. Among the tested compounds, ellagic acid and isoeugenol, which turned out to be the most effective molecules against fungal growth, were assayed at lower concentrations, while the first retained its ability to inhibit toxin production in vitro, the latter improved both the fungal growth and FB accumulation. The effect of the most effective phenolic compounds on FB accumulation was also tested on maize kernels to highlight the importance of appropriate dosages in order to avoid conditions that are able to promote mycotoxin biosynthesis. An expression analysis of genes involved in FB production allowed more detailed insights into the mechanisms underlying the inhibition of FBs by phenolic compounds. The expression of the fum gene was generally down-regulated by the treatments; however, some treatments in the low-producing F. verticillioides strain up-regulated fum gene expression without improving FB production. This study showed that although different phenolic compounds are effective for FB reduction, they can modulate biosynthesis at the transcription level in opposite manners depending on strain. In conclusion, on the basis of in vitro and in vivo screening, two out of the eight tested phenols (ellagic acid and carvacrol) appear to be promising alternative molecules for the control of FB occurrence in maize.
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Venturini TP, Rossato L, Chassot F, De Azevedo MI, Al-Hatmi AMS, Santurio JM, Alves SH. Activity of cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol and thymol combined with antifungal agents against Fusarium spp. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2021.1923580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarcieli Pozzebon Venturini
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Luana Rossato
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Francieli Chassot
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel De Azevedo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Janio Morais Santurio
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Sydney Hartz Alves
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Antifungal Activity of Novel Formulations Based on Terpenoid Prodrugs against C. albicans in a Mouse Model. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050633. [PMID: 33946740 PMCID: PMC8146751 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carvacrol (CAR), a phenolic monoterpenoid, has been extensively investigated for its antimicrobial and antifungal activity. As a result of its poor physicochemical properties, water soluble carvacrol prodrugs (WSCPs) with improved water solubility were previously synthesized and found to possess antimicrobial activity. Here, three novel CAR analogs, WSCP1, WSCP2, and WSCP3, were tested against fluconazole (FLU)-sensitive and -resistant strains where they showed greater antifungal activity than CAR against C. albicans. The probable mechanism by which the CAR prodrugs exert the antifungal activity was studied. Results from medium acidification assays demonstrated that the CAR and its synthetically designed prodrugs inhibit the yeast plasma membrane H+-ATPase (Pma1p), an essential target in fungi. In other words, in vitro data indicated that CAR analogs can prove to be a better alternative to CAR considering their improved water solubility. In addition, CAR and WSCP1 were developed into intravaginal formulations and administered at test doses of 50 mg/kg in a mouse model of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Whereas the CAR and WSCP1 formulations both exhibited antifungal efficacy in the mouse model of VVC, the WSCP1 formulation was superior to CAR, showing a remarkable decrease in infection by ~120-fold compared to the control (infected, untreated animals). Taken together, a synthetically designed prodrug of CAR, namely WSCP1, proved to be a possible solution for poorly water-soluble drugs, an inhibitor of an essential yeast pump in vitro and an effective and promising antifungal agent in vivo.
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Silva RCE, da Costa JS, de Figueiredo RO, Setzer WN, da Silva JKR, Maia JGS, Figueiredo PLB. Monoterpenes and Sesquiterpenes of Essential Oils from Psidium Species and Their Biological Properties. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040965. [PMID: 33673039 PMCID: PMC7917929 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Psidium (Myrtaceae) comprises approximately 266 species, distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Psidium taxa have great ecological, economic, and medicinal relevance due to their essential oils' chemical diversity and biological potential. This review reports 18 Psidium species growing around the world and the chemical and biological properties of their essential oils. Chemically, 110 oil records are reported with significant variability of volatile constituents, according to their seasonality and collection sites. Monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes with acyclic (C10 and C15), p-menthane, pinane, bisabolane, germacrane, caryophyllane, cadinane, and aromadendrane skeleton-types, were the primary constituents. The essential oils showed various biological activities, including antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, phytotoxic, larvicidal, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic properties. This review contributes to the Psidium species rational and economic exploration as natural sources to produce new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Campos e Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-900, Brazil; (R.C.e.S.); (J.K.R.d.S.); (J.G.S.M.)
| | - Jamile S. da Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-900, Brazil;
| | - Raphael O. de Figueiredo
- Centro de Ciência Sociais e Educação, Laboratório de Química, Curso de Licenciatura Plena em Química, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém 66050-540, Brazil;
| | - William N. Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA;
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
| | - Joyce Kelly R. da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-900, Brazil; (R.C.e.S.); (J.K.R.d.S.); (J.G.S.M.)
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-900, Brazil
| | - José Guilherme S. Maia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-900, Brazil; (R.C.e.S.); (J.K.R.d.S.); (J.G.S.M.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 64080-040, Brazil
| | - Pablo Luis B. Figueiredo
- Centro de Ciência Sociais e Educação, Laboratório de Química, Curso de Licenciatura Plena em Química, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém 66050-540, Brazil;
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém 66050-540, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Dougnon G, Ito M. Role of Ascaridole and p-Cymene in the Sleep-Promoting Effects of Dysphania ambrosioides Essential Oil via the GABAergic System in a ddY Mouse Inhalation Model. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:91-100. [PMID: 33325703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The essential oil obtained from Dysphania ambrosioides leaves (DAEO) has antifungal, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. This study investigated DAEO's chemical composition and its sleep-promoting effects via administration by inhalation in ddY mice. Ascaridole (35.5%) and p-cymene (47.2%) were the major components. To obtain insight into DAEO's effects on the central nervous system (CNS), ascaridole and p-cymene were evaluated for sedative activity by using the caffeine-treated excitatory mouse model. DAEO administration significantly decreased locomotor activity at all doses except 0.000 04 mg per 400 μL of triethyl citrate. Both ascaridole and p-cymene were highly effective in decreasing locomotor activity of excited mice by more than 50%. In addition, ascaridole and p-cymene prolonged the pentobarbital-induced sleeping duration by 42% and 77%, respectively. These effects were antagonized by coadministration of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA)-benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, flumazenil (3 mg/kg), indicating that the GABAergic system mediates the sedative effect. Finally, inhaled ascaridole and p-cymene had no negative effect on motor coordination, as observed during the Rota-rod test. Therefore, via activation of the GABAergic system, ascaridole and p-cymene mediate the sleep-promoting effect of DAEO. The results further extend the knowledge on their use as potential promising natural products for the management of sleep disorders and CNS-related ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfried Dougnon
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Michiho Ito
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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A review of the methods used to determine the target site or the mechanism of action of essential oils and their components against fungi. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-04102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractEssential oils (EOs) are complex mixtures of compounds derived from plants that exhibit antimicrobial activity. Several studies have demonstrated their antifungal activity in food matrices or in vitro via vapor phase or direct addition. Recently, researchers are focusing on elucidating the target site or the mechanism of action of various EOs. Past research has suggested evidence of how EOs act in the fungal cells via assays assessed from cell wall alterations or gene expression modifications. However, no previous reports have summarized most methods for finding the target site of the mechanism of action for EOs. Therefore, this review presents the methods and assays used to discover the target site or the mechanism of action of EOs against fungal cells. Researchers commonly analyze the plasma membrane integrity using various techniques as well as the changes in cell morphology. Meanwhile, the quantification of the activity of the mitochondrial enzymes, ROS species, and gene expression are less assayed.
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Kapustová M, Granata G, Napoli E, Puškárová A, Bučková M, Pangallo D, Geraci C. Nanoencapsulated Essential Oils with Enhanced Antifungal Activity for Potential Application on Agri-Food, Material and Environmental Fields. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10010031. [PMID: 33401404 PMCID: PMC7824627 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a new frontier of this century that finds applications in various fields of science with important effects on our life and on the environment. Nanoencapsulation of bioactive compounds is a promising topic of nanotechnology. The excessive use of synthetic compounds with antifungal activity has led to the selection of resistant fungal species. In this context, the use of plant essential oils (EOs) with antifungal activity encapsulated in ecofriendly nanosystems could be a new and winning strategy to overcome the problem. We prepared nanoencapsules containing the essential oils of Origanum vulgare (OV) and Thymus capitatus (TC) by the nanoprecipitation method. The colloidal suspensions were characterized for size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, efficiency of encapsulation (EE) and loading capacity (LC). Finally, the essential oil nanosuspensions were assayed against a panel of fourteen fungal strains belonging to the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota phyla. Our results show that the nanosystems containing thyme and oregano essential oils were active against various fungal strains from natural environments and materials. In particular, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values were two to four times lower than the pure essential oils. The aqueous, ecofriendly essential oil nanosuspensions with broad-spectrum antifungal activity could be a valid alternative to synthetic products, finding interesting applications in the agri-food and environmental fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdaléna Kapustová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.K.); (A.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Granata
- Istituto Chimica Biomolecolare–Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (G.G.); (E.N.)
| | - Edoardo Napoli
- Istituto Chimica Biomolecolare–Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (G.G.); (E.N.)
| | - Andrea Puškárová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.K.); (A.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Mária Bučková
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.K.); (A.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Domenico Pangallo
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.K.); (A.P.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (C.G.); Tel.: +421-2-5930-7443 (D.P.); +39-095-733-8318 (C.G.)
| | - Corrada Geraci
- Istituto Chimica Biomolecolare–Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (G.G.); (E.N.)
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (C.G.); Tel.: +421-2-5930-7443 (D.P.); +39-095-733-8318 (C.G.)
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Martínez Y, Más D, Betancur C, Gebeyew K, Adebowale T, Hussain T, Lan W, Ding X. Role of the Phytochemical Compounds like Modulators in Gut Microbiota and Oxidative Stress. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2642-2656. [PMID: 32410554 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200515132218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, daily consumption of green herb functional food or medicinal herbs has increased as adopted by many people worldwide as a way of life or even as an alternative to the use of synthetic medicines. Phytochemicals, which are a series of compounds of relatively complex structures and restricted distribution in plants, usually perform the defensive functions for plants against insects, bacteria, fungi or other pathogenic factors. A series of studies have found their effectiveness in the treatment or prevention of systemic diseases such as autoimmune diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, Crohn's disease and so on. OBJECTIVE This review systematizes the literature on the mechanisms of the phytochemicals that react against unique free radicals and prevent the oxidative stress and also summarizes their role in gut microbiota inhibiting bacterial translocation and damage to the intestinal barrier and improving the intestinal membrane condition. CONCLUSION The gut microbiota modulation and antioxidant activities of the phytochemicals shall be emphasized on the research of the active principles of the phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yordan Martínez
- Escuela Agrícola Panamericana Zamorano, Valle de Yeguare, San Antonio de Oriente, Francisco Morazan 96, Honduras
| | - Dairon Más
- Laboratorio de Nutricion Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Queretaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Cesar Betancur
- Departamento de Ganaderia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Córdoba, Monteria 230002, Colombia
| | - Kefyalew Gebeyew
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Tolulope Adebowale
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Tarique Hussain
- Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), P. O. Box: 128, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Wensheng Lan
- Shenzhen R&D Key Laboratory of Alien Pest Detection Technology, The Shenzhen Academy of Inspection and Quarantine. Food Inspection and Quarantine Center of Shenzhen Custom, 1011Fuqiang Road, Shenzhen 518045, China
| | - Xinghua Ding
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Bajagai YS, Steel JC, Radovanovic A, Stanley D. Prolonged continual consumption of oregano herb interferes with the action of steroid hormones and several drugs, and effects signaling across the brain-gut axis. Food Funct 2020; 12:726-738. [PMID: 33349823 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02988b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herbs and spices have been used throughout human history for their medicinal qualities. The advent of cheap and readily available medicines have lessened the need for herbs and spices as traditional medicines, however, they are rapidly regaining popularity with rising interest of the general population in health, natural products and nutrition. The need for alternative medicines with antimicrobial properties, such as herbs and spices, has also come to the forefront in light of the recent bans of antibiotic use in the livestock industry, including the poultry industry. This large scale use presents an opportunity to observe nutrigenomic effects of prolonged use of herbs on a substantial number of birds fed high concentrations of these products throughout the production cycle. In this manuscript, we investigated the transcriptional effect of continual prolonged oregano supplementation on chicken ileum gene expression. Based on ileum transcriptomics, we report that continual supplementation with 2% oregano altered microbiota-gut-brain axis signalling, rearranged cancer susceptibility towards reduced steroid hormone-related cancers and altered expression of genes targeted by many registered drugs, thus likely affecting their efficiency and side effects. Transcriptional toxicology analysis indicated significant activation of Ventricular Septal Defect and Congenital Heart Disease categories. Our results, counter the notion that natural products such as oregano have the potential for little to no side-effects as they are "natural". The nutrigenomic approach of understanding benefits and side effects of the food we eat, can revolutionize disease management and therapy and have special significance in designing the diets for individuals or livestock with known disease predispositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadav S Bajagai
- Central Queensland University, Institute for Future Farming Systems, Rockhampton, Queensland 4702, Australia.
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Koval D, Plocková M, Kyselka J, Skřivan P, Sluková M, Horáčková Š. Buckwheat Secondary Metabolites: Potential Antifungal Agents. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11631-11643. [PMID: 32985180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Research groups have put significant emphasis on the evaluation of nutritional, health-promoting, and other biological activities of secondary metabolites from buckwheat. Among these phytochemicals, phenolic and lipophilic antioxidants, particularly, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tocopherols, have been the focus of the latest studies since antioxidant activity has recently been associated with the possibility of inhibiting fungal growth and mycotoxin biosynthesis. The mycotoxin contamination of cereal and pseudocereal grains caused primarily by Fusarium, Penicillium, and Aspergillus species poses a significant hazard to human health. Therefore, efforts to examine the involvement of plant antioxidants in the biosynthesis of mycotoxins at the transcriptional level have emerged. In addition, hydrophobic interactions of buckwheat phenolics with cell membranes could also explain their capacity to reduce fungal development. Eventually, possibilities of enhancing the biological activity of cereal and pseudocereal phytochemicals have been studied, and sourdough fermentation has been proposed as an efficient method to increase antioxidant activities. This effect could result in an increased antifungal effects of sourdough and bakery products. This review reports the main advances in research on buckwheat phenolics and other antioxidant phytochemicals, highlighting possible mechanisms of action and processes that could improve their biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Koval
- Department of Dairy, Fat and Cosmetics, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milada Plocková
- Department of Dairy, Fat and Cosmetics, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kyselka
- Department of Dairy, Fat and Cosmetics, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Skřivan
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cereals, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Sluková
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cereals, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Horáčková
- Department of Dairy, Fat and Cosmetics, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
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A Human IRE1 Inhibitor Blocks the Unfolded Protein Response in the Pathogenic Fungus Aspergillus fumigatus and Suggests Noncanonical Functions within the Pathway. mSphere 2020; 5:5/5/e00879-20. [PMID: 33087521 PMCID: PMC7580959 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00879-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a signaling pathway that maintains endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, with functions that overlap virulence mechanisms in the human-pathogenic mold Aspergillus fumigatus. The canonical pathway centers on HacA, its master transcriptional regulator. Translation of this protein requires the removal of an unconventional intron from the cytoplasmic mRNA of the hacA gene, which is achieved by an RNase domain located in the ER-transmembrane stress sensor IreA. Here, we show that targeting this RNase activity with a small-molecule inhibitor effectively blocked UPR activation, resulting in effects that mirror the consequences of genetic deletion of the RNase domain. However, these phenotypes were surprisingly narrow in scope relative to those associated with a complete deletion of the hacA gene. These findings expand the understanding of UPR signaling in this species by supporting the existence of noncanonical functions for the unspliced hacA mRNA in ER stress response. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a signaling network that maintains homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In the human-pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, the UPR is initiated by activation of an endoribonuclease (RNase) domain in the ER transmembrane stress sensor IreA, which splices the downstream mRNA hacAu into its active form, hacAi, encoding the master transcriptional regulator of the pathway. Small-molecule inhibitors against IRE1, the human ortholog of IreA, have been developed for anticancer therapy, but their effects on the fungal UPR are unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that the IRE1 RNase inhibitor 4μ8C prevented A. fumigatus from increasing the levels of hacAi mRNA, thereby blocking induction of downstream UPR target gene expression. Treatment with 4μ8C had minimal effects on growth in minimal medium but severely impaired growth on a collagen substrate that requires high levels of hydrolytic enzyme secretion, mirroring the phenotype of other fungal UPR mutants. 4μ8C also increased sensitivity to carvacrol, a natural compound that disrupts ER integrity in fungi, and hygromycin B, which correlated with reduced expression of glycosylation-related genes. Interestingly, treatment with 4μ8C was unable to induce all of the phenotypes attributed to the loss of the canonical UPR in a ΔhacA mutant but showed remarkable similarity to the phenotype of an RNase-deficient IreA mutant that is also unable to generate the hacAi mRNA. These results establish proof of principle that pharmacological inhibition of the canonical UPR pathway is feasible in A. fumigatus and support a noncanonical role for the hacAu mRNA in ER stress response. IMPORTANCE The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a signaling pathway that maintains endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, with functions that overlap virulence mechanisms in the human-pathogenic mold Aspergillus fumigatus. The canonical pathway centers on HacA, its master transcriptional regulator. Translation of this protein requires the removal of an unconventional intron from the cytoplasmic mRNA of the hacA gene, which is achieved by an RNase domain located in the ER-transmembrane stress sensor IreA. Here, we show that targeting this RNase activity with a small-molecule inhibitor effectively blocked UPR activation, resulting in effects that mirror the consequences of genetic deletion of the RNase domain. However, these phenotypes were surprisingly narrow in scope relative to those associated with a complete deletion of the hacA gene. These findings expand the understanding of UPR signaling in this species by supporting the existence of noncanonical functions for the unspliced hacA mRNA in ER stress response.
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