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Kang SM, Kim DH. Structural Insights into the Penicillin-Binding Protein 4 (DacB) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:983. [PMID: 38256057 PMCID: PMC10815838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a major cause of mortality from a single infectious agent, possesses a remarkable mycobacterial cell envelope. Penicillin-Binding Proteins (PBPs) are a family of bacterial enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan. PBP4 (DacB) from M. tuberculosis (MtbPBP4) has been known to function as a carboxypeptidase, and the role and significance of carboxypeptidases as targets for anti-tuberculosis drugs or antibiotics have been extensively investigated over the past decade. However, their precise involvement remains incompletely understood. In this study, we employed predictive modeling and analyzed the three-dimensional structure of MtbPBP4. Interestingly, MtbPBP4 displayed a distinct domain structure compared to its homologs. Docking studies with meropenem verified the presence of active site residues conserved in PBPs. These findings establish a structural foundation for comprehending the molecular function of MtbPBP4 and offer a platform for the exploration of novel antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hee Kim
- Jeju Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
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2
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Identification and Structure of Epitopes on Cashew Allergens Ana o 2 and Ana o 3 Using Phage Display. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041880. [PMID: 36838874 PMCID: PMC9964899 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is a commercially important plant. Cashew nuts are a popular food source that belong to the tree nut family. Tree nuts are one of the eight major food allergens identified by the Food and Drug Administration in the USA. Allergies to cashew nuts cause severe and systemic immune reactions. Tree nut allergies are frequently fatal and are becoming more common. AIM We aimed to identify the key allergenic epitopes of cashew nut proteins by correlating the phage display epitope prediction results with bioinformatics analysis. DESIGN We predicted and experimentally confirmed cashew nut allergen antigenic peptides, which we named Ana o 2 (cupin superfamily) and Ana o 3 (prolamin superfamily). The Ana o 2 and Ana o 3 epitopes were predicted using DNAstar and PyMoL (incorporated in the Swiss-model package). The predicted weak and strong epitopes were synthesized as peptides. The related phage library was built. The peptides were also tested using phage display technology. The expressed antigens were tested and confirmed using microtiter plates coated with pooled human sera from patients with cashew nut allergies or healthy controls. RESULTS The Ana o 2 epitopes were represented by four linear peptides, with the epitopes corresponding to amino acids 108-111, 113-119, 181-186, and 218-224. Furthermore, the identified Ana o 3 epitopes corresponding to amino acids 10-24, 13-27, 39-49, 66-70, 101-106, 107-114, and 115-122 were also screened out and chosen as the key allergenic epitopes. DISCUSSION The Ana o 3 epitopes accounted for more than 40% of the total amino acid sequence of the protein; thus, Ana o 3 is potentially more allergenic than Ana o 2. CONCLUSIONS The bioinformatic epitope prediction produced subpar results in this study. Furthermore, the phage display method was extremely effective in identifying the allergenic epitopes of cashew nut proteins. The key allergenic epitopes were chosen, providing important information for the study of cashew nut allergens.
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3
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Muñoz-Muñoz L, Aínsa JA, Ramón-García S. Repurposing β-Lactams for the Treatment of Mycobacterium kansasii Infections: An In Vitro Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:335. [PMID: 36830246 PMCID: PMC9952313 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium kansasii (Mkn) causes tuberculosis-like lung infection in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. Current standard therapy against Mkn infection is lengthy and difficult to adhere to. Although β-lactams are the most important class of antibiotics, representing 65% of the global antibiotic market, they have been traditionally dismissed for the treatment of mycobacterial infections, as they were considered inactive against mycobacteria. A renewed interest in β-lactams as antimycobacterial agents has shown their activity against several mycobacterial species, including M. tuberculosis, M. ulcerans or M. abscessus; however, information against Mkn is lacking. In this study, we determined the in vitro activity of several β-lactams against Mkn. A selection of 32 agents including all β-lactam chemical classes (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems and monobactams) with three β-lactamase inhibitors (clavulanate, tazobactam and avibactam) were evaluated against 22 Mkn strains by MIC assays. Penicillins plus clavulanate and first- and third-generation cephalosporins were the most active β-lactams against Mkn. Combinatorial time-kill assays revealed favorable interactions of amoxicillin-clavulanate and cefadroxil with first-line Mkn treatment. Amoxicillin-clavulanate and cefadroxil are oral medications that are readily available, and well tolerated with an excellent safety and pharmacokinetic profile that could constitute a promising alternative option for Mkn therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Muñoz-Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology, Pediatrics, Radiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José A. Aínsa
- Department of Microbiology, Pediatrics, Radiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Ramón-García
- Department of Microbiology, Pediatrics, Radiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Research and Development Agency of Aragón (ARAID) Foundation, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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Singh P, Rawat S, Agrahari AK, Singh M, Chugh S, Gurcha S, Singh A, Abrahams K, Besra GS, Asthana S, Rawat DS, Singh R. NSC19723, a Thiacetazone-Like Benzaldehyde Thiosemicarbazone Improves the Efficacy of TB Drugs In Vitro and In Vivo. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0259222. [PMID: 36314972 PMCID: PMC9769743 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02592-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity and duration of tuberculosis (TB) treatment contributes to the emergence of drug resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) and drug-associated side effects. Alternate chemotherapeutic agents are needed to shorten the time and improve efficacy of current treatment. In this study, we have assessed the antitubercular activity of NSC19723, a benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone molecule. NSC19723 is structurally similar to thiacetazone (TAC), a second-line anti-TB drug used to treat individuals with DR-TB. NSC19723 displayed better MIC values than TAC against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG. In our checkerboard experiments, NSC19723 displayed better profiles than TAC in combination with known first-line and recently approved drugs. Mechanistic studies revealed that NSC19723 inhibits mycolic acid biosynthesis by targeting the HadABC complex. Computational studies revealed that the binding pocket of HadAB is similarly occupied by NSC19723 and TAC. NSC19723 also improved the efficacy of isoniazid in macrophages and mouse models of infection. Cumulatively, we have identified a benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone scaffold that improved the activity of TB drugs in liquid cultures, macrophages, and mice. IMPORTANCE Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB is among the leading causes of death among infectious diseases in humans. This situation has worsened due to the failure of BCG vaccines and the increased number of cases with HIV-TB coinfections and drug-resistant strains. Another challenge in the field is the lengthy duration of therapy for drug-sensitive and -resistant TB. Here, we have deciphered the mechanism of action of NSC19723, benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone. We show that NSC19723 targets HadABC complex and inhibits mycolic acid biosynthesis. We also show that NSC19723 enhances the activity of known drugs in liquid cultures, macrophages, and mice. We have also performed molecular docking studies to identify the interacting residues of HadAB with NSC19723. Taken together, we demonstrate that NSC19723, a benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone, has better antitubercular activity than thiacetazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padam Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Srishti Rawat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Agrahari
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Manisha Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Saurabh Chugh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sudagar Gurcha
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Albel Singh
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Abrahams
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Shailendra Asthana
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Diwan S. Rawat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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Arabinosyltransferase C Mediates Multiple Drugs Intrinsic Resistance by Altering Cell Envelope Permeability in Mycobacterium abscessus. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0276321. [PMID: 35946941 PMCID: PMC9430846 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02763-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus is an emerging human pathogen leading to significant morbidity and even mortality, intrinsically resistant to almost all the antibiotics available and so can be a nightmare. Mechanisms of its intrinsic resistance remain not fully understood. Here, we selected and confirmed an M. abscessus transposon mutant that is hypersensitive to multiple drugs including rifampin, rifabutin, vancomycin, clofazimine, linezolid, imipenem, levofloxacin, cefoxitin, and clarithromycin. The gene MAB_0189c encoding a putative arabinosyltransferase C was found to be disrupted, using a newly developed highly-efficient strategy combining next-generation sequencing and multiple PCR. Furthermore, selectable marker-free deletion of MAB_0189c recapitulated the hypersensitive phenotype. Disruption of MAB_0189c resulted in an inability to synthesize lipoarabinomannan and markedly enhanced its cell envelope permeability. Complementing MAB_0189c or M. tuberculosisembC restored the resistance phenotype. Importantly, treatment of M. abscessus with ethambutol, a first-line antituberculosis drug targeting arabinosyltransferases of M. tuberculosis, largely sensitized M. abscessus to multiple antibiotics in vitro. We finally tested activities of six selected drugs using a murine model of sustained M. abscessus infection and found that linezolid, rifabutin, and imipenem were active against the MAB_0189c deletion strain. These results identified MAB_0189 as a crucial determinant of intrinsic resistance of M. abscessus, and optimizing inhibitors targeting MAB_0189 might be a strategy to disarm the intrinsic multiple antibiotic resistance of M. abscessus. IMPORTANCEMycobacterium abscessus is intrinsically resistant to most antibiotics, and treatment of its infections is highly challenging. The mechanisms of its intrinsic resistance remain not fully understood. Here we found a transposon mutant hypersensitive to a variety of drugs and identified the transposon inserted into the MAB_0189c (orthologous embC coding arabinosyltransferase, EmbC) gene by using a newly developed rapid and efficient approach. We further verified that the MAB_0189c gene played a significant role in its intrinsic resistance by decreasing the cell envelope permeability through affecting the production of lipoarabinomannan in its cell envelope. Lastly, we found the arabinosyltransferases inhibitor, ethambutol, increased activities of nine selected drugs in vitro. Knockout of MAB_0189c made M. abscessus become susceptible to 3 drugs in mice. These findings indicated that potential powerful M. abscessus EmbC inhibitor might be used to reverse the intrinsic resistance of M. abscessus to multiple drugs.
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6
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De Jager V, Gupte N, Nunes S, Barnes GL, van Wijk RC, Mostert J, Dorman SE, Abulfathi AA, Upton CM, Faraj A, Nuermberger EL, Lamichhane G, Svensson EM, Simonsson USH, Diacon AH, Dooley KE. Early Bactericidal Activity of Meropenem plus Clavulanate (with or without Rifampin) for Tuberculosis: The COMRADE Randomized, Phase 2A Clinical Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 205:1228-1235. [PMID: 35258443 PMCID: PMC9872811 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202108-1976oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Carbapenems are recommended for treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Optimal dosing remains uncertain. Objectives: To evaluate the 14-day bactericidal activity of meropenem, at different doses, with or without rifampin. Methods: Individuals with drug-sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis were randomized to one of four intravenous meropenem-based arms: 2 g every 8 hours (TID) (arm C), 2 g TID plus rifampin at 20 mg/kg once daily (arm D), 1 g TID (arm E), or 3 g once daily (arm F). All participants received amoxicillin/clavulanate with each meropenem dose. Serial overnight sputum samples were collected from baseline and throughout treatment. Median daily fall in colony-forming unit (CFU) counts per milliliter of sputum (solid culture) (EBACFU0-14) and increase in time to positive culture (TTP) in liquid media were estimated with mixed-effects modeling. Serial blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis on Day 13. Measurements and Main Results: Sixty participants enrolled. Median EBACFU0-14 counts (2.5th-97.5th percentiles) were 0.22 (0.12-0.33), 0.12 (0.057-0.21), 0.059 (0.033-0.097), and 0.053 (0.035-0.081); TTP increased by 0.34 (0.21-0.75), 0.11 (0.052-0.37), 0.094 (0.034-0.23), and 0.12 (0.04-0.41) (log10 h), for arms C-F, respectively. Meropenem pharmacokinetics were not affected by rifampin coadministration. Twelve participants withdrew early, many of whom cited gastrointestinal adverse events. Conclusions: Bactericidal activity was greater with the World Health Organization-recommended total daily dose of 6 g daily than with a lower dose of 3 g daily. This difference was only detectable with solid culture. Tolerability of intravenous meropenem, with amoxicillin/clavulanate, though, was poor at all doses, calling into question the utility of this drug in second-line regimens. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03174184).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikhil Gupte
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;,Johns Hopkins India, Pune, India
| | | | - Grace L. Barnes
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | - Susan E. Dorman
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Ahmed A. Abulfathi
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa;,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; and
| | | | - Alan Faraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and
| | - Eric L. Nuermberger
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gyanu Lamichhane
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elin M. Svensson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;,Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University, Njimegen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Kelly E. Dooley
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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7
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Gold B, Zhang J, Quezada LL, Roberts J, Ling Y, Wood M, Shinwari W, Goullieux L, Roubert C, Fraisse L, Bacqué E, Lagrange S, Filoche-Rommé B, Vieth M, Hipskind PA, Jungheim LN, Aubé J, Scarry SM, McDonald SL, Li K, Perkowski A, Nguyen Q, Dartois V, Zimmerman M, Olsen DB, Young K, Bonnett S, Joerss D, Parish T, Boshoff HI, Arora K, Barry CE, Guijarro L, Anca S, Rullas J, Rodríguez-Salguero B, Martínez-Martínez MS, Porras-De Francisco E, Cacho M, Barros-Aguirre D, Smith P, Berthel SJ, Nathan C, Bates RH. Identification of β-Lactams Active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by a Consortium of Pharmaceutical Companies and Academic Institutions. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:557-573. [PMID: 35192346 PMCID: PMC8922279 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rising antimicrobial resistance challenges our ability to combat bacterial infections. The problem is acute for tuberculosis (TB), the leading cause of death from infection before COVID-19. Here, we developed a framework for multiple pharmaceutical companies to share proprietary information and compounds with multiple laboratories in the academic and government sectors for a broad examination of the ability of β-lactams to kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In the TB Drug Accelerator (TBDA), a consortium organized by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, individual pharmaceutical companies collaborate with academic screening laboratories. We developed a higher order consortium within the TBDA in which four pharmaceutical companies (GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi, MSD, and Lilly) collectively collaborated with screeners at Weill Cornell Medicine, the Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), pharmacologists at Rutgers University, and medicinal chemists at the University of North Carolina to screen ∼8900 β-lactams, predominantly cephalosporins, and characterize active compounds. In a striking contrast to historical expectation, 18% of β-lactams screened were active against Mtb, many without a β-lactamase inhibitor. One potent cephaloporin was active in Mtb-infected mice. The steps outlined here can serve as a blueprint for multiparty, intra- and intersector collaboration in the development of anti-infective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Gold
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill
Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, New York, New York 10021, United
States
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill
Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, New York, New York 10021, United
States
| | - Landys Lopez Quezada
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill
Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, New York, New York 10021, United
States
| | - Julia Roberts
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill
Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, New York, New York 10021, United
States
| | - Yan Ling
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill
Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, New York, New York 10021, United
States
| | - Madeleine Wood
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill
Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, New York, New York 10021, United
States
| | - Wasima Shinwari
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill
Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, New York, New York 10021, United
States
| | - Laurent Goullieux
- Sanofi,
Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area, 69280 Marcy l’Étoile, France
- Evotec
(Lyon) SAS, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Christine Roubert
- Sanofi,
Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area, 69280 Marcy l’Étoile, France
- Evotec
(Lyon) SAS, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Fraisse
- Sanofi,
Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area, 69280 Marcy l’Étoile, France
| | - Eric Bacqué
- Sanofi,
Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area, 69280 Marcy l’Étoile, France
- Evotec
(Lyon) SAS, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Lagrange
- Sanofi,
Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area, 69280 Marcy l’Étoile, France
- Evotec
(Lyon) SAS, 69007 Lyon, France
| | | | - Michal Vieth
- Lilly
Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, 10290 Campus Point Dr, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Philip A. Hipskind
- Lilly
Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Louis N. Jungheim
- YourEncore, 20 North Meridian Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46204, United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of
Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sarah M. Scarry
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of
Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Stacey L. McDonald
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of
Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kelin Li
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of
Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Andrew Perkowski
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of
Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Quyen Nguyen
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of
Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Véronique Dartois
- Public
Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Matthew Zimmerman
- Public
Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - David B. Olsen
- Merck
& Co., Inc., Infectious Diseases, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Katherine Young
- Merck
& Co., Inc., Infectious Diseases, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Shilah Bonnett
- TB
Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research
Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Douglas Joerss
- TB
Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research
Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Tanya Parish
- TB
Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research
Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Helena I. Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory
of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kriti Arora
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory
of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Clifton E. Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory
of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Laura Guijarro
- Global Health Pharma R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, Madrid 28760, Spain
| | - Sara Anca
- Global Health Pharma R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, Madrid 28760, Spain
| | - Joaquín Rullas
- Global Health Pharma R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, Madrid 28760, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Monica Cacho
- Global Health Pharma R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, Madrid 28760, Spain
| | - David Barros-Aguirre
- Global Health Pharma R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, Madrid 28760, Spain
| | - Paul Smith
- Independent Consultant, Global Health Pharma R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, Madrid 28760, Spain
| | - Steven J. Berthel
- Panorama Global, 2101
4th Avenue, Suite 2100, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
| | - Carl Nathan
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill
Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, New York, New York 10021, United
States
| | - Robert H. Bates
- Global Health Pharma R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, Madrid 28760, Spain
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Schultz CR, Swanson MA, Dowling TC, Bachmann AS. Probenecid increases renal retention and antitumor activity of DFMO in neuroblastoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 88:607-617. [PMID: 34129075 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-021-04309-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children. Interference with the polyamine biosynthesis pathway by inhibition of MYCN-activated ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is a validated approach. The ODC inhibitor α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO, or Eflornithine) has been FDA-approved for the treatment of trypanosomiasis and hirsutism and has advanced to clinical cancer trials including NB as well as cancer-unrelated human diseases. One key challenge of DFMO is its rapid renal clearance and the need for high and frequent drug dosing during treatment. METHODS We performed in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK), antitumorigenic, and molecular studies with DFMO/probenecid using NB patient-derived xenografts (PDX) in mice. We used LC-MS/MS, HPLC, and immunoblotting to analyze blood, brain tissue, and PDX tumor tissue samples collected from mice. RESULTS The organic anion transport 1/3 (OAT 1/3) inhibitor probenecid reduces the renal clearance of DFMO and significantly increases the antitumor activity of DFMO in PDX of NB (P < 0.02). Excised tumors revealed that DFMO/probenecid treatment decreases polyamines putrescine and spermidine, reduces MYCN protein levels and dephosphorylates retinoblastoma (Rb) protein (p-RbSer795), suggesting DFMO/probenecid-induced cell cycle arrest. CONCLUSION Addition of probenecid as an adjuvant to DFMO therapy may be suitable to decrease overall dose and improve drug efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad R Schultz
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Ave, NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Matthew A Swanson
- Shimadzu Core Laboratory for Academic and Research Excellence, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Thomas C Dowling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI, USA
| | - André S Bachmann
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Ave, NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.
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Chemical Classes Presenting Novel Antituberculosis Agents Currently in Different Phases of Drug Development: A 2010-2020 Review. PHARMACEUTICALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:ph14050461. [PMID: 34068171 PMCID: PMC8152995 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a curable airborne disease currently treated using a drug regimen consisting of four drugs. Global TB control has been a persistent challenge for many decades due to the emergence of drug-resistant Mtb strains. The duration and complexity of TB treatment are the main issues leading to treatment failures. Other challenges faced by currently deployed TB regimens include drug-drug interactions, miss-matched pharmacokinetics parameters of drugs in a regimen, and lack of activity against slow replicating sub-population. These challenges underpin the continuous search for novel TB drugs and treatment regimens. This review summarizes new TB drugs/drug candidates under development with emphasis on their chemical classes, biological targets, mode of resistance generation, and pharmacokinetic properties. As effective TB treatment requires a combination of drugs, the issue of drug-drug interaction is, therefore, of great concern; herein, we have compiled drug-drug interaction reports, as well as efficacy reports for drug combinations studies involving antitubercular agents in clinical development.
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10
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Jadhav R, Gallardo-Macias R, Kumar G, Daher SS, Kaushik A, Bigelow KM, Nuermberger EL, Lamichhane G, Freundlich JS. Assessment of carbapenems in a mouse model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249841. [PMID: 33939697 PMCID: PMC8092647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present further study of a subset of carbapenems, arising from a previously reported machine learning approach, with regard to their mouse pharmacokinetic profiling and subsequent study in a mouse model of sub-acute Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Pharmacokinetic metrics for such small molecules were compared to those for meropenem and biapenem, resulting in the selection of two carbapenems to be assessed for their ability to reduce M. tuberculosis bacterial loads in the lungs of infected mice. The original syntheses of these two carbapenems were optimized to provide multigram quantities of each compound. One of the two experimental carbapenems, JSF-2204, exhibited efficacy equivalent to that of meropenem, while both were inferior to rifampin. The lessons learned in this study point toward the need to further enhance the pharmacokinetic profiles of experimental carbapenems to positively impact in vivo efficacy performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Jadhav
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Gallardo-Macias
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Center for Tuberculosis Research and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Samer S. Daher
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Amit Kaushik
- Center for Tuberculosis Research and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Kristina M. Bigelow
- Center for Tuberculosis Research and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Eric L. Nuermberger
- Center for Tuberculosis Research and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JSF); (GL); (ELN)
| | - Gyanu Lamichhane
- Center for Tuberculosis Research and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JSF); (GL); (ELN)
| | - Joel S. Freundlich
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine and the Ruy V. Lourenço Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Rutgers University—New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JSF); (GL); (ELN)
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11
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Abrahams KA, Besra GS. Synthesis and recycling of the mycobacterial cell envelope. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 60:58-65. [PMID: 33610125 PMCID: PMC8035080 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of the disease tuberculosis, is a recognised global health concern. The efficacy of the current treatment regime is under threat due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance, directing an urgent requirement for the discovery of new anti-tubercular agents and drug targets. The mycobacterial cell wall is a well-validated drug target for Mtb and is composed of three adaptive macromolecular structures, peptidoglycan, arabinogalactan and mycolic acids, an array of complex lipids and carbohydrates. The majority of the enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis have been established, whilst studies directed towards the mechanisms of remodelling and recycling have been neglected. This review briefly describes mycobacterial cell wall synthesis, and focuses on aspects of remodelling and recycling, thus highlighting opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Abrahams
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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12
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the oldest health problems in the world and it remains unresolved. Multidrug-resistant-TB and extensively resistant-TB are a serious problem for control programs. The evaluation of available antibiotics has gained importance in recent years for the treatment of resistant TB. Beta-lactam antibiotics inhibit cell wall biosynthesis in the bacteria; the presence of beta-lactamase enzyme in TB bacilli raises the question of whether this group of antibiotics can be used in treatment. As a result, it has been reported that the combination of beta-lactam antibiotics with beta-lactamase is effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis both in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this article is to review and discuss up-to-date knowledge and future perspective on beta-lactam antibiotics and TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Akif Gun
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical School, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun 55139, Turkey
| | - Bulent Bozdogan
- Recombinant DNA and Recombinant Protein Research Center (REDPROM), Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin 09010, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Yilmaz Coban
- Tuberculosis Research Center, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey.,Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
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13
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Balabon O, Pitta E, Rogacki MK, Meiler E, Casanueva R, Guijarro L, Huss S, Lopez-Roman EM, Santos-Villarejo Á, Augustyns K, Ballell L, Aguirre DB, Bates RH, Cunningham F, Cacho M, Van der Veken P. Optimization of Hydantoins as Potent Antimycobacterial Decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-Ribose Oxidase (DprE1) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5367-5386. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Balabon
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universitieitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eleni Pitta
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universitieitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maciej K. Rogacki
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universitieitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eugenia Meiler
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Casanueva
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Guijarro
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sophie Huss
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Maria Lopez-Roman
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universitieitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Lluis Ballell
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Barros Aguirre
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert H. Bates
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fraser Cunningham
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Monica Cacho
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pieter Van der Veken
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universitieitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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14
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Abrahams KA, Hu W, Li G, Lu Y, Richardson EJ, Loman NJ, Huang H, Besra GS. Anti-tubercular derivatives of rhein require activation by the monoglyceride lipase Rv0183. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 6:100040. [PMID: 32743152 PMCID: PMC7389528 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2020.100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The emergence and perseverance of drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) ensures that drug discovery efforts remain at the forefront of tuberculosis research. There are numerous different approaches that can be employed to lead to the discovery of anti-tubercular agents. In this work, we endeavored to optimize the anthraquinone chemical scaffold of a known drug, rhein, converting it from a compound with negligible activity against Mtb, to a series of compounds with potent activity. Two compounds exhibited low toxicity and good liver microsome stability and were further progressed in attempts to identify the biological target. Whole genome sequencing of resistant isolates revealed inactivating mutations in a monoglyceride lipase. Over-expression trials and an enzyme assay confirmed that the designed compounds are prodrugs, activated by the monoglyceride lipase. We propose that rhein is the active moiety of the novel compounds, which requires chemical modifications to enable access to the cell through the extensive cell wall structure. This work demonstrates that re-engineering of existing antimicrobial agents is a valid method in the development of new anti-tubercular compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Abrahams
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, 97 Ma Chang Street, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Emily J Richardson
- MicrobesNG, Units 1-2 First Floor, The BioHub, Birmingham Research Park, 97 Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2SQ, UK
| | - Nicholas J Loman
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Haihong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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15
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Mycobacterial Cell Wall: A Source of Successful Targets for Old and New Drugs. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10072278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Eighty years after the introduction of the first antituberculosis (TB) drug, the treatment of drug-susceptible TB remains very cumbersome, requiring the use of four drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide) for two months followed by four months on isoniazid and rifampicin. Two of the drugs used in this “short”-course, six-month chemotherapy, isoniazid and ethambutol, target the mycobacterial cell wall. Disruption of the cell wall structure can enhance the entry of other TB drugs, resulting in a more potent chemotherapy. More importantly, inhibition of cell wall components can lead to mycobacterial cell death. The complexity of the mycobacterial cell wall offers numerous opportunities to develop drugs to eradicate Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB. In the past 20 years, researchers from industrial and academic laboratories have tested new molecules to find the best candidates that will change the face of TB treatment: drugs that will shorten TB treatment and be efficacious against active and latent, as well as drug-resistant TB. Two of these new TB drugs block components of the mycobacterial cell wall and have reached phase 3 clinical trial. This article reviews TB drugs targeting the mycobacterial cell wall in use clinically and those in clinical development.
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16
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Zandi TA, Marshburn RL, Stateler PK, Brammer Basta LA. Phylogenetic and Biochemical Analyses of Mycobacterial l,d-Transpeptidases Reveal a Distinct Enzyme Class That Is Preferentially Acylated by Meropenem. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:2047-2054. [PMID: 31597040 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The genomes of diverse mycobacterial species encode multiple proteins with the canonical l,d-transpeptidase (Ldt) sequence motif. The reason for this apparent redundancy is not well understood, but evidence suggests paralogous Ldts may serve niche roles in maintaining and/or remodeling mycobacterial peptidoglycan. We examined 323 mycobacterial Ldts and determined these enzymes cluster into six clades. We identified a variably represented yet distinct Ldt class (class 6) containing Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm) LdtF and built a homology model of Msm LdtF toward elucidating class 6 structural and functional differences. We report class 6 Ldts have structurally divergent catalytic domains containing a 10-residue insertion near the active site and additionally determined that meropenem preferentially acylates LdtF. Our data demonstrate an evolutionary basis for mycobacterial Ldt multiplicity that lends support to the idea that paralogous Ldts serve nonredundant roles in vivo and suggests class 6 Ldts can be selectively targeted by specific carbapenem antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor A. Zandi
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Robert L. Marshburn
- Chemistry Department, United States Naval Academy, 572M Holloway Road, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, United States
| | - Paige K. Stateler
- Chemistry Department, United States Naval Academy, 572M Holloway Road, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, United States
| | - Leighanne A. Brammer Basta
- Chemistry Department, United States Naval Academy, 572M Holloway Road, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, United States
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17
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Xiao S, Guo H, Weiner WS, Maddox C, Mao C, Gunosewoyo H, Pelly S, White EL, Rasmussen L, Schoenen FJ, Aubé J, Bishai WR, Lun S. Revisiting the β-Lactams for Tuberculosis Therapy with a Compound-Compound Synthetic Lethality Approach. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:e01319-19. [PMID: 31427291 PMCID: PMC6811440 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01319-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The suboptimal effectiveness of β-lactam antibiotics against Mycobacterium tuberculosis has hindered the utility of this compound class for tuberculosis treatment. However, the results of treatment with a second-line regimen containing meropenem plus a β-lactamase inhibitor were found to be encouraging in a case study of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (M. C. Payen, S. De Wit, C. Martin, R. Sergysels, et al., Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 16:558-560, 2012, https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.11.0414). We hypothesized that the innate resistance of M. tuberculosis to β-lactams is mediated in part by noncanonical accessory proteins that are not considered the classic targets of β-lactams and that small-molecule inhibitors of those accessory targets might sensitize M. tuberculosis to β-lactams. In this study, we screened an NIH small-molecule library for the ability to sensitize M. tuberculosis to meropenem. We identified six hit compounds, belonging to either the N-arylindole or benzothiophene chemotype. Verification studies confirmed the synthetic lethality phenotype for three of the N-arylindoles and one benzothiophene derivative. The latter was demonstrated to be partially bioavailable via oral administration in mice. Structure-activity relationship studies of both structural classes identified analogs with potent antitubercular activity, alone or in combination with meropenem. Transcriptional profiling revealed that oxidoreductases, MmpL family proteins, and a 27-kDa benzoquinone methyltransferase could be the targets of the N-arylindole potentiator. In conclusion, our compound-compound synthetic lethality screening revealed novel small molecules that were capable of potentiating the action of meropenem, presumably via inhibition of the innate resistance conferred by β-lactam accessory proteins. β-Lactam compound-compound synthetic lethality may be an alternative approach for drug-resistant tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Xiao
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Haidan Guo
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Warren S Weiner
- Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Clinton Maddox
- Southern Research Molecular Libraries Screening Center, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Chunhong Mao
- Biocomplexity Institute and Initiative, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Hendra Gunosewoyo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shaaretha Pelly
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - E Lucile White
- Southern Research Molecular Libraries Screening Center, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Lynn Rasmussen
- Southern Research Molecular Libraries Screening Center, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Frank J Schoenen
- Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - William R Bishai
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shichun Lun
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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18
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Synergistic Efficacy of β-Lactam Combinations against Mycobacterium abscessus Pulmonary Infection in Mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00614-19. [PMID: 31109979 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00614-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus is an emerging pathogen capable of causing invasive pulmonary infections in patients with chronic lung diseases. These infections are difficult to treat, necessitating prolonged multidrug therapy, which is further complicated by extensive intrinsic and acquired resistance exhibited by clinical M. abscessus isolates. Therefore, development of novel treatment regimens effective against drug-resistant strains is crucial. Prior studies have demonstrated synergistic efficacy of several β-lactams against M. abscessus in vitro; however, these combinations have never been tested in an animal model of M. abscessus pulmonary disease. We utilized a recently developed murine system of sustained M. abscessus lung infection delivered via an aerosol route to test the bactericidal efficacy of four novel dual β-lactam combinations and one β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combination. All five of the novel combinations exhibited synergy and resulted in at least 6-log10 reductions in bacterial burden in the lungs of mice at 4 weeks compared to untreated controls (P = 0.038).
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19
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Catalão MJ, Filipe SR, Pimentel M. Revisiting Anti-tuberculosis Therapeutic Strategies That Target the Peptidoglycan Structure and Synthesis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:190. [PMID: 30804921 PMCID: PMC6378297 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is one of the leading cause of death by an infectious diseases. The biosynthesis of the mycobacterial cell wall (CW) is an area of increasing research significance, as numerous antibiotics used to treat TB target biosynthesis pathways of essential CW components. The main feature of the mycobacterial cell envelope is an intricate structure, the mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan (mAGP) complex responsible for its innate resistance to many commonly used antibiotics and involved in virulence. A hallmark of mAGP is its unusual peptidoglycan (PG) layer, which has subtleties that play a key role in virulence by enabling pathogenic species to survive inside the host and resist antibiotic pressure. This dynamic and essential structure is not a target of currently used therapeutics as Mtb is considered naturally resistant to most β-lactam antibiotics due to a highly active β-lactamase (BlaC) that efficiently hydrolyses many β-lactam drugs to render them ineffective. The emergence of multidrug- and extensive drug-resistant strains to the available antibiotics has become a serious health threat, places an immense burden on health care systems, and poses particular therapeutic challenges. Therefore, it is crucial to explore additional Mtb vulnerabilities that can be used to combat TB. Remodeling PG enzymes that catalyze biosynthesis and recycling of the PG are essential to the viability of Mtb and are therefore attractive targets for novel antibiotics research. This article reviews PG as an alternative antibiotic target for TB treatment, how Mtb has developed resistance to currently available antibiotics directed to PG biosynthesis, and the potential of targeting this essential structure to tackle TB by attacking alternative enzymatic activities involved in Mtb PG modifications and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Catalão
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sérgio R. Filipe
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Caparica, Portugal
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Surfaces and Pathogenesis, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Madalena Pimentel
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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20
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Evaluation of Carbapenems for Treatment of Multi- and Extensively Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.01489-18. [PMID: 30455232 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01489-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (M/XDR-TB) has become an increasing threat not only in countries where the TB burden is high but also in affluent regions, due to increased international travel and globalization. Carbapenems are earmarked as potentially active drugs for the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis To better understand the potential of carbapenems for the treatment of M/XDR-TB, the aim of this review was to evaluate the literature on currently available in vitro, in vivo, and clinical data on carbapenems in the treatment of M. tuberculosis and to detect knowledge gaps, in order to target future research. In February 2018, a systematic literature search of PubMed and Web of Science was performed. Overall, the results of the studies identified in this review, which used a variety of carbapenem susceptibility tests on clinical and laboratory strains of M. tuberculosis, are consistent. In vitro, the activity of carbapenems against M. tuberculosis is increased when used in combination with clavulanate, a BLaC inhibitor. However, clavulanate is not commercially available alone, and therefore, it is impossible in practice to prescribe carbapenems in combination with clavulanate at this time. Few in vivo studies have been performed, including one prospective, two observational, and seven retrospective clinical studies to assess the effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of three different carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem, and ertapenem). We found no clear evidence at the present time to select one particular carbapenem among the different candidate compounds to design an effective M/XDR-TB regimen. Therefore, more clinical evidence and dose optimization substantiated by hollow-fiber infection studies are needed to support repurposing carbapenems for the treatment of M/XDR-TB.
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21
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Sharma AK, Vats P. Evaluation of biochemical and molecular polymorphism in extended spectrum β-lactamases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates. Indian J Tuberc 2019; 66:92-98. [PMID: 30797291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) caused 1.8 million deaths worldwide with increased multiple drug resistance (MDR) cases estimated 4.8 lakhs in the year 2015. β-Lactam antibiotics could be a hope for TB treatment. Therefore, in this study, uniformity in the biochemical and molecular nature of β-lactamases was analyzed to evaluate the potential of β-lactam antibiotics as a treatment regimen against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). MATERIALS AND METHODS β-Lactamase enzymes in 233 MTB clinical isolates along with control H37Rv strain were characterized by enzyme kinetic using nitrocefin and cefotaxime as a substrate, isoelectric points by isoelectric focusing electrophoresis (IEF) and by PCR and Southern blotting. RESULTS Enzyme kinetics showed Km and Vmax for nitrocefin in the range of 56-69μM and 7.00-11IU/lit respectively, for cefotaxime in the range of 0.35-0.59μM and 18-25IU/lit respectively. β-Lactamase showed high affinity for clavulanic acid an inhibitor of Extended-Spectrum β-lactamase enzymes (ESBLs). The pIs of 4.9 and 5.1 were observed for all the MTB clinical isolates and control H37Rv. Southern blotting confirmed the presence of blaC sequence in MTB chromosomal DNA. CONCLUSION This confirmed that MTB β-lactamase enzymes belong to the Class A, group 2be Extended Spectrum β-Lactamases with no biochemical or molecular polymorphism. ESBLs are mainly responsible for resistance against β-lactam antibiotics in MTB. Thus ESBLs could be the potential therapeutic target for TB treatment using β-lactam antibiotics in combination with β-lactamase inhibitors like sulbactam and sodium clavulanate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asvene K Sharma
- Department of Zoology, M.S. College, (CCS University), Saharanpur 247001, India; Department of Pharmacy, Om Bio-Science & Pharma College, Haridwar 249405, India.
| | - Pratibha Vats
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India.
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Smith PW, Zuccotto F, Bates RH, Martinez-Martinez MS, Read KD, Peet C, Epemolu O. Pharmacokinetics of β-Lactam Antibiotics: Clues from the Past To Help Discover Long-Acting Oral Drugs in the Future. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1439-1447. [PMID: 30141902 PMCID: PMC6189874 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
β-Lactams represent perhaps the most important class of antibiotics yet discovered. However, despite many years of active research, none of the currently approved drugs in this class combine oral activity with long duration of action. Recent developments suggest that new β-lactam antibiotics with such a profile would have utility in the treatment of tuberculosis. Consequently, the historical β-lactam pharmacokinetic data have been compiled and analyzed to identify possible directions and drug discovery strategies aimed toward new β-lactam antibiotics with this profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Zuccotto
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School
of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee. DDI 5EH, U.K.
| | - Robert H. Bates
- Global
Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Calle Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Kevin D. Read
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School
of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee. DDI 5EH, U.K.
| | - Caroline Peet
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School
of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee. DDI 5EH, U.K.
| | - Ola Epemolu
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School
of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee. DDI 5EH, U.K.
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23
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Raghavendra T, Patil S, Mukherjee R. Peptidoglycan in Mycobacteria: chemistry, biology and intervention. Glycoconj J 2018; 35:421-432. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-018-9842-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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24
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Story-Roller E, Lamichhane G. Have we realized the full potential of β-lactams for treating drug-resistant TB? IUBMB Life 2018; 70:881-888. [PMID: 29934998 PMCID: PMC6119476 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
β-lactams are the most widely used antibiotics and are effective against a spectrum of pathogenic bacteria. Here, we focus on the state-of-the-art understanding of the molecular underpinnings that determine the overall efficacy of β-lactams against TB and include historical perspectives of this antibiotic class against this ancient disease. We summarize literature that describes why earlier generations of β-lactams are ineffective and the potential promise of newer β-lactams that exhibit improved efficacy against TB. Emerging evidence warrants renewed consideration of newer β-lactams in regimens for treatment of drug-resistant TB. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(9):881-888, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Story-Roller
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Gyanu Lamichhane
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231
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25
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Abstract
This is a review of the preclinical efficacy testing of new antituberculosis drug candidates. It describes existing dynamic in vitro and in vivo models of antituberculosis chemotherapy and their utility in preclinical evaluations of promising new drugs and combination regimens, with an effort to highlight recent developments. Emphasis is given to the integration of quantitative pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analyses and the impact of lesion pathology on drug efficacy. Discussion also includes in vivo models of chemotherapy of latent tuberculosis infection.
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26
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Prior treatment with non anti-TB antibiotics, and the duration of symptoms have no effect on diagnostics of tuberculous meningitis. Adv Med Sci 2017; 62:374-377. [PMID: 28544969 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our objective was to investigate whether diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) with microbiological and molecular analysis was affected by prior empirical non anti tuberculosis antibiotics or by duration of symptoms before lumbar puncture. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively evaluated medical records of patients with TBM confirmed by positive culture, nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAATs) or Ehrlich-Ziehl-Neelsen staining (EZNs) from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or by characteristic results of biochemical analysis of CSF combined with a typical clinical manifestation. RESULTS 68 adult patients were analyzed. The isolation rates for NAATs, Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) culture, BACTEC and EZNs were 70.6%, 69.1%, 67.6% and 26.5%, respectively. Biochemical analysis of CSF samples revealed: pleocytosis (median 224 [range 78-380]cells/mm3) with lymphocyte predominance (76 [45-90]%), elevated levels of protein (2.43 [1.50-3.84]g/l) and lactic acid (5.0 [3.9-7.2]mmol/l). Forty (65%) patients received no anti-tuberculosis antibiotic treatment before the diagnostic lumbar puncture. The were no significant differences in the microbiological and biochemical CSF analyses, between the patients who received and those who did not receive non anti-TB empirical antibiotic treatment. The median duration of symptoms before the diagnostic lumbar puncture was 24 (range 11-61) days. No significant differences in microbiological and biochemical analysis of CSF where found when comparing patients with duration of symptoms lasting above and less than the median time. CONCLUSIONS Neither prior non anti-TB antibiotic therapy, nor the duration of symptoms before diagnostic lumbar puncture have any effect on confirmation of TBM by microbiological and biochemical CSF analysis.
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27
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Mukherjee R, Chandra Pal A, Banerjee M. Enabling faster Go/No-Go decisions through secondary screens in anti-mycobacterial drug discovery. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 106:44-52. [PMID: 28802404 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Management of tuberculosis, already a global health emergency, is becoming increasingly challenging with extensive misuse of second line drugs and their inaccessibility to eighty percent of the eligible patients. Rising statistics of antimicrobial resistance underscores the need for a set of completely new and more effective class of compounds with novel mechanisms of action that can be administered in combination to replace and shorten the present intensive six months regimen. In this review, we stress on the importance and the successes of phenotypic screening for discovery of anti-mycobacterial compound and discuss the importance of performing secondary screens and counter screens to get early estimate on compound's potentials for a successful development. We also highlight the recent advances and the related caveats in the assays that have been developed and discuss new screening modalities that can be incorporated during hit-selection to gain a quick insight into the mechanism of action, thus enabling quicker decisions in a hit triage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Mukherjee
- Division of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Karakambadi Road, Tirupati, 517507, India.
| | - Anup Chandra Pal
- Division of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Karakambadi Road, Tirupati, 517507, India
| | - Mousumi Banerjee
- Indian Institute of Technology, Tirupati, Renigunta Road, Tirupati, 517506, India
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28
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Mishra S, Shukla P, Bhaskar A, Anand K, Baloni P, Jha RK, Mohan A, Rajmani RS, Nagaraja V, Chandra N, Singh A. Efficacy of β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combination is linked to WhiB4-mediated changes in redox physiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. eLife 2017; 6:e25624. [PMID: 28548640 PMCID: PMC5473688 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) expresses a broad-spectrum β-lactamase (BlaC) that mediates resistance to one of the highly effective antibacterials, β-lactams. Nonetheless, β-lactams showed mycobactericidal activity in combination with β-lactamase inhibitor, clavulanate (Clav). However, the mechanistic aspects of how Mtb responds to β-lactams such as Amoxicillin in combination with Clav (referred as Augmentin [AG]) are not clear. Here, we identified cytoplasmic redox potential and intracellular redox sensor, WhiB4, as key determinants of mycobacterial resistance against AG. Using computer-based, biochemical, redox-biosensor, and genetic strategies, we uncovered a functional linkage between specific determinants of β-lactam resistance (e.g. β-lactamase) and redox potential in Mtb. We also describe the role of WhiB4 in coordinating the activity of β-lactamase in a redox-dependent manner to tolerate AG. Disruption of WhiB4 enhances AG tolerance, whereas overexpression potentiates AG activity against drug-resistant Mtb. Our findings suggest that AG can be exploited to diminish drug-resistance in Mtb through redox-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Mishra
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Prashant Shukla
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Kushi Anand
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Priyanka Baloni
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar Jha
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Abhilash Mohan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Raju S Rajmani
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Valakunja Nagaraja
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Nagasuma Chandra
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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29
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Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), is recognized as a global health emergency as promoted by the World Health Organization. Over 1 million deaths per year, along with the emergence of multi- and extensively-drug resistant strains of Mtb, have triggered intensive research into the pathogenicity and biochemistry of this microorganism, guiding the development of anti-TB chemotherapeutic agents. The essential mycobacterial cell wall, sharing some common features with all bacteria, represents an apparent ‘Achilles heel’ that has been targeted by TB chemotherapy since the advent of TB treatment. This complex structure composed of three distinct layers, peptidoglycan, arabinogalactan and mycolic acids, is vital in supporting cell growth, virulence and providing a barrier to antibiotics. The fundamental nature of cell wall synthesis and assembly has rendered the mycobacterial cell wall as the most widely exploited target of anti-TB drugs. This review provides an overview of the biosynthesis of the prominent cell wall components, highlighting the inhibitory mechanisms of existing clinical drugs and illustrating the potential of other unexploited enzymes as future drug targets.
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30
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Non-classical transpeptidases yield insight into new antibacterials. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 13:54-61. [PMID: 27820797 PMCID: PMC5477059 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial survival requires an intact peptidoglycan layer, a three-dimensional exoskeleton that encapsulates the cytoplasmic membrane. Historically, the final steps of peptidoglycan synthesis are known to be carried out by D,D-transpeptidases, enzymes that are inhibited by the β-lactams, which constitute >50% of all antibacterials in clinical use. Here, we show that the carbapenem subclass of β-lactams are distinctly effective not only because they inhibit D,D-transpeptidases and are poor substrates for β-lactamases, but primarily because they also inhibit non-classical transpeptidases, namely the L,D-transpeptidases, which generate the majority of linkages in the peptidoglycan of mycobacteria. We have characterized the molecular mechanisms responsible for inhibition of L,D-transpeptidases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and a range of bacteria including ESKAPE pathogens, and used this information to design, synthesize and test simplified carbapenems with potent antibacterial activity.
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31
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Ramón-García S, González Del Río R, Villarejo AS, Sweet GD, Cunningham F, Barros D, Ballell L, Mendoza-Losana A, Ferrer-Bazaga S, Thompson CJ. Repurposing clinically approved cephalosporins for tuberculosis therapy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34293. [PMID: 27678056 PMCID: PMC5039641 DOI: 10.1038/srep34293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
While modern cephalosporins developed for broad spectrum antibacterial activities have never been pursued for tuberculosis (TB) therapy, we identified first generation cephalosporins having clinically relevant inhibitory concentrations, both alone and in synergistic drug combinations. Common chemical patterns required for activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis were identified using structure-activity relationships (SAR) studies. Numerous cephalosporins were synergistic with rifampicin, the cornerstone drug for TB therapy, and ethambutol, a first-line anti-TB drug. Synergy was observed even under intracellular growth conditions where beta-lactams typically have limited activities. Cephalosporins and rifampicin were 4- to 64-fold more active in combination than either drug alone; however, limited synergy was observed with rifapentine or rifabutin. Clavulanate was a key synergistic partner in triple combinations. Cephalosporins (and other beta-lactams) together with clavulanate rescued the activity of rifampicin against a rifampicin resistant strain. Synergy was not due exclusively to increased rifampicin accumulation within the mycobacterial cells. Cephalosporins were also synergistic with new anti-TB drugs such as bedaquiline and delamanid. Studies will be needed to validate their in vivo activities. However, the fact that cephalosporins are orally bioavailable with good safety profiles, together with their anti-mycobacterial activities reported here, suggest that they could be repurposed within new combinatorial TB therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Ramón-García
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z3, Canada.,GlaxoSmithKline-Diseases of the Developing World, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Gaye D Sweet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Fraser Cunningham
- GlaxoSmithKline-Diseases of the Developing World, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Barros
- GlaxoSmithKline-Diseases of the Developing World, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluís Ballell
- GlaxoSmithKline-Diseases of the Developing World, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Charles J Thompson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z3, Canada
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32
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Iannazzo L, Soroka D, Triboulet S, Fonvielle M, Compain F, Dubée V, Mainardi JL, Hugonnet JE, Braud E, Arthur M, Etheve-Quelquejeu M. Routes of Synthesis of Carbapenems for Optimizing Both the Inactivation of l,d-Transpeptidase LdtMt1 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the Stability toward Hydrolysis by β-Lactamase BlaC. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3427-38. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Iannazzo
- Laboratoire
de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, team
CBNIT, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8601, Paris F-75006, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Vincent Dubée
- Assistance
Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris F-75012,France
| | - Jean-Luc Mainardi
- Assistance
Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris F-75015, France
| | | | - Emmanuelle Braud
- Laboratoire
de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, team
CBNIT, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8601, Paris F-75006, France
| | | | - Mélanie Etheve-Quelquejeu
- Laboratoire
de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, team
CBNIT, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8601, Paris F-75006, France
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