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Pourliotopoulou E, Karampatakis T, Kachrimanidou M. Exploring the Toxin-Mediated Mechanisms in Clostridioides difficile Infection. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1004. [PMID: 38792835 PMCID: PMC11124097 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12051004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and colitis, with increasing incidence and healthcare costs. Its pathogenesis is primarily driven by toxins produced by the bacterium C. difficile, Toxin A (TcdA) and Toxin B (TcdB). Certain strains produce an additional toxin, the C. difficile transferase (CDT), which further enhances the virulence and pathogenicity of C. difficile. These toxins disrupt colonic epithelial barrier integrity, and induce inflammation and cellular damage, leading to CDI symptoms. Significant progress has been made in the past decade in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of TcdA, TcdB, and CDT, which provide insights into the management of CDI and the future development of novel treatment strategies based on anti-toxin therapies. While antibiotics are common treatments, high recurrence rates necessitate alternative therapies. Bezlotoxumab, targeting TcdB, is the only available anti-toxin, yet limitations persist, prompting ongoing research. This review highlights the current knowledge of the structure and mechanism of action of C. difficile toxins and their role in disease. By comprehensively describing the toxin-mediated mechanisms, this review provides insights for the future development of novel treatment strategies and the management of CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evdokia Pourliotopoulou
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | | | - Melania Kachrimanidou
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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2
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Ok MT, Liu J, Bliton RJ, Hinesley CM, San Pedro EET, Breau KA, Gomez-Martinez I, Burclaff J, Magness ST. A leaky human colon model reveals uncoupled apical/basal cytotoxicity in early Clostridioides difficile toxin exposure. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 324:G262-G280. [PMID: 36749911 PMCID: PMC10010926 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00251.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) toxins A (TcdA) and B (TcdB) cause antibiotic-associated colitis in part by disrupting epithelial barrier function. Accurate in vitro models are necessary to detect early toxicity kinetics, investigate disease etiology, and develop preclinical models for new therapies. Properties of cancer cell lines and organoids inherently limit these efforts. We developed adult stem cell-derived monolayers of differentiated human colonic epithelium (hCE) with barrier function, investigated the impact of toxins on apical/basal aspects of monolayers, and evaluated whether a leaky epithelial barrier enhances toxicity. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) mapped C. difficile-relevant genes to human lineages. Transcriptomics compared hCE to Caco-2, informed timing of in vitro stem cell differentiation, and revealed transcriptional responses to TcdA. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and fluorescent permeability assays measured cytotoxicity. Contribution of TcdB toxicity was evaluated in a diclofenac-induced leaky gut model. scRNAseq demonstrated broad and variable toxin receptor expression. Absorptive colonocytes in vivo displayed increased toxin receptor, Rho GTPase, and cell junction gene expression. Advanced TcdA toxicity generally decreased cytokine/chemokine and increased tight junction and death receptor genes. Differentiated Caco-2 cells remained immature whereas hCE monolayers were similar to mature colonocytes in vivo. Basal exposure of TcdA/B caused greater toxicity and apoptosis than apical exposure. Apical exposure to toxins was enhanced by diclofenac. Apical/basal toxicities are uncoupled with more rapid onset and increased magnitude postbasal toxin exposure. Leaky junctions enhance toxicity of apical TcdB exposure. hCE monolayers represent a physiologically relevant and sensitive system to evaluate the impact of microbial toxins on gut epithelium.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Novel human colonocyte monolayer cultures, benchmarked by transcriptomics for physiological relevance, detect early cytopathic impacts of Clostridioides difficile toxins TcdA and TcdB. A fluorescent ZO-1 reporter in primary human colonocytes is used to track epithelial barrier disruption in response to TcdA. Basal TcdA/B exposure generally caused more rapid onset and cytotoxicity than apical exposure. Transcriptomics demonstrate changes in tight junction, chemokine, and cytokine receptor gene expression post-TcdA exposure. Diclofenac-induced leaky epithelium enhanced apical exposure toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem T Ok
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Jintong Liu
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - R Jarrett Bliton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Caroline M Hinesley
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Ekaterina Ellyce T San Pedro
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Keith A Breau
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Ismael Gomez-Martinez
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Joseph Burclaff
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Scott T Magness
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
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3
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Xie Y, Chupina Estrada A, Nelson B, Feng H, Pothoulakis C, Chesnel L, Koon HW. ADS024, a Bacillus velezensis strain, protects human colonic epithelial cells against C. difficile toxin-mediated apoptosis. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1072534. [PMID: 36704560 PMCID: PMC9873417 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1072534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) causes intestinal injury. Toxin A and toxin B cause intestinal injury by inducing colonic epithelial cell apoptosis. ADS024 is a Bacillus velezensis strain in development as a single-strain live biotherapeutic product (SS-LBP) to prevent the recurrence of CDI following the completion of standard antibiotic treatment. We evaluated the protective effects of the sterile filtrate and ethyl acetate extract of conditioned media from ADS024 and DSM7 (control strain) against mucosal epithelial injury in toxin-treated human colonic tissues and apoptosis in toxin-treated human colonic epithelial cells. Ethyl acetate extracts were generated from conditioned culture media from DSM7 and ADS024. Toxin A and toxin B exposure caused epithelial injury in fresh human colonic explants. The sterile filtrate of ADS024, but not DSM7, prevented toxin B-mediated epithelial injury in fresh human colonic explants. Both sterile filtrate and ethyl acetate extract of ADS024 prevented toxin-mediated apoptosis in human colonic epithelial cells. The anti-apoptotic effects of ADS024 filtrate and ethyl acetate extract were dependent on the inhibition of caspase 3 cleavage. The sterile filtrate, but not ethyl acetate extract, of ADS024 partially degraded toxin B. ADS024 inhibits toxin B-mediated apoptosis in human colonic epithelial cells and colonic explants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xie
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Andrea Chupina Estrada
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Becca Nelson
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hanping Feng
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Hon Wai Koon
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Hon Wai Koon,
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Son YJ, Kim YR, Oh SH, Jung S, Ciufolini MA, Hwang HJ, Kwak JH, Pai H. Micrococcin P2 Targets Clostridioides difficile. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:1928-1935. [PMID: 35816693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection is a global public health threat. Extensive in vitro assays using clinical isolates have identified micrococcin P2 (MP2, 1) as a particularly effective anti-C. difficile agent. MP2 possesses a mode of action that differs from other antibiotics and pharmacokinetic properties that render it especially promising. Its time-kill studies have been investigated using hypervirulent C. difficile ribotype 027. DSS (dextran sulfate sodium)-induced in vivo mouse studies with that strain indicate that 1 is better than vancomycin and fidaxomicin. Thus, micrococcin P2 is a valuable platform to be exploited for the development of new anti-C. difficile antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Son
- A&J Science Co., Ltd., 80 Chumbok Road, Dong Gu, Daegu, 41061, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak Road, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Rok Kim
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, 558 Handong Road, Heunghae-eup, Buk-gu, Pohang, 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Oh
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, 558 Handong Road, Heunghae-eup, Buk-gu, Pohang, 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungji Jung
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, 558 Handong Road, Heunghae-eup, Buk-gu, Pohang, 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Marco A Ciufolini
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6K 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hee-Jong Hwang
- A&J Science Co., Ltd., 80 Chumbok Road, Dong Gu, Daegu, 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hwan Kwak
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, 558 Handong Road, Heunghae-eup, Buk-gu, Pohang, 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoo Pai
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni Road, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
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Tashiro S, Mihara T, Sasaki M, Shimamura C, Shimamura R, Suzuki S, Yoshikawa M, Hasegawa T, Enoki Y, Taguchi K, Matsumoto K, Ohge H, Suzuki H, Nakamura A, Mori N, Morinaga Y, Yamagishi Y, Yoshizawa S, Yanagihara K, Mikamo H, Kunishima H. Oral fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for the treatment of Clostridioides difficile infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Infect Chemother 2022; 28:1536-1545. [PMID: 35964806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fidaxomicin (FDX) has received considerable attention as a novel therapeutic alternative agent to vancomycin (VCM) for Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). However, the superiority and efficacy profile of FDX are not sufficiently determined by high-quality evidence. This study aimed to clarify the superiority of FDX for CDI treatment through a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which evaluated the efficacy and safety of FDX and VCM in patients with CDI. Electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Clinicaltrials.gov) were searched for studies published until October 15, 2021. The primary endpoint was global cure. The secondary endpoints were clinical cure, recurrence, and adverse event. Risk ratios (RRs), risk differences (RDs), and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using Mantel-Haenszel random-effects model. The risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and Assessment Criteria. RESULTS Six RCTs were included in this meta-analysis. Compared to VCM, FDX was associated with significantly higher global cure rates (RR = 1.18, P < 0.00001; RD = 0.11, 95% CI = 0.07-0.16). In addition, clinical cure rates were comparable between FDX and VCM (P = 0.31). FDX was associated with significantly lower recurrence rates compared to VCM (RR = 0.59, P < 0.0001). In addition, adverse event rates were not significantly different between the drugs (P = 0.41). CONCLUSION FDX achieves significantly higher global cure rates and lower recurrence rates and is comparable to VCM in clinical cure rates and adverse event rates in patients with CDI. Collectively, FDX is superior to VCM as a therapeutic agent for CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Tashiro
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Mihara
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moe Sasaki
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Shimamura
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rina Shimamura
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Suzuki
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maiko Yoshikawa
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Hasegawa
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Enoki
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Taguchi
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Matsumoto
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ohge
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Suzuki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakamura
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Mori
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Morinaga
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yuka Yamagishi
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan
| | - Sadako Yoshizawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory / Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsunori Yanagihara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshige Mikamo
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kunishima
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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Effect of Doxycycline in Decreasing the Severity of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Mice. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11010116. [PMID: 35052993 PMCID: PMC8772929 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Doxycycline possesses antibacterial activity against Clostridioides difficile and anti-inflammatory effects. Materials and Methods: The influence of doxycycline on the development of CDI was studied in an established animal model of CDI using C57BL/6 mice. Results: Mice intraperitoneally administered doxycycline had higher cecum weight (1.3 ± 0.1 vs. 0.5 ± 0.1 g; p < 0.001) and less body weight reduction (0.7 ± 0.5 g vs. −17.4 ± 0.2 g; p < 0.001) than untreated mice infected with C. difficile. Oral doxycycline, metronidazole, or vancomycin therapy resulted in less body weight reduction in mice with CDI than in untreated mice (1.1 ± 0.1 g, 1.3 ± 0.2 g, 1.2 ± 0.1 g, vs. 2.9 ± 0.3 g; p < 0.001). Doxycycline therapy led to lower expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (0.4 ± 0.1 vs. 2.9 ± 1.3, p = 0.02), and higher levels of zonula occludens-1 (1.2 ± 0.1 vs. 0.8 ± 0.1, p = 0.02) in colonic tissues than in untreated mice. Conclusions: Concurrent intraperitoneal administration of doxycycline and oral C. difficile challenge does not aggravate the disease severity of CDI, and oral doxycycline may be a potential therapeutic option for CDI.
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Bassotti G, Fruganti A, Maconi G, Marconi P, Fettucciari K. Clostridioides difficile Infection in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease May be Favoured by the Effects of Proinflammatory Cytokines on the Enteroglial Network. J Inflamm Res 2022; 14:7443-7453. [PMID: 35002278 PMCID: PMC8722535 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s328628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection is widespread throughout countries and represents an important cause of nosocomial diarrhoea, with relatively high morbidity. This infection often occurs in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and may complicate their clinical picture. Here, we propose, on the basis of evidence from basic science studies, that in patients affected by inflammatory bowel diseases, this infection might be facilitated by a derangement of the enteric glial cell (EGC) network caused by the effects of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma, which enhance the cytotoxic effects of C. difficile toxin B on EGCs. This hypothesis, if confirmed, could open the door to alternative treatment approaches to fight C. difficile infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrio Bassotti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Digestive Endoscopy Section, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Gastroenterology & Hepatology Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fruganti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maconi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, "L. Sacco" Hospital, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Marconi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Biosciences & Medical Embryology Section, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Katia Fettucciari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Biosciences & Medical Embryology Section, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Brauer M, Herrmann J, Zühlke D, Müller R, Riedel K, Sievers S. Myxopyronin B inhibits growth of a Fidaxomicin-resistant Clostridioides difficile isolate and interferes with toxin synthesis. Gut Pathog 2022; 14:4. [PMID: 34991700 PMCID: PMC8739712 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-021-00475-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The anaerobic, gastrointestinal pathogen Clostridioides difficile can cause severe forms of enterocolitis which is mainly mediated by the toxins it produces. The RNA polymerase inhibitor Fidaxomicin is the current gold standard for the therapy of C. difficile infections due to several beneficial features including its ability to suppress toxin synthesis in C. difficile. In contrast to the Rifamycins, Fidaxomicin binds to the RNA polymerase switch region, which is also the binding site for Myxopyronin B. Here, serial broth dilution assays were performed to test the susceptibility of C. difficile and other anaerobes to Myxopyronin B, proving that the natural product is considerably active against C. difficile and that there is no cross-resistance between Fidaxomicin and Myxopyronin B in a Fidaxomicin-resistant C. difficile strain. Moreover, mass spectrometry analysis indicated that Myxopyronin B is able to suppress early phase toxin synthesis in C. difficile to the same degree as Fidaxomicin. Conclusively, Myxopyronin B is proposed as a new lead structure for the design of novel antibiotics for the therapy of C. difficile infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madita Brauer
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jennifer Herrmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)-Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Daniela Zühlke
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)-Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Katharina Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Susanne Sievers
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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Zhang X, Guo S, Huang X, Li B, Dai H, Wang C. A novel macrolide derivative ameliorates smoke-induced inflammation and emphysema by inhibiting NF-κB activation. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:1209-1220. [PMID: 33841650 PMCID: PMC8014339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although inflammation and emphysema in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be ameliorated by antibiotics such as erythromycin, the impact of drug resistance is still controversial. We aimed to evaluate the role of F528, a new macrolide derivative without antibacterial effect, in cigarette smoke (CS)-induced pulmonary inflammation and emphysema in a mouse model, as well as in a macrophage cell line. The inflammatory cell number and cell type in the BALF were counted, and the levels of cytokines in the BALF and cultured cell medium were measured by ELISA. The degree of emphysema and apoptosis was evaluated by H&E and immunohistochemical staining, respectively. The lung function of the mice was evaluated by a small animal lung function meter. Furthermore, the expression levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, and phospho-NF-κB in the cells and lung tissue were measured by Western blot and qRT-PCR. In the BALF of the CS-induced pulmonary inflammation and emphysema model, the numbers of inflammatory cells and cytokines were significantly decreased after F528 intervention. F528 intervention also significantly protected lung function from CS-induced emphysema, while the mean lining interception (MLI) of the F528-treated CS group was significantly lower than that of the vehicle-treated CS group. In addition, F528 treatment reduced the phosphorylation of NF-κB induced by smoke, and the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was also obviously decreased by F528 treatment. We therefore conclude that F528 reduces cigarette smoke-induced inflammation and emphysema in vivo and in vitro through inhibition of the activation of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory DiseasesBeijing 100029, P. R. China
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing, P. R. China
| | - Suliang Guo
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxi Huang
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, P. R. China
| | - Biyun Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital Affiliated to Southern University CollegeBeijing, P. R. China
| | - Huaping Dai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory DiseasesBeijing 100029, P. R. China
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing, P. R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory DiseasesBeijing 100029, P. R. China
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing, P. R. China
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10
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Wang J, Ortiz C, Fontenot L, Mukhopadhyay R, Xie Y, Chen X, Feng H, Pothoulakis C, Koon HW. Therapeutic Mechanism of Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1 α Neutralizing Antibody (CCL3) in Clostridium difficile Infection in Mice. J Infect Dis 2021; 221:1623-1635. [PMID: 31793629 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) causes diarrhea and colitis. We aimed to find a common pathogenic pathway in CDI among humans and mice by comparing toxin-mediated effects in human and mouse colonic tissues. METHOD Using multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we determined the cytokine secretion of toxin A- and B-treated human and mouse colonic explants. RESULTS Toxin A and toxin B exposure to fresh human and mouse colonic explants caused different patterns of cytokine secretion. Toxin A induced macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) 1α secretion in both human and mouse explants. Toxin A reduced the expression of chloride anion exchanger SLC26A3 expression in mouse colonic explants and human colonic epithelial cells. Patients with CDI had increased colonic MIP-1 α expression and reduced colonic SLC26A3 (solute carrier family 26, member 3) compared with controls. Anti-MIP-1 α neutralizing antibody prevented death, ameliorated colonic injury, reduced colonic interleukin 1β (IL-1β) messenger RNA expression, and restored colonic SLC26a3 expression in C. difficile-infected mice. The anti-MIP-1 α neutralizing antibody prevented CDI recurrence. SLC26a3 inhibition augmented colonic IL-1 β messenger RNA expression and abolished the protective effect of anti-MIP-1 α neutralizing antibody in mice with CDI. CONCLUSION MIP-1 α is a common toxin A-dependent chemokine in human and mouse colon. MIP-1 α mediates detrimental effects by reducing SLC26a3 and enhancing IL-1 β expression in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Wang
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Christina Ortiz
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lindsey Fontenot
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Riya Mukhopadhyay
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ying Xie
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hanping Feng
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hon Wai Koon
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Li Y, Xu S, Xu Q, Chen Y. Clostridium difficile toxin B induces colonic inflammation through the TRIM46/DUSP1/MAPKs and NF-κB signalling pathway. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 48:452-462. [PMID: 31918570 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1709856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) infection results in toxin-induced epithelial injury and marked colonic inflammation. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-κB which regulated by MAP kinase phosphatase (MKP, also known as dual specificity phosphatases, DUSP) are fundamental signalling pathways that mediate multiple cellular processes. However, the regulation of DUSP/MAPKs and NF-κB pathway in C. difficile-induced colonic inflammation remains unclear. Here, we report that TcdB significantly inhibits cell viability and induces production of IL-1β and TNF-α and activation of MAPKs and NF-κB. An E3-ubiquitin ligase, TRIM46, ubiquitinates DUSP1, and its knockdown significantly inhibit TcdB-induced activation of MAPKs and NF-κB and production of IL-1β and TNF-α. Moreover, TRIM46 overexpression induced production of IL-1β and TNF-α also reversed by DUSP1 overexpression. We further found that promoter of TRIM46 also demonstrated binding to NF-κBp65, leading to regulate TRIM46 expression. In addition, the increased colonic inflammation induced by C. difficile administration was inhibited by TRIM46 knockdown in vivo. Taken together, the present study shows that TRIM46, as a new regulator of DUSP1/MAPKs and NF-κB signalling pathway, plays an important role in TcdB-induced colonic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Su Xu
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqing Xu
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijian Chen
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
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12
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Wang J, Ghali S, Xu C, Mussatto CC, Ortiz C, Lee EC, Tran DH, Jacobs JP, Lagishetty V, Faull KF, Moller T, Rossetti M, Chen X, Koon HW. Ceragenin CSA13 Reduces Clostridium difficile Infection in Mice by Modulating the Intestinal Microbiome and Metabolites. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:1737-1750. [PMID: 29360463 PMCID: PMC5927842 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Clostridium difficile induces intestinal inflammation by releasing toxins A and B. The antimicrobial compound cationic steroid antimicrobial 13 (CSA13) has been developed for treating gastrointestinal infections. The CSA13-Eudragit formulation can be given orally and releases CSA13 in the terminal ileum and colon. We investigated whether this form of CSA13 reduces C difficile infection (CDI) in mice. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were infected with C difficile on day 0, followed by subcutaneous administration of pure CSA13 or oral administration of CSA13-Eudragit (10 mg/kg/d for 10 days). Some mice were given intraperitoneal vancomycin (50 mg/kg daily) on days 0-4 and relapse was measured after antibiotic withdrawal. The mice were monitored until day 20; colon and fecal samples were collected on day 3 for analysis. Blood samples were collected for flow cytometry analyses. Fecal pellets were collected each day from mice injected with CSA13 and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography or 16S sequencing; feces were also homogenized in phosphate-buffered saline and fed to mice with CDI via gavage. RESULTS CDI of mice caused 60% mortality, significant bodyweight loss, and colonic damage 3 days after infection; these events were prevented by subcutaneous injection of CSA13 or oral administration CSA13-Eudragit. There was reduced relapse of CDI after administration of CSA13 was stopped. Levels of CSA13 in feces from mice given CSA13-Eudragit were significantly higher than those of mice given subcutaneous CSA13. Subcutaneous and oral CSA13 each significantly increased the abundance of Peptostreptococcaceae bacteria and reduced the abundance of C difficile in fecal samples of mice. When feces from mice with CDI and given CSA13 were fed to mice with CDI that had not received CSA13, the recipient mice had significantly increased rates of survival. CSA13 reduced fecal levels of inflammatory metabolites (endocannabinoids) and increased fecal levels of 4 protective metabolites (ie, citrulline, 3-aminoisobutyric acid, retinol, and ursodeoxycholic acid) in mice with CDI. Oral administration of these CSA13-dependent protective metabolites reduced the severity of CDI. CONCLUSIONS In studies of mice, we found the CSA13-Eudragit formulation to be effective in eradicating CDI by modulating the intestinal microbiota and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Wang
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095,Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Sally Ghali
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Chunlan Xu
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095,The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Caroline C. Mussatto
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Christina Ortiz
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Elaine C. Lee
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Diana H. Tran
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jonathan P. Jacobs
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Venu Lagishetty
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Kym F. Faull
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Travis Moller
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Maura Rossetti
- Immunogenetics Center, Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Hon Wai Koon
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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