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Balthazar JT, Golparian D, Unemo M, Read TD, Grosse M, Stadler M, Pfarr K, Schiefer A, Hoerauf A, Edwards JL, Vassylyev DG, Shafer WM. A laboratory-based predictive pathway for the development of Neisseria gonorrhoeae high-level resistance to corallopyronin A, an inhibitor of bacterial RNA polymerase. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0056024. [PMID: 38647280 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00560-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The continued emergence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains that express resistance to multiple antibiotics, including the last drug for empiric monotherapy (ceftriaxone), necessitates the development of new treatment options to cure gonorrheal infections. Toward this goal, we recently reported that corallopyronin A (CorA), which targets the switch region of the β' subunit (RpoC) of bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNAP), has potent anti-gonococcal activity against a panel of multidrug-resistant clinical strains. Moreover, in that study, CorA could eliminate gonococcal infection of primary human epithelial cells and gonococci in a biofilm state. To determine if N. gonorrhoeae could develop high-level resistance to CorA in a single step, we sought to isolate spontaneous mutants expressing any CorA resistance phenotypes. However, no single-step mutants with high-level CorA resistance were isolated. High-level CorA resistance could only be achieved in this study through a multi-step pathway involving over-expression of the MtrCDE drug efflux pump and single amino acid changes in the β and β' subunits (RpoB and RpoC, respectively) of RNAP. Molecular modeling of RpoB and RpoC interacting with CorA was used to deduce how the amino acid changes in RpoB and RpoC could influence gonococcal resistance to CorA. Bioinformatic analyses of whole genome sequences of clinical gonococcal isolates indicated that the CorA resistance determining mutations in RpoB/C, identified herein, are very rare (≤ 0.0029%), suggesting that the proposed pathway for resistance is predictive of how this phenotype could potentially evolve if CorA is used therapeutically to treat gonorrhea in the future. IMPORTANCE The continued emergence of multi-antibiotic-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae necessitates the development of new antibiotics that are effective against this human pathogen. We previously described that the RNA polymerase-targeting antibiotic corallopyronin A (CorA) has potent activity against a large collection of clinical strains that express different antibiotic resistance phenotypes including when such gonococci are in a biofilm state. Herein, we tested whether a CorA-sensitive gonococcal strain could develop spontaneous resistance. Our finding that CorA resistance could only be achieved by a multi-step process involving over-expression of the MtrCDE efflux pump and single amino acid changes in RpoB and RpoC suggests that such resistance may be difficult for gonococci to evolve if this antibiotic is used in the future to treat gonorrheal infections that are refractory to cure by other antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline T Balthazar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel Golparian
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other STIs, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Magnus Unemo
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other STIs, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy D Read
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Miriam Grosse
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea Schiefer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jennifer L Edwards
- The Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Dmitry G Vassylyev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - William M Shafer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Laboratories of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Atlanta), Decatur, Georgia, USA
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Colón Pérez J, Villarino Fernández RA, Domínguez Lago A, Treviño Castellano MM, Pérez del Molino Bernal ML, Sánchez Poza S, Torres-Sangiao E. Addressing Sexually Transmitted Infections Due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the Present and Future. Microorganisms 2024; 12:884. [PMID: 38792714 PMCID: PMC11124187 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
It was in the 1800s when the first public publications about the infection and treatment of gonorrhoea were released. However, the first prevention programmes were only published a hundred years later. In the 1940s, the concept of vaccination was introduced into clinical prevention programmes to address early sulphonamide resistance. Since then, tons of publications on Neisseria gonorrhoeae are undisputed, around 30,000 publications today. Currently, the situation seems to be just as it was in the last century, nothing has changed or improved. So, what are we doing wrong? And more importantly, what might we do? The review presented here aims to review the current situation regarding the resistance mechanisms, prevention programmes, treatments, and vaccines, with the challenge of better understanding this special pathogen. The authors have reviewed the last five years of advancements, knowledge, and perspectives for addressing the Neisseria gonorrhoeae issue, focusing on new therapeutic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Colón Pérez
- Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología Clínica, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.C.P.); (A.D.L.); (M.M.T.C.); (M.L.P.d.M.B.)
- Grupo Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosa-Antía Villarino Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Adrián Domínguez Lago
- Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología Clínica, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.C.P.); (A.D.L.); (M.M.T.C.); (M.L.P.d.M.B.)
- Grupo Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Mercedes Treviño Castellano
- Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología Clínica, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.C.P.); (A.D.L.); (M.M.T.C.); (M.L.P.d.M.B.)
- Grupo Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Luisa Pérez del Molino Bernal
- Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología Clínica, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.C.P.); (A.D.L.); (M.M.T.C.); (M.L.P.d.M.B.)
- Grupo Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sandra Sánchez Poza
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Eva Torres-Sangiao
- Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología Clínica, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.C.P.); (A.D.L.); (M.M.T.C.); (M.L.P.d.M.B.)
- Grupo Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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3
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Saggu SK, Nath A, Kumar S. Myxobacteria: biology and bioactive secondary metabolites. Res Microbiol 2023; 174:104079. [PMID: 37169232 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Myxobacteria are Gram-negative eubacteria and they thrive in a variety of habitats including soil rich in organic matter, rotting wood, animal dung and marine environment. Myxobacteria are a promising source of new compounds associated with diverse bioactive spectrum and unique mode of action. The genome information of myxobacteria has revealed many orphan biosynthetic pathways indicating that these bacteria can be the source of several novel natural products. In this review, we highlight the biology of myxobacteria with emphasis on their habitat, life cycle, isolation methods and enlist all the bioactive secondary metabolites purified till date and their mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kaur Saggu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kanya Maha Vidyalaya, Jalandhar, Punjab, India - 144004.
| | - Amar Nath
- University Centre of Excellence in Research, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, Punjab India 151203.
| | - Shiv Kumar
- Guru Gobind Singh Medical College, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, Punjab India 151203.
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Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of Corallopyronin A against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010131. [PMID: 36678760 PMCID: PMC9860980 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a World Health Organization’s high priority pathogen organism, with an estimated > 100,000 deaths worldwide in 2019. Thus, there is an unmet medical need for novel and resistance-breaking anti-infectives. The natural product Co-rallopyronin A (CorA), currently in preclinical development for filariasis, is efficacious against MRSA in vitro. In this study, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics of CorA after dosing in mice. Furthermore, we determined compound concentrations in target compartments, such as lung, kidney and thigh tissue, using LC-MS/MS. Based on the pharmacokinetic results, we evaluated the pharmacodynamic profile of CorA using the standard neutropenic thigh and lung infection models. We demonstrate that CorA is effective in both standard pharmacodynamic models. In addition to reaching effective levels in the lung and muscle, CorA was detected at high levels in the thigh bone. The data presented herein encourage the further exploration of the additional CorA indications treatment of MRSA- and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus- (MSSA) related infections.
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Abstract
Gonorrhea remains a major global public health problem because of the high incidence of infection (estimated 82 million cases in 2020) and the emergence and spread of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains resistant to previous and current antibiotics used to treat infections. Given the dearth of new antibiotics that are likely to enter clinical practice in the near future, there is concern that cases of untreatable gonorrhea might emerge. In response to this crisis, the World Health Organization (WHO), in partnership with the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership (GARDP), has made the search for and development of new antibiotics against N. gonorrhoeae a priority. Ideally, these antibiotics should also be active against other sexually transmitted organisms, such as Chlamydia trachomatis and/or Mycoplasma genitalium, which are often found with N. gonorrhoeae as co-infections. Corallopyronin A is a potent antimicrobial that exhibits activity against Chlamydia spp. and inhibits transcription by binding to the RpoB switch region. Accordingly, we tested the effectiveness of corallopyronin A against N. gonorrhoeae. We also examined the mutation frequency and modes of potential resistance against corallopyronin A. We report that corallopyronin A has potent antimicrobial action against antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant N. gonorrhoeae strains and could eradicate gonococcal infection of cultured, primary human cervical epithelial cells. Critically, we found that spontaneous corallopyronin A-resistant mutants of N. gonorrhoeae are exceedingly rare (≤10-10) when selected at 4× the MIC. Our results support pre-clinical studies aimed at developing corallopyronin A for gonorrheal treatment regimens. IMPORTANCE The high global incidence of gonorrhea, the lack of a protective vaccine, and the emergence of N. gonorrhoeae strains expressing resistance to currently used antibiotics demand that new treatment options be developed. Accordingly, we investigated whether corallopyronin A, an antibiotic which is effective against other pathogens, including C. trachomatis, which together with gonococci frequently cause co-infections in humans, could exert anti-gonococcal action in vitro and ex vivo, and potential resistance emergence. We propose that corallopyronin A be considered a potential future treatment option for gonorrhea because of its potent activity, low resistance development, and recent advances in scalable production.
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The RNA Polymerase Inhibitor Corallopyronin A Has a Lower Frequency of Resistance Than Rifampicin in Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11070920. [PMID: 35884174 PMCID: PMC9311656 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Corallopyronin A (CorA) is active against Gram-positive bacteria and targets the switch region of RNA polymerase. Because of the high frequency of mutation (FoM) leading to rifampicin resistance, we determined the CorA FoM in S. aureus using fluctuation analysis at 4 × minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Resistant mutants were characterized. S. aureus strains HG001, Mu50, N315, and USA300 had an MIC of 0.25 mg/L. The median FoM for CorA resistance was 1.5 × 10−8, 4.5-fold lower than the median FoM of 6.7 × 10−8 for rifampicin, and was reflected in a 4-fold lower mutation rate for CorA than rifampicin (6 × 10−9 for CorA vs. 2.5 × 10−8 for rifampicin). In CorA-resistant/rifampicin-sensitive strains, the majority of amino acid exchanges were S1127L in RpoB or K334N in RpoC. S. aureus Mu50, a rifampicin-resistant clinical isolate, yielded two further exchanges targeting amino acids L1131 and E1048 of the RpoB subunit. The plating of >1011 cells on agar containing a combination of 4 × MIC of rifampicin and 4 × MIC of CorA did not yield any growth. In conclusion, with proper usage, e.g., in combination therapy and good antibiotic stewardship, CorA is a potential antibiotic for treating S. aureus infections.
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7
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Krome AK, Becker T, Kehraus S, Schiefer A, Gütschow M, Chaverra-Muñoz L, Hüttel S, Jansen R, Stadler M, Ehrens A, Pogorevc D, Müller R, Hübner MP, Hesterkamp T, Pfarr K, Hoerauf A, Wagner KG, König GM. Corallopyronin A: antimicrobial discovery to preclinical development. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1705-1720. [PMID: 35730490 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00012a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Covering: August 1984 up to January 2022Worldwide, increasing morbidity and mortality due to antibiotic-resistant microbial infections has been observed. Therefore, better prevention and control of infectious diseases, as well as appropriate use of approved antibacterial drugs are crucial. There is also an urgent need for the continuous development and supply of novel antibiotics. Thus, identifying new antibiotics and their further development is once again a priority of natural product research. The antibiotic corallopyronin A was discovered in the 1980s in the culture broth of the Myxobacterium Corallococcus coralloides and serves, in the context of this review, as a show case for the development of a naturally occurring antibiotic compound. The review demonstrates how a hard to obtain, barely water soluble and unstable compound such as corallopyronin A can be developed making use of sophisticated production and formulation approaches. Corallopyronin A is a bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor with a new target site and one of the few representatives of this class currently in preclinical development. Efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, e.g., Chlamydia trachomatis, Orientia tsutsugamushi, Staphylococcus aureus, and Wolbachia has been demonstrated. Due to its highly effective in vivo depletion of Wolbachia, which are essential endobacteria of most filarial nematode species, and its robust macrofilaricidal efficacy, corallopyronin A was selected as a preclinical candidate for the treatment of human filarial infections. This review highlights the discovery and production optimization approaches for corallopyronin A, as well as, recent preclinical efficacy results demonstrating a robust macrofilaricidal effect of the anti-Wolbachia candidate, and the solid formulation strategy which enhances the stability as well as the bioavailability of corallopyronin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Krome
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Germany. .,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Tim Becker
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Germany. .,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Kehraus
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Germany.
| | - Andrea Schiefer
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Hüttel
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rolf Jansen
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alexandra Ehrens
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Domen Pogorevc
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrucken, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrucken, Germany
| | - Marc P Hübner
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Hesterkamp
- Translational Project Management Office (TPMO), German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl G Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Germany. .,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabriele M König
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Germany.
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel hybrids of N-aryl pyrrothine-base α-pyrone as bacterial RNA polymerase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Loeper N, Graspeuntner S, Ledig S, Kaufhold I, Hoellen F, Schiefer A, Henrichfreise B, Pfarr K, Hoerauf A, Shima K, Rupp J. Elaborations on Corallopyronin A as a Novel Treatment Strategy Against Genital Chlamydial Infections. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:943. [PMID: 31134007 PMCID: PMC6514060 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascending Chlamydia trachomatis infection causes functional damage to the fallopian tubes, which may lead to ectopic pregnancy and infertility in women. Treatment failures using the standard regimens of doxycycline and azithromycin have been observed. We tested the polyketide-derived α-pyrone antibiotic Corallopyronin A (CorA) that inhibits the bacterial DNA dependent RNA polymerase and has strong activity against various extracellular and some intracellular bacteria. Extensive testing in cell culture infection models and in an ex vivo human fallopian tube model under different oxygen concentrations was performed to assess the anti-chlamydial efficacy of CorA at physiological conditions. CorA showed high efficacy against C. trachomatis (MICN/H: 0.5 μg/mL for serovar D and L2), C. muridarum (MICN/H: 0.5 μg/mL), and C. pneumoniae (MICN/H: 1 μg/mL) under normoxic (N) and hypoxic (H) conditions. Recoverable inclusion forming units were significantly lower already at 0.25 μg/mL for all tested chlamydiae. CorA at a concentration of 1 μg/mL was also effective against already established C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae infections (up to 24 h.p.i.) in epithelial cells, while efficacy against C. muridarum was limited to earlier time points. A preliminary study using a C. muridarum genital infection model revealed corresponding limitations in the efficacy. Importantly, in an ex vivo human fallopian tube model, the growth of C. trachomatis was significantly inhibited by CorA at concentrations of 1–2 μg/mL under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The overall high efficacies of CorA against C. trachomatis in cell culture and an ex vivo human fallopian tube model under physiological oxygen concentrations qualifies this drug as a candidate that should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Loeper
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Simon Graspeuntner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Svea Ledig
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Inga Kaufhold
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Friederike Hoellen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andrea Schiefer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Bonn-Cologne/Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Beate Henrichfreise
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Bonn-Cologne/Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Bonn-Cologne/Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kensuke Shima
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Bonn-Cologne/Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Lübeck, Germany
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10
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Shima K, Ledig S, Loeper N, Schiefer A, Pfarr K, Hoerauf A, Graspeuntner S, Rupp J. Effective inhibition of rifampicin-resistant Chlamydia trachomatis by the novel DNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor corallopyronin A. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018; 52:523-524. [PMID: 30092271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Shima
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Svea Ledig
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nathalie Loeper
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andrea Schiefer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner sites Bonn-Cologne and Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel, Germany
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner sites Bonn-Cologne and Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner sites Bonn-Cologne and Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel, Germany
| | - Simon Graspeuntner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner sites Bonn-Cologne and Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel, Germany
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11
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Herrmann J, Fayad AA, Müller R. Natural products from myxobacteria: novel metabolites and bioactivities. Nat Prod Rep 2016; 34:135-160. [PMID: 27907217 DOI: 10.1039/c6np00106h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2011-July 2016Myxobacteria are a rich source for structurally diverse secondary metabolites with intriguing biological activities. Here we report on new natural products that were isolated from myxobacteria in the period of 2011 to July 2016. Some examples of recent advances on modes-of-action are also summarised along with a more detailed overview on five compound classes currently assessed in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Herrmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Schäberle TF, Schmitz A, Zocher G, Schiefer A, Kehraus S, Neu E, Roth M, Vassylyev DG, Stehle T, Bierbaum G, Hoerauf A, Pfarr K, König GM. Insights into Structure-Activity Relationships of Bacterial RNA Polymerase Inhibiting Corallopyronin Derivatives. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:2505-2509. [PMID: 26431157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The new compound precorallopyronin A is a stable precursor in the biosynthesis of the antibiotic corallopyronin A. This natural product was isolated from the producer strain Corallococcus coralloides B035. Together with various semisynthetically obtained corallopyronin A derivatives its antibacterial effects were evaluated. In combination with an X-ray crystallization model limitations of derivatization possibilities were revealed. The antibiotic potential of the novel precorallopyronin A is comparable to that of the structurally more complex corallopyronin A, which highlights that the additional chiral center is not essential for activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till F Schäberle
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Schmitz
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Zocher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen , Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Schiefer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Kehraus
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Edith Neu
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Roth
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology e.V., Hans Knöll Institute , Jena, Germany
| | - Dmitry G Vassylyev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Thilo Stehle
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen , Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Bierbaum
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriele M König
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany
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Zocher G, Vilstrup J, Heine D, Hallab A, Goralski E, Hertweck C, Stahl M, Schäberle TF, Stehle T. Structural basis of head to head polyketide fusion by CorB. Chem Sci 2015; 6:6525-6536. [PMID: 28757960 PMCID: PMC5506619 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02488a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Corallopyronin A is a polyketide derived from the myxobacterium Corallococcus coralloides with potent antibiotic features.
Corallopyronin A is a polyketide derived from the myxobacterium Corallococcus coralloides with potent antibiotic features. The gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of corallopyronin A has been described recently, and it was proposed that CorB acts as a ketosynthase to interconnect two polyketide chains in a rare head-to-head condensation reaction. We determined the structure of CorB, the interconnecting polyketide synthase, to high resolution and found that CorB displays a thiolase fold. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that the catalytic triad consisting of a cysteine, a histidine and an asparagine is crucial for catalysis, and that this triad shares similarities with the triad found in HMG-CoA synthases. We synthesized a substrate mimic to derivatize purified CorB and confirmed substrate attachment by ESI-MS. Structural analysis of the complex yielded an electron density-based model for the polyketide chain and showed that the unusually wide, T-shaped active site is able to accommodate two polyketides simultaneously. Our structural analysis provides a platform for understanding the unusual head-to-head polyketide-interconnecting reaction catalyzed by CorB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Zocher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry , University Tübingen , Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany .
| | - Joachim Vilstrup
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 10C , DK 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Daniel Heine
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) , 07745 Jena , Germany
| | - Asis Hallab
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research , Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10 , 50829 Köln , Germany
| | - Emilie Goralski
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology , University of Bonn , Nussallee 6 , 53115 Bonn , Germany .
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) , 07745 Jena , Germany.,Chair for Natural Product Chemistry , Friedrich Schiller University , 07743 Jena , Germany
| | - Mark Stahl
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology , University Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 32 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Till F Schäberle
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology , University of Bonn , Nussallee 6 , 53115 Bonn , Germany .
| | - Thilo Stehle
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry , University Tübingen , Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany . .,Department of Pediatrics , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN 37232 , USA
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Sahner JH, Sucipto H, Wenzel SC, Groh M, Hartmann RW, Müller R. Advanced Mutasynthesis Studies on the Natural α-Pyrone Antibiotic Myxopyronin fromMyxococcus fulvus. Chembiochem 2015; 16:946-53. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2013. Myxobacteria produce a vast range of structurally diverse natural products with prominent biological activities. Here, we provide a detailed description and judge the potential of all antibiotically active myxobacterial compounds as lead structures, pointing out their particularities and, if known, their mode of action. Thus, the review provides an overview of the potential of specific compounds, suitable for future investigations and possible clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till F Schäberle
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis are diseases of severe morbidity that affect the poorest of the poor in the world. The diseases are caused by filarial nematodes that are transmitted by mosquitoes or biting blackflies and are endemic to more than 80 countries worldwide, mainly in the tropics and sub-tropics. Current control programs aim to eliminate the diseases by distributing antifilarial drugs. However, the primary effect of the drugs is to kill the microfilariae in the blood or skin, thus preventing uptake by the obligate insect vector. Since the adult worms live 10 years or longer, drug distribution requires many years of treatment, which is a heavy burden on the burgeoning health care systems. Sub-optimal response, possible resistance and inadequate population coverage lessen the chances for successful elimination in all endemic areas. The search for new drugs that could enhance elimination by permanently sterilizing or killing adult worms has identified the Wolbachia intracellular bacteria of filarial nematodes as a target. Depleting the obligate endosymbionts from the worms with doxycycline or rifampicin causes a permanent block in oogenesis, embryogenesis and development, and in slow death of the adult worms. These two antibiotics are suitable for individual drug administration, but caveats exist for their inclusion in broader drug administration programs. Here we review Wolbachia as targets for antifilarial drug discovery and highlight the natural product corallopyronin A as an effective drug that is currently being developed specifically for use against filarial nematodes.
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Frequency, spectrum, and nonzero fitness costs of resistance to myxopyronin in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:6250-5. [PMID: 23006749 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01060-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibiotic myxopyronin (Myx) functions by inhibiting bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP). The binding site on RNAP for Myx-the RNAP "switch region SW1/SW2 subregion"-is different from the binding site on RNAP for the RNAP inhibitor currently used in broad-spectrum antibacterial therapy, rifampin (Rif). Here, we report the frequency, spectrum, and fitness costs of Myx resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. The resistance rate for Myx is 4 × 10(-8) to 7 × 10(-8) per generation, which is equal within error to the resistance rate for Rif (3 × 10(-8) to 10 × 10(-8) per generation). Substitutions conferring Myx resistance were obtained in the RNAP β subunit [six substitutions: V1080(1275)I, V1080(1275)L, E1084(1279)K, D1101(1296)E, S1127(1322)L, and S1127(1322)P] and the RNAP β' subunit [five substitutions: K334(345)N, T925(917)K, T925(917)R, G1172(1354)C, and G1172(1354)D] (residues numbered as in Staphylococcus aureus RNAP and, in parentheses, as in Escherichia coli RNAP). Sites of substitutions conferring Myx resistance map to the RNAP switch region SW1/SW2 subregion and do not overlap the binding site on RNAP for Rif, and, correspondingly, Myx-resistant mutants exhibit no cross-resistance to Rif. All substitutions conferring Myx resistance exhibit significant fitness costs (4 to 15% per generation). In contrast, at least three substitutions conferring Rif resistance exhibit no fitness costs (≤0% per generation). The observation that all Myx-resistant mutants have significant fitness costs whereas at least three Rif-resistant mutants have no fitness costs, together with the previously established inverse correlation between fitness cost and clinical prevalence, suggests that Myx resistance is likely to have lower clinical prevalence than Rif resistance.
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Novel rapidly diversifiable antimicrobial RNA polymerase switch region inhibitors with confirmed mode of action in Haemophilus influenzae. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:5504-12. [PMID: 22843845 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01103-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of inhibitors with a squaramide core was synthesized following its discovery in a high-throughput screen for novel inhibitors of a transcription-coupled translation assay using Escherichia coli S30 extracts. The inhibitors were inactive when the plasmid substrate was replaced with mRNA, suggesting they interfered with transcription. This was confirmed by their inhibition of purified E. coli RNA polymerase. The series had antimicrobial activity against efflux-negative strains of E. coli and Haemophilus influenzae. Like rifampin, the squaramides preferentially inhibited synthesis of RNA and protein over fatty acids, peptidoglycan, and DNA. However, squaramide-resistant mutants were not cross-resistant to rifampin. Nine different mutations were found in parts of rpoB or rpoC that together encode the so-called switch region of RNA polymerase. This is the binding site of the natural antibiotics myxopyronin, corallopyronin, and ripostatin and the drug fidaxomicin. Computational modeling using the X-ray crystal structure of the myxopyronin-bound RNA polymerase of Thermus thermophilus suggests a binding mode of these inhibitors that is consistent with the resistance mutations. The squaramides are the first reported non-natural-product-related, rapidly diversifiable antibacterial inhibitors acting via the switch region of RNA polymerase.
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Influence of DNA template choice on transcription and inhibition of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:4536-9. [PMID: 22664971 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00198-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, quantitative transcription assays using bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) have been performed under widely diverse experimental conditions. We demonstrate that the template choice can influence the inhibitory potency of RNAP inhibitors. Furthermore, we illustrate that the sigma factor (σ(70)) surprisingly increases the transcription efficiency of templates with nonphysiological nonprokaryotic promoters. Our results might be a useful guideline in the early stages of using RNAP for drug discovery.
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Srivastava A, Talaue M, Liu S, Degen D, Ebright RY, Sineva E, Chakraborty A, Druzhinin SY, Chatterjee S, Mukhopadhyay J, Ebright YW, Zozula A, Shen J, Sengupta S, Niedfeldt RR, Xin C, Kaneko T, Irschik H, Jansen R, Donadio S, Connell N, Ebright RH. New target for inhibition of bacterial RNA polymerase: 'switch region'. Curr Opin Microbiol 2011; 14:532-43. [PMID: 21862392 PMCID: PMC3196380 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2011.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A new drug target - the 'switch region' - has been identified within bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP), the enzyme that mediates bacterial RNA synthesis. The new target serves as the binding site for compounds that inhibit bacterial RNA synthesis and kill bacteria. Since the new target is present in most bacterial species, compounds that bind to the new target are active against a broad spectrum of bacterial species. Since the new target is different from targets of other antibacterial agents, compounds that bind to the new target are not cross-resistant with other antibacterial agents. Four antibiotics that function through the new target have been identified: myxopyronin, corallopyronin, ripostatin, and lipiarmycin. This review summarizes the switch region, switch-region inhibitors, and implications for antibacterial drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashish Srivastava
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
| | - Meliza Talaue
- Center for Biodefense, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark NJ 07101, USA
| | - Shuang Liu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
| | - David Degen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
| | - Richard Y. Ebright
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
| | - Elena Sineva
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
| | - Anirban Chakraborty
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sergey Y. Druzhinin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sujoy Chatterjee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jayanta Mukhopadhyay
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
| | - Yon W. Ebright
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
| | - Alex Zozula
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
| | - Juan Shen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sonali Sengupta
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
| | - Rui Rong Niedfeldt
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
| | - Cai Xin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu 610065, PRC
| | - Takushi Kaneko
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, New York NY 10004, USA
| | - Herbert Irschik
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rolf Jansen
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefano Donadio
- NAICONS--New Anti-Infectives Consortium, 20138 Milano, Italy
| | - Nancy Connell
- Center for Biodefense, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark NJ 07101, USA
| | - Richard H. Ebright
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
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Moy TI, Daniel A, Hardy C, Jackson A, Rehrauer O, Hwang YS, Zou D, Nguyen K, Silverman JA, Li Q, Murphy C. Evaluating the activity of the RNA polymerase inhibitor myxopyronin B against Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2011; 319:176-9. [PMID: 21477256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxopyronin B (MyxB) binds to the switch region of RNA polymerase (RNAP) and inhibits transcriptional initiation. To evaluate the potential development of MyxB as a novel class of antibiotic, we characterized the antimicrobial activity of MyxB against Staphylococcus aureus. Spontaneous MyxB resistance in S. aureus occurred at a frequency of 8 × 10(-8) , similar to that of rifampin. The MyxB-resistant mutants were found to be altered in single amino acid residues in the RNAP subunits that form the MyxB-binding site. In the presence of human serum albumin, the MyxB minimum inhibitory concentration against S. aureus increased drastically (≥128-fold) and 99.5% of MyxB was protein bound. Because of the high serum protein binding and resistance rate, we conclude that MyxB is not a viable starting point for antibiotic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence I Moy
- Cubist Pharmaceuticals Inc., Lexington, MA 02421, USA.
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