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Fulgencio S, Scaccaglia M, Frei A. Exploration of Rhenium Bisquinoline Tricarbonyl Complexes for their Antibacterial Properties. Chembiochem 2024:e202400435. [PMID: 38785033 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Metal complexes have emerged as a promising source for novel classes of antibacterial agents to combat the rise of antimicrobial resistance around the world. In the exploration of the transition metal chemical space for novel metalloantibiotics, the rhenium tricarbonyl moiety has been identified as a promising scaffold. Here we have prepared eight novel rhenium bisquinoline tricarbonyl complexes and explored their antibacterial properties. Significant activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was observed. However, all complexes also showed significant toxicity against human cells, putting into question the prospects of this specific rhenium compound class as metalloantibiotics. To better understand their biological effects, we conduct the first mode of action studies on rhenium bisquinoline complexes and show that they are able to form pores through bacterial membranes. Their straight-forward synthesis and tuneability suggests that further optimisation of this compound class could lead to compounds with enhanced bacterial specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Fulgencio
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mirco Scaccaglia
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Angelo Frei
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
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2
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Ilyas M, Latif MS, Gul A, Babar MM, Rajadas J. Drug repurposing for bacterial infections. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2024; 207:1-21. [PMID: 38942533 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2024.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Repurposing pharmaceuticals is a technique used to find new, alternate clinical applications for approved drug molecules. It may include altering the drug formulation, route of administration, dose or the dosage regimen. The process of repurposing medicines starts with screening libraries of previously approved drugs for the targeted disease condition. If after an the initial in silico, in vitro or in vivo experimentation, the molecule has been found to be active against a particular target, the molecule is considered as a good candidate for clinical trials. As the safety profile of such molecules is available from the previous data, significant time and resources are saved. These advantages of drug repurposing approach make it especially helpful for finding treatments for rapidly evolving conditions including bacterial infections. An ever-increasing incidence of antimicrobial resistance, owing to the mutations in bacterial genome, leads to therapeutic failure of many approved antibiotics. Repurposing the approved drug molecules for use as antibiotics can provide an effective means for the combating life-threatening bacterial diseases. A number of drugs have been considered for drug repurposing against bacterial infections. These include, but are not limited to, Auranofin, Closantel, and Toremifene that have been repurposed for various infections. In addition, the reallocation of route of administration, redefining dosage regimen and reformulation of dosage forms have also been carried out for repurposing purpose. The current chapter addresses the drug discovery and development process with relevance to repurposing against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnoor Ilyas
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saad Latif
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Alvina Gul
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mustafeez Mujtaba Babar
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Advanced Drug Delivery and Regenerative Biomaterials Laboratory, Cardiovascular Institute and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, PaloAlto, CA, United States.
| | - Jayakumar Rajadas
- Advanced Drug Delivery and Regenerative Biomaterials Laboratory, Cardiovascular Institute and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, PaloAlto, CA, United States
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DeAngelo SL, Dziechciarz S, Solanki S, Shin M, Zhao L, Balia A, El-Derany MO, Das NK, Castillo C, Bell HN, Paulo JA, Zhang Y, Rossiter NJ, McCulla EC, He J, Talukder I, Schafer ZT, Neamati N, Mancias JD, Koutmos M, Shah YM. Recharacterization of RSL3 reveals that the selenoproteome is a druggable target in colorectal cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.29.587381. [PMID: 38617233 PMCID: PMC11014488 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.29.587381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent, non-apoptotic form of cell death resulting from the accumulation of lipid peroxides. Colorectal cancer (CRC) accumulates high levels of intracellular iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby sensitizing cells to ferroptosis. The selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase (GPx4) is a key enzyme in the detoxification of lipid peroxides and can be inhibited by the compound (S)-RSL3 ([1S,3R]-RSL3). However, the stereoisomer (R)-RSL3 ([1R,3R]-RSL3), which does not inhibit GPx4, exhibits equipotent activity to (S)-RSL3 across a panel of CRC cell lines. Utilizing CRC cell lines with an inducible knockdown of GPx4, we demonstrate that (S)-RSL3 sensitivity does not align with GPx4 dependency. Subsequently, a biotinylated (S)-RSL3 was then synthesized to perform affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP-MS), revealing that (S)-RSL3 acts as a pan-inhibitor of the selenoproteome, targeting both the glutathione and thioredoxin peroxidase systems as well as multiple additional selenoproteins. To investigate the therapeutic potential of broadly disrupting the selenoproteome as a therapeutic strategy in CRC, we employed further chemical and genetic approaches to disrupt selenoprotein function. The findings demonstrate that the selenoprotein inhibitor Auranofin can induce ferroptosis and/or oxidative cell death both in-vitro and in-vivo. Consistent with this data we observe that AlkBH8, a tRNA-selenocysteine methyltransferase required for the translational incorporation of selenocysteine, is essential for CRC growth. In summary, our research elucidates the complex mechanisms underlying ferroptosis in CRC and reveals that modulation of the selenoproteome provides multiple new therapeutic targets and opportunities in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L DeAngelo
- Doctoral Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sofia Dziechciarz
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sumeet Solanki
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Myungsun Shin
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrii Balia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Marwa O El-Derany
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nupur K Das
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Cristina Castillo
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Hannah N Bell
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Yuezhong Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Nicholas J Rossiter
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Elizabeth C McCulla
- Doctoral Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jianping He
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Indrani Talukder
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Zachary T Schafer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Joseph D Mancias
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Division of Radiation and Genome Stability, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. United States
| | - Markos Koutmos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yatrik M Shah
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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4
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Deben C, Boullosa LF, Fortes FR, De La Hoz EC, Le Compte M, Seghers S, Peeters M, Vanlanduit S, Lin A, Dijkstra KK, Van Schil P, Hendriks JMH, Prenen H, Roeyen G, Lardon F, Smits E. Auranofin repurposing for lung and pancreatic cancer: low CA12 expression as a marker of sensitivity in patient-derived organoids, with potentiated efficacy by AKT inhibition. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:88. [PMID: 38515178 PMCID: PMC10958863 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explores the repurposing of Auranofin (AF), an anti-rheumatic drug, for treating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) adenocarcinoma and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Drug repurposing in oncology offers a cost-effective and time-efficient approach to developing new cancer therapies. Our research focuses on evaluating AF's selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells, identifying RNAseq-based biomarkers to predict AF response, and finding the most effective co-therapeutic agents for combination with AF. METHODS Our investigation employed a comprehensive drug screening of AF in combination with eleven anticancer agents in cancerous PDAC and NSCLC patient-derived organoids (n = 7), and non-cancerous pulmonary organoids (n = 2). Additionally, we conducted RNA sequencing to identify potential biomarkers for AF sensitivity and experimented with various drug combinations to optimize AF's therapeutic efficacy. RESULTS The results revealed that AF demonstrates a preferential cytotoxic effect on NSCLC and PDAC cancer cells at clinically relevant concentrations below 1 µM, sparing normal epithelial cells. We identified Carbonic Anhydrase 12 (CA12) as a significant RNAseq-based biomarker, closely associated with the NF-κB survival signaling pathway, which is crucial in cancer cell response to oxidative stress. Our findings suggest that cancer cells with low CA12 expression are more susceptible to AF treatment. Furthermore, the combination of AF with the AKT inhibitor MK2206 was found to be particularly effective, exhibiting potent and selective cytotoxic synergy, especially in tumor organoid models classified as intermediate responders to AF, without adverse effects on healthy organoids. CONCLUSION Our research offers valuable insights into the use of AF for treating NSCLC and PDAC. It highlights AF's cancer cell selectivity, establishes CA12 as a predictive biomarker for AF sensitivity, and underscores the enhanced efficacy of AF when combined with MK2206 and other therapeutics. These findings pave the way for further exploration of AF in cancer treatment, particularly in identifying patient populations most likely to benefit from its use and in optimizing combination therapies for improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Deben
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Laurie Freire Boullosa
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Felicia Rodrigues Fortes
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Maxim Le Compte
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sofie Seghers
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Marc Peeters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Abraham Lin
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine ANTwerp (PLASMANT), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Krijn K Dijkstra
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Van Schil
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Jeroen M H Hendriks
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Hans Prenen
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncological Center Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geert Roeyen
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Hepatobiliary Transplantation and Endocrine Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp (UZA), Edegem, Belgium
| | - Filip Lardon
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Evelien Smits
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
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5
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Tolbatov I, Umari P, Marrone A. Mechanism of Action of Antitumor Au(I) N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: A Computational Insight on the Targeting of TrxR Selenocysteine. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2625. [PMID: 38473872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The targeting of human thioredoxin reductase is widely recognized to be crucially involved in the anticancer properties of several metallodrugs, including Au(I) complexes. In this study, the mechanism of reaction between a set of five N-heterocyclic carbene Au(I) complexes and models of the active Sec residue in human thioredoxin reductase was investigated by means of density functional theory approaches. The study was specifically addressed to the kinetics and thermodynamics of the tiled process by aiming at elucidating and explaining the differential inhibitory potency in this set of analogous Au(I) bis-carbene complexes. While the calculated free energy profile showed a substantially similar reactivity, we found that the binding of these Au(I) bis-carbene at the active CysSec dyad in the TrxR enzyme could be subjected to steric and orientational restraints, underlining both the approach of the bis-carbene scaffold and the attack of the selenol group at the metal center. A new and detailed mechanistic insight to the anticancer activity of these Au(I) organometallic complexes was thus provided by consolidating the TrxR targeting paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iogann Tolbatov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Umari
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marrone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G d'Annunzio" di Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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6
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Johnson SS, Liu D, Ewald JT, Robles-Planells C, Christensen KA, Bayanbold K, Wels BR, Solst SR, O'Dorisio MS, Allen BG, Menda Y, Spitz DR, Fath MA. Auranofin Inhibition of Thioredoxin Reductase Sensitizes Lung Neuroendocrine Tumor Cells (NETs) and Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Cells to Sorafenib as well as Inhibiting SCLC Xenograft Growth. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.05.07.539772. [PMID: 37215042 PMCID: PMC10197533 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.07.539772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxin Reductase (TrxR) is a key enzyme in hydroperoxide detoxification through peroxiredoxin enzymes and in thiol-mediated redox regulation of cell signaling. Because cancer cells produce increased steady-state levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS; i.e., superoxide and hydrogen peroxide), TrxR is currently being targeted in clinical trials using the anti-rheumatic drug, auranofin (AF). AF treatment decreased TrxR activity and clonogenic survival in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines (DMS273 and DMS53) as well as the lung atypical (neuroendocrine tumor) NET cell line H727. AF treatment also significantly sensitized DMS273 and H727 cell lines in vitro to sorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor that was shown to decrease intracellular glutathione. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of AF treatment in a mouse SCLC xenograft model was examined to maximize inhibition of TrxR activity without causing toxicity. AF was administered intraperitoneally at 2 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg (IP) once (QD) or twice daily (BID) for 1 to 5 days in mice with DMS273 xenografts. Plasma levels of AF were 10-20 μM (determined by mass spectrometry of gold) and the optimal inhibition of TrxR (50 %) was obtained at 4 mg/kg once daily, with no effect on glutathione peroxidase 1 activity. When this daily AF treatment was extended for 14 days a significant prolongation of median survival from 19 to 23 days (p=0.04, N=30 controls, 28 AF) was observed without causing changes in animal bodyweight, CBCs, bone marrow toxicity, blood urea nitrogen, or creatinine. These results show that AF is an effective inhibitor of TrxR both in vitro and in vivo in SCLC, capable of sensitizing NETs and SCLC to sorafenib, and supports the hypothesis that AF could be used as an adjuvant therapy with agents known to induce disruptions in thiol metabolism to enhance therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spenser S Johnson
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Dijie Liu
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Department Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jordan T Ewald
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Claudia Robles-Planells
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Department Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Keegan A Christensen
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Khaliunaa Bayanbold
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Brian R Wels
- University of Iowa, State Hygienic Laboratory, Iowa City, IA, 52242
| | - Shane R Solst
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - M Sue O'Dorisio
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Department Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Bryan G Allen
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Yusuf Menda
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Department of Radiology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Douglas R Spitz
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Melissa A Fath
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
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7
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Ding W, Cui Q, Lu W, Du Y, Luo Y, Hu Y, Huang P, Wen S. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel bi-gold mitocans in lung cancer cells. Front Chem 2023; 11:1292115. [PMID: 38148758 PMCID: PMC10750375 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1292115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are promising drug target for cancer treatment. We previously demonstrated that a bi-gold compound BGC2a was more potent than the mono-gold drug auranofin in suppressing cancer cells due to increased gold atom number that led to higher drug accumulation in and thereby inhibition of mitochondria. To exploit the potential of this new strategy, we further designed and synthesized a series of bi-gold mitocans, the compounds targeting mitochondria. The results showed that most of the newly synthesized mitocans exhibited obviously lower IC50 than auranofin, an old drug that is repurposed in clinical trials for cancer treatment. The best mitocan C3P4 was nearly 2-fold more potent than BGC2a in human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells and mantle cell lymphoma Jeko-1 cells, exhibiting substantial colony formation-suppressing and tumor-suppressing effects in A549 cells xenograft model. C3P4 induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner and arrested cell cycle at G0/G1 phase. The mechanistic study showed that C3P4 significantly increased the global reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial superoxide level, and reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential. C3P4 preferentially accumulated in mitochondria as measured by the gold content and substantially inhibited oxygen consumption rate and ATP production. These results further validated our hypothesis that targeting mitochondria would be promising to develop more potent anticancer agents. C3P4 may be further evaluated as a drug candidate for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Peng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shijun Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Watanabe N, Saito-Nakano Y, Kurisawa N, Otomo K, Suenaga K, Nakano K, Nozaki T. Fumagillin inhibits growth of the enteric protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica by covalently binding to and selectively inhibiting methionine aminopeptidase 2. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0056023. [PMID: 37874291 PMCID: PMC10648944 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00560-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Amebiasis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Metronidazole is currently the first-line drug despite adverse effects and concerns on the emergence of drug resistance. Fumagillin, a fungal metabolite from Aspergillus fumigatus, and its structurally related natural and synthetic compounds have been previously explored as potential anti-angiogenesis inhibitors for cancers, anti-microbial, and anti-obese compounds. Although fumagillin was used for human amebiasis in clinical trials in 1950s, the mode of action of fumagillin remains elusive until now. In this report, we showed that fumagillin covalently binds to methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) and non-covalently but abundantly binds to patatin family phospholipase A (PLA). Susceptibility against fumagillin of the amebic strains in which expression of E. histolytica MetAP2 (EhMetAP2) gene was silenced increased compared to control strain. Conversely, overexpression of EhMetAP2 mutants that harbors amino acid substitutions responsible for resistance to ovalicin, a fumagillin analog, in human MetAP2, also resulted in decrease in fumagillin susceptibility. In contrast, neither gene silencing nor overexpression of E. histolytica PLA (EhPLA) affected fumagillin susceptibility. These data suggest that EhPLA is not essential and not the target of fumagillin for its amebicidal activity. Taken together, our data have demonstrated that EhMetAP2 is the primary target for amebicidal activity of fumagillin, and EhMetAP2 represents a rational explorable target for the development of alternative therapeutic agents against amebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Watanabe
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saito-Nakano
- Department of Parasitology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoaki Kurisawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keisuke Otomo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kiyotake Suenaga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nakano
- Degree Programs in Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Yan W, Zhong Y, Hu X, Xu T, Zhang Y, Kales S, Qu Y, Talley DC, Baljinnyam B, LeClair CA, Simeonov A, Polster BM, Huang R, Ye Y, Rai G, Henderson MJ, Tao D, Fang S. Auranofin targets UBA1 and enhances UBA1 activity by facilitating ubiquitin trans-thioesterification to E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4798. [PMID: 37558718 PMCID: PMC10412574 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
UBA1 is the primary E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme responsible for generation of activated ubiquitin required for ubiquitination, a process that regulates stability and function of numerous proteins. Decreased or insufficient ubiquitination can cause or drive aging and many diseases. Therefore, a small-molecule enhancing UBA1 activity could have broad therapeutic potential. Here we report that auranofin, a drug approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, is a potent UBA1 activity enhancer. Auranofin binds to the UBA1's ubiquitin fold domain and conjugates to Cys1039 residue. The binding enhances UBA1 interactions with at least 20 different E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, facilitating ubiquitin charging to E2 and increasing the activities of seven representative E3s in vitro. Auranofin promotes ubiquitination and degradation of misfolded ER proteins during ER-associated degradation in cells at low nanomolar concentrations. It also facilitates outer mitochondrial membrane-associated degradation. These findings suggest that auranofin can serve as a much-needed tool for UBA1 research and therapeutic exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yan
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Yongwang Zhong
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Xin Hu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Tuan Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Yinghua Zhang
- Center for Innovative Biomedical Resources, Biosensor Core, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Stephen Kales
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Yanyan Qu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Daniel C Talley
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Bolormaa Baljinnyam
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Christopher A LeClair
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Brian M Polster
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Yihong Ye
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ganesha Rai
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Mark J Henderson
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Dingyin Tao
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Shengyun Fang
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Program in Oncology, UM Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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10
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García-García A, Rojas S, Rodríguez-Diéguez A. Therapy and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: from discrete metal complexes to metal-organic frameworks. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:7024-7040. [PMID: 37435638 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00427a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting 44 million people worldwide. Although many issues (pathogenesis, genetics, clinical features, and pathological aspects) are still unknown, this disease is characterized by noticeable hallmarks such as the formation of β-amyloid plaques, hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins, the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, and the reduction of acetylcholine levels. There is still no cure for AD and the current treatments are aimed at regulating the cholinesterase levels, attenuating symptoms temporarily rather than preventing the AD progression. In this context, coordination compounds are regarded as a promissing tool in AD treatment and/or diagnosis. Coordination compounds (discrete or polymeric) possess several features that make them an interesting option for developing new drugs for AD (good biocompatibility, porosity, synergetic effects of ligand-metal, fluorescence, particle size, homogeneity, monodispersity, etc.). This review discusses the recent progress in the development of novel discrete metal complexes and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for the treatment, diagnosis and theragnosis of AD. These advanced therapies for AD treatment are organized according to the target: Aβ peptides, hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, synaptic dysfunction, and mitochondrial failure with subsequent oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia García-García
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Centro de Química del Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 18 sur & Av. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, 72570 Puebla, Mexico
| | - Sara Rojas
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Diéguez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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11
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Benchimol M, Gadelha AP, de Souza W. Ultrastructural Alterations of the Human Pathogen Giardia intestinalis after Drug Treatment. Pathogens 2023; 12:810. [PMID: 37375500 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents the main cell characteristics altered after in vitro incubation of the parasite with commercial drugs used to treat the disease caused by Giardia intestinalis. This important intestinal parasite primarily causes diarrhea in children. Metronidazole and albendazole are the primary compounds used in therapy against Giardia intestinalis. However, they provoke significant side effects, and some strains have developed resistance to metronidazole. Benzimidazole carbamates, such as albendazole and mebendazole, have shown the best activity against Giardia. Despite their in vitro efficacy, clinical treatment with benzimidazoles has yielded conflicting results, demonstrating lower cure rates. Recently, nitazoxanide has been suggested as an alternative to these drugs. Therefore, to enhance the quality of chemotherapy against this parasite, it is important to invest in developing other compounds that can interfere with key steps of metabolic pathways or cell structures and organelles. For example, Giardia exhibits a unique cell structure called the ventral disc, which is crucial for host adhesion and pathogenicity. Thus, drugs that can disrupt the adhesion process hold promise for future therapy against Giardia. Additionally, this review discusses new drugs and strategies that can be employed, as well as suggestions for developing novel drugs to control the infection caused by this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Benchimol
- BIOTRANS-CAXIAS, Universidade do Grande Rio. UNIGRANRIO, Rio de Janeiro 96200-000, Brazil
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens e Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Gadelha
- Diretoria de Metrologia Científica, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), Rio de Janeiro 25259-020, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens e Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
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12
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Mertens RT, Gukathasan S, Arojojoye AS, Olelewe C, Awuah SG. Next Generation Gold Drugs and Probes: Chemistry and Biomedical Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6612-6667. [PMID: 37071737 PMCID: PMC10317554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The gold drugs, gold sodium thiomalate (Myocrisin), aurothioglucose (Solganal), and the orally administered auranofin (Ridaura), are utilized in modern medicine for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis including rheumatoid and juvenile arthritis; however, new gold agents have been slow to enter the clinic. Repurposing of auranofin in different disease indications such as cancer, parasitic, and microbial infections in the clinic has provided impetus for the development of new gold complexes for biomedical applications based on unique mechanistic insights differentiated from auranofin. Various chemical methods for the preparation of physiologically stable gold complexes and associated mechanisms have been explored in biomedicine such as therapeutics or chemical probes. In this Review, we discuss the chemistry of next generation gold drugs, which encompasses oxidation states, geometry, ligands, coordination, and organometallic compounds for infectious diseases, cancer, inflammation, and as tools for chemical biology via gold-protein interactions. We will focus on the development of gold agents in biomedicine within the past decade. The Review provides readers with an accessible overview of the utility, development, and mechanism of action of gold-based small molecules to establish context and basis for the thriving resurgence of gold in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tyler Mertens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Sailajah Gukathasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Adedamola S Arojojoye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Chibuzor Olelewe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Samuel G Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
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13
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Vallières C, Golinelli-Cohen MP, Guittet O, Lepoivre M, Huang ME, Vernis L. Redox-Based Strategies against Infections by Eukaryotic Pathogens. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040778. [PMID: 37107536 PMCID: PMC10138290 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox homeostasis is an equilibrium between reducing and oxidizing reactions within cells. It is an essential, dynamic process, which allows proper cellular reactions and regulates biological responses. Unbalanced redox homeostasis is the hallmark of many diseases, including cancer or inflammatory responses, and can eventually lead to cell death. Specifically, disrupting redox balance, essentially by increasing pro-oxidative molecules and favouring hyperoxidation, is a smart strategy to eliminate cells and has been used for cancer treatment, for example. Selectivity between cancer and normal cells thus appears crucial to avoid toxicity as much as possible. Redox-based approaches are also employed in the case of infectious diseases to tackle the pathogens specifically, with limited impacts on host cells. In this review, we focus on recent advances in redox-based strategies to fight eukaryotic pathogens, especially fungi and eukaryotic parasites. We report molecules recently described for causing or being associated with compromising redox homeostasis in pathogens and discuss therapeutic possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Vallières
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Golinelli-Cohen
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Guittet
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michel Lepoivre
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Meng-Er Huang
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Laurence Vernis
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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14
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Kim HY, Otgontenger U, Kim JW, Lee YJ, Kim SB, Lim SC, Kim YM, Kang KW. Anti-fibrotic effect of aurocyanide, the active metabolite of auranofin. Arch Pharm Res 2023; 46:149-159. [PMID: 36894745 PMCID: PMC9998255 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Drug repositioning has gained significant attention over the past several years. The anti-rheumatoid arthritis drug auranofin has been investigated for the treatment of other diseases, including liver fibrosis. Because auranofin is rapidly metabolized, it is necessary to identify the active metabolites of auranofin that have detectable levels in the blood and reflect its therapeutic effects. In the present study, we investigated whether aurocyanide as an active metabolite of auranofin, can be used to evaluate the anti-fibrotic effects of auranofin. Incubation of auranofin with liver microsomes showed that auranofin was susceptible to hepatic metabolism. Previously, we found that the anti-fibrotic effects of auranofin are mediated via system xc--dependent inhibition of the NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Therefore, we tried to identify active metabolites of auranofin based on their inhibitory effects on system xc- and NLRP3 inflammasome in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Among the seven candidate metabolites, 1-thio-β-D-glycopyrano-sato-S-(triethyl-phosphine)-gold(I) and aurocyanide potently inhibited system xc- and NLRP3 inflammasome. A pharmacokinetics study on mice detected significant plasma levels of aurocyanide after auranofin administration. Oral administration of aurocyanide significantly prevented thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis in mice. Moreover, the in vitro anti-fibrotic effects of aurocyanide were assessed in LX-2 cells, where aurocyanide significantly decreased the migratory ability of the cells. In conclusion, aurocyanide is metabolically stable and detectable in plasma, and has inhibitory effects on liver fibrosis, suggesting that it is a potential marker of the therapeutic effects of auranofin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanakro-1, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Undarmaa Otgontenger
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-Ro, Sangnok-Gu, Ansan-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Woo Kim
- Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (K Medi Hub), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanakro-1, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Bum Kim
- Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (K Medi Hub), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chul Lim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mi Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-Ro, Sangnok-Gu, Ansan-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Keon Wook Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanakro-1, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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15
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The Gold(I) Complex with Plant Hormone Kinetin Shows Promising In Vitro Anticancer and PPARγ Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032293. [PMID: 36768617 PMCID: PMC9916778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivated by the clinical success of gold(I) metallotherapeutic Auranofin in the effective treatment of both inflammatory and cancer diseases, we decided to prepare, characterize, and further study the [Au(kin)(PPh3)] complex (1), where Hkin = kinetin, 6-furfuryladenine, for its in vitro anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. The results revealed that the complex (1) had significant in vitro cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines (A2780, A2780R, PC-3, 22Rv1, and THP-1), with IC50 ≈ 1-5 μM, which was even significantly better than that for the conventional platinum-based drug Cisplatin while comparable with Auranofin. Although its ability to inhibit transcription factor NF-κB activity did not exceed the comparative drug Auranofin, it has been found that it is able to positively influence peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), and as a consequence of this to have the impact of moderating/reducing inflammation. The cellular effects of the complex (1) in A2780 cancer cells were also investigated by cell cycle analysis, induction of apoptosis, intracellular ROS production, activation of caspases 3/7 and disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, and shotgun proteomic analysis. Proteomic analysis of R2780 cells treated with complex (1) and starting compounds revealed possible different places of the effect of the studied compounds. Moreover, the time-dependent cellular accumulation of copper was studied by means of the mass spectrometry study with the aim of exploring the possible mechanisms responsible for its biological effects.
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16
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Falchetti M, Delgobo M, Zancanaro H, Almeida K, das Neves RN, Dos Santos B, Stefanes NM, Bishop A, Santos-Silva MC, Zanotto-Filho A. Omics-based identification of an NRF2-related auranofin resistance signature in cancer: Insights into drug repurposing. Comput Biol Med 2023; 152:106347. [PMID: 36493734 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Auranofin is a thioredoxin reductase-1 inhibitor originally approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Recently, auranofin has been repurposed as an anticancer drug, with pharmacological activity reported in multiple cancer types. In this study, we characterized transcriptional and genetic alterations associated with auranofin response in cancer. By integrating data from an auranofin cytotoxicity screen with transcriptome profiling of lung cancer cell lines, we identified an auranofin resistance signature comprising 29 genes, most of which are classical targets of the transcription factor NRF2, such as genes involved in glutathione metabolism (GCLC, GSR, SLC7A11) and thioredoxin system (TXN, TXNRD1). Pan-cancer analysis revealed that mutations in NRF2 pathway genes, namely KEAP1 and NFE2L2, are strongly associated with overexpression of the auranofin resistance gene set. By clustering cancer types based on auranofin resistance signature expression, hepatocellular carcinoma, and a subset of non-small cell lung cancer, head-neck squamous cell carcinoma, and esophageal cancer carrying NFE2L2/KEAP1 mutations were predicted resistant, whereas leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma were predicted sensitive to auranofin. Cell viability assays in a panel of 20 cancer cell lines confirmed the augmented sensitivity of hematological cancers to auranofin; an effect associated with dependence upon glutathione and decreased expression of NRF2 target genes involved in GSH synthesis and recycling (GCLC, GCLM and GSR) in these cancer types. In summary, the omics-based identification of sensitive/resistant cancers and genetic alterations associated with these phenotypes may guide an appropriate repurposing of auranofin in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Falchetti
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Bioquímica do Câncer (LabCancer), Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas (CCB), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Marina Delgobo
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Bioquímica do Câncer (LabCancer), Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas (CCB), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Helena Zancanaro
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Bioquímica do Câncer (LabCancer), Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas (CCB), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Karoline Almeida
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Bioquímica do Câncer (LabCancer), Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas (CCB), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Raquel Nascimento das Neves
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Bioquímica do Câncer (LabCancer), Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas (CCB), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil; Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Barbara Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Bioquímica do Câncer (LabCancer), Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas (CCB), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Natália Marcéli Stefanes
- Laboratório de Oncologia Experimental e Hemopatias (LOEH), Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Alexander Bishop
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA; Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Maria Cláudia Santos-Silva
- Laboratório de Oncologia Experimental e Hemopatias (LOEH), Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Alfeu Zanotto-Filho
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Bioquímica do Câncer (LabCancer), Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas (CCB), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil. https://labcancer.paginas.ufsc.br
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17
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Yang F, Liu J, Gu Y, Jiao R, Yan J, Gao S, Lin X, van der Veen S. Antimicrobial Activity of Auranofin, Cannabidivarin, and Tolfenamic Acid against Multidrug-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0395222. [PMID: 36350125 PMCID: PMC9769797 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03952-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative antimicrobial therapies are urgently required for the multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae, for which currently ceftriaxone is the only remaining recommended first-line therapy. Repurposing of drugs that are approved for other clinical applications offers an efficient approach for development of alternative antimicrobial therapies. Auranofin, cannabidivarin, and tolfenamic acid were recently identified to display antimicrobial activity against N. gonorrhoeae. Here, we investigated their activity against a collection of 575 multidrug-resistant clinical isolates. All three compounds displayed consistent antimicrobial activity against all isolates, including against strains associated with the high-level ceftriaxone-resistant FC428 clone, with both the mode and MIC90 for auranofin of 0.5 mg/L, while both the mode and MIC90 for cannabidivarin and tolfenamic acid were 8 mg/L. Correlations between MICs of ceftriaxone and auranofin, cannabidivarin or tolfenamic acid were low, indicating that development of cross-resistance is unlikely. Furthermore, antimicrobial synergy analysis between ceftriaxone and auranofin, cannabidivarin, or tolfenamic acid by determination of the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) resulted in an interpretation of indifference. Finally, time-kill analyses showed that all three compounds are bactericidal against both the N. gonorrhoeae ATCC 49226 reference strain and an FC428-associated clinical isolate, with particularly cannabidivarin displaying rapid bactericidal activity. Overall, auranofin, cannabidivarin, and tolfenamic acid displayed consistent antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant N. gonorrhoeae, warranting further exploration of their suitability as alternative antimicrobials for treatment of gonococcal infections. IMPORTANCE Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a major public health concern because of the high incidence of gonorrhea and the increasingly limited options for antimicrobial therapy. Strains associated with the FC428 clone are a particular concern because they have shown global dissemination and they display high-level resistance against the currently recommended ceftriaxone therapy. Therefore, development of alternative antimicrobial therapies is urgently required to ensure treatment of gonorrhea remains available in the future. Repurposing of clinically approved drugs could be a rapid approach for the development of such alternative antimicrobials. In this study, we showed that repurposing of auranofin, cannabidivarin, and tolfenamic acid for antimicrobial therapy of gonorrhea deserves further clinical explorations because these compounds displayed consistent antimicrobial activity against a large collection of contemporary multidrug-resistant gonococcal isolates that included strains associated with the FC428 clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhua Gu
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruilin Jiao
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Yan
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuai Gao
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu’ai Lin
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Stijn van der Veen
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Fazzari F, Chow S, Cheung M, Barghout SH, Schimmer AD, Chang Q, Hedley D. Combined Targeting of the Glutathione and Thioredoxin Antioxidant Systems in Pancreatic Cancer. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:1070-1078. [PMID: 36407947 PMCID: PMC9667549 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is characterized by increased generation of reactive oxygen species that can cause lethal oxidative stress. Here, we evaluated the combined inhibition of the glutathione and thioredoxin antioxidant systems in preclinical models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, using buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) that targets glutathione synthesis, and auranofin that targets thioredoxin recycling. BSO potentiated the cytotoxicity of auranofin and induced lethal oxidative stress in primary pancreatic cancer cells. As assessed by the cellular thermal shift assay, auranofin engaged with thioredoxin reductase 1 in primary cells at concentrations known to induce cell death. Moreover, we used imaging mass cytometry to map the biodistribution of atomic gold in patient-derived xenografts treated with auranofin, and the drug was readily detectable throughout the epithelial and stromal compartments after treatment with a clinically relevant dose. In conclusion, combinatorial treatment with BSO and auranofin could serve as a potential therapeutic strategy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Fazzari
- Princess
Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health
Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sue Chow
- Princess
Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health
Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - May Cheung
- Princess
Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health
Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Samir H. Barghout
- Princess
Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health
Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
- Department
of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department
of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31111, Egypt
| | - Aaron D. Schimmer
- Princess
Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health
Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
- Department
of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Qing Chang
- Fluidigm
Canada Inc., 1380 Rodick
Road, Markham, Ontario L3R 4G5, Canada
| | - David Hedley
- Princess
Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health
Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department
of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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Blasiak A, Truong ATL, Wang P, Hooi L, Chye DH, Tan SB, You K, Remus A, Allen DM, Chai LYA, Chan CEZ, Lye DCB, Tan GYG, Seah SGK, Chow EKH, Ho D. IDentif.AI-Omicron: Harnessing an AI-Derived and Disease-Agnostic Platform to Pinpoint Combinatorial Therapies for Clinically Actionable Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Intervention. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15141-15154. [PMID: 35977379 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine-based and unmodified drug interventions to address COVID-19 have evolved over the course of the pandemic as more information is gleaned and virus variants continue to emerge. For example, some early therapies (e.g., antibodies) have experienced markedly decreased efficacy. Due to a growing concern of future drug resistant variants, current drug development strategies are seeking to find effective drug combinations. In this study, we used IDentif.AI, an artificial intelligence-derived platform, to investigate the drug-drug and drug-dose interaction space of six promising experimental or currently deployed therapies at various concentrations: EIDD-1931, YH-53, nirmatrelvir, AT-511, favipiravir, and auranofin. The drugs were tested in vitro against a live B.1.1.529 (Omicron) virus first in monotherapy and then in 50 strategic combinations designed to interrogate the interaction space of 729 possible combinations. Key findings and interactions were then further explored and validated in an additional experimental round using an expanded concentration range. Overall, we found that few of the tested drugs showed moderate efficacy as monotherapies in the actionable concentration range, but combinatorial drug testing revealed significant dose-dependent drug-drug interactions, specifically between EIDD-1931 and YH-53, as well as nirmatrelvir and YH-53. Checkerboard validation analysis confirmed these synergistic interactions and also identified an interaction between EIDD-1931 and favipiravir in an expanded range. Based on the platform nature of IDentif.AI, these findings may support further explorations of the dose-dependent drug interactions between different drug classes in further pre-clinical and clinical trials as possible combinatorial therapies consisting of unmodified and nanomedicine-enabled drugs, to combat current and future COVID-19 strains and other emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Blasiak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Anh T L Truong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Peter Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Lissa Hooi
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - De Hoe Chye
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 117510, Singapore
| | - Shi-Bei Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Kui You
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Alexandria Remus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - David Michael Allen
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117545, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, 119074, Singapore
| | - Louis Yi Ann Chai
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, 119074, Singapore
| | - Conrad E Z Chan
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 117510, Singapore
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308442, Singapore
| | - David C B Lye
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308442, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 308433, Singapore
| | - Gek-Yen G Tan
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 117510, Singapore
| | - Shirley G K Seah
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 117510, Singapore
| | - Edward Kai-Hua Chow
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Dean Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore
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20
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Gencheva R, Cheng Q, Arnér ESJ. Thioredoxin reductase selenoproteins from different organisms as potential drug targets for treatment of human diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 190:320-338. [PMID: 35987423 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is a selenoprotein with a central role in cellular redox homeostasis, utilizing a highly reactive and solvent-exposed selenocysteine (Sec) residue in its active site. Pharmacological modulation of TrxR can be obtained with several classes of small compounds showing different mechanisms of action, but most often dependent upon interactions with its Sec residue. The clinical implications of TrxR modulation as mediated by small compounds have been studied in diverse diseases, from rheumatoid arthritis and ischemia to cancer and parasitic infections. The possible involvement of TrxR in these diseases was in some cases serendipitously discovered, by finding that existing clinically used drugs are also TrxR inhibitors. Inhibiting isoforms of human TrxR is, however, not the only strategy for human disease treatment, as some pathogenic parasites also depend upon Sec-containing TrxR variants, including S. mansoni, B. malayi or O. volvulus. Inhibiting parasite TrxR has been shown to selectively kill parasites and can thus become a promising treatment strategy, especially in the context of quickly emerging resistance towards other drugs. Here we have summarized the basis for the targeting of selenoprotein TrxR variants with small molecules for therapeutic purposes in different human disease contexts. We discuss how Sec engagement appears to be an indispensable part of treatment efficacy and how some therapeutically promising compounds have been evaluated in preclinical or clinical studies. Several research questions remain before a wider application of selenoprotein TrxR inhibition as a first-line treatment strategy might be developed. These include further mechanistic studies of downstream effects that may mediate treatment efficacy, identification of isoform-specific enzyme inhibition patterns for some given therapeutic compounds, and the further elucidation of cell-specific effects in disease contexts such as in the tumor microenvironment or in host-parasite interactions, and which of these effects may be dependent upon the specific targeting of Sec in distinct TrxR isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosveta Gencheva
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Qing Cheng
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden; Department of Selenoprotein Research, National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, 1122, Budapest, Hungary.
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21
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Tagboto S, Orish V. Drug development for onchocerciasis-the past, the present and the future. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.953061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Onchocerciasis affects predominantly rural communities in Africa, and with small foci in South America and the Yemen. The disease is a major cause of blindness and other significant morbidity and mortality. Control programs have achieved a major impact on the incidence and prevalence of onchocerciasis by interrupting transmission with vector control programs, and treatment with mass drug administration using the microfilaricide ivermectin. Over the last few decades, several microfilaricides have been developed. This initially included diethylcarbamazine, which had significant side effects and is no longer used as such. Ivermectin which is a safe and highly effective microfilaricide and moxidectin which is a longer acting microfilaricide are presently recognized therapies. Suramin was the first effective macrofilaricide but was prohibitively toxic. Certain antibiotics including doxycycline can help eliminate adult worms by targeting its endosymbiont bacteria, Wolbachia pipientis. However, the dosing regimens may make this difficult to use as part of a mass disease control program in endemic areas. It is now widely recognized that treatments that are able to kill or permanently sterilize adult filarial worms should help achieve the elimination of this disease. We summarize in detail the historic drug development in onchocerciasis, including prospective future candidate drugs.
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22
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Santos HLC, Rebello KM. An Overview of Mucosa-Associated Protozoa: Challenges in Chemotherapy and Future Perspectives. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:860442. [PMID: 35548465 PMCID: PMC9084232 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.860442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections caused by protozoans that infect the mucosal surfaces are widely neglected worldwide. Collectively, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium spp. and Trichomonas vaginalis infect more than a billion people in the world, being a public health problem mainly in developing countries. However, the exact incidence and prevalence data depend on the population examined. These parasites ultimately cause pathologies that culminate in liver abscesses, malabsorption syndrome, vaginitis, and urethritis, respectively. Despite this, the antimicrobial agents currently used to treat these diseases are limited and often associated with adverse side effects and refractory cases due to the development of resistant parasites. The paucity of drug treatments, absence of vaccines and increasing problems of drug resistance are major concerns for their control and eradication. Herein, potential candidates are reviewed with the overall aim of determining the knowledge gaps and suggest future perspectives for research. This review focuses on this public health problem and focuses on the progress of drug repositioning as a potential strategy for the treatment of mucosal parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Lucia Carneiro Santos
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Repurposing Non-antibiotic Drugs Auranofin and Pentamidine in Combination to Combat Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Bacteria. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2022; 59:106582. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2022.106582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Ehrens A, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. Current perspective of new anti-Wolbachial and direct-acting macrofilaricidal drugs as treatment strategies for human filariasis. GMS INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 10:Doc02. [PMID: 35463816 PMCID: PMC9006451 DOI: 10.3205/id000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Filarial diseases like lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis belong to the Neglected Tropical Diseases and remain a public health problem in endemic countries. Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis can lead to stigmatizing pathologies and present a socio-economic burden for affected people and their endemic countries. Current treatment recommendations by the WHO include mass drug administration with ivermectin for the treatment of onchocerciasis and a combination of ivermectin, albendazole and diethylcarbamazine (DEC) for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis in areas that are not co-endemic for onchocerciasis or loiasis. Limitations of these treatment strategies are due to potential severe adverse events in onchocerciasis and loiasis patients following DEC or ivermectin treatment, respectively, the lack of a macrofilaricidal efficacy of those drugs and the risk of drug resistance development. Thus, to achieve the elimination of transmission of onchocerciasis and the elimination of lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem by 2030, the WHO defined in its roadmap that new alternative treatment strategies with macrofilaricidal compounds are required. Within a collaboration of the non-profit organizations Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and partners from academia and industry, several new promising macrofilaricidal drug candidates were identified, which will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ehrens
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc P. Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Marc P. Hübner, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany, Phone: +49 228 28719177, E-mail:
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25
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Rousselle B, Massot A, Privat M, Dondaine L, Trommenschlager A, Bouyer F, Bayardon J, Ghiringhelli F, Bettaieb A, Goze C, Paul C, Malacea-Kabbara R, Bodio E. Conception and evaluation of fluorescent phosphine-gold complexes: from synthesis to in vivo investigations. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202100773. [PMID: 35254001 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A phosphine gold(I) and phosphine-phosphonium gold(I) complexes bearing a fluorescent coumarin moiety were synthesized and characterized. Both complexes displayed interesting photophysical properties: good molar absorption coefficient, good quantum yield of fluorescence, and ability to be tracked in vitro thanks to two-photon imaging. Their in vitro and in vivo biological properties were evaluated onto cancer cell lines both human and murine and into CT26 tumor-bearing BALB/c mice. They displayed moderate to strong antiproliferative properties and the phosphine-phosphonium gold(I) complex induced significant in vivo anti-cancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Rousselle
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté: Universite Bourgogne Franche-Comte, ICMUB, FRANCE
| | - Aurélie Massot
- EPHE PSL: Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, LIIC, FRANCE
| | - Malorie Privat
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté: Universite Bourgogne Franche-Comte, ICMUB and LIIC, FRANCE
| | - Lucile Dondaine
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté: Universite Bourgogne Franche-Comte, ICMUB and LIIC, FRANCE
| | | | - Florence Bouyer
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté: Universite Bourgogne Franche-Comte, INSERM 1231, FRANCE
| | - Jérôme Bayardon
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté: Universite Bourgogne Franche-Comte, ICMUB, FRANCE
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté: Universite Bourgogne Franche-Comte, INSERM UMR 1231, FRANCE
| | - Ali Bettaieb
- EPHE PSL: Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, LIIC, FRANCE
| | - Christine Goze
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté: Universite Bourgogne Franche-Comte, ICMUB, FRANCE
| | - Catherine Paul
- EPHE PSL: Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, LIIC, FRANCE
| | | | - Ewen Bodio
- Burgundy University, Institut de Chimie Moleculaire de l'Universite de Bourgogne - UMR CNRS 6302, 9 avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, 21078, Dijon, FRANCE
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26
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Liu Y, Lu Y, Xu Z, Ma X, Chen X, Liu W. Repurposing of the gold drug auranofin and a review of its derivatives as antibacterial therapeutics. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1961-1973. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Yossief M, Singh V, Maydaniuk D, Cardona S, Kuss S. Electrochemical Characterization of the Repurposed Antimicrobial Compound Auranofin in Aqueous Solutions. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melak Yossief
- University of Manitoba Department of Chemistry R3T 2N2 Winnipeg Canada
| | - Vikram Singh
- University of Manitoba Department of Chemistry R3T 2N2 Winnipeg Canada
| | - Dustin Maydaniuk
- University of Manitoba Department of Microbiology R3T 2N2 Winnipeg Canada
- Department of Microbiology R3T 2N2 Winnipeg Canada
| | - Silvia Cardona
- University of Manitoba Department of Microbiology R3T 2N2 Winnipeg Canada
- Department of Microbiology R3T 2N2 Winnipeg Canada
- University of Manitoba Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases R3E 0J9 Winnipeg Canada
| | - Sabine Kuss
- University of Manitoba Department of Chemistry R3T 2N2 Winnipeg Canada
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Ponatinib, Lestaurtinib and mTOR/PI3K inhibitors are promising repurposing candidates against Entamoeba histolytica. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 66:e0120721. [PMID: 34871094 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01207-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysentery caused by Entamoeba histolytica affects millions of people annually. Current treatment regimens are based on metronidazole to treat invasive parasites combined with paromomycin for luminal parasites. Issues with treatment include significant side effects, inability to easily treat breastfeeding and pregnant women, the use of two sequential agents, and concern that all therapy is based on nitroimidazole agents with no alternatives if clinical resistance emerges. Thus, the need for new drugs against amebiasis is urgent. To identify new therapeutic candidates, we screened the ReFRAME library (11,948 compounds assembled for Repurposing, Focused Rescue, and Accelerated Medchem) against E. histolytica trophozoites. We identified 159 hits in the primary screen at 10 μM and 46 compounds were confirmed in secondary assays. Overall, 26 were selected as priority molecules for further investigation including 6 FDA approved, 5 orphan designation, and 15 which are currently in clinical trials (3 phase III, 7 phase II and 5 phase I). We found that all 26 compounds are active against metronidazole resistant E. histolytica and 24 are able to block parasite recrudescence after drug removal. Additionally, 14 are able to inhibit encystation and 2 (lestaurtinib and LY-2874455) are active against mature cysts. Two classes of compounds are most interesting for further investigations: the Bcr-Abl TK inhibitors, with the ponatinib (EC50 0.39) as most potent and mTOR or PI3K inhibitors with 8 compounds in clinical development, of which 4 have nanomolar potency. Overall, these are promising candidates and represent a significant advance for drug development against E. histolytica.
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29
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Oxygen levels are key to understanding "Anaerobic" protozoan pathogens with micro-aerophilic lifestyles. Adv Microb Physiol 2021; 79:163-240. [PMID: 34836611 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Publications abound on the physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology of "anaerobic" protozoal parasites as usually grown under "anaerobic" culture conditions. The media routinely used are poised at low redox potentials using techniques that remove O2 to "undetectable" levels in sealed containers. However there is growing understanding that these culture conditions do not faithfully resemble the O2 environments these organisms inhabit. Here we review for protists lacking oxidative energy metabolism, the oxygen cascade from atmospheric to intracellular concentrations and relevant methods of measurements of O2, some well-studied parasitic or symbiotic protozoan lifestyles, their homeodynamic metabolic and redox balances, organism-drug-oxygen interactions, and the present and future prospects for improved drugs and treatment regimes.
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30
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Overcoming the Prokaryote/Eukaryote Barrier in Tuberculosis Treatment: A Prospect for the Repurposing and Use of Antiparasitic Drugs. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112335. [PMID: 34835459 PMCID: PMC8622410 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance, the so-called silent pandemic, is pushing industry and academia to find novel antimicrobial agents with new mechanisms of action in order to be active against susceptible and drug-resistant microorganisms. In the case of tuberculosis, the need of novel anti-tuberculosis drugs is specially challenging because of the intricate biology of its causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The repurposing of medicines has arisen in recent years as a fast, low-cost, and efficient strategy to identify novel biomedical applications for already approved drugs. This review is focused on anti-parasitic drugs that have additionally demonstrated certain levels of anti-tuberculosis activity; along with this, natural products with a dual activity against parasites and against M. tuberculosis are discussed. A few clinical trials have tested antiparasitic drugs in tuberculosis patients, and have revealed effective dose and toxicity issues, which is consistent with the natural differences between tuberculosis and parasitic infections. However, through medicinal chemistry approaches, derivatives of drugs with anti-parasitic activity have become successful drugs for use in tuberculosis therapy. In summary, even when the repurposing of anti-parasitic drugs for tuberculosis treatment does not seem to be an easy job, it deserves attention as a potential contributor to fuel the anti-tuberculosis drug pipeline.
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31
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Auranofin: Past to Present, and repurposing. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108272. [PMID: 34731781 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Auranofin (AF), a gold compound, has been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) for more than 40 years; however, its mechanism of action remains unknown. We revealed that AF inhibited the induction of proinflammatory proteins and their mRNAs by the inflammatory stimulants, cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase, and their upstream regulator, NF-κB. AF also activated the proteins peroxyredoxin-1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, and NF-E2-related factor 2, and inhibited thioredoxin reductase, all of which are involved in oxidative or electrophilic stress under physiological conditions. Although the cell membrane was previously considered to be permeable to AF because of its hydrophobicity, the mechanisms responsible for transporting AF into and out of cells as well as its effects on the uptake and excretion of other drugs have not yet been elucidated. Antibodies for cytokines have recently been employed in the treatment of RA, which has had an impact on the use of AF. Trials to repurpose AF as a risk-controlled agent to treat cancers or infectious diseases, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2/coronavirus disease 2019, are ongoing. Novel gold compounds are also under development as anti-cancer and anti-infection agents.
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Ngwewondo A, Scandale I, Specht S. Onchocerciasis drug development: from preclinical models to humans. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:3939-3964. [PMID: 34642800 PMCID: PMC8599318 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Twenty diseases are recognized as neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) by World Health Assembly resolutions, including human filarial diseases. The end of NTDs is embedded within the Sustainable Development Goals for 2030, under target 3.3. Onchocerciasis afflicts approximately 20.9 million people worldwide with > 90% of those infected residing in Africa. Control programs have made tremendous efforts in the management of onchocerciasis by mass drug administration and aerial larviciding; however, disease elimination is not yet achieved. In the new WHO roadmap, it is recognized that new drugs or drug regimens that kill or permanently sterilize adult filarial worms would significantly improve elimination timelines and accelerate the achievement of the program goal of disease elimination. Drug development is, however, handicapped by high attrition rates, and many promising molecules fail in preclinical development or in subsequent toxicological, safety and efficacy testing; thus, research and development (R&D) costs are, in aggregate, very high. Drug discovery and development for NTDs is largely driven by unmet medical needs put forward by the global health community; the area is underfunded and since no high return on investment is possible, there is no dedicated drug development pipeline for human filariasis. Repurposing existing drugs is one approach to filling the drug development pipeline for human filariasis. The high cost and slow pace of discovery and development of new drugs has led to the repurposing of “old” drugs, as this is more cost-effective and allows development timelines to be shortened. However, even if a drug is marketed for a human or veterinary indication, the safety margin and dosing regimen will need to be re-evaluated to determine the risk in humans. Drug repurposing is a promising approach to enlarging the pool of active molecules in the drug development pipeline. Another consideration when providing new treatment options is the use of combinations, which is not addressed in this review. We here summarize recent advances in the late preclinical or early clinical stage in the search for a potent macrofilaricide, including drugs against the nematode and against its endosymbiont, Wolbachia pipientis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Ngwewondo
- Centre of Medical Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), P.O. Box13033, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Chemin Camille-Vidart 15, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Scandale
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Chemin Camille-Vidart 15, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Specht
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Chemin Camille-Vidart 15, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Sonzogni-Desautels K, Ndao M. Will Auranofin Become a Golden New Treatment Against COVID-19? Front Immunol 2021; 12:683694. [PMID: 34630379 PMCID: PMC8492993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Auranofin is an FDA-approved disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug that has been used for decades for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. This gold(I) compound has anti-inflammatory properties because it reduces IL-6 expression via inhibition of the NF-κB-IL-6-STAT3 signaling pathway. Also, by inhibiting redox enzymes such as thioredoxin reductase, auranofin increases cellular oxidative stress and promotes apoptosis. Auranofin also possesses antiviral properties. Recently, it was reported that auranofin reduced by 95% SARS-CoV-2 RNA in infected human cells in vitro and decreased SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine expression, including IL-6. During SARS-CoV-2 infection, a cytokine storm involving IL-6 increases severity of illness and worsens prognosis. Therefore, auranofin could, in our point of view, reduce pathology due to SARS-CoV-2-induced IL-6. COVID-19 is a rapidly-evolving respiratory disease now distributed worldwide. Strikingly high numbers of new COVID-19 cases are reported daily. We have begun a race to vaccinate people, but due to the complex logistics of this effort, the virus will continue to spread before all humans can be immunized, and new variants that may be less well contained by current vaccines are of concern. The COVID-19 pandemic has overwhelmed health care systems and new treatments to reduce mortality are urgently needed. We encourage to further evaluate the potential of auranofin in the treatment of COVID-19 in vitro and in animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection and, if preliminary data are promising, in clinical trials with COVID-19 patients. In our opinion, auranofin has the potential to become a valuable addition to available therapies in this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Sonzogni-Desautels
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Momar Ndao
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Kussmann M, Obermueller M, Spettel K, Winkler S, Aletaha D. In vitro evaluation of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs against rheumatoid arthritis associated pathogens of the oral microflora. RMD Open 2021; 7:rmdopen-2021-001737. [PMID: 34588273 PMCID: PMC8483044 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2021-001737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the past, the human microbiome has consistently been associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and disease activity. Here, we investigate the antimicrobial activity of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) against typical representatives of the oral microflora that have been associated with RA. METHODS DMARDs were screened for antimicrobial activity against bacteria that are associated with the pathogenesis of the disease and/or frequently isolated from the oral microflora of patients with RA. Screening was done by an agar diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antimicrobial active substances were then determined by broth dilution. RESULTS Aurothiomalate and sulfasalazine demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, but with MICs ranging from 18 to >280 µg/mL and 150 to >600 µg/mL, respectively, only at supratherapeutic concentrations. Methotrexate showed antimicrobial activity only against Fusobacterium nucleatum and Viridans streptococci. The corresponding MICs were 3.75 to >30 µg/mL and 0.5-15 µg/mL, respectively, thus at least for streptococci, within the therapeutically achievable range. No other DMARD tested showed antimicrobial activity in the agar diffusion screening assay. CONCLUSION Methotrexate, sulfasalazine and aurothiomalate showed antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of RA associated pathogens of the oral microflora. While methotrexate showed relevant antimicrobial activity, and to a more limited extent aurothiomalate, sulfasalazine was active only at far supratherapeutic systemic concentrations. Nevertheless, given the highly species-dependent antimicrobial activity and the multiple ways it can affect the human microbiome, our results suggest a link between antimicrobially active antirheumatic drugs and their potential effect in the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Kussmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Markus Obermueller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Kathrin Spettel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Stefan Winkler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Daniel Aletaha
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
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Antimicrobial Polymer-Based Hydrogels for the Intravaginal Therapies-Engineering Considerations. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091393. [PMID: 34575468 PMCID: PMC8469626 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The review is focused on the hydrogel systems dedicated to the intravaginal delivery of antibacterial, antifungal and anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activity drugs for the treatment of gynaecological infections. The strategies for the enhancement of the hydrophobic drug solubility in the hydrogel matrix based on the formation of bigel systems and the introduction of nano- and microparticles as a drug reservoir are presented. Hydrogel carriers of natural and synthetic pharmacological substances, drug-free systems displaying antimicrobial activity thanks to the hydrogel building elements and systems combining the antimicrobial activity of both drug and polymer building components are distinguished. The design of hydrogels facilitating their administration and proper distribution in the vaginal mucosa and the vagina based on thermoresponsive systems capable of gelling at vaginal conditions and already-cross-linked injectable systems after reaching the yield stress are discussed. In addition, the mechanisms of hydrogel bioadhesion that regulate the retention time in the vagina are indicated. Finally, the prospects for the further development of hydrogel-based drug carriers in gynaecological therapies are highlighted.
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Repurposing auranofin for treatment of Experimental Cerebral Toxoplasmosis. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:827-836. [PMID: 33555553 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00337-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES Evaluate the effect of auranofin on the early and late stages of chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii avirulent ME49 strain. METHODS Swiss albino mice were orally inoculated with 10 cysts of Toxoplasma gondii, and orally treated with auranofin or septazole in daily doses of 20 mg/kg or 100 mg /kg, respectively, for 30 days. Treatment began either on the same day of infection and mice were sacrificed at the 60th day postinfection or the treatment started after 60 days of infection and mice were sacrificed at the 90th day postinfection. RESULTS Auranofin significantly reduced the brain cyst burden and inflammatory reaction at both stages of infection compared to the infected non-treated control. More remarkably, auranofin significant reduced the brain cyst burden in the late stage, while septazole failed. Hydrogen peroxide level was significantly increased in the brain homogenate of mice treated with auranofin only at the early stage of infection. Ultrastructral studies revealed that the anti-Toxoplasma effect of auranofin is achieved by changing the membrane permeability and inducing apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Thus, auranofin could be an alternative for the standard treatment regimen of toxoplasmosis and these results are considered another achievement for the drug against parasitic infection. Being a FDA-approved drug, it can be rapidly evaluated in clinical trials.
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Loufouma Mbouaka A, Leitsch D, Koehsler M, Walochnik J. Antimicrobial effect of auranofin against Acanthamoeba spp. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2021; 58:106425. [PMID: 34419578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2021.106425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoebae are opportunistic pathogens that cause serious infections, including Acanthamoeba keratitis, a sight-threatening disease affecting mainly contact lens wearers, and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis, an infection of the central nervous system that occurs mostly in immunocompromised individuals. Although these infections are rare, they are a challenge for healthcare providers. In the last decade, the search for and implementation of novel treatment approaches against these parasites and the infections they cause have intensified, but current options are still unsatisfactory. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro activity of the gold-based compound auranofin against Acanthamoeba spp. The study showed that auranofin has potent antimicrobial activity against Acanthamoeba spp., with an IC50 ranging from 2.9 to 3.48 µM, and thus may be useful in the prevention and control of Acanthamoeba infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvie Loufouma Mbouaka
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Leitsch
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Koehsler
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Walochnik
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Feng X, Liu S, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Sun L, Li H, Wang C, Liu Y, Cao B. Synergistic Activity of Colistin Combined With Auranofin Against Colistin-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:676414. [PMID: 34248888 PMCID: PMC8267823 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.676414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colistin-resistant (Col-R) bacteria are steadily increasing, and are extremely difficult to treat. New drugs or therapies are urgently needed to treat infections caused by these pathogens. Combination therapy with colistin and other old drugs, is an important way to restore the activity of colistin. This study aimed to investigate the activity of colistin in combination with the anti-rheumatic drug auranofin against Col-R Gram-negative bacteria. The results of checkerboard analysis demonstrated that auranofin synergized with colistin against Col-R Gram-negative bacteria. Time-kill assays showed significant synergistic antimicrobial activity of colistin combined with auranofin. Electron microscopy revealed that the combination resulted in more cellular structural alterations compared to each drug alone. Auranofin enhanced the therapeutic effectiveness of colistin in mouse peritoneal infection models. These results suggested that the combination of colistin and auranofin might be a potential alternative for the treatment of Col-R Gram-negative bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Feng
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lingxiao Sun
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haibo Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yingmei Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Gold compounds have been employed throughout history to treat various types of disease, from ancient times to the present day. In the year 1985, auranofin, a gold-containing compound, was approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a therapeutic agent to target rheumatoid arthritis that would facilitate easy oral drug administration as opposed to conventional intramuscular injection used in treatments. Furthermore, auranofin demonstrates promising results for the treatment of various diseases beyond rheumatoid arthritis, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, and bacterial and parasitic infections. Various potential novel applications for auranofin have been proposed for treating human diseases. Auranofin has previously been demonstrated to inhibit thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) involved within the thioredoxin (Trx) system that comprises one of the critical cellular redox systems within the body. TrxR comprises the sole known enzyme that catalyzes Trx reduction. With cancers in particular, TrxR inhibition facilitates an increase in cellular oxidative stress and suppresses tumor growth. In this review, we describe the potential of auranofin to serve as an anticancer agent and further drug repurposing to utilize this as a strategy for further appropriate drug developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Momose
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Numazu, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation
| | - Takefumi Onodera
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Numazu, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation
| | - Manabu Kawada
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Numazu, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation
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Păunescu E, Boubaker G, Desiatkina O, Anghel N, Amdouni Y, Hemphill A, Furrer J. The quest of the best - A SAR study of trithiolato-bridged dinuclear Ruthenium(II)-Arene compounds presenting antiparasitic properties. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 222:113610. [PMID: 34144354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A structure activity relationship (SAR) study of a library of 56 compounds (54 ruthenium and 2 osmium derivatives) based on the trithiolato-bridged dinuclear ruthenium(II)-arene scaffold (general formula [(η6-arene)2Ru2(μ2-SR)3]+, symmetric and [(η6-arene)2Ru2(μ2-SR1)2(μ2-SR2)]+, mixed, respectively) is reported. The 56 compounds (of which 34 are newly designed drug candidates) were synthesized by introducing chemical modifications at the level of bridge thiols, and they were grouped into eight families according to their structural features. The selected fittings were guided by previous results and focused on a fine-tuning of the physico-chemical and steric properties. Newly synthesized complexes were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis, and four single-crystal X-ray structures were obtained. The in vitro biological assessment of the compounds was realized by applying a three-step screening cascade: (i) evaluation of the activity against Toxoplasma gondii RH strain tachyzoites expressing β-galactosidase (T. gondii-β-gal) grown in human foreskin fibroblast monolayers (HFF) and assessment of toxicity in non-infected HFF host cells; (ii) dose-response assays using selected compound, and (iii) studies on the effects in murine splenocytes. A primary screening was performed at 1 and 0.1 μM, and resulted in the selection of 39 compounds that inhibited parasite proliferation at 1 μM by more than 95% and reduced the viability of HFF by less than 49%. In the secondary screening, dose-response assays showed that the selected compounds exhibited half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for T. gondii-β-gal between 0.01 μM and 0.45 μM, with 30 compounds displaying an IC50 lower than 0.1 μM. When applied to non-infected HFF monolayers at 2.5 μM, 8 compounds caused more than 90% and 31 compounds more than 30% viability impairment. The tertiary screening included 14 compounds that did not cause HFF viability loss higher than 50% at 2.5 μM. These derivatives were assessed for potential immunosuppressive activities. First, splenocyte viability was assessed after treatment of cells with concanavalin A (ConA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with compounds applied at 0.1 and 0.5 μM. Subsequently, the 5 compounds exhibiting the lowest splenocyte toxicity were further evaluated for their potential to inhibit B and T cell proliferation. Overall, compound 55 [(η6-p-MeC6H4Pri)2Ru2(μ2-SC6H4-o-CF3)2(μ2-SC6H4-p-OH)]Cl exhibited the most favorable features, and will be investigated as a scaffold for further optimization in terms of anti-parasitic efficacy and drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Păunescu
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Ghalia Boubaker
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Oksana Desiatkina
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicoleta Anghel
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yosra Amdouni
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Université de la Manouba, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, 2020, Tunisia
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Julien Furrer
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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Abou-El-Naga IF, Gaafar MR, Gomaa MM, Khedr SI, Achy SXANXAE. Encephalitozoon intestinalis: A new target for auranofin in a mice model. Med Mycol 2021; 58:810-819. [PMID: 31868212 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that many approaches have been developed over years to find efficient and well-tolerated therapeutic regimens for microsporidiosis, the effectiveness of current drugs remains doubtful, and effective drugs against specific targets are still scarce. The present study is the first that was designed to evaluate the potency of auranofin, an anti-rheumatoid FDA approved drug, against intestinal Encephalitozoon intestinalis. Evaluation of the drug was achieved through counting of fecal and intestinal spores, studying the intestinal histopathological changes, measuring of intestinal hydrogen peroxide level, and post therapy follow-up of mice for 2 weeks for detection of relapse. Results showed that auranofin has promising anti-microsporidia potential. It showed a promising efficacy in mice experimentally infected with E. intestinalis. It has revealed an obvious reduction in fecal spore shedding and intestinal tissue spore load, amelioration of intestinal tissue pathological changes, and improvement of the local inflammatory infiltration without significant changes in hydrogen peroxide level. Interestingly, auranofin prevented the relapse of infection. Thus, considering the results of the present work, auranofin could be considered a therapeutic alternative for the gold standard drug 'albendazole' against the intestinal E. intestinalis infection especially in relapsing cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Abou-El-Naga
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - M R Gaafar
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - M M Gomaa
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - S I Khedr
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
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Mohammad H, Abutaleb NS, Dieterly AM, Lyle LT, Seleem MN. Investigating auranofin for the treatment of infected diabetic pressure ulcers in mice and dermal toxicity in pigs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10935. [PMID: 34035383 PMCID: PMC8149385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infection of pressure ulcers (PUs) are a notable source of hospitalization for individuals with diabetes. This study evaluated the safety profile and efficacy of auranofin to treat diabetic PUs infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). PUs were infected with MRSA in diabetic TALLYHO/JngJ mice and then treated with topical auranofin (2%), topical mupirocin (2%), or oral clindamycin (30 mg/kg) for four days. PUs were harvested post-treatment to enumerate bacterial burden and determine expression of cytokines/growth factors. Landrace cross pigs were exposed topically to auranofin (1%, 2%, and 3%) for 4-14 days and evaluated for signs of localized or systemic toxicity. Auranofin eradicated MRSA in PUs within four days (7.92-log10 reduction) in contrast to mupirocin (2.15-log10 reduction) and clindamycin (0.73-log10 reduction). Additionally, auranofin treatment resulted in decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased expression of biomarkers associated with re-epithelization of wounded tissue, confirmed with histopathologic analysis. No significant histopathologic lesions were present on porcine skin sites exposed to topical auranofin. Additionally, minimal accumulation of plasma gold and no systemic toxicity was observed in pigs exposed to topical auranofin. Auranofin appears to be a potent and safe topical agent to further investigate for treatment of mild-to-moderate MRSA-infected diabetic PUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Mohammad
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Nader S Abutaleb
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Center for One Health Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1410 Prices Fork Rd, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Alexandra M Dieterly
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - L Tiffany Lyle
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Center for Comparative Translational Research, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Center for One Health Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1410 Prices Fork Rd, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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Lescure R, Privat M, Pliquett J, Massot A, Baffroy O, Busser B, Bellaye PS, Collin B, Denat F, Bettaïeb A, Sancey L, Paul C, Goze C, Bodio E. Near-infrared emitting fluorescent homobimetallic gold(I) complexes displaying promising in vitro and in vivo therapeutic properties. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 220:113483. [PMID: 33915372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Three near-infrared (NIR-I) optical theranostic systems were synthesized, characterized and studied in vitro and in vivo. These original homo-bimetallic gold(I)-based aza-BODIPY complexes proved to be trackable through near-infrared optical imaging in cells and in mice. They display anti-proliferative properties in micromolar range against human and murine cancer cell lines (4T1, MDA-MB-231, CT26, and SW480). Moreover, the injection of the most promising theranostic agent in CT26 tumor-bearing BALB/c mice induced a significant anti-cancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Lescure
- ICMUB UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Malorie Privat
- ICMUB UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers (LIIC, EA7269), EPHE, PSL Research, University, F-75000, Paris, France, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Jacques Pliquett
- ICMUB UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers (LIIC, EA7269), EPHE, PSL Research, University, F-75000, Paris, France, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Aurélie Massot
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers (LIIC, EA7269), EPHE, PSL Research, University, F-75000, Paris, France, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Océane Baffroy
- ICMUB UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Benoit Busser
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche UGA / INSERM U1209 / CNRS UMR5309, F-38700, La Tronche, France; Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, F-38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre-Simon Bellaye
- Centre Georges François Leclerc, Service de médecine nucléaire, plateforme d'imagerie et de radiothérapie préclinique, 1 rue Professeur Marion, BP77980, 21079, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Bertrand Collin
- ICMUB UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France; Centre Georges François Leclerc, Service de médecine nucléaire, plateforme d'imagerie et de radiothérapie préclinique, 1 rue Professeur Marion, BP77980, 21079, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Franck Denat
- ICMUB UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Ali Bettaïeb
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers (LIIC, EA7269), EPHE, PSL Research, University, F-75000, Paris, France, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Lucie Sancey
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche UGA / INSERM U1209 / CNRS UMR5309, F-38700, La Tronche, France
| | - Catherine Paul
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers (LIIC, EA7269), EPHE, PSL Research, University, F-75000, Paris, France, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Christine Goze
- ICMUB UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Ewen Bodio
- ICMUB UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France.
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Rosa LB, Aires RL, Oliveira LS, Fontes JV, Miguel DC, Abbehausen C. A "Golden Age" for the discovery of new antileishmanial agents: Current status of leishmanicidal gold complexes and prospective targets beyond the trypanothione system. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1681-1695. [PMID: 33615725 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the most neglected diseases worldwide and is considered a serious public health issue. The current therapeutic options have several disadvantages that make the search for new therapeutics urgent. Gold compounds are emerging as promising candidates based on encouraging in vitro and limited in vivo results for several AuI and AuIII complexes. The antiparasitic mechanisms of these molecules remain only partially understood. However, a few studies have proposed the trypanothione redox system as a target, similar to the mammalian thioredoxin system, pointed out as the main target for several gold compounds with significant antitumor activity. In this review, we present the current status of the investigation and design of gold compounds directed at treating leishmaniasis. In addition, we explore potential targets in Leishmania parasites beyond the trypanothione system, taking into account previous studies and structure modulation performed for gold-based compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia B Rosa
- Institute of Biology, University of Campinas UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rochanna L Aires
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil)
| | - Laiane S Oliveira
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil)
| | - Josielle V Fontes
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil)
| | - Danilo C Miguel
- Institute of Biology, University of Campinas UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Camilla Abbehausen
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil)
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Lu J, Wei N, Cao J, Zhou Y, Gong H, Zhang H, Zhou J. Evaluation of enzymatic activity of Babesia microti thioredoxin reductase (Bmi TrxR)-mutants and screening of its potential inhibitors. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 12:101623. [PMID: 33418338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Babesia microti is a zoonotic pathogen that mainly parasitizes mammalian erythrocytes. Oxidative stress can induce gene mutation, protein denaturation and lipid peroxidation, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by hypoxic environment and the host immune system. An antioxidase, B. microti thioredoxin reductase (Bmi TrxR), has been identified in B. microti. We used a combination of homology modeling and domain prediction to explore the functional sites of Bmi TrxR and found that TrxR has three domains. Constructed a mutant pool which His-tag were at the N-terminus (TrxR-Nhis, C105-Nhis, C110-Nhis, C105110-Nhis, C547-Nhis, C552-Nhis, C547552-Nhis) and the His tag were at the N- and C-terminus (TrxR-NChis, C547-NChis, C552-NChis, C547552-NChis). The proteins were expressed as His-tagged fusion proteins in Escherichia coli. The His-tag of TrxR C-terminus were affected the reaction with Trx. The inhibitory efficiency of DNCB was decreased for mutant C547, compared with recombinant TrxR, indicating that the action site of DNCB might be cysteine at position 547. These results indicate that the N-terminal active site of Bmi TrxR plays an important role in accepting electrons and promotes electron transfer. The C-terminus His tag of Bmi TrxR affected the electron transfer and the reducing activity of Bmi TrxR. Reduce reactive oxygen produced in oxidative stress was reduced by Bmi TrxR, which is beneficial to Babesia survival. Therefore, reduction site of TrxR may become a potential target for Babesia microti treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmiao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Nana Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yongzhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Haiyan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Houshuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Jinlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China.
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Feng L, Pomel S, Latre de Late P, Taravaud A, Loiseau PM, Maes L, Cho-Ngwa F, Bulman CA, Fischer C, Sakanari JA, Ziniel PD, Williams DL, Davioud-Charvet E. Repurposing Auranofin and Evaluation of a New Gold(I) Compound for the Search of Treatment of Human and Cattle Parasitic Diseases: From Protozoa to Helminth Infections. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215075. [PMID: 33139647 PMCID: PMC7663263 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neglected parasitic diseases remain a major public health issue worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical areas. Human parasite diversity is very large, ranging from protozoa to worms. In most cases, more effective and new drugs are urgently needed. Previous studies indicated that the gold(I) drug auranofin (Ridaura®) is effective against several parasites. Among new gold(I) complexes, the phosphole-containing gold(I) complex {1-phenyl-2,5-di(2-pyridyl)phosphole}AuCl (abbreviated as GoPI) is an irreversible inhibitor of both purified human glutathione and thioredoxin reductases. GoPI-sugar is a novel 1-thio-β-d-glucopyranose 2,3,4,6-tetraacetato-S-derivative that is a chimera of the structures of GoPI and auranofin, designed to improve stability and bioavailability of GoPI. These metal-ligand complexes are of particular interest because of their combined abilities to irreversibly target the essential dithiol/selenol catalytic pair of selenium-dependent thioredoxin reductase activity, and to kill cells from breast and brain tumors. In this work, screening of various parasites—protozoans, trematodes, and nematodes—was undertaken to determine the in vitro killing activity of GoPI-sugar compared to auranofin. GoPI-sugar was found to efficiently kill intramacrophagic Leishmania donovani amastigotes and adult filarial and trematode worms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Feng
- UMR 7042 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg-Université Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire d’Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Team, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25, rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Sébastien Pomel
- BioCIS, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (S.P.); (A.T.); (P.M.L.)
| | - Perle Latre de Late
- INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Cochin Institute, Faculté de Medecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France;
| | - Alexandre Taravaud
- BioCIS, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (S.P.); (A.T.); (P.M.L.)
| | - Philippe M. Loiseau
- BioCIS, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (S.P.); (A.T.); (P.M.L.)
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Fidelis Cho-Ngwa
- Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon;
| | - Christina A. Bulman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (C.A.B.); (C.F.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Chelsea Fischer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (C.A.B.); (C.F.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Judy A. Sakanari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (C.A.B.); (C.F.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Peter D. Ziniel
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - David L. Williams
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Correspondence: (D.L.W.); (E.D.-C.)
| | - Elisabeth Davioud-Charvet
- UMR 7042 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg-Université Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire d’Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Team, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25, rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France;
- Correspondence: (D.L.W.); (E.D.-C.)
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Vique-Sánchez JL, Jiménez-Pineda A, Benítez-Cardoza CG. Amoebicidal effect of 5,5'-[(4-nitrophenyl)methylene]bis-6-hydroxy-2-mercapto-3-methyl-4(3H)-pyrimidinone), a new drug against Entamoeba histolytica. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 354:e2000263. [PMID: 33017058 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is a cosmopolitan protozoan parasite that can produce infections in the intestine and some organs (liver, lungs, and brain), with worldwide prevalence. There are treatments against E. histolytica (antiparasitics), but as the drugs used in these treatments have presented some type of resistance and/or side effects, there are cases with complications of this disease. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new drugs aimed at a specific therapeutic target against this parasite. Here, we used the compound 5,5'-[(4-nitrophenyl)methylene]bis(6-hydroxy-2-mercapto-3-methyl-4(3H)-pyrimidinone) in the patenting process (called D4). D4 has a reported specific use against a glycolytic enzyme, the triosephosphate isomerase of Trichomonas vaginalis (TvTIM). We determined that D4 has an amoebicidal effect in in vitro cultures, with an IC50 value of 18.5 µM, and we proposed a specific site of interaction (Lys77, His110, Gln115, and Glu118) in the triosephosphate isomerase of E. histolytica (EhTIM). Furthermore, compound D4 has favorable experimental and theoretical toxicity results. Therefore, D4 should be further investigated as a potential drug against E. histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Vique-Sánchez
- Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, México
| | - Albertana Jiménez-Pineda
- Laboratorio de Investigación Bioquímica, ENMyH-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Claudia G Benítez-Cardoza
- Laboratorio de Investigación Bioquímica, ENMyH-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
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Riches A, Hart CJS, Trenholme KR, Skinner-Adams TS. Anti- Giardia Drug Discovery: Current Status and Gut Feelings. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13330-13354. [PMID: 32869995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Giardia parasites are ubiquitous protozoans of global importance that impact a wide range of animals including humans. They are the most common enteric pathogen of cats and dogs in developed countries and infect ∼1 billion people worldwide. While Giardia infections can be asymptomatic, they often result in severe and chronic diseases. There is also mounting evidence that they are linked to postinfection disorders. Despite growing evidence of the widespread morbidity associated with Giardia infections, current treatment options are limited to compound classes with broad antimicrobial activity. Frontline anti-Giardia drugs are also associated with increasing drug resistance and treatment failures. To improve the health and well-being of millions, new selective anti-Giardia drugs are needed alongside improved health education initiatives. Here we discuss current treatment options together with recent advances and gaps in drug discovery. We also propose criteria to guide the discovery of new anti-Giardia compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Riches
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Biomedical Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Christopher J S Hart
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Katharine R Trenholme
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Tina S Skinner-Adams
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
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Martínez-Pérez Y, Nequiz-Avendaño M, García-Torres I, Gudiño-Zayas ME, López-Velázquez G, Enríquez-Flores S, Mendoza E, Saavedra E, Pérez-Tamayo R, León-Avila G, Olivos-García A. Rabeprazole inhibits several functions of Entamoeba histolytica related with its virulence. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3491-3502. [PMID: 32886229 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06868-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Amoebiasis is a human parasitic disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica. The parasite can invade the large intestine and other organs such as liver; resistance to the host tissue oxygen is a condition for parasite invasion and survival. Thioredoxin reductase of E. histolytica (EhTrxR) is a critical enzyme mainly involved in maintaining reduced the redox system and detoxifying the intracellular oxygen; therefore, it is necessary for E. histolytica survival under both aerobic in vitro and in vivo conditions. In the present work, it is reported that rabeprazole (Rb), a drug widely used to treat heartburn, was able to inhibit the EhTrxR recombinant enzyme. Moreover, Rb affected amoebic proliferation and several functions required for parasite virulence such as cytotoxicity, oxygen reduction to hydrogen peroxide, erythrophagocytosis, proteolysis, and oxygen and complement resistances. In addition, amoebic pre-incubation with sublethal Rb concentration (600 μM) promoted amoebic death during early liver infection in hamsters. Despite the high Rb concentration used to inhibit amoebic virulence, the wide E. histolytica pathogenic-related functions affected by Rb strongly suggest that its molecular structure can be used as scaffold to design new antiamoebic compounds with lower IC50 values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoalli Martínez-Pérez
- Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N. Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, 11340, México. .,Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, México.
| | - Mario Nequiz-Avendaño
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Itzhel García-Torres
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Laboratorio de EIMyT, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, 04530, México
| | - Marco E Gudiño-Zayas
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Gabriel López-Velázquez
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Laboratorio de EIMyT, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, 04530, México
| | - Sergio Enríquez-Flores
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Laboratorio de EIMyT, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, 04530, México
| | - Edith Mendoza
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Emma Saavedra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, 14080, México
| | - Ruy Pérez-Tamayo
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Gloria León-Avila
- Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N. Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, 11340, México
| | - Alfonso Olivos-García
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
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Escrig JI, Hahn HJ, Debnath A. Activity of Auranofin against Multiple Genotypes of Naegleria fowleri and Its Synergistic Effect with Amphotericin B In Vitro. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2464-2471. [PMID: 32392039 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary amebic meningoencephalitis, caused by brain infection with a free-living ameba, Naegleria fowleri, leads to extensive inflammation of the brain and death within 3-7 days after symptoms begin. Treatment of primary amebic meningoencephalitis relies on amphotericin B in combination with other drugs, but use of amphotericin B is associated with severe adverse effects. Despite a fatality rate of over 97%, economic incentive to invest in development of antiamebic drugs by the pharmaceutical industry is lacking. Development of safe and rapidly acting drugs remains a critical unmet need to avert future deaths. Since FDA-approved anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic drug auranofin is a known inhibitor of selenoprotein synthesis and thioredoxin reductase and the genome of N. fowleri encodes genes for both selenocysteine biosynthesis and thioredoxin reductases, we tested the effect of auranofin against N. fowleri strains of different genotypes from the USA, Europe, and Australia. Auranofin was equipotent against all tested strains with an EC50 of 1-2 μM. Our growth inhibition study at different time points demonstrated that auranofin is fast-acting, and ∼90% growth inhibition was achieved within 16 h of drug exposure. A short exposure of N. fowleri to auranofin led to the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species. This is consistent with auranofin's role in inhibiting antioxidant pathways. Further, combination of auranofin and amphotericin B led to 95% of growth inhibition with 2-9-fold dose reduction for amphotericin B and 3-20-fold dose reduction for auranofin. Auranofin has the potential to be repurposed for the treatment of primary amebic meningoencephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ignacio Escrig
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0756, United States
| | - Hye Jee Hahn
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0756, United States
| | - Anjan Debnath
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0756, United States
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