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Mekarnia N, Benallal KE, Sádlová J, Vojtková B, Mauras A, Imbert N, Longhitano M, Harrat Z, Volf P, Loiseau PM, Cojean S. Effect of Phlebotomus papatasi on the fitness, infectivity and antimony-resistance phenotype of antimony-resistant Leishmania major Mon-25. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 25:100554. [PMID: 38941845 PMCID: PMC11261056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Leishmania major is responsible for zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. Therapy is mainly based on the use of antimony-based drugs; however, treatment failures and illness relapses were reported. Although studies were developed to understand mechanisms of drug resistance, the interactions of resistant parasites with their reservoir hosts and vectors remain poorly understood. Here we compared the development of two L. major MON-25 trivalent antimony-resistant lines, selected by a stepwise in vitro Sb(III)-drug pressure, to their wild-type parent line in the natural vector Phlebotomus papatasi. The intensity of infection, parasite location and morphological forms were compared by microscopy. Parasite growth curves and IC50 values have been determined before and after the passage in Ph. papatasi. qPCR was used to assess the amplification rates of some antimony-resistance gene markers. In the digestive tract of sand flies, Sb(III)-resistant lines developed similar infection rates as the wild-type lines during the early-stage infections, but significant differences were observed during the late-stage of the infections. Thus, on day 7 p. i., resistant lines showed lower representation of heavy infections with colonization of the stomodeal valve and lower percentage of metacyclic promastigote forms in comparison to wild-type strains. Observed differences between both resistant lines suggest that the level of Sb(III)-resistance negatively correlates with the quality of the development in the vector. Nevertheless, both resistant lines developed mature infections with the presence of infective metacyclic forms in almost half of infected sandflies. The passage of parasites through the sand fly guts does not significantly influence their capacity to multiply in vitro. The IC50 values and molecular analysis of antimony-resistance genes showed that the resistant phenotype of Sb(III)-resistant parasites is maintained after passage through the sand fly. Sb(III)-resistant lines of L. major MON-25 were able to produce mature infections in Ph. papatasi suggesting a possible circulation in the field using this vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalia Mekarnia
- UR 7510 ESCAPE - USC Anses, School of Pharmacy, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Pôle Santé, 51100 Reims, France; UMR 8076 BioCIS, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Kamal-Eddine Benallal
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Arboviruses and Emergent Viruses, Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, 16047, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Jovana Sádlová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Vojtková
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aurélie Mauras
- UMR 8076 BioCIS, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Nicolas Imbert
- UMR 8076 BioCIS, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France; UMR BIPAR, Laboratory of Animal Health, Anses, INRAe, EnvA, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Maryline Longhitano
- UMR 8076 BioCIS, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France; National Malaria Reference Center, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Zoubir Harrat
- Algerian Academy for Science and Technology, Villa Rais Hamidou, Chemin Omar Kachkar, El Madania, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Sandrine Cojean
- UMR 8076 BioCIS, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France; UMR BIPAR, Laboratory of Animal Health, Anses, INRAe, EnvA, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France; National Malaria Reference Center, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, 75018, Paris, France
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Sereno D. Molecular Research on Vector-Borne Diseases of Medical Interest: From Bench to Application 2.0. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097907. [PMID: 37175612 PMCID: PMC10178191 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by parasites (malaria, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, filariasis…), viruses (chikungunya, dengue, phlebovirus, etc [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Sereno
- Parasite Infectiology Research Group, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, InterTryp, 34032 Montpellier, France
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Wijnant GJ, Dumetz F, Dirkx L, Bulté D, Cuypers B, Van Bocxlaer K, Hendrickx S. Tackling Drug Resistance and Other Causes of Treatment Failure in Leishmaniasis. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.837460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a tropical infectious disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania parasite. The disease is transmitted by female sand flies and, depending on the infecting parasite species, causes either cutaneous (stigmatizing skin lesions), mucocutaneous (destruction of mucous membranes of nose, mouth and throat) or visceral disease (a potentially fatal infection of liver, spleen and bone marrow). Although more than 1 million new cases occur annually, chemotherapeutic options are limited and their efficacy is jeopardized by increasing treatment failure rates and growing drug resistance. To delay the emergence of resistance to existing and new drugs, elucidating the currently unknown causes of variable drug efficacy (related to parasite susceptibility, host immunity and drug pharmacokinetics) and improved use of genotypic and phenotypic tools to define, measure and monitor resistance in the field are critical. This review highlights recent progress in our understanding of drug action and resistance in Leishmania, ongoing challenges (including setbacks related to the COVID-19 pandemic) and provides an overview of possible strategies to tackle this public health challenge.
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Hendrickx S, Van Bockstal L, Aslan H, Sadlova J, Maes L, Volf P, Caljon G. Transmission potential of paromomycin-resistant Leishmania infantum and Leishmania donovani. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:951-957. [PMID: 31886863 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Former studies demonstrated quick selection of paromomycin resistance for Leishmania infantum and Leishmania donovani accompanied by increased fitness. The present study aimed to interpret these findings in an epidemiological context by comparing infection of WT and experimentally derived paromomycin-resistant strains in the sand fly vector. METHODS Depending on the Leishmania species, Lutzomyia longipalpis and Phlebotomus perniciosus or Phlebotomus argentipes sand flies were artificially infected with procyclic promastigotes of WT and paromomycin-resistant L. infantum (MHOM/FR/96/LEM3323-cl4) or L. donovani (MHOM/NP/03/BPK275/0-cl18). The infection rate and gut/stomodeal valve colonization were determined to monitor parasite phenotypic behaviour within the vector. The impact of the previously described gain of fitness in the vertebrate host on infectivity for the vector was assessed by feeding L. longipalpis on Syrian golden hamsters heavily infected with either WT or paromomycin-resistant parasites. RESULTS WT and paromomycin-resistant Leishmania of both species behaved similarly in terms of infection and parasite location within the studied sand fly species. Blood feeding on infected hamsters did not reveal differences in acquisition of WT and paromomycin-resistant parasites, despite the higher organ burdens observed for the paromomycin-resistant strain. Strains remained resistant after passage in the vector. CONCLUSIONS Although paromomycin-resistant parasites show an increased parasite fitness in vitro and in laboratory rodents, the intrinsic infection potential of paromomycin-resistant parasites remains unaltered in the sand fly. Of importance is the fact that paromomycin-resistant Leishmania are able to complete development in the natural vectors and produce stomodeal infection with metacyclic forms, which clearly suggests their potential to spread and circulate in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - L Van Bockstal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - H Aslan
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - J Sadlova
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - P Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - G Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Kholoud K, Bounoua L, Sereno D, El Hidan M, Messouli M. Emerging and Re-Emerging Leishmaniases in the Mediterranean Area: What Can Be Learned from a Retrospective Review Analysis of the Situation in Morocco during 1990 to 2010? Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101511. [PMID: 33008038 PMCID: PMC7650785 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In Morocco, cutaneous and visceral leishmaniases represent a public health concern. In this opinion paper, we propose to highlight chosen elements that have governed the drastic increase in the incidence of leishmaniases recorded in Morocco during the period between 1990 to 2010 in order to guide the prediction of the expansion of diseases and epidemic events. We highlight that the dispersion of the zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) form, caused by the Leishmania major parasite, appears to be closely related to that of its arthropod vector density, which is sensitive to changes in climate. The dissemination of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) was related to an increase in human travel and local tourism during the studied decades. These are linked to economic expansion and infrastructure development. Interestingly, the main ACL foci are spatially aligned with the highways, and their occurrence was synchronized with the building of transportation infrastructure. During the above-mentioned decades, the zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) caused by Leishmania infantum has expanded from its historical northern territories, dispersing outwards in all directions. This spread follows the emergence of hamlets and villages connecting with major cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahime Kholoud
- Laboratory of Applied Sciences for the Environment and Sustainable Development, School of Technology Cadi Ayyad University, 40000 Marrakesh, Morocco
- Research Group on Impact, Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change in Morocco (GRIVAC), LHEA, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, 40000 Marrakesh, Morocco
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (D.S.)
| | - Lahouari Bounoua
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, MD 21041, USA;
| | - Denis Sereno
- IRD, University of Montpellier, InterTryp, 34000 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (D.S.)
| | | | - Mohamed Messouli
- Research Group on Impact, Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change in Morocco (GRIVAC), LHEA, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, 40000 Marrakesh, Morocco;
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Van Bockstal L, Hendrickx S, Maes L, Caljon G. Sand Fly Studies Predict Transmission Potential of Drug-resistant Leishmania. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:785-795. [PMID: 32713762 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania parasites have the capacity to rapidly adapt to changing environments in their digenetic life cycle which alternates between a vertebrate and an invertebrate host. Emergence of resistance following drug exposure can evoke phenotypic alterations that affect several aspects of parasite fitness in both hosts. Current studies of the impact of resistance are mostly limited to interactions with the mammalian host and characterization of in vitro parasite growth and differentiation. Development in the vector and transmission capacity have been largely ignored. This review reflects on the impact of drug resistance on its spreading potential with specific focus on the use of the sand fly infection model to evaluate parasite development in the vector and the ensuing transmission potential of drug-resistant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieselotte Van Bockstal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sarah Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Douanne N, Dong G, Douanne M, Olivier M, Fernandez-Prada C. Unravelling the proteomic signature of extracellular vesicles released by drug-resistant Leishmania infantum parasites. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008439. [PMID: 32628683 PMCID: PMC7365475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis constitutes the 9th largest disease burden among all infectious diseases. Control of this disease is based on a short list of chemotherapeutic agents headed by pentavalent antimonials, followed by miltefosine and amphotericin B; drugs that are far from ideal due to host toxicity, elevated cost, limited access, and high rates of drug resistance. Knowing that the composition of extracellular vesicles (EVs) can vary according to the state of their parental cell, we hypothesized that EVs released by drug-resistant Leishmania infantum parasites could contain unique and differently enriched proteins depending on the drug-resistance mechanisms involved in the survival of their parental cell line. To assess this possibility, we studied EV production, size, morphology, and protein content of three well-characterized drug-resistant L. infantum cell lines and a wild-type strain. Our results are the first to demonstrate that drug-resistance mechanisms can induce changes in the morphology, size, and distribution of L. infantum EVs. In addition, we identified L. infantum’s core EV proteome. This proteome is highly conserved among strains, with the exception of a handful of proteins that are enriched differently depending on the drug responsible for induction of antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore, we obtained the first snapshot of proteins enriched in EVs released by antimony-, miltefosine- and amphotericin-resistant parasites. These include several virulence factors, transcription factors, as well as proteins encoded by drug-resistance genes. This detailed study of L. infantum EVs sheds new light on the potential roles of EVs in Leishmania biology, particularly with respect to the parasite’s survival in stressful conditions. This work outlines a crucial first step towards the discovery of EV-based profiles capable of predicting response to antileishmanial agents. Visceral leishmaniasis is a life-threatening disease caused by Leishmania infantum parasites, which are transmitted by sand flies. In the absence of vaccines, current control of this disease is based on chemotherapy, which is comprised of a very limited arsenal threatened by the emergence and spread of drug-resistant strains. In the shadow of growing concern and treatment failure due to resistance, the characterization of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by drug-resistant L. infantum parasites could shed some light on the complex nature of drug resistance in Leishmania and increase our understanding of the biology of the parasite. EVs are vesicles secreted by all eukaryotic cells whose contents (proteins, DNA/RNAs, lipids) vary as a function of their cellular origin. Our results demonstrate for the first time that EVs released by drug-resistant parasites are enriched in unique protein markers that reflect the drug-resistance mechanisms involved in the survival of parental cells. These unique proteins included several virulence and transcription factors, as well as drug-resistance genes; this offers a potential benefit for drug-resistant parasites in terms of parasite-to-parasite communication and host-parasite interactions. Collectively, our initial results could serve as a jumping-off point for the future development of novel EV-based diagnostic tools for the detection and appraisal of antimicrobial-resistant Leishmania populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noélie Douanne
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - George Dong
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Douanne
- Department of Biology, Health and Ecology, “Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes”, Paris, France
| | - Martin Olivier
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- * E-mail: (MO); (CFP)
| | - Christopher Fernandez-Prada
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- * E-mail: (MO); (CFP)
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Van Bockstal L, Bulté D, Hendrickx S, Sadlova J, Volf P, Maes L, Caljon G. Impact of clinically acquired miltefosine resistance by Leishmania infantum on mouse and sand fly infection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2020; 13:16-21. [PMID: 32388220 PMCID: PMC7215113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study evaluated the implications of clinically acquired miltefosine resistance (MIL-R) by assessing virulence in mice and sand flies to reveal the potential of MIL-R strains to circulate. Methods Experimental infections with the MIL-R clinical Leishmania infantum isolate MHOM/FR/2005/LEM5159, having a defect in the LiROS3 subunit of the MIL-transporter, and its syngeneic experimentally reconstituted MIL-S counterpart (LEM5159LiROS3) were performed in BALB/c mice and Lutzomyia longipalpis and Phlebotomus perniciosus sand flies. In mice, the amastigote burdens in liver and spleen were compared microscopically using Giemsa smears and by bioluminescent imaging. During the sand fly infections, the percentage of infected flies, parasite load, colonization of the stomodeal valve and metacyclogenesis were evaluated. The stability of the MIL-R phenotype after sand fly and mouse passage was determined as well. Results The fitness of the MIL-R strain differed between the mouse and sand fly infection model. In mice, a clear fitness loss was observed compared to the LiROS3-reconstituted susceptible strain. This defect could be rescued by episomal reconstitution with a wildtype LiROS3 copy. However, this fitness loss was not apparent in the sand fly vector, resulting in metacyclogenesis and efficient colonization of the stomodeal valve. Resistance was stable after passage in both sand fly and mouse. Conclusion The natural MIL-R strain is significantly hampered in its ability to multiply and cause a typical visceral infection pattern in BALB/c mice. However, this LiROS3-deficient strain efficiently produced mature infections and metacyclic promastigotes in the sand fly vector highlighting the transmission potential of this particular MIL-R clinical Leishmania strain. A clinical MIL-R L. infantum strain displays a loss-of-fitness in the mammalian host. ROS3-deficiency is compatible with efficient transmission by two sand fly species. Resistance is stable after mouse and sand fly passage. Transmission of this clinical MIL-R strain is a risk for immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieselotte Van Bockstal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Dimitri Bulté
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sarah Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jovana Sadlova
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Vinicna 7, CZ-12844, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Vinicna 7, CZ-12844, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Karimian F, Vatandoost H, Rassi Y, Maleki-Ravasan N, Mohebali M, Shirazi MH, Koosha M, Choubdar N, Oshaghi MA. Aerobic midgut microbiota of sand fly vectors of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis from northern Iran, a step toward finding potential paratransgenic candidates. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:10. [PMID: 30616668 PMCID: PMC6322272 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3273-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania parasites and is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected sand flies. Development of Leishmania to infective metacyclic promastigotes occurs within the sand fly gut where the gut microbiota influences development of the parasite. Paratransgenesis is a new control method in which symbiotic bacteria are isolated, transformed and reintroduced into the gut through their diet to express anti-parasitic molecules. In the present study, the midgut microbiota of three sand fly species from a steppe and a mountainous region of northern Iran, where zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) is endemic, was investigated. Methods Briefly, adult female sand flies was collected during summer 2015 and, after dissection, the bacterial composition of the guts were analyzed using a culture-dependent method. Bacterial DNA from purified colonies was extracted to amplify the 16S rRNA gene which was then sequenced. Results Three ZVL sand fly vectors including Phlebotomus major, P. kandelakii and P. halepensis were found in the highlighted regions. In total, 39 distinct aerobic bacterial species were found in the sand fly midguts. The sand fly microbiota was dominated by Proteobacteria (56.4%) and Firmicutes (43.6%). Bacterial richness was significantly higher in the steppe region than in the mountainous region (32 vs 7 species). Phlebotomus kandelakii, the most important ZVL vector in the study area, had the highest bacterial richness among the three species. Bacillus subtilis and Pantoea agglomerans were isolated from the guts of the sand flies; these are already used for the paratransgenesis of sand flies and mosquitoes, respectively. Conclusions The existence of B. subtilis and P. agglomerans in the ZVL vectors and other sand fly species studied so far suggests that these two bacterial species are potential candidates for paratransgenic approach to prevent ZVL transmission. Further research needs to test the possible relationship between the gut microbiome richness and the vector competence of the ZVL vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateh Karimian
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Yavar Rassi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Shirazi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Koosha
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nayyereh Choubdar
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
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Naouel E, Ihcene KD, Sofiane B, Khatima AO, Razika B, Bruno O, Zoubir H, Denis S. Antimonial susceptibility and in vivo behaviour of Leishmania major isolates collected in Algeria before and after treatment. Acta Trop 2018; 180:7-11. [PMID: 29278674 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The repercussions of cutaneous leishmaniasis therapy on the behaviour and drug susceptibility of Leishmania major parasites is poorly documented. This study explored the link between antimonial susceptibility and in vivo behaviour in Leishmania major isolates collected before and after treatment in Algeria. This study was performed on 3 isolates collected from patients prior to treatment and paired with 3 isolates collected from the same patient after treatment failure. Their in vitro susceptibility towards trivalent (SbIII) and pentavalent (SbV) antimony were ascertained, and their in vivo behaviour was evaluated by determining their capacity to disseminate, proliferate and induce lesions in mice. No relationship was observed between in vitro antimony resistance and parasite fitness in the murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddaikra Naouel
- Laboratoire d'Eco-épidemiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Institute Pasteur of Algeria,Route du Petit Staoueli Dely Brahim, Algiers, Algeria; IRD, Univ. Montpellier, InterTryp, Montpellier, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie Analytique et Biotechnologies, Université Mouloud Mammeri de TiziOuzou, Algeria.
| | - Kherachi Djenad Ihcene
- Laboratoire d'Eco-épidemiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Institute Pasteur of Algeria,Route du Petit Staoueli Dely Brahim, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Bensegheir Sofiane
- Laboratoire d'Eco-épidemiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Institute Pasteur of Algeria,Route du Petit Staoueli Dely Brahim, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Ait Oudhia Khatima
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire, BP 161, Hassan Badi El-Harrach, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Benikhlef Razika
- Laboratoire d'Eco-épidemiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Institute Pasteur of Algeria,Route du Petit Staoueli Dely Brahim, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Oury Bruno
- IRD, Univ. Montpellier, InterTryp, Montpellier, France; IRD, Univ. Montpellier, MiVegec, Montpellier, France.
| | - Harrat Zoubir
- Laboratoire d'Eco-épidemiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Institute Pasteur of Algeria,Route du Petit Staoueli Dely Brahim, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Sereno Denis
- IRD, Univ. Montpellier, InterTryp, Montpellier, France; IRD, Univ. Montpellier, MiVegec, Montpellier, France.
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11
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Loeuillet C, Touquet B, Oury B, Eddaikra N, Pons JL, Guichou JF, Labesse G, Sereno D. Synthesis of aminophenylhydroxamate and aminobenzylhydroxamate derivatives and in vitro screening for antiparasitic and histone deacetylase inhibitory activity. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2018; 8:59-66. [PMID: 29414107 PMCID: PMC6114082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of aminophenylhydroxamates and aminobenzylhydroxamates were synthesized and screened for their antiparasitic activity against Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Toxoplasma. Their anti-histone deacetylase (HDAC) potency was determined. Moderate to no antileishmanial or antitrypanosomal activity was found (IC50 > 10 μM) that contrast with the highly efficient anti-Toxoplasma activity (IC50 < 1.0 μM) of these compounds. The antiparasitic activity of the synthetized compounds correlates well with their HDAC inhibitory activity. The best-performing compound (named 363) express a high anti-HDAC6 inhibitory activity (IC50 of 0.045 ± 0.015 μM) a moderate cytotoxicity and a high anti-Toxoplasma activity in the range of known anti-Toxoplasma compounds (IC50 of 0.35-2.25 μM). The calculated selectivity index (10-300 using different human cell lines) of the compound 363 makes it a lead compound for the future development of anti-Toxoplasma molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Loeuillet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France; IRD, Univ Montpellier, MiVegec, Montpellier, France
| | - B Touquet
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Team Host-Pathogen Interactions & Immunity to Infection, INSERM U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - B Oury
- IRD, Univ Montpellier, InterTryp, Montpellier, France; IRD, Univ Montpellier, MiVegec, Montpellier, France
| | - N Eddaikra
- Laboratoire d'Eco-épidemiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Institut Pasteur d'Alger, Route du Petit Staoueli, Dely Brahim, Alger, Algeria; Laboratoire de Biochimie Analytique et Biotechnologies, Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi Ouzou, Algeria
| | - J L Pons
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale (CBS), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - J F Guichou
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale (CBS), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - G Labesse
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale (CBS), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - D Sereno
- IRD, Univ Montpellier, InterTryp, Montpellier, France; IRD, Univ Montpellier, MiVegec, Montpellier, France.
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12
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Magalhães LS, Bomfim LG, Mota SG, Cruz GS, Corrêa CB, Tanajura DM, Lipscomb MW, Borges VM, Jesus ARD, Almeida RPD, Moura TRD. Increased thiol levels in antimony-resistant Leishmania infantum isolated from treatment-refractory visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:119-125. [PMID: 29236925 PMCID: PMC5722267 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment-refractory visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has become an important
problem in many countries. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the antimony-resistance mechanisms of Leishmania
infantum isolated from VL patients refractory or responsive to
treatment with pentavalent antimony. METHODS Strains isolated from antimony-refractory patients (in vitro
antimony-resistant isolates) and antimony-responsive patients (in
vitro antimony-sensitive isolates) were examined. Morphological
changes were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy after trivalent
antimony exposure. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pump activity was evaluated
using the pump-specific inhibitor verapamil hydrochloride, and the role of
thiol in trivalent antimony resistance was investigated using the enzymatic
inhibitor L-buthionine sulfoximine. FINDINGS Antimony treatment induced fewer alterations in the cellular structure of
L. infantum resistant isolates than in that of
sensitive isolates. P-gp efflux activity was not involved in antimony
resistance in these isolates. Importantly, the resistant isolates contained
higher levels of thiol compared to the sensitive isolates, and inhibition of
thiol synthesis in the resistant isolates recovered their sensitivity to
trivalent antimony treatment, and enhanced the production of reactive oxygen
species in promastigotes exposed to the drug. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that isolates from patients with antimony-refractory
VL exhibited higher thiol levels than antimony-sensitive isolates. This
indicates that redox metabolism plays an important role in the
antimony-resistance of New World VL isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas S Magalhães
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - Lays Gs Bomfim
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - Sthefanne G Mota
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - Geydson S Cruz
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - Cristiane B Corrêa
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - Diego M Tanajura
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - Michael W Lipscomb
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Valéria M Borges
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Amélia R de Jesus
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - Roque P de Almeida
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - Tatiana R de Moura
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
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13
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Fraihi W, Fares W, Perrin P, Dorkeld F, Sereno D, Barhoumi W, Sbissi I, Cherni S, Chelbi I, Durvasula R, Ramalho-Ortigao M, Gtari M, Zhioua E. An integrated overview of the midgut bacterial flora composition of Phlebotomus perniciosus, a vector of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in the Western Mediterranean Basin. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005484. [PMID: 28355207 PMCID: PMC5386300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Leishmania developmental life cycle within its sand fly vector occurs exclusively in the lumen of the insect’s digestive tract in the presence of symbiotic bacteria. The composition of the gut microbiota and the factors that influence its composition are currently poorly understood. A set of factors, including the host and its environment, may influence this composition. It has been demonstrated that the insect gut microbiota influences the development of several human pathogens, such as Plasmodium falciparum. For sand flies and Leishmania, understanding the interactions between the parasite and the microbial environment of the vector midgut can provide new tools to control Leishmania transmission. Methodology/Principal findings The midguts of female Phlebotomus perniciosus from laboratory colonies or from the field were collected during the months of July, September and October 2011 and dissected. The midguts were analyzed by culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. A total of 441 and 115 cultivable isolates were assigned to 30 and 11 phylotypes from field-collected and colonized P. perniciosus, respectively. Analysis of monthly variations in microbiota composition shows a species diversity decline in October, which is to the end of the Leishmania infantum transmission period. In parallel, a compilation and a meta-analysis of all available data concerning the microbiota of two Psychodidae genera, namely Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia, was performed and compared to P. perniciosus, data obtained herein. This integrated analysis did not reveal any substantial divergences between Old and New world sand flies with regards to the midgut bacterial phyla and genera diversity. But clearly, most bacterial species (>76%) are sparsely distributed between Phlebotominae species. Conclusion/Significance Our results pinpoint the need for a more exhaustive understanding of the bacterial richness and abundance at the species level in Phlebotominae sand flies in order to capture the role of midgut bacteria during Leishmania development and transmission. The occurrence of Bacillus subtilis in P. perniciosus and at least two other sand fly species studied so far suggests that this bacterial species is a potential candidate for paratransgenic or biolological approaches for the control of sand fly populations in order to prevent Leishmania transmission. The use of conventional microbiological methods gave us the opportunity to investigate the richness of symbiotic bacteria that inhabit the gut of P. perniciosus during its main period of activity. Our results were subsequently analyzed in the framework of what has been done on sand flies microbiota in order to validate our results and to address the question of the definition of the core bacterial microbiota of sand flies. A meta-analysis on the respective gut microbiota of Old and New World sand flies shows that the majority of bacterial species is observed only in one host whereas less than 8% are shared by more than two hosts. Our results pinpoint the need for a more exhaustive understanding of the microbiota composition and dynamic in phlebotominae, with the aim to implement new biological approaches for the control of sand fly populations in order to prevent Leishmania transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Fraihi
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, University of Tunis-El Manar, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Wasfi Fares
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Pascale Perrin
- MIVEGEC/Université de Montpellier CNRS/UMR 5244/IRD 224 - Centre IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Dorkeld
- INRA - UMR 1062 CBGP (INRA, IRD, CIRAD), Montpellier SupAgro, Montferrier-Sur-Lez, France
| | - Denis Sereno
- MIVEGEC/Université de Montpellier CNRS/UMR 5244/IRD 224 - Centre IRD, Montpellier, France
- UMR177, Centre IRD de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (EZ); (DS)
| | - Walid Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imed Sbissi
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, University of Tunis-El Manar, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Saifedine Cherni
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ifhem Chelbi
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ravi Durvasula
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, UNM School of Medicine Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Marcelo Ramalho-Ortigao
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maher Gtari
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, University of Tunis-El Manar, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Elyes Zhioua
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- * E-mail: (EZ); (DS)
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14
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Transmission of Leishmania infantum in the Canine Leishmaniasis Focus of Mont-Rolland, Senegal: Ecological, Parasitological and Molecular Evidence for a Possible Role of Sergentomyia Sand Flies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004940. [PMID: 27806051 PMCID: PMC5091883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (L.) infantum is the causative agent in an endemic focus of canine leishmaniasis in the Mont-Rolland district (Thiès, Senegal). In this area, the transmission cycle is well established and more than 30% of dogs and 20% of humans are seropositive for L. infantum. However, the sand fly species involved in L. infantum transmission cycle are still unknown. Between 2007 and 2010, 3654 sand flies were collected from different environments (indoor, peridomestic, farming and sylvatic areas) to identify the main L. infantum vector(s). Nine sand fly species were identified. The Phlebotomus genus (n = 54 specimens; Phlebotomus (Ph) duboscqi and Phlebotomus (Ph). rodhaini) was markedly under-represented in comparison to the Sergentomyia genus (n = 3600 specimens; Sergentomyia (Se) adleri, Se. clydei, Se. antennata, Se. buxtoni, Se. dubia, Se. schwetzi and Se. magna). Se. dubia and Se. schwetzi were the dominant species indoor and in peridomestic environments, near humans and dogs. Blood-meal analysis indicated their anthropophilic behavior. Some Se. schwetzi specimens fed also on dogs. The dissection of females in the field allowed isolating L. infantum from sand flies of the Sergentomyia genus (0.4% of Se. dubia and 0.79% of Se. schwetzi females). It is worth noting that one Se. dubia female not engorged and not gravid revealed highly motile metacyclic of L. infantum in the anterior part of the midgut. PCR-based diagnosis and sequencing targeting Leishmania kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) highlighted a high rate of L. infantum-positive females (5.38% of Se. dubia, 4.19% of Se. schwetzi and 3.64% of Se. magna). More than 2% of these positive females were unfed, suggesting the parasite survival after blood-meal digestion or egg laying. L. infantum prevalence in Se. schwetzi was associated with its seroprevalence in dogs and humans and L. infantum prevalence in Se. dubia was associated with its seroprevalence in humans. These evidences altogether strongly suggest that species of the Sergentomyia genus are probably the vectors of canine leishmaniasis in the Mont-Rolland area and challenge one more time the dogma that in the Old World, leishmaniasis is exclusively transmitted by species of the Phlebotomus genus. Leishmaniases, neglected tropical vector-borne diseases, remain today a problem of public health. Classically, the sand flies involved in Leishmania transmission belong either to the Phlebotomus genus (Old World) or to the Lutzomyia genus (New World). In the rural community of Mont-Rolland (Senegal, West Africa), Leishmania infantum is the causative agent in an endemic focus of canine leishmaniasis. Recent surveys revealed more than 30% of dogs and 20% of humans with a positive serological test for Leishmania in this community. However, the sand fly species involved in L. infantum transmission were still unknown. Between 2007 and 2010, we carried out a study in this community to identify the sand fly species responsible for L. infantum transmission. We collected nine species belonging mainly to Sergentomyia genus and in low proportion to Phlebotomus genus. The abundance around dogs and humans, the detection of live and mature parasites in anterior midgut, the high rate of L. infantum-positive females using molecular analyses and the identification of dog and human blood in the fed females incriminates Se. schwetzi and Se. dubia as possible vectors of L. infantum. This hypothesis is strongly supported by statistical analyses performed to compare the prevalence of infected sand flies with the seroprevalence data in humans and dogs.
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15
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Tsirigotakis N, Christodoulou V, Ntais P, Mazeris A, Koutala E, Messaritakis I, Antoniou M. Geographical Distribution of MDR1 Expression in Leishmania Isolates, from Greece and Cyprus, Measured by the Rhodamine-123 Efflux Potential of the Isolates, Using Flow Cytometry. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:987-92. [PMID: 27001764 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, a neglected vector-borne disease caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania, is encountered in 98 countries causing serious concerns to public health. The most alarming is the development of parasite drug resistance, a phenomenon increasingly encountered in the field rendering chemotherapy ineffective. Although resistance to drugs is a complex phenomenon, the rate of efflux of the fluorescent dye Rhodamine-123 from the parasite body, using flow cytometry, is an indication of the isolate's ability to efflux the drug, thus avoiding death. The rate of efflux measured 275 Leishmania strains, isolated from patients and dogs from Greece and Cyprus, was measured and mapped to study the geographical distribution of the multidrug resistance (MDR) gene expression as an indication of the drug resistance of the parasite. The map showed that out of the seven prefectures, where dogs presented high efflux rates, five also had patients with high efflux rates. In one, out of the 59 prefectures studied, the highest number of isolates with efflux slope α > 1, in both human and dog isolates, was found; a fact which may suggest that spread of drug resistance is taking place. The virulence of the Leishmania strains, assessed after infecting human macrophages of the THP-1 cell line, fluctuated from 1% to 59.3% with only 2.5% of the isolates showing infectivity > 50%. The most virulent strains were isolated from Attica and Crete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Tsirigotakis
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Veterinary Services of Lasithi prefecture, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Christodoulou
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Veterinary Services of Lasithi prefecture, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - Pantelis Ntais
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Veterinary Services of Lasithi prefecture, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - Apostolos Mazeris
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Veterinary Services of Lasithi prefecture, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - Eleni Koutala
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Veterinary Services of Lasithi prefecture, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - Ippokratis Messaritakis
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Veterinary Services of Lasithi prefecture, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Antoniou
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Veterinary Services of Lasithi prefecture, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
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16
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Development of a Murine Infection Model with Leishmania killicki, Responsible for Cutaneous Leishmaniosis in Algeria: Application in Pharmacology. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:7985104. [PMID: 26949705 PMCID: PMC4754473 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7985104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In Algeria, Leishmania infantum, Leishmania major, and Leishmania killicki (Leishmania tropica) are responsible for cutaneous leishmaniosis. We established a murine model of L. killicki infection to investigate its infective capacity, some immunophysiopathological aspects, and its suitability for pharmacological purposes. Following the injection of L. major or L. killicki metacyclic promastigotes in the ear dermis of BALB/c mice, the course of infection was followed. The infection with L. killicki caused slower lesion formation than with L. major. The presence of L. killicki or L. major DNA and parasites was detected in the ear dermis and in lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. Lesions induced by L. killicki were nonulcerative in their aspect, whereas those caused by L. major were highly ulcerative and necrotic, which matches well with the lesion phenotype reported in humans for L. killicki and L. major, respectively. The treatment of L. killicki lesions by injection of Glucantime® significantly reduced the lesion thickness and parasite burden. Ear dermal injection of BALB/c mice constitutes a model to study lesions physiopathology caused by L. killicki and presents interest for in vivo screening of new compounds against this pathogen, emerging in Algeria.
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A Multiplatform Metabolomic Approach to the Basis of Antimonial Action and Resistance in Leishmania infantum. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130675. [PMID: 26161866 PMCID: PMC4498920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a rising resistance against antimony drugs, the gold-standard for treatment until some years ago. That is a serious problem due to the paucity of drugs in current clinical use. In a research to reveal how these drugs affect the parasite during treatment and to unravel the underlying basis for their resistance, we have employed metabolomics to study treatment in Leishmania infantum promastigotes. This was accomplished first through the untargeted analysis of metabolic snapshots of treated and untreated parasites both resistant and responders, utilizing a multiplatform approach to give the widest as possible coverage of the metabolome, and additionally through novel monitoring of the origin of the detected alterations through a 13C traceability experiment. Our data stress a multi-target metabolic alteration with treatment, affecting in particular the cell redox system that is essential to cope with detoxification and biosynthetic processes. Additionally, relevant changes were noted in amino acid metabolism. Our results are in agreement with other authors studying other Leishmania species.
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