1
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Khailova LS, Kirsanov RS, Rokitskaya TI, Krasnov VS, Korshunova GA, Kotova EA, Antonenko YN. Mitochondrial uncoupling caused by a wide variety of protonophores is differently sensitive to carboxyatractyloside in rat heart and liver mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2024; 1865:149506. [PMID: 39168228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2024.149506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial uncoupling by small-molecule protonophores is generally accepted to proceed via transmembrane proton shuttling. The idea of facilitating this process by the adenine nucleotide translocase ANT originated primarily from the partial reversal of the DNP-induced mitochondrial uncoupling by the ANT inhibitor carboxyatractyloside (CATR). Recently, the sensitivity to CATR was also observed for the action of such potent OxPhos uncouplers as BAM15, SF6847, FCCP and niclosamide. Here, we report measurements of the CATR effect on the activity of a large number of conventional and novel uncouplers in isolated mammalian mitochondria. Despite the broad variety of chemical structures, CATR attenuated the uncoupling efficacy of all the anionic protonophores in rat heart mitochondria with high abundance of ANT, whereas the effect was much less pronounced or even absent, e.g. for SF6847, in rat liver mitochondria with low ANT content. The fact that the uncoupling action is tissue specific for a broad spectrum of anionic protonophores is highlighted here for the first time. Only with the cationic uncoupler ellipticine and the channel-forming peptide gramicidin A, no sensitivity to CATR was found even in rat heart mitochondria. By contrast, with the recently described ester-stabilized ylidic protonophores [Kirsanov et al. Bioelectrochemistry 2023], the stimulating effect of CATR was discovered both in liver and heart mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljudmila S Khailova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman S Kirsanov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana I Rokitskaya
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir S Krasnov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina A Korshunova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A Kotova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Yuri N Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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2
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Caradec T, Plé C, Sicoli G, Petrov R, Pradel E, Sobieski C, Antoine R, Orio M, Herledan A, Willand N, Hartkoorn RC. Small molecule MarR modulators potentiate metronidazole antibiotic activity in aerobic E. coli by inducing activation by the nitroreductase NfsA. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107431. [PMID: 38825006 PMCID: PMC11259696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant Enterobacterales pose a major threat to healthcare systems worldwide, necessitating the development of novel strategies to fight such hard-to-kill bacteria. One potential approach is to develop molecules that force bacteria to hyper-activate prodrug antibiotics, thus rendering them more effective. In the present work, we aimed to obtain proof-of-concept data to support that small molecules targeting transcriptional regulators can potentiate the antibiotic activity of the prodrug metronidazole (MTZ) against Escherichia coli under aerobic conditions. By screening a chemical library of small molecules, a series of structurally related molecules were identified that had little inherent antibiotic activity but showed substantial activity in combination with ineffective concentrations of MTZ. Transcriptome analyses, functional genetics, thermal shift assays, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays were then used to demonstrate that these MTZ boosters target the transcriptional repressor MarR, resulting in the upregulation of the marRAB operon and its downstream MarA regulon. The associated upregulation of the flavin-containing nitroreductase, NfsA, was then shown to be critical for the booster-mediated potentiation of MTZ antibiotic activity. Transcriptomic studies, biochemical assays, and electron paramagnetic resonance measurements were then used to show that under aerobic conditions, NfsA catalyzed 1-electron reduction of MTZ to the MTZ radical anion which in turn induced lethal DNA damage in E. coli. This work reports the first example of prodrug boosting in Enterobacterales by transcriptional modulators and highlights that MTZ antibiotic activity can be chemically induced under anaerobic growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Caradec
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Coline Plé
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Giuseppe Sicoli
- CNRS UMR 8516, Univ. Lille, LASIRE - Laboratory of Advanced Spectroscopy on Interactions, Reactivity and Environment, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Ravil Petrov
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Elizabeth Pradel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Cécilia Sobieski
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Rudy Antoine
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Maylis Orio
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Adrien Herledan
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Willand
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, Lille, France
| | - Ruben Christiaan Hartkoorn
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France.
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3
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Zhong Y, Liu H, Chen F, He Q, Zhang X, Lan L, Yang C. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of thiazolyl-halogenated pyrroles or pyrazoles as novel antibacterial and antibiofilm agents. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116221. [PMID: 38382392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The formation of biofilm is one of the important factors for bacteria to develop drug-resistant. A series of halogenated-pyrroles or pyrazoles containing thiazole groups as antibacterial agents were designed and synthesized to target biofilms. Among them, compound 8c showed antibacterial activity against various Gram-positive bacteria, particularly against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (MIC ≤0.125 μg/mL). Additionally, this compound significantly inhibited biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at sub-MIC doses. Furthermore, compound 8c exhibited significantly lower mammalian cell toxicity compared to pyrrolomycin C and its hepatic microsomal metabolic stability in various species was also evaluated. Further experiment on the infection model of Galleria mellonella proved that the compound was effective in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchen Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feifei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qian He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Lefu Lan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Chunhao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
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4
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Castro-Falcón G, Straetener J, Bornikoel J, Reimer D, Purdy TN, Berscheid A, Schempp FM, Liu DY, Linington RG, Brötz-Oesterhelt H, Hughes CC. Antibacterial Marinopyrroles and Pseudilins Act as Protonophores. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:743-752. [PMID: 38377384 PMCID: PMC10949930 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Elucidating the mechanism of action (MoA) of antibacterial natural products is crucial to evaluating their potential as novel antibiotics. Marinopyrroles, pentachloropseudilin, and pentabromopseudilin are densely halogenated, hybrid pyrrole-phenol natural products with potent activity against Gram-positive bacterial pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus. However, the exact way they exert this antibacterial activity has not been established. In this study, we explore their structure-activity relationship, determine their spatial location in bacterial cells, and investigate their MoA. We show that the natural products share a common MoA based on membrane depolarization and dissipation of the proton motive force (PMF) that is essential for cell viability. The compounds show potent protonophore activity but do not appear to destroy the integrity of the cytoplasmic membrane via the formation of larger pores or interfere with the stability of the peptidoglycan sacculus. Thus, our current model for the antibacterial MoA of marinopyrrole, pentachloropseudilin, and pentabromopseudilin stipulates that the acidic compounds insert into the membrane and transport protons inside the cell. This MoA may explain many of the deleterious biological effects in mammalian cells, plants, phytoplankton, viruses, and protozoans that have been reported for these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Castro-Falcón
- Center
for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Jan Straetener
- Department
of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology
and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Jan Bornikoel
- Department
of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology
and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Daniela Reimer
- Center
for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Trevor N. Purdy
- Center
for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Anne Berscheid
- Department
of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology
and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Florence M. Schempp
- Center
for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Dennis Y. Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Roger G. Linington
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Heike Brötz-Oesterhelt
- Department
of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology
and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Cluster
of Excellence EXC 2124: Controlling Microbes to Fight Infection, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- German
Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Chambers C. Hughes
- Center
for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Department
of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology
and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Cluster
of Excellence EXC 2124: Controlling Microbes to Fight Infection, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- German
Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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5
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Kumar G, Engle K. Natural products acting against S. aureus through membrane and cell wall disruption. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1608-1646. [PMID: 37326041 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2015 to 2022Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is responsible for several community and hospital-acquired infections with life-threatening complications such as bacteraemia, endocarditis, meningitis, liver abscess, and spinal cord epidural abscess. In recent decades, the abuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans, animals, plants, and fungi and the treatment of nonmicrobial diseases have led to the rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens. The bacterial wall is a complex structure consisting of the cell membrane, peptidoglycan cell wall, and various associated polymers. The enzymes involved in bacterial cell wall synthesis are established antibiotic targets and continue to be a central focus for antibiotic development. Natural products play a vital role in drug discovery and development. Importantly, natural products provide a starting point for active/lead compounds that sometimes need modification based on structural and biological properties to meet the drug criteria. Notably, microorganisms and plant metabolites have contributed as antibiotics for noninfectious diseases. In this study, we have summarized the recent advances in understanding the activity of the drugs or agents of natural origin that directly inhibit the bacterial membrane, membrane components, and membrane biosynthetic enzymes by targeting membrane-embedded proteins. We also discussed the unique aspects of the active mechanisms of established antibiotics or new agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Balanagar, 500037, India.
| | - Kritika Engle
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Balanagar, 500037, India.
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6
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Allen RA, Wuest WM. Total Synthesis and Biological Investigation of Mindapyrroles A and B. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300235. [PMID: 37427866 PMCID: PMC10530455 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
In the search for antibacterial compounds that can overcome drug resistant species, molecules that enact novel or polypharmacological mechanisms of action (MoA) are needed. As a preliminary foray into molecules of this background, the total synthesis of mindapyrroles A and B was undertaken leveraging a biomimetic approach. Following their synthesis, they and their monomer pyoluteorin were tested against a range of pathogenic bacteria in minimum inhibitory concentration assays to confirm their activity. These molecules were then tested for their ability to disrupt membrane potential in S. aureus. Our findings indicate that pyoluteorin acts as a protonophore but the mindapyrroles do not. This work encapsulates the first total synthesis of mindapyrrole B and the second total synthesis of mindapyrrole A in 11 % and 30 % overall yields, respectively. It also provides insights into the antibacterial properties and different MoAs between the monomer and dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 30322, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 30322, Atlanta, GA, USA
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7
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Nofiani R, Ardiningsih P, Zahra STA, Sukito A, Weisberg AJ, Chang JH, Mahmud T. Genome features and secondary metabolite potential of the marine symbiont Streptomyces sp. RS2. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:244. [PMID: 37209150 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03556-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Streptomyces sp. RS2 was isolated from an unidentified sponge collected around Randayan Island, Indonesia. The genome of Streptomyces sp. RS2 consists of a linear chromosome of 9,391,717 base pairs with 71.9% of G + C content, 8270 protein-coding genes, as well as 18 rRNA and 85 tRNA loci. Twenty-eight putative secondary metabolites biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) were identified in the genome sequence. Nine of them have 100% similarity to BGCs for albaflavenone, α-lipomycin, coelibactin, coelichelin, ectoine, geosmin, germicidin, hopene, and lanthionine (SapB). The remaining 19 BGCs have low (< 50%) or moderate (50-80%) similarity to other known secondary metabolite BGCs. Biological activity assays of extracts from 21 different cultures of the RS2 strain showed that SCB ASW was the best medium for the production of antimicrobial and cytotoxic compounds. Streptomyces sp. RS2 has great potential to be a producer of novel secondary metabolites, particularly those with antimicrobial and antitumor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Nofiani
- Department of Chemistry, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, 78124, Indonesia.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Puji Ardiningsih
- Department of Chemistry, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, 78124, Indonesia
| | | | - Agus Sukito
- Research Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, 16458, Indonesia
| | - Alexandra J Weisberg
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Jeff H Chang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Taifo Mahmud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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8
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Barreca M, Buttacavoli M, Di Cara G, D'Amico C, Peri E, Spanò V, Li Petri G, Barraja P, Raimondi MV, Cancemi P, Montalbano A. Exploring the anticancer activity and the mechanism of action of pyrrolomycins F obtained by microwave-assisted total synthesis. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 253:115339. [PMID: 37054631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolomycins (PMs) are a family of naturally occurring antibiotic agents, isolated from the fermentation broth of Actinosporangium and Streptomyces species. Pursuing our studies on pyrrolomycins, we performed the total synthesis of the F-series pyrrolomycins (1-4) by microwave-assisted synthesis (MAOS), thus obtaining the title compounds in excellent yields (63-69%). Considering that there is no evidence so far of the anticancer effect of this class of compounds, we investigated PMs for their antiproliferative activity against HCT116 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. PMs showed anticancer activity at submicromolar level with a minimal effect on normal epithelial cell line (hTERT RPE-1), and they were able to induce several morphological changes including elongated cells, cytoplasm vacuolization, long and thin filopodia as well as the appearance of tunneling nanotubes (TNTs). These data suggest that PMs could act by impairing the cell membranes and the cytoskeleton organization, with subsequent increase of ROS generation and the activation of different forms of non-apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Barreca
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Miriam Buttacavoli
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gianluca Di Cara
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Cesare D'Amico
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Emanuela Peri
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Virginia Spanò
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanna Li Petri
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy; Drug Discovery Unit, Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Barraja
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Valeria Raimondi
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Cancemi
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Montalbano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
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9
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Si Z, Pethe K, Chan-Park MB. Chemical Basis of Combination Therapy to Combat Antibiotic Resistance. JACS AU 2023; 3:276-292. [PMID: 36873689 PMCID: PMC9975838 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The antimicrobial resistance crisis is a global health issue requiring discovery and development of novel therapeutics. However, conventional screening of natural products or synthetic chemical libraries is uncertain. Combination therapy using approved antibiotics with inhibitors targeting innate resistance mechanisms provides an alternative strategy to develop potent therapeutics. This review discusses the chemical structures of effective β-lactamase inhibitors, outer membrane permeabilizers, and efflux pump inhibitors that act as adjuvant molecules of classical antibiotics. Rational design of the chemical structures of adjuvants will provide methods to impart or restore efficacy to classical antibiotics for inherently antibiotic-resistant bacteria. As many bacteria have multiple resistance pathways, adjuvant molecules simultaneously targeting multiple pathways are promising approaches to combat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyong Si
- School
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee
Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore 636921
- Singapore
Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Mary B. Chan-Park
- School
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459
- Lee
Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore 636921
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10
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Kumar G, Kiran Tudu A. Tackling multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by natural products and their analogues acting as NorA efflux pump inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 80:117187. [PMID: 36731248 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a pathogen responsible for various community and hospital-acquired infections with life-threatening complications like bacteraemia, endocarditis, meningitis, liver abscess, and spinal cord epidural abscess. Antibiotics have been used to treat microbial infections since the introduction of penicillin in 1940. In recent decades, the abuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans, animals, plants, and fungi, including the treatment of non-microbial diseases, have led to the rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens with increased virulence. Bacteria have developed several complementary mechanisms to avoid the effects of antibiotics. These mechanisms include chemical transformations and enzymatic inactivation of antibiotics, modification of antibiotics' target site, and reduction of intracellular antibiotics concentration by changes in membrane permeability or by the overexpression of efflux pumps (EPs). The strategy to check antibiotic resistance includes synthesis of the antibiotic analogues, or antibiotics are given in combination with the adjuvant. The inhibitors of multidrug EPs are considered promising alternative therapeutic options with the potential to revive the effects of antibiotics and reduce bacterial virulence. Natural products played a vital role in drug discovery and significantly contributed to the area of infectious diseases. Also, natural products provide lead compounds that sometimes need modification based on structural and biological properties to meet the drug criteria. This review discusses natural products and their derived compounds as NorA efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana 500037, India.
| | - Asha Kiran Tudu
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana 500037, India
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11
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Firsov AM, Khailova LS, Rokitskaya TI, Kotova EA, Antonenko YN. Antibiotic Pyrrolomycin as an Efficient Mitochondrial Uncoupler. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:812-822. [PMID: 36171648 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922080120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolomycins C (Pyr_C) and D (Pyr_D) are antibiotics produced by Actinosporangium and Streptomyces. The mechanism of their antimicrobial activity consists in depolarization of bacterial membrane, leading to the suppression of bacterial bioenergetics through the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, which is based on the protonophore action of these antibiotics [Valderrama et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2019) 63, e01450]. Here, we studied the effect of pyrrolomycins on the isolated rat liver mitochondria. Pyr_C was found to be more active than Pyr_D and uncoupled mitochondria in the submicromolar concentration range, which was observed as the mitochondrial membrane depolarization and stimulation of mitochondrial respiration. In the case of mitoplasts (isolated mitochondria with impaired outer membrane integrity), the difference in the action of Pyr_C and Pyr_D was significantly less pronounced. By contrast, in inverted submitochondrial particles (SMPs), Pyr_D was more active as an uncoupler, which caused collapse of the membrane potential even at the nanomolar concentrations. The same ratio of the protonophoric activity of Pyr_D and Pyr_C was obtained by us on liposomes loaded with the pH indicator pyranine. The protonophore activity of Pyr_D in the planar bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs) was maximal at ~pH 9, i.e., at pH values close to pKa of this compound. Pyr_D functions as a typical anionic protonophore; its activity in the BLM could be reduced by the addition of the dipole modifier phloretin. The difference between the protonophore activity of Pyr_C and Pyr_D in the mitochondria and BLMs can be attributed to a higher ability of Pyr_C to penetrate the outer mitochondrial membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Firsov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Ljudmila S Khailova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Tatyana I Rokitskaya
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Elena A Kotova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Yuri N Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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12
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Noriega S, Cardoso-Ortiz J, López-Luna A, Cuevas-Flores MDR, Flores De La Torre JA. The Diverse Biological Activity of Recently Synthesized Nitro Compounds. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:717. [PMID: 35745635 PMCID: PMC9230682 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for new and efficient pharmaceuticals is a constant struggle for medicinal chemists. New substances are needed in order to treat different pathologies affecting the health of humans and animals, and these new compounds should be safe, effective and have the fewest side effects possible. Some functional groups are known for having biological activity; in this matter, the nitro group (NO2) is an efficient scaffold when synthesizing new bioactive molecules. Nitro compounds display a wide spectrum of activities that include antineoplastic, antibiotic, antihypertensive, antiparasitic, tranquilizers and even herbicides, among many others. Most nitro molecules exhibit antimicrobial activity, and several of the compounds mentioned in this review may be further studied as lead compounds for the treatment of H. pylori, P. aeruginosa, M. tuberculosis and S. mutans infections, among others. The NO2 moiety triggers redox reactions within cells causing toxicity and the posterior death of microorganisms, not only bacteria but also multicellular organisms such as parasites. The same effect may be present in humans as well, so the nitro groups can be considered both a pharmacophore and a toxicophore at the same time. The role of the nitro group itself also has a deep effect on the polarity and electronic properties of the resulting molecules, and hence favors interactions with some amino acids in proteins. For these reasons, it is fundamental to analyze the recently synthesized nitro molecules that show any potential activity in order to develop new pharmacological treatments that enhance human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaime Cardoso-Ortiz
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (S.N.); (A.L.-L.); (M.D.R.C.-F.); (J.A.F.D.L.T.)
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13
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Huan X, Wang Y, Peng X, Xie S, He Q, Zhang X, Lan L, Yang C. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluations of substituted pyrazoles as pyrrolomycin analogues against staphylococcal biofilm. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 236:114309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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14
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Grozav AN, Kemskiy SV, Fedoriv MZ, Chornous VА, Palamar AА, Dorokhov VI, Rusanov EB, Vovk MV. Synthesis, hydrolysis, and reductive cyclization of ethyl 5-chloro-4-(4-nitropyrrolidin-3-yl)pyrrole-3-carboxylates. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-022-03052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Pyridylpiperazine-based allosteric inhibitors of RND-type multidrug efflux pumps. Nat Commun 2022; 13:115. [PMID: 35013254 PMCID: PMC8749003 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27726-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Efflux transporters of the RND family confer resistance to multiple antibiotics in Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we identify and chemically optimize pyridylpiperazine-based compounds that potentiate antibiotic activity in E. coli through inhibition of its primary RND transporter, AcrAB-TolC. Characterisation of resistant E. coli mutants and structural biology analyses indicate that the compounds bind to a unique site on the transmembrane domain of the AcrB L protomer, lined by key catalytic residues involved in proton relay. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the inhibitors access this binding pocket from the cytoplasm via a channel exclusively present in the AcrB L protomer. Thus, our work unveils a class of allosteric efflux-pump inhibitors that likely act by preventing the functional catalytic cycle of the RND pump. Efflux transporters of the RND family confer resistance to multiple antibiotics in Gram-negative bacteria. Here, the authors identify pyridylpiperazine-based compounds that potentiate antibiotic activity in E. coli through allosteric inhibition of its primary RND transporter.
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16
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Kotova EA, Antonenko YN. Fifty Years of Research on Protonophores: Mitochondrial Uncoupling As a Basis for Therapeutic Action. Acta Naturae 2022; 14:4-13. [PMID: 35441048 PMCID: PMC9013436 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protonophores are compounds capable of electrogenic transport of protons across
membranes. Protonophores have been intensively studied over the past 50 years
owing to their ability to uncouple oxidation and phosphorylation in
mitochondria and chloroplasts. The action mechanism of classical uncouplers,
such as DNP and CCCP, in mitochondria is believed to be related to their
protonophoric activity; i.e., their ability to transfer protons across the
lipid part of the mitochondrial membrane. Given the recently revealed
deviations in the correlation between the protonophoric activity of some
uncouplers and their ability to stimulate mitochondrial respiration, this
review addresses the involvement of some proteins of the inner mitochondrial
membrane, such as the ATP/ADP antiporter, dicarboxylate carrier, and ATPase, in
the uncoupling process. However, these deviations do not contradict the
Mitchell theory but point to a more complex nature of the interaction of DNP,
CCCP, and other uncouplers with mitochondrial membranes. Therefore, a detailed
investigation of the action mechanism of uncouplers is required for a more
successful pharmacological use, including their antibacterial, antiviral,
anticancer, as well as cardio-, neuro-, and nephroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. A. Kotova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - Y. N. Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
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17
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Arisetti N, Fuchs HLS, Coetzee J, Orozco M, Ruppelt D, Bauer A, Heimann D, Kuhnert E, Bhamidimarri SP, Bafna JA, Hinkelmann B, Eckel K, Sieber SA, Müller PP, Herrmann J, Müller R, Winterhalter M, Steinem C, Brönstrup M. Total synthesis and mechanism of action of the antibiotic armeniaspirol A. Chem Sci 2021; 12:16023-16034. [PMID: 35024125 PMCID: PMC8672772 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04290d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging antimicrobial resistance urges the discovery of antibiotics with unexplored, resistance-breaking mechanisms. Armeniaspirols represent a novel class of antibiotics with a unique spiro[4.4]non-8-ene scaffold and potent activities against Gram-positive pathogens. We report a concise total synthesis of (±) armeniaspirol A in six steps with a yield of 20.3% that includes the formation of the spirocycle through a copper-catalyzed radical cross-coupling reaction. In mechanistic biological experiments, armeniaspirol A exerted potent membrane depolarization, accounting for the pH-dependent antibiotic activity. Armeniaspirol A also disrupted the membrane potential and decreased oxygen consumption in mitochondria. In planar lipid bilayers and in unilamellar vesicles, armeniaspirol A transported protons across membranes in a protein-independent manner, demonstrating that armeniaspirol A acted as a protonophore. We provide evidence that this mechanism might account for the antibiotic activity of multiple chloropyrrole-containing natural products isolated from various origins that share a 4-acylphenol moiety coupled to chloropyrrole as a joint pharmacophore. We additionally describe an efflux-mediated mechanism of resistance against armeniaspirols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanaji Arisetti
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Inhoffenstrasse 7 38124 Braunschweig Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig Germany
| | - Hazel L S Fuchs
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Inhoffenstrasse 7 38124 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Janetta Coetzee
- German Centre for Infection Research Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Saarland University Campus E8.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Manuel Orozco
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Saarland University Campus E8.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Dominik Ruppelt
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Armin Bauer
- Sanofi R&D Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Dominik Heimann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Inhoffenstrasse 7 38124 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Eric Kuhnert
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Inhoffenstrasse 7 38124 Braunschweig Germany
| | | | - Jayesh A Bafna
- Jacobs University Bremen Campus Ring 1 28759 Bremen Germany
| | - Bettina Hinkelmann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Inhoffenstrasse 7 38124 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Konstantin Eckel
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Technische Universität München Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Stephan A Sieber
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Technische Universität München Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8 85748 Garching Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Saarland University Campus E8.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Peter P Müller
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Inhoffenstrasse 7 38124 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Jennifer Herrmann
- German Centre for Infection Research Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Saarland University Campus E8.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- German Centre for Infection Research Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Saarland University Campus E8.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | | | - Claudia Steinem
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Dynamics and Self Organization Am Faßberg 17 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Inhoffenstrasse 7 38124 Braunschweig Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig Germany
- Center for Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz Universität 30159 Hannover Germany
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18
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Lu WX, Xing J, Sun Y, Huang Q, Deng Z, Mao JG. Palladium-catalyzed and alcohol-enabled transformation to synthesize benzocyclic ketones. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:10210-10214. [PMID: 34806101 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01996a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic carbonyl formation ranks as one of the most important synthetic methodologies. Herein, a highly effective palladium-catalyzed and alcohol-promoted transformation of nitriles to synthesize benzocyclic ketones is described. It provides a straightforward access to potentially valuable indanone compounds in high yields in the presence of alcohol. It avoided the usage of carbon monoxide or an additional hydrolysis procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xiu Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 156 Kejia Avenue, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China.
| | - Jian Xing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 156 Kejia Avenue, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China.
| | - Yijia Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 156 Kejia Avenue, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China.
| | - Qinge Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 156 Kejia Avenue, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenwei Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 156 Kejia Avenue, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China.
| | - Jian-Gang Mao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 156 Kejia Avenue, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China.
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19
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Ebert A, Goss KU. Screening of 6000 Compounds for Uncoupling Activity: A Comparison Between a Mechanistic Biophysical Model and the Structural Alert Profiler Mitotox. Toxicol Sci 2021; 185:208-219. [PMID: 34865177 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protonophoric uncoupling of phosphorylation is an important factor when assessing chemicals for their toxicity, and has recently moved into focus in pharmaceutical research with respect to the treatment of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, or obesity. Reliably identifying uncoupling activity is thus a valuable goal. To that end, we screened more than 6000 anionic compounds for in vitro uncoupling activity, using a biophysical model based on ab initio COSMO-RS input parameters with the molecular structure as the only external input. We combined these results with a model for baseline toxicity (narcosis). Our model identified more than 1250 possible uncouplers in the screening dataset, and identified possible new uncoupler classes such as thiophosphoric acids. When tested against 423 known uncouplers and 612 known inactive compounds in the dataset, the model reached a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 96%. In a direct comparison, it showed a similar specificity than the structural alert profiler Mitotox (97%), but much higher sensitivity than Mitotox (47%). The biophysical model thus allows for a more accurate screening for uncoupling activity than existing structural alert profilers. We propose to use our model as a complementary tool to screen large datasets for protonophoric uncoupling activity in drug development and toxicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ebert
- Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Goss
- Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University, D-06120 Halle, Germany
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20
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Le D, Krasnopeeva E, Sinjab F, Pilizota T, Kim M. Active Efflux Leads to Heterogeneous Dissipation of Proton Motive Force by Protonophores in Bacteria. mBio 2021; 12:e0067621. [PMID: 34253054 PMCID: PMC8406135 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00676-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Various toxic compounds disrupt bacterial physiology. While bacteria harbor defense mechanisms to mitigate the toxicity, these mechanisms are often coupled to the physiological state of the cells and become ineffective when the physiology is severely disrupted. Here, we characterized such feedback by exposing Escherichia coli to protonophores. Protonophores dissipate the proton motive force (PMF), a fundamental force that drives physiological functions. We found that E. coli cells responded to protonophores heterogeneously, resulting in bimodal distributions of cell growth, substrate transport, and motility. Furthermore, we showed that this heterogeneous response required active efflux systems. The analysis of underlying interactions indicated the heterogeneous response results from efflux-mediated positive feedback between PMF and protonophores' action. Our studies have broad implications for bacterial adaptation to stress, including antibiotics. IMPORTANCE An electrochemical proton gradient across the cytoplasmic membrane, alternatively known as proton motive force, energizes vital cellular processes in bacteria, including ATP synthesis, nutrient uptake, and cell division. Therefore, a wide range of organisms produce the agents that collapse the proton motive force, protonophores, to gain a competitive advantage. Studies have shown that protonophores have significant effects on microbial competition, host-pathogen interaction, and antibiotic action and resistance. Furthermore, protonophores are extensively used in various laboratory studies to perturb bacterial physiology. Here, we have characterized cell growth, substrate transport, and motility of Escherichia coli cells exposed to protonophores. Our findings demonstrate heterogeneous effects of protonophores on cell physiology and the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Le
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ekaterina Krasnopeeva
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Faris Sinjab
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Teuta Pilizota
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Minsu Kim
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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21
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Terekhova N, Khailova LS, Rokitskaya TI, Nazarov PA, Islamov DR, Usachev KS, Tatarinov DA, Mironov VF, Kotova EA, Antonenko YN. Trialkyl(vinyl)phosphonium Chlorophenol Derivatives as Potent Mitochondrial Uncouplers and Antibacterial Agents. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:20676-20685. [PMID: 34396013 PMCID: PMC8359139 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Trialkyl phosphonium derivatives of vinyl-substituted p-chlorophenol were synthesized here by a recently developed method of preparing quaternary phosphonium salts from phosphine oxides using Grignard reagents. All the derivatives with a number (n) of carbon atoms in phosphonium alkyl substituents varying from 4 to 7 showed pronounced uncoupling activity in isolated rat liver mitochondria at micromolar concentrations, with a tripentyl derivative being the most effective both in accelerating respiration and causing membrane potential collapse, as well as in provoking mitochondrial swelling in a potassium-acetate medium. Remarkably, the trialkyl phosphonium derivatives with n from 4 to 7 also proved to be rather potent antibacterial agents. Methylation of the chlorophenol hydroxyl group suppressed the effects of P555 and P444 on the respiration and membrane potential of mitochondria but not those of P666, thereby suggesting a mechanistic difference in the mitochondrial uncoupling by these derivatives, which was predominantly protonophoric (carrier-like) in the case of P555 and P444 but detergent-like with P666. The latter was confirmed by the carboxyfluorescein leakage assay on model liposomal membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia
V. Terekhova
- Arbuzov
Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific
Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str. 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Lyudmila S. Khailova
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana I. Rokitskaya
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel A. Nazarov
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Daut R. Islamov
- Arbuzov
Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific
Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str. 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin S. Usachev
- Institute
of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan
Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry A. Tatarinov
- Arbuzov
Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific
Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str. 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir F. Mironov
- Arbuzov
Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific
Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str. 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Elena A. Kotova
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri N. Antonenko
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
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22
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Zhao X, Wang X, Shukla R, Kumar R, Weingarth M, Breukink E, Kuipers OP. Brevibacillin 2V Exerts Its Bactericidal Activity via Binding to Lipid II and Permeabilizing Cellular Membranes. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:694847. [PMID: 34335524 PMCID: PMC8322648 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.694847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipo-tridecapeptides, a class of bacterial non-ribosomally produced peptides, show strong antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive pathogens, including antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp. However, many of these lipo-tridecapeptides have shown high hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity, which has limited their potential to be developed into antibiotics. Recently, we reported a novel antimicrobial lipo-tridecapeptide, brevibacillin 2V, which showed no hemolytic activity against human red blood cells at a high concentration of 128 mg/L, opposite to other brevibacillins and lipo-tridecapeptides. In addition, brevibacillin 2V showed much lower cytotoxicity than the other members of the brevibacillin family. In this study, we set out to elucidate the antimicrobial mode of action of brevibacillin 2V. The results show that brevibacillin 2V acts as bactericidal antimicrobial agent against S. aureus (MRSA). Further studies show that brevibacillin 2V exerts its bactericidal activity by binding to the bacterial cell wall synthesis precursor Lipid II and permeabilizing the bacterial membrane. Combined solid-state NMR, circular dichroism, and isothermal titration calorimetry assays indicate that brevibacillin 2V binds to the GlcNAc-MurNAc moiety and/or the pentapeptide of Lipid II. This study provides an insight into the antimicrobial mode of action of brevibacillin 2V. As brevibacillin 2V is a novel and promising antibiotic candidate with low hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity, the here-elucidated mode of action will help further studies to develop it as an alternative antimicrobial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghong Zhao
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rhythm Shukla
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Raj Kumar
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Markus Weingarth
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Eefjan Breukink
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Oscar P Kuipers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Zhao X, Kuipers OP. BrevicidineB, a New Member of the Brevicidine Family, Displays an Extended Target Specificity. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:693117. [PMID: 34177875 PMCID: PMC8219939 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.693117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The group of bacterial non-ribosomally produced peptides (NRPs) has formed a rich source for drug development. Brevicidine, a bacterial non-ribosomally produced cyclic lipo-dodecapeptide, displays selective antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative pathogens. Here, we show that brevicidineB, which contains a single substitution (Tyr2 to Phe2) in the amino acid sequence of the linear part of brevicidine, has a broadened antimicrobial spectrum, showing bactericidal activity against both Gram-negative (with a MIC value of 2 to 4 mg/L) and Gram-positive (with a MIC value of 2 to 8 mg/L) pathogens. Compared with an earlier reported member of the brevicidine family, the broadened antimicrobial spectrum of brevicidineB is caused by its increased membrane disruptive capacity on Gram-positive pathogens, which was evidenced by fluorescence microscopy assays. In addition, DiSC3(5) and resazurin assays show that brevicidine and brevicidineB exert their antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria via disrupting the proton motive force of cells. Notably, as a brevicidine family member, brevicidineB also showed neither hemolytic activity nor cytotoxicity at a high concentration of 64 mg/L. This study provides a promising antibiotic candidate (brevicidineB) with a broad antimicrobial spectrum, and provides novel insights into the antimicrobial mode of action of brevicidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghong Zhao
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Oscar P Kuipers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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24
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Aashique M, Roy A, Kosuru RY, Bera S. Membrane Depolarization Sensitizes Pseudomonas aeruginosa Against Tannic Acid. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:713-717. [PMID: 33410955 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02330-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of dietary polyphenols as antimicrobial agents has gained immense popularity in recent years, although few of them-like tannic acid has limited use in this field of research; one of the main reasons is its restricted access through the bacterial membrane. Dissipating the bacterial membrane potential with a sub-lethal dosage of the protonophore, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone, enhanced the tannic acid-cytotoxicity with subsequent inhibition of aerobic respiration in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains which otherwise exhibited a minimum response to tannic acid. However, ascorbic acid, an antioxidant and bacterial membrane-stabilizing compound, had rescued the cells from both tannic acid- and CCCP-mediated lethality. The results suggested that dispersing the membrane potential with a protonophore can enhance the antibacterial properties of tannic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Aashique
- School of Life Sciences, B.S.Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600048, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Amrita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Academy Degree College, Bangalore, Karnataka, 5600043, India
| | - Rekha Yamini Kosuru
- School of Life Sciences, B.S.Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600048, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Soumen Bera
- School of Life Sciences, B.S.Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600048, Tamil Nadu, India.
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25
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Wang H, Mao J, Shuai S, Chen S, Zou D, Walsh PJ, Li J. N-Acyl pyrroles: chemoselective pyrrole dance vs. C–H functionalization/aroylation of toluenes. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00944c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemoselectivity is one of the most challenging issues facing the chemical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jianyou Mao
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - SuJuan Shuai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Shuguang Chen
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Dong Zou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Jie Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
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26
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Parthasarathy A, Mantravadi PK, Kalesh K. Detectives and helpers: Natural products as resources for chemical probes and compound libraries. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 216:107688. [PMID: 32980442 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
About 70% of the drugs in use are derived from natural products, either used directly or in chemically modified form. Among all possible small molecules (not greater than 5 kDa), only a few of them are biologically active. Natural product libraries may have a higher rate of finding "hits" than synthetic libraries, even with the use of fewer compounds. This is due to the complementarity between the "chemical space" of small molecules and biological macromolecules such as proteins, DNA and RNA, in addition to the three-dimensional complexity of NPs. Chemical probes are molecules which aid in the elucidation of the biological mechanisms behind the action of drugs or drug-like molecules by binding with macromolecular/cellular interaction partners. Probe development and application have been spurred by advancements in photoaffinity label synthesis, affinity chromatography, activity based protein profiling (ABPP) and instrumental methods such as cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and advanced/hyphenated mass spectrometry (MS) techniques, as well as genome sequencing and bioengineering technologies. In this review, we restrict ourselves to a survey of natural products (including peptides/mini-proteins and excluding antibodies), which have been applied largely in the last 5 years for the target identification of drugs/drug-like molecules used in research on infectious diseases, and the description of their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anutthaman Parthasarathy
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, 85 Lomb Memorial Dr, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | | | - Karunakaran Kalesh
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mount Joy, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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27
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Firsov AM, Popova LB, Khailova LS, Nazarov PA, Kotova EA, Antonenko YN. Protonophoric action of BAM15 on planar bilayers, liposomes, mitochondria, bacteria and neurons. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 137:107673. [PMID: 32971482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules capable of uncoupling respiration and ATP synthesis in mitochondria are protective towards various cell malfunctions. Recently (2-fluorophenyl){6-[(2-fluorophenyl)amino](1,2,5-oxadiazolo[3,4-e]pyrazin-5-yl)}amine (BAM15), a new compound of this type, has become popular as a potent mitochondria-selective depolarizing agent producing minimal adverse effects. To validate protonophoric mechanism of BAM15 action, we examined its behavior in bilayer lipid membranes (BLM). BAM15 proved to be a typical anionic protonophore with the activity on planar membranes being suppressed upon decreasing membrane dipole potential. In both planar BLM and liposomes, BAM15 induced proton conductance with the potency close to that of the classical protonophoric uncoupler carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP). In isolated rat liver mitochondria (RLM), BAM15 caused membrane potential collapse, increased respiration rate and induced Ca2+ efflux at concentrations slightly higher than those for CCCP. Surprisingly, the uncoupling action of BAM15 on isolated RLM, in contrast to that of CCCP, was partially reversed by carboxyatractyloside (CATR), an inhibitor of adenine nucleotide translocase, thereby indicating involvement of this protein in the BAM15-induced uncoupling. BAM15 inhibited growth of Bacillus subtilis at micromolar concentrations. In electrophysiological experiments on molluscan neurons, BAM15 caused plasma membrane depolarization and suppression of electrical activity, but the effect developed more slowly than that of CCCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Firsov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyudmila B Popova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ljudmila S Khailova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel A Nazarov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A Kotova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri N Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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28
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New Synthetic Nitro-Pyrrolomycins as Promising Antibacterial and Anticancer Agents. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9060292. [PMID: 32486200 PMCID: PMC7345095 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolomycins (PMs) are polyhalogenated antibiotics known as powerful biologically active compounds, yet featuring high cytotoxicity. The present study reports the antibacterial and antitumoral properties of new chemically synthesized PMs, where the three positions of the pyrrolic nucleus were replaced by nitro groups, aiming to reduce their cytotoxicity while maintaining or even enhancing the biological activity. Indeed, the presence of the nitro substituent in diverse positions of the pyrrole determined an improvement of the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) against Gram-positive (i.e., Staphylococcus aureus) or -negative (i.e., Pseudomonas aeruginosa) pathogen strains as compared to the natural PM-C. Moreover, some new nitro-PMs were as active as or more than PM-C in inhibiting the proliferation of colon (HCT116) and breast (MCF 7) cancer cell lines and were less toxic towards normal epithelial (hTERT RPE-1) cells. Altogether, our findings contribute to increase the knowledge of the mode of action of these promising molecules and provide a basis for their rationale chemical or biological manipulation.
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29
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Santiago C, Rubio I, Sotomayor N, Lete E. Selective PdII
-Catalyzed Acylation of Pyrrole with Aldehydes. Application to the Synthesis of Celastramycin Analogues and Tolmetin. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Santiago
- Departamento de Química Orgánica II; Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología; Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU; Apdo. 644. 48080 Bilbao Spain
| | - Ibon Rubio
- Departamento de Química Orgánica II; Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología; Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU; Apdo. 644. 48080 Bilbao Spain
| | - Nuria Sotomayor
- Departamento de Química Orgánica II; Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología; Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU; Apdo. 644. 48080 Bilbao Spain
| | - Esther Lete
- Departamento de Química Orgánica II; Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología; Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU; Apdo. 644. 48080 Bilbao Spain
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30
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Nazarov PA, Kirsanov RS, Denisov SS, Khailova LS, Karakozova MV, Lyamzaev KG, Korshunova GA, Lukyanov KA, Kotova EA, Antonenko YN. Fluorescein Derivatives as Antibacterial Agents Acting via Membrane Depolarization. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020309. [PMID: 32075319 PMCID: PMC7072581 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Appending a lipophylic alkyl chain by ester bond to fluorescein has been previously shown to convert this popular dye into an effective protonophoric uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, exhibiting neuro- and nephroprotective effects in murine models. In line with this finding, we here report data on the pronounced depolarizing effect of a series of fluorescein decyl esters on bacterial cells. The binding of the fluorescein derivatives to Bacillus subtilis cells was monitored by fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). FCS revealed the energy-dependent accumulation of the fluorescein esters with decyl(triphenyl)- and decyl(tri-p-tolyl)phosphonium cations in the bacterial cells. The latter compound proved to be the most potent in suppressing B. subtilis growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A. Nazarov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (R.S.K.); (L.S.K.); (K.G.L.); (G.A.K.); (Y.N.A.)
- Correspondence: (P.A.N.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Roman S. Kirsanov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (R.S.K.); (L.S.K.); (K.G.L.); (G.A.K.); (Y.N.A.)
| | - Stepan S. Denisov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maastricht, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Ljudmila S. Khailova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (R.S.K.); (L.S.K.); (K.G.L.); (G.A.K.); (Y.N.A.)
| | - Marina V. Karakozova
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.K.); (K.A.L.)
| | - Konstantin G. Lyamzaev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (R.S.K.); (L.S.K.); (K.G.L.); (G.A.K.); (Y.N.A.)
| | - Galina A. Korshunova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (R.S.K.); (L.S.K.); (K.G.L.); (G.A.K.); (Y.N.A.)
| | - Konstantin A. Lukyanov
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.K.); (K.A.L.)
| | - Elena A. Kotova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (R.S.K.); (L.S.K.); (K.G.L.); (G.A.K.); (Y.N.A.)
- Correspondence: (P.A.N.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Yuri N. Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (R.S.K.); (L.S.K.); (K.G.L.); (G.A.K.); (Y.N.A.)
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