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Azarm A, Koosha M, Dalimi A, Zahraie-Ramazani A, Akhavan AA, Saeidi Z, Mohebali M, Azam K, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA. Association Between Wolbachia Infection and Susceptibility to Deltamethrin Insecticide in Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae), the Main Vector of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2024; 24:159-165. [PMID: 38016137 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) is the main vector of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. Wolbachia is a symbiotic alphaproteobacteria of arthropods that can be involved in susceptibility or resistance. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Wolbachia and Deltamethrin susceptibility/resistance in Ph. papatasi. Deltamethrin filter papers (0.00002%) were used to test sand fly field collected from southern Iran. After the test, PCR amplification of the Wolbachia surface protein gene (wsp) was used to measure Wolbachia infection rate in the killed, surviving, and control groups. Result: The rates of infection by Wolbachia strain (wPap, super group A) differed between killed (susceptible) and surviving (resistant) Ph. papatasi specimens. The rate of Wolbachia infection in susceptible individuals was more than twice (2.3) (39% vs. 17%) in resistant individuals with the same genetic background. This difference was highly significant (p < 0.001), indicating a positive association between Wolbachia infection and susceptibility to Deltamethrin. In addition, the results showed that Deltamethrin can act as a PCR inhibitor during detection of Wolbachia in Ph. papatasi. Conclusion: Results of this study show that Wolbachia is associated with Deltamethrin susceptibility level in Ph. papatasi. Also, as Deltamethrin has been identified as a PCR inhibitor, great care must be taken in interpreting Wolbachia infection status in infected populations. The results of this study may provide information for a better understanding of the host-symbiont relationship, as well as application of host symbiosis in pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrollah Azarm
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Koosha
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolhossein Dalimi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Zahraie-Ramazani
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ahmad Akhavan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Saeidi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology and School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamal Azam
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Amni F, Maleki-Ravasan N, Nateghi-Rostami M, Hadighi R, Karimian F, Meamar AR, Badirzadeh A, Parvizi P. Co-infection of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) gut bacteria with Leishmania major exacerbates the pathological responses of BALB/c mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1115542. [PMID: 36779192 PMCID: PMC9909354 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1115542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical features and severity of the leishmaniasis is extremely intricate and depend on several factors, especially sand fly-derived products. Bacteria in the sand fly's gut are a perpetual companion of Leishmania parasites. However, consequences of the concomitance of these bacteria and Leishmania parasite outside the midgut environment have not been investigated in the infection process. Herein, a needle infection model was designed to mimic transmission by sand flies, to examine differences in the onset and progression of L. major infection initiated by inoculation with "low" or "high" doses of Enterobacter cloacae and Bacillus subtilis bacteria. The results showed an alteration in the local expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in mice receiving different inoculations of bacteria. Simultaneous injection of two bacteria with Leishmania parasites in the low-dose group caused greater thickness of ear pinna and enhanced tissue chronic inflammatory cells, as well as resulted in multifold increase in the expression of IL-4 and IL-1β and a decrease in the iNOS expression, without changing the L. major burden. Despite advances in scientific breakthroughs, scant survey has investigated the interaction between micro and macro levels of organization of leishmaniasis that ranges from the cellular to macro ecosystem levels, giving rise to the spread and persistence of the disease in a region. Our findings provide new insight into using the potential of the vector-derived microbiota in modulating the vertebrate immune system for the benefit of the host or recommend the use of appropriate antibiotics along with antileishmanial medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Amni
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naseh Maleki-Ravasan
- Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Naseh Maleki-Ravasan, ; Mahmoud Nateghi-Rostami, ; Ramtin Hadighi, ; Parviz Parvizi,
| | - Mahmoud Nateghi-Rostami
- Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Naseh Maleki-Ravasan, ; Mahmoud Nateghi-Rostami, ; Ramtin Hadighi, ; Parviz Parvizi,
| | - Ramtin Hadighi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Naseh Maleki-Ravasan, ; Mahmoud Nateghi-Rostami, ; Ramtin Hadighi, ; Parviz Parvizi,
| | - Fateh Karimian
- Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Meamar
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Badirzadeh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Parvizi
- Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Naseh Maleki-Ravasan, ; Mahmoud Nateghi-Rostami, ; Ramtin Hadighi, ; Parviz Parvizi,
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Zorrilla VO, Lozano ME, Espada LJ, Kosoy M, McKee C, Valdivia HO, Arevalo H, Troyes M, Stoops CA, Fisher ML, Vásquez GM. Comparison of sand fly trapping approaches for vector surveillance of Leishmania and Bartonella species in ecologically distinct, endemic regions of Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009517. [PMID: 34260585 PMCID: PMC8279425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Peru, the information regarding sand fly vectors of leishmaniasis and bartonellosis in the Amazon region is limited. In this study, we carried out sand fly collections in Peruvian lowland and highland jungle areas using different trap type configurations and screened them for Leishmania and Bartonella DNA. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Phlebotomine sand flies were collected in Peruvian Amazon jungle and inter Andean regions using CDC light trap, UV and color LED traps, Mosquito Magnet trap, BG Sentinel trap, and a Shannon trap placed outside the houses. Leishmania spp. screening was performed by kDNA PCR and confirmed by a nested cytochrome B gene (cytB) PCR. Bartonella spp. screening was performed by ITS PCR and confirmed by citrate synthase gene (gltA). The PCR amplicons were sequenced to identify Leishmania and Bartonella species. UV and Blue LED traps collected the highest average number of sand flies per hour in low jungle; UV, Mosquito Magnet and Shannon traps in high jungle; and Mosquito Magnet in inter Andean region. Leishmania guyanensis in Lutzomyia carrerai carrerai and L. naiffi in Lu. hirsuta hirsuta were identified based on cytB sequencing. Bartonella spp. related to Bartonella bacilliformis in Lu. whitmani, Lu. nevesi, Lu. hirsuta hirsuta and Lu. sherlocki, and a Bartonella sp. related to Candidatus B. rondoniensis in Lu. nevesi and Lu. maranonensis were identified based on gltA gene sequencing. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE UV, Blue LED, Mosquito Magnet and Shannon traps were more efficient than the BG-Sentinel, Green, and Red LED traps. This is the first report of L. naiffi and of two genotypes of Bartonella spp. related to B. bacilliformis and Candidatus B. rondoniensis infecting sand fly species from the Amazon region in Peru.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor O. Zorrilla
- Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No.6, Bellavista, Peru
- * E-mail:
| | - Marisa E. Lozano
- Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No.6, Bellavista, Peru
- Vysnova Partners, Lima, Peru
| | - Liz J. Espada
- Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No.6, Bellavista, Peru
- Vysnova Partners, Lima, Peru
| | - Michael Kosoy
- KB One Health LLC, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Clifton McKee
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hugo O. Valdivia
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No.6, Bellavista, Peru
| | - Heriberto Arevalo
- Laboratorio Referencial de Salud, Tarapoto, Direccion Regional de Salud San Martin, Peru
| | | | - Craig A. Stoops
- Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No.6, Bellavista, Peru
| | - Michael L. Fisher
- Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No.6, Bellavista, Peru
| | - Gissella M. Vásquez
- Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No.6, Bellavista, Peru
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Kakumanu ML, Marayati BF, Wada-Katsumata A, Wasserberg G, Schal C, Apperson CS, Ponnusamy L. Sphingobacterium phlebotomi sp. nov., a new member of family Sphingobacteriaceae isolated from sand fly rearing substrate. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71:004809. [PMID: 33956595 PMCID: PMC8289205 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, non-spore-forming, aerobic bacterium, designated type strain SSI9T, was isolated from sand fly (Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli; Diptera: Psychodidae) rearing substrate and subjected to polyphasic taxonomic analysis. Strain SSI9T contained phosphatidylethanolamine as a major polar lipid, MK-7 as the predominant quinone, and C16 : 1ω6c/C16 : 1ω7c, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and C16 : 0 as the major cellular fatty acids. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that SSI9T represents a member of the genus Sphingobacterium, of the family Sphingobacteriaceae sharing 96.5-88.0 % sequence similarity with other species of the genus Sphingobacterium. The results of multilocus sequence analysis using the concatenated sequences of the housekeeping genes recA, rplC and groL indicated that SSI9T formed a separate branch in the genus Sphingobacterium. The genome of SSI9T is 5 197 142 bp with a DNA G+C content of 41.8 mol% and encodes 4395 predicted coding sequences, 49 tRNAs, and three complete rRNAs and two partial rRNAs. SSI9T could be distinguished from other species of the genus Sphingobacterium with validly published names by several phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genomic characteristics. On the basis of the results of this polyphasic taxonomic analysis, the bacterial isolate represents a novel species within the genus Sphingobacterium, for which the name Sphingobacterium phlebotomi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SSI9T (=ATCC TSD-210T=LMG 31664T=NRRL B-65603T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi L. Kakumanu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bahjat Fadi Marayati
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, 235 Eberhart Bldg., Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ayako Wada-Katsumata
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gideon Wasserberg
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, 235 Eberhart Bldg., Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Charles S. Apperson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Loganathan Ponnusamy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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5
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Koosha M, Vatandoost H, Karimian F, Choubdar N, Oshaghi MA. Delivery of a Genetically Marked Serratia AS1 to Medically Important Arthropods for Use in RNAi and Paratransgenic Control Strategies. Microb Ecol 2019; 78:185-194. [PMID: 30460544 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how arthropod vectors acquire their bacteria is essential for implementation of paratransgenic and RNAi strategies using genetically modified bacteria to control vector-borne diseases. In this study, a genetically marked Serratia AS1 strain expressing the mCherry fluorescent protein (mCherry-Serratia) was used to test various acquisition routes in six arthropod vectors including Anopheles stephensi, Culex pipiens, Cx. quinquefaciatus, Cx. theileri, Phlebotomus papatasi, and Hyalomma dromedarii. Depending on the species, the bacteria were delivered to (i) mosquito larval breeding water, (ii) host skin, (iii) sugar bait, and (iv) males (paratransgenic). The arthropods were screened for the bacteria in their guts or other tissues. All the hematophagous arthropods were able to take the bacteria from the skin of their hosts while taking blood meal. The mosquitoes were able to take up the bacteria from the water at larval stages and to transfer them transstadially to adults and finally to transfer them to the water they laid eggs in. The mosquitoes were also able to acquire the bacteria from male sperm. The level of bacterial acquisition was influenced by blood feeding time and strategies (pool or vessel feeding), dipping in water and resting time of newly emerged adult mosquitoes, and the disseminated tissue/organ. Transstadial, vertical, and venereal bacterial acquisition would increase the sustainability of the modified bacteria in vector populations and decrease the need for supplementary release experiments whereas release of paratransgenic males that do not bite has fewer ethical issues. Furthermore, this study is required to determine if the modified bacteria can be introduced to arthropods in the same routes in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Koosha
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box: 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box: 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateh Karimian
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box: 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nayyereh Choubdar
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box: 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box: 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran.
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6
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Karimian F, Vatandoost H, Rassi Y, Maleki-Ravasan N, Choubdar N, Koosha M, Arzamani K, Moradi-Asl E, Veysi A, Alipour H, Shirani M, Oshaghi MA. wsp-based analysis of Wolbachia strains associated with Phlebotomus papatasi and P. sergenti (Diptera: Psychodidae) main cutaneous leishmaniasis vectors, introduction of a new subgroup wSerg. Pathog Glob Health 2018; 112:152-160. [PMID: 29745300 PMCID: PMC6056827 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2018.1471438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sand flies of Phlebotomus papatasi and P. sergenti are the main vectors of cutaneous leishmanisis (CL) in the old world. We aimed to screen Iranian P. papatasi and P. sergenti for their natural infections with Wolbachia and to determine their phylogenetic association with other species. Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) gene was PCR amplified from DNA extracted from Phlebotomus species, sequenced, and were analysed in combination with wsp sequences related to Phelebtominae and other insects. All Wolbachia-infecting Iranian sand flies of P. papatasi and P. sergenti were classified in the Supergroup A., Wolbachia isolated from P. sergenti were clustered in a new subgroup within Supergroup A so-called wSreg. The Wolbachia strains identified from the P. papatasi clustered mainly in the subgroup wPap and partly in wSerg. Multiple Wholbachia infection within a single population of P.papatasi warrants investigation on existence and intensity of cytoplasmic incompatibility between the wPap and wSerg subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateh Karimian
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yavar Rassi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nayyereh Choubdar
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Koosha
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kourosh Arzamani
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Vector-Borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Eslam Moradi-Asl
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Arshad Veysi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Alipour
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Shiraz University Of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manouchehr Shirani
- Mamasani Health Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Fraihi W, Fares W, Perrin P, Dorkeld F, Sereno D, Barhoumi W, Sbissi I, Cherni S, Chelbi I, Durvasula R, Ramalho-Ortigao M, Gtari M, Zhioua E. An integrated overview of the midgut bacterial flora composition of Phlebotomus perniciosus, a vector of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in the Western Mediterranean Basin. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005484. [PMID: 28355207 PMCID: PMC5386300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Leishmania developmental life cycle within its sand fly vector occurs exclusively in the lumen of the insect’s digestive tract in the presence of symbiotic bacteria. The composition of the gut microbiota and the factors that influence its composition are currently poorly understood. A set of factors, including the host and its environment, may influence this composition. It has been demonstrated that the insect gut microbiota influences the development of several human pathogens, such as Plasmodium falciparum. For sand flies and Leishmania, understanding the interactions between the parasite and the microbial environment of the vector midgut can provide new tools to control Leishmania transmission. Methodology/Principal findings The midguts of female Phlebotomus perniciosus from laboratory colonies or from the field were collected during the months of July, September and October 2011 and dissected. The midguts were analyzed by culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. A total of 441 and 115 cultivable isolates were assigned to 30 and 11 phylotypes from field-collected and colonized P. perniciosus, respectively. Analysis of monthly variations in microbiota composition shows a species diversity decline in October, which is to the end of the Leishmania infantum transmission period. In parallel, a compilation and a meta-analysis of all available data concerning the microbiota of two Psychodidae genera, namely Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia, was performed and compared to P. perniciosus, data obtained herein. This integrated analysis did not reveal any substantial divergences between Old and New world sand flies with regards to the midgut bacterial phyla and genera diversity. But clearly, most bacterial species (>76%) are sparsely distributed between Phlebotominae species. Conclusion/Significance Our results pinpoint the need for a more exhaustive understanding of the bacterial richness and abundance at the species level in Phlebotominae sand flies in order to capture the role of midgut bacteria during Leishmania development and transmission. The occurrence of Bacillus subtilis in P. perniciosus and at least two other sand fly species studied so far suggests that this bacterial species is a potential candidate for paratransgenic or biolological approaches for the control of sand fly populations in order to prevent Leishmania transmission. The use of conventional microbiological methods gave us the opportunity to investigate the richness of symbiotic bacteria that inhabit the gut of P. perniciosus during its main period of activity. Our results were subsequently analyzed in the framework of what has been done on sand flies microbiota in order to validate our results and to address the question of the definition of the core bacterial microbiota of sand flies. A meta-analysis on the respective gut microbiota of Old and New World sand flies shows that the majority of bacterial species is observed only in one host whereas less than 8% are shared by more than two hosts. Our results pinpoint the need for a more exhaustive understanding of the microbiota composition and dynamic in phlebotominae, with the aim to implement new biological approaches for the control of sand fly populations in order to prevent Leishmania transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Fraihi
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, University of Tunis-El Manar, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Wasfi Fares
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Pascale Perrin
- MIVEGEC/Université de Montpellier CNRS/UMR 5244/IRD 224 - Centre IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Dorkeld
- INRA - UMR 1062 CBGP (INRA, IRD, CIRAD), Montpellier SupAgro, Montferrier-Sur-Lez, France
| | - Denis Sereno
- MIVEGEC/Université de Montpellier CNRS/UMR 5244/IRD 224 - Centre IRD, Montpellier, France
- UMR177, Centre IRD de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (EZ); (DS)
| | - Walid Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imed Sbissi
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, University of Tunis-El Manar, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Saifedine Cherni
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ifhem Chelbi
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ravi Durvasula
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, UNM School of Medicine Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Marcelo Ramalho-Ortigao
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maher Gtari
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, University of Tunis-El Manar, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Elyes Zhioua
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- * E-mail: (EZ); (DS)
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8
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Martin E, Bongiorno G, Giovati L, Montagna M, Crotti E, Damiani C, Gradoni L, Polonelli L, Ricci I, Favia G, Epis S. Isolation of a Wickerhamomyces anomalus yeast strain from the sandfly Phlebotomus perniciosus, displaying the killer phenotype. Med Vet Entomol 2016; 30:101-106. [PMID: 26542209 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus has been studied for its wide biotechnological potential, mainly for applications in the food industry. Different strains of W. anomalus have been isolated from diverse habitats and recently from insects, including mosquitoes of medical importance. This paper reports the isolation and phylogenetic characterization of W. anomalus from laboratory-reared adults and larvae of Phlebotomus perniciosus (Diptera: Psychodidae), a main phlebotomine vector of human and canine leishmaniasis. Of 65 yeast strains isolated from P. perniciosus, 15 strains were identified as W. anomalus; one of these was tested for the killer phenotype and demonstrated inhibitory activity against four yeast sensitive strains, as reported for mosquito-isolated strains. The association between P. perniciosus and W. anomalus deserves further investigation in order to explore the possibility that this yeast may exert inhibitory/killing activity against Leishmania spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Martin
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Bongiorno
- Unit of Vector-Borne Diseases and International Health, MIPI Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - L Giovati
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - M Montagna
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E Crotti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Evolutionary Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - C Damiani
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - L Gradoni
- Unit of Vector-Borne Diseases and International Health, MIPI Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - L Polonelli
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - I Ricci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - G Favia
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - S Epis
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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9
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Alten B, Ozbel Y, Ergunay K, Kasap OE, Cull B, Antoniou M, Velo E, Prudhomme J, Molina R, Bañuls AL, Schaffner F, Hendrickx G, Van Bortel W, Medlock JM. Sampling strategies for phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Europe. Bull Entomol Res 2015; 105:664-678. [PMID: 26271257 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485315000127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of phlebotomine sand flies is widely reported to be changing in Europe. This can be attributed to either the discovery of sand flies in areas where they were previously overlooked (generally following an outbreak of leishmaniasis or other sand fly-related disease) or to true expansion of their range as a result of climatic or environmental changes. Routine surveillance for phlebotomines in Europe is localized, and often one of the challenges for entomologists working in non-leishmaniasis endemic countries is the lack of knowledge on how to conduct, plan and execute sampling for phlebotomines, or how to adapt on-going sampling strategies for other haematophagous diptera. This review brings together published and unpublished expert knowledge on sampling strategies for European phlebotomines of public health concern in order to provide practical advice on: how to conduct surveys; the collection and interpretation of field data; suitable techniques for the preservation of specimens obtained by different sampling methods; molecular techniques used for species identification; and the pathogens associated with sand flies and their detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Alten
- Hacettepe University (HUESRL),Ankara,Turkey
| | - Y Ozbel
- Ege University (EGE),Izmir,Turkey
| | - K Ergunay
- Hacettepe University,Medical Faculty (HU-MED),Ankara,Turkey
| | - O E Kasap
- Hacettepe University (HUESRL),Ankara,Turkey
| | - B Cull
- Medical Entomology group, Emergency Response Department,Public Health England,Salisbury,UK
| | - M Antoniou
- University of Crete (UoC),Heraklion,Greece
| | - E Velo
- Institute of Public Health (IPH),Tirana,Albania
| | - J Prudhomme
- UMR MIVEGEC (IRD 224 - CNRS 5290 - Universités Montpellier 1 et 2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD),Montpellier,France
| | - R Molina
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII),Madrid,Spain
| | - A-L Bañuls
- UMR MIVEGEC (IRD 224 - CNRS 5290 - Universités Montpellier 1 et 2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD),Montpellier,France
| | | | | | | | - J M Medlock
- Medical Entomology group, Emergency Response Department,Public Health England,Salisbury,UK
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Bordbar A, Soleimani S, Fardid F, Zolfaghari MR, Parvizi P. Three strains of Wolbachia pipientis and high rates of infection in Iranian sandfly species. Bull Entomol Res 2014; 104:195-202. [PMID: 24484966 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485313000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Individual wild-caught sandflies from Iran were examined for infections of Wolbachia pipientis by targeting the major surface protein gene wsp of this intracellular α-proteobacterium. In total, 638 male and female sandflies were screened, of which 241 were found to be positive for one of three wsp haplotypes. Regardless of geographical origins and habitats, Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) papatasi and other sandfly species were found to be infected with one common, widespread strain of A-group W. pipientis (Turk 54, GenBank accession EU780683; AY288297). In addition, a new A-group haplotype (Turk07, GenBank accession KC576916) was isolated from Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) mongolensis and Phlebotomus (Pa.) caucasicus, and a new B-group haplotype (AZ2331, GenBank accession JX488735) was isolated from Phlebotomus (Larroussius) perfiliewi. Therefore, Wolbachia was found to occur in at least three of the incriminated vectors of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis and zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in different geographical regions of Iran. It may provide a new tool for the future control of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bordbar
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Soleimani
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Fardid
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - M R Zolfaghari
- Microbiology Department, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | - P Parvizi
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Zayed A, Soliman MM, El-Shazly MM. Infectivity of Metarhizium anisopliae (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) to Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) under laboratory conditions. J Med Entomol 2013; 50:796-803. [PMID: 23926777 DOI: 10.1603/me12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility of Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli (Diptera: Psychodidae) larvae to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschinkoff) Sorokin (Ma79) (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) was evaluated at two different temperatures. The ability of the fungus to reinfect healthy sand flies was followed up for approximately 20 wk and the effect of in vivo repassage on the enhancement of its virulence was assessed. The fungus reduced the adult emergence at 26 +/- 1 degrees C when applied to larval diet. Six spore concentrations were used in the bioassays ranging from 1 x 10(6) to 5 x 10(8) spores/ml. Mortality decreased significantly when the temperature was raised to 31 +/- 1 degrees C at all tested concentrations. Fungus-treated vials were assayed against sand fly larvae at different time lapses without additional reapplication of the fungus in the media to determine whether the level of inocula persisting in the media was sufficient to reinfect healthy sand flies. Twenty weeks postapplication, there were still enough infectious propagules of Ma79 to infect 40% of P. papatasi larvae. A comparison between the infectivity of 10 subsequent in vitro cultures and the host-passed inocula of the fungus against sand fly larvae was conducted. Mortalities of P. papatasi larvae changed significantly when exposed to inocula passed through different insects. Presented data can provide vector control decision makers and end users with fundamental information for the introduction and application of M. anisopliae as an effective control agent against the main cutaneous leishmaniasis old-world vector P. papatasi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Zayed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, P. 0. 12613, Egypt.
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Akhoundi M, Bakhtiari R, Guillard T, Baghaei A, Tolouei R, Sereno D, Toubas D, Depaquit J, Abyaneh MR. Diversity of the bacterial and fungal microflora from the midgut and cuticle of phlebotomine sand flies collected in North-Western Iran. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50259. [PMID: 23226255 PMCID: PMC3511470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Phlebotomine sand flies are the vectors of the leishmaniases, parasitic diseases caused by Leishmania spp. Little is known about the prevalence and diversity of sand fly microflora colonizing the midgut or the cuticle. Particularly, there is little information on the fungal diversity. This information is important for development of vector control strategies. Methodology/Principal Findings Five sand fly species: Phlebotomus papatasi, P. sergenti, P. kandelakii, P. perfiliewi and P. halepensis were caught in Bileh Savar and Kaleybar in North-Western Iran that are located in endemic foci of visceral leishmaniasis. A total of 35 specimens were processed. Bacterial and fungal strains were identified by routine microbiological methods. We characterized 39 fungal isolates from the cuticle and/or the midgut. They belong to six different genera including Penicillium (17 isolates), Aspergillus (14), Acremonium (5), Fusarium (1), Geotrichum (1) and Candida (1). We identified 33 Gram-negative bacteria: Serratia marcescens (9 isolates), Enterobacter cloacae (6), Pseudomonas fluorescens (6), Klebsiella ozaenae (4), Acinetobacter sp. (3), Escherichia coli (3), Asaia sp. (1) and Pantoea sp. (1) as well as Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis (5) and Micrococcus luteus (5) in 10 isolates. Conclusion/Significance Our study provides new data on the microbiotic diversity of field-collected sand flies and for the first time, evidence of the presence of Asaia sp. in sand flies. We have also found a link between physiological stages (unfed, fresh fed, semi gravid and gravid) of sand flies and number of bacteria that they carry. Interestingly Pantoea sp. and Klebsiella ozaenae have been isolated in Old World sand fly species. The presence of latter species on sand fly cuticle and in the female midgut suggests a role for this arthropod in dissemination of these pathogenic bacteria in endemic areas. Further experiments are required to clearly delineate the vectorial role (passive or active) of sand flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Akhoundi
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ANSES, EA4688 - USC, Transmission Vectorielle et Epidémiosurveillance de Maladies Parasitaires (VECPAR), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Faculté de Pharmacie, Reims, France
- Mycology and Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rounak Bakhtiari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health and Institute Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thomas Guillard
- UFR Médecine, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHU de Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Reims, France
| | - Ahmad Baghaei
- Mycology and Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Tolouei
- Mycology and Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Denis Sereno
- MIVEGEC, UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-UM1-UM2, Montpellier, France
| | - Dominique Toubas
- Unité MEDyC, FRE 3481 URCA CNRS, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, CHU de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Reims, France
| | - Jérôme Depaquit
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ANSES, EA4688 - USC, Transmission Vectorielle et Epidémiosurveillance de Maladies Parasitaires (VECPAR), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Faculté de Pharmacie, Reims, France
- * E-mail:
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Mukhopadhyay J, Braig HR, Rowton ED, Ghosh K. Naturally occurring culturable aerobic gut flora of adult Phlebotomus papatasi, vector of Leishmania major in the Old World. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35748. [PMID: 22629302 PMCID: PMC3358311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected, vector-borne parasitic disease and is responsible for persistent, often disfiguring lesions and other associated complications. Leishmania, causing zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) in the Old World are mainly transmitted by the predominant sand fly vector, Phlebotomus papatasi. To date, there is no efficient control measure or vaccine available for this widespread insect-borne infectious disease. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A survey was carried out to study the abundance of different natural gut flora in P. papatasi, with the long-term goal of generating a paratransgenic sand fly that can potentially block the development of Leishmania in the sand fly gut, thereby preventing transmission of leishmania in endemic disease foci. Sand flies, in particular, P. papatasi were captured from different habitats of various parts of the world. Gut microbes were cultured and identified using 16S ribosomal DNA analysis and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. We found variation in the species and abundance of gut flora in flies collected from different habitats. However, a few Gram-positive, nonpathogenic bacteria including Bacillus flexus and B. pumilus were common in most of the sites examined. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our results indicate that there is a wide range of variation of aerobic gut flora inhabiting sand fly guts, which possibly reflect the ecological condition of the habitat where the fly breeds. Also, some species of bacteria (B. pumilus, and B. flexus) were found from most of the habitats. Important from an applied perspective of dissemination, our results support a link between oviposition induction and adult gut flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaba Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Henk R. Braig
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Edgar D. Rowton
- Division of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kashinath Ghosh
- Division of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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14
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El-Shazly MM, Soliman MM, Zayed A. Seasonal abundance, number of annual generations, and effect of an entomopathogenic fungus on Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae). Environ Entomol 2012; 41:11-19. [PMID: 22525055 DOI: 10.1603/en11109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The monthly density of the sand fly, Phlebotomus Papatasi Scopoli (Diptera: Psychodidae), was monitored during 2009 at Burg El-Arab, a rural district located close to the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. The number of annual generations and the efficacy of microbial control by the entomopathogenic fungus, Metrahizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok (Ma79), were determined in the laboratory under atmospheric conditions, simulating those of the animal shelters in the study area. We used two collecting techniques; CDC light traps and oiled paper traps, to quantify sand fly density inside houses and in the open field. Adult flies exhibited a seasonal range from April to December. The seasonal pattern was bimodal, with one peak in July and the second one in October. Calculations of the correlation coefficient (r) revealed a significant role of temperature and relative humidity in the monthly abundance of the sand flies in the study area. P. papatasi colony completed seven annual generations under semifield conditions, but the mean developmental time of each immature stage and the mean total duration of development from egg to adult for each generation varied according to the prevailing temperature. The longest generation time was observed in winter (the mean ± SD was 118 ± 11.70 d), and the shortest one occurred at the highest temperatures in summer (the mean ± SD was 25.21 ± 2.04 d). In microbial control studies, the entomopathogenic fungus, M. anisopliae, was used at 15 × 10(8) spores/g food as a standard dose against the second-instar larvae of P. papatasi at the different seasons during 2009. Mortality reached 100% in winter and decreased to 56.0% as the prevailing temperature increased during the summer season.
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15
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Ngumbi PM, Irungu LW, Ndegwa PN, Maniania NK. Pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch) Sorok and Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill to adult Phlebotomus duboscqi (Neveu-Lemaire) in the laboratory. J Vector Borne Dis 2011; 48:37-40. [PMID: 21406735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Biological control of sandflies using entomopathogenic fungi is a possible alternative to the expensive synthetic chemical control. It is potentially sustainable, less hazardous, and relatively inexpensive and merits further investigations. The objective of this study was to identify the most pathogenic fungal isolate(s) to sandflies in the laboratory. METHODS Isolates of entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana were screened for their pathogenicity against Phlebotomus duboscqi. Adult flies were contaminated using the technique described by Migiro et al (2010). Briefly, flies were exposed to 0.1 g of dry conidia evenly spread on a cotton velvet cloth covering the inner side of a cylindrical plastic tube (95 mm long × 48 mm diam). In all 25 sandflies were transferred into the cylindrical tube and allowed to walk on the velvet for one minute, after which they were transferred from the velvet into the cages in Perplex. Insects in the control treatments were exposed to fungusfree velvet cloth before being transferred into similar cages. The treatments were maintained at 25 ± 2°C, 60-70% RH and 12L: 12D photoperiod. The experiment was replicated 5 times. The most pathogenic isolates were selected for further studies. RESULTS A total of 19 isolates were screened against adult sandflies in the laboratory. Mortality in the controls was approximately 16.8 ± 1.7 %. All the isolates were found to be pathogenic to P. duboscqi. Mortality ranged between 76.8 and 100% on all the fungal isolates tested. The lethal time taken to 50% (LT50) and 90% (LT90) mortality ranged from 3.0-7.8 days and from 5.3-16.2 days, respectively. The virulent isolates, causing mortalities of 97.5-100%, were selected for further studies. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION The high susceptibility of sandflies to entomopathogenic fungi suggests that fungi are potential alternatives to chemical control methods. We conclude that application of entomopathogenic fungi could result in acute mortalities of sandflies and reduction of parasite transmission and subsequently, reduction of leishmaniasis risk. This method of biological control has great potential as a new strategy for leishmaniasis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Ngumbi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Depaquit J, Grandadam M, Fouque F, Andry PE, Peyrefitte C. Arthropod-borne viruses transmitted by Phlebotomine sandflies in Europe: a review. Euro Surveill 2010; 15:19507. [PMID: 20403307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phlebotomine sandflies are known to transmit leishmaniases, bacteria and viruses that affect humans and animals in many countries worldwide. These sandfly-borne viruses are mainly the Phlebovirus, the Vesiculovirus and the Orbivirus. Some of these viruses are associated with outbreaks or human cases in the Mediterranean Europe. In this paper, the viruses transmitted by Phlebotomine sandflies in Europe (Toscana virus, Sicilian virus, sandfly fever Naples virus) are reviewed and their medical importance, geographical distribution, epidemiology and potential spreading discussed. Data on vertebrate reservoirs is sparse for sandfly fever viruses. The factor currently known to limit the spread of diseases is mainly the distribution areas of potential vectors. The distribution areas of the disease may not be restricted to the areas where they have been recorded but could be as wide as those of their vectors, that is to say Larroussius and P. papatasi mainly but not exclusively. Consequently, field work in form of viral isolation from sandflies and possible reservoirs as well as laboratory work to establish vectorial competence of colonised sandflies need to be encouraged in a near future, and epidemiological surveillance should be undertaken throughout the European Union.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Depaquit
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, AFSSA, JE 2533-USC VECPAR , Reims, France.
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17
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Hendrickx G, Lancelot R. A perspective on emerging mosquito and phlebotomine-borne diseases in Europe. Euro Surveill 2010; 15:19503. [PMID: 20403312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
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Hillesland H, Read A, Subhadra B, Hurwitz I, McKelvey R, Ghosh K, Das P, Durvasula R. Identification of aerobic gut bacteria from the kala azar vector, Phlebotomus argentipes: a platform for potential paratransgenic manipulation of sand flies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008; 79:881-886. [PMID: 19052297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is an understudied parasitic disease responsible for significant global morbidity and mortality. We are presently investigating a method of disease prevention termed paratransgenesis. In this approach, symbiotic or commensal bacteria are transformed to produce anti-Leishmania molecules. The transformed bacteria are delivered back to sand flies to inactivate the parasite within the vector itself. In this study, we identified 28 distinct gut microorganisms from Phlebotomus argentipes trapped from four visceral leishmaniasis-endemic sites in India. A significant percent of Staphylococcus spp., environmental bacteria, and Enterobacteriaceae were identified. Two non-pathogenic organisms, Bacillus megaterium and Brevibacterium linens, were also isolated. Both organisms are also used extensively in industry. Our results indicate that B. megaterium and B. linens are possible candidates for use in a model of paratransgenesis to prevent transmission of Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Hillesland
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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Muniaraj M, Dinesh DS, Sinha PK, Das P, Bhattacharya SK. Dual culture method to determine the relationship of gut bacteria of sandfly (Phlebotomus argentipes) with promastigotes of Leishmania donovani. J Commun Dis 2008; 40:133-138. [PMID: 19301698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A simple dual culture agar plating technique has been developed and evaluated for its efficiency in determining the relationship of gut bacteria of sandfly with Leishmania donovani promastigotes. There are about twenty morphologically distinct bacterial colonies have been isolated from the gut homogenate of Phlebotomus argentipes. In dual culture method, each bacterial isolate was inoculated in one half of the plate and the promastigotes of Leishmania was inculcated in the other half by streaking. After incubation, the type of association was determined based on the presence or absence of promastigotes colonies. The reliability of this method was compared with broth dilution method in 96 well plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Muniaraj
- Centre for Research in Medical Entomology, Indian Council of Medical Research, No. 4, Sarojini Street, China Chokkikulam, Madurai, 625002, India.
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Azambuja P, Garcia ES, Ratcliffe NA. Gut microbiota and parasite transmission by insect vectors. Trends Parasitol 2005; 21:568-72. [PMID: 16226491 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2005.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Revised: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the gut of some insect vectors, parasites ingested with the bloodmeal decrease in number before coming into contact with host tissues. Many factors could be responsible for this reduction in parasite number but the potentially important role of the large communities of naturally occurring microorganisms that exist alongside the newly ingested parasites in the vector midgut has been largely overlooked. Some previous reports exist of the inhibition of parasite development by vector gut microbiota and of the killing of Trypanosoma cruzi and Plasmodium spp. by prodigiosin produced by bacteria. Based on this evidence, we believe that the microbiota present in the midgut of vector insects could have important roles as determinants of parasite survival and development in insect vector hosts and, therefore, contribute to the modulation of vector competence for many important diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Azambuja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Parvizi P, Benlarbi M, Ready PD. Mitochondrial and Wolbachia markers for the sandfly Phlebotomus papatasi: little population differentiation between peridomestic sites and gerbil burrows in Isfahan province, Iran. Med Vet Entomol 2003; 17:351-362. [PMID: 14651648 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2003.00451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In Iran, Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) (Diptera: Psychodidae) is the main vector of Leishmania major Yakimoff & Schokhor (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), the causative agent of rural zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. This sandfly is abundant both in villages and in the burrows of the main reservoir host, the gerbil Rhombomys opimus (Licht.) (Rodentia: Gerbillidae). Populations of P. papatasi were sampled from the edges of villages in Isfahan province, using CDC miniature light traps in peridomestic sites and sticky papers placed at the entrances to gerbil burrows. Single peridomestic sites in two northern provinces were also sampled. Individual sandflies were characterized by PCR amplification and sequencing of fragments of their mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and of the wsp gene of endosymbiotic Wolbachia pipientis Hertig (alpha-Proteobacteria: Rickettsiaceae). The distributions of the haplotypes of these two maternally inherited genes were analysed to assess the population differentiation of P. papatasi, knowledge of which will be needed for planning control measures. For the first time these markers were used to characterize P. papatasi from gerbil burrows, and they indicated the absence not only of sympatric cryptic species but also of any long-term differentiation of lineages in different habitats. A single lineage of cytochrome b haplotypes was found, and both sexes in all populations had a high infection rate of the same A-group strain of Wolbachia (wPap). The distributions of cytochrome b haplotypes were consistent with females dispersing more than males, which has been reported for P. papatasi in other countries. The widespread distribution of wPap suggests that Wolbachia could be used to spread transgenes between populations of P. papatasi in different habitats.
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Kassem HA, Hassan AN, Abdel-Hamid I, Osman G, El Khalab EM, Madkour MA. Wolbachia infection and the expression of cytoplasmic incompatibility in sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Egypt. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2003; 97:639-44. [PMID: 14511562 DOI: 10.1179/000349803225001391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A PCR-based method was used to screen four laboratory colonies of sandflies for Wolbachia infection. The colonies - one of Phlebotomus langeroni, one of P. bergeroti and two of P. papatasi - were all derived from sandflies collected in Egypt. Only one of the colonies, derived from P. papatasi collected in Sinai, was found infected. The sequence of the PCR product for this colony was identical to that previously reported for the Wolbachia in P. papatasi from Israel. The induction with tetracycline of cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) in flies from the P. papatasi (Sinai) colony was then investigated, through reciprocal crosses between treated and untreated P. papatasi siblings. Partial CI expression was attained in the crosses involving antibiotic-treated (i.e. uninfected) females, whether the males used were infected with Wolbachia or had also been cleared of Wolbachia by antibiotic treatment. Most (75%) of the eggs oviposited by uninfected females that had been crossed with infected males, and most (58%) of those laid by uninfected females that had been crossed with uninfected males, failed to hatch. These results provide the first published evidence showing that Wolbachia infection in sandflies is advantageous to the insects. The failure to detect Wolbachia in one of the colonies derived from Egyptian P. papatasi or in the colonies derived from Egyptian P. bergeroti and P. langeroni may indicate that the inter- and intra-specific spread of Wolbachia is discontinuous, even within one country.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Kassem
- Institute of Environmental Studies and Research, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Postal Code 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
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23
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Benlarbi M, Ready PD. Host-specific Wolbachia strains in widespread populations of Phlebotomus perniciosus and P. papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae), and prospects for driving genes into these vectors of Leishmania. Bull Entomol Res 2003; 93:383-391. [PMID: 14641977 DOI: 10.1079/ber2003251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A single strain of Wolbachia (alpha-proteobacteria, Rickettsiales) was found in widespread geographical populations of each of two Phlebotomus species, within which there was no indication of 'infectious speciation'. The two strains were identified by sequencing a fragment of wsp (a major surface protein gene), amplified by polymerase chain reaction from DNA extracted from the body parts of individual sandflies. Infection rates were high in the males and females of both sandflies, but they were lower for the B-group wPrn strain of Wolbachia in Phlebotomus perniciosus Newstead (60.3% overall) than for the A-group wPap strain in P. papatasi (Scopoli) (81.7%). Infections were frequent in the thorax, where Leishmania develops infective forms, as well as in the abdomen, where Wolbachia must infect the reproductive tissues to ensure its vertical transmission. These findings were related to knowledge of the population biology of Wolbachia in other insects, leading to the conclusion that this endosymbiont could be useful for driving transgenes through wild populations of both sandflies. This will require characterizing the cytoplasmic incompatibility phenotypes of Wolbachia-sandfly combinations, as well as estimating for them the incidence of paternal transmission and the fidelity of maternal transmission. Paternal transmission is one explanation for finding a single Wolbachia strain associated with all mitochondrial haplotypes and lineages of each sandfly species. However, this distribution pattern could also result from multiple horizontal transmissions or the failure of wsp to provide strain markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Benlarbi
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD UK
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24
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Volf P, Kiewegová A, Nemec A. Bacterial colonisation in the gut of Phlebotomus duboseqi (Diptera: Psychodidae): transtadial passage and the role of female diet. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2002; 49:73-7. [PMID: 11993554 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2002.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria isolated from the gut of different developmental stages of Philebotomus duboseqi Neveu-Lcmaire, 1906 belonged almost all to aerobic or facultatively anaerobic gram-negative rods. In females, the highest bacterial counts were observed two days after bloodfeeding; seven days after bloodfeeding the bacterial counts returned to pre-feeding levels. Most isolates were identified phenotypically as Ochrobactrum sp. The distinctiveness and homogeneity of the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Ochrobactrum isolates indicated that they belonged to a single strain (designated AK). This strain was acquired by larvae from food and passaged transtadially: it was isolated from the guts of fourth-instar larvae shortly before pupation, from pupae as well from newly emerged females. Most other bacteria found in females were acquired from the sugar solution fed to adults. To determine if the midgut lectin activity may serve as antibacterial agent females were membrane-fed on blood with addition of inhibitory carbohydrates. No significant differences in bacterial infections were found between experimental and control groups and we suppose that the lectin activity has no effect on gram-negative bacteria present in sandfly gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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25
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Volf P, Svobodová M, Dvoráková E. Bloodmeal digestion and Leishmania major infections in Phlebotomus duboscqi: effect of carbohydrates inhibiting midgut lectin activity. Med Vet Entomol 2001; 15:281-286. [PMID: 11583445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The carbohydrates galactosamine and heparin, previously shown to inhibit phlebotomine lectin activity in vitro, were fed to the sandfly Phlebotomus duboscqi Neveu-Lemaire (Diptera: Psychodidae) with blood, and the effects on mortality, fecundity, protease activity and susceptibility to Leishmania major Yakimoff & Schokhor (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) were studied. Previous study revealed that galactosamine considerably enhanced the establishment of L. major infection in P. duboscqi and significantly increased parasite loads in late infections. This work demonstrates a similar but less pronounced effect of heparin. Heparin increased infection rates and parasite loads 3 and 9 days post-feeding but did not affect the location of Leishmania promastigotes and their anterior migration. Galactosamine supplement caused pronounced changes in bloodmeal digestion. It abolished the activity of alkaline proteases and trypsin, caused premature defecation of bloodmeal, increased mortality of female sandflies in days 1-4 post-feeding and decreased their fecundity. Heparin had a less pronounced effect on sandfly physiology. It lowered trypsin activity 12 and 72 h post-bloodmeal but did not alter defecation, mortality and oviposition. The data suggest that the enhancing effect of these carbohydrates on Leishmania infections in sandfly midgut could be explained by their interference with midgut proteases. The study supports the hypothesis that proteolytic activities of midgut proteases strongly influence the vector competence of sandflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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26
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Dhiman RC, Mittal PK. A note on susceptibility status of Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) populations to insecticides. J Commun Dis 2000; 32:65-6. [PMID: 11129568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R C Dhiman
- Malaria Research Centre (ICMR), 22-Sham Nath Marg, Delhi 110054
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27
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Wahba MM, Labib IM, el Hamshary EM. Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis as a microbial control agent against adult and immature stages of the sandfly, Phlebotomus papatasi under laboratory conditions. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 1999; 29:587-97. [PMID: 10605508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
The laboratory treatment of adult and immature stages of Phlebotomus papatasi by the bacterial insecticide, Bacillus thurnigiensis var. israelensis was carried out. Different concentrations of B.t.i. mixed with fructose and glucose were assayed against the adult sandfly, while the immature stages were treated by offering larval diet contaminated by B.t.i. in different concentrations diluted by distilled water. B.t.i. could induce mortality to half of the larval and pupal population at 0.26 x 10(-5) g/L. The median lethal doses of adults which were fed on contaminated surgery diet with serial dilutions of B.t.i. were 1.3 x 10(-2) g/L with fructose, and 3 x 10(-2) g/L with glucose after 48 and 72 hrs. The longevity period of larvae and pupae fed on contaminated larval diet showed negative correlation with bacterial concentrations except for highly concentrations. The bacterial control of the sandfly, Ph. papatasi could be recommended particularly as adulticide agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Wahba
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Suez Canal University, El-Arish, Egypt
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Dillon
- Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, London, U.K
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29
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Kaul SM, Jain DC. Distribution of Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera:Psychodidae) according to the physiographic divisions of India. J Commun Dis 1995; 27:155-63. [PMID: 9163710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the distribution of 44 known species of Phlebotomine sandflies which include vectors of leishmaniasis in India are arranged according to accepted physiographic divisions of India. Distribution maps in respect of known disease vectors Phlebotomous argentipes, P. papatasi, P. sergenti, P. salehi and potential vectors of leishmaniashis in India, P. hindustanicus and P. major are presented. The study brings out the salient features of sandfly distribution in India and need for more comprehensive work in the inadequately studied areas of the north east hills and the northern mountain ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kaul
- Division of Epidemiology, National Institute of Communicable Diseases, Delhi
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30
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Watts DM, el-Tigani A, Botros BA, Salib AW, Olson JG, McCarthy M, Ksiazek TG. Arthropod-borne viral infections associated with a fever outbreak in the northern province of Sudan. J Trop Med Hyg 1994; 97:228-30. [PMID: 8064945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of acute febrile illness occurred during August and September 1989 in the Northern Province of Sudan coinciding with a high population density of phlebotomine sandflies. An investigation was conducted to determine whether arboviruses were associated with human illness during this outbreak. Sera were obtained from 185 febrile individuals and tested for IgG and IgM antibody to selected arboviruses by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The prevalence of IgG antibody was 59% for West Nile (WN), 53% for Sandfly Fever Sicilian (SFS), 32% for Sandfly Fever Naples (SFN), 39% for Yellow Fever (YF), 24% for dengue-2 (DEN-2), 23% for Rift Valley Fever (RVF), 12% for Chikungunya (CHIK) and 5% for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) viruses. Antibody prevalences tended to increase with age for WN and YF viruses. Antibody rates were about the same for males and females for most of the viruses tested. The prevalence of IgM antibody to SFN was 24% and reciprocal IgM titre exceeded 12,800 for some individuals suggesting that this virus was the cause of recent infection. The prevalence of IgM antibody for the other viruses did not exceed 5%. The study indicated that several arboviruses were endemic and some of them may have caused human disease in the Northern Province of Sudan.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Watts
- US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt
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31
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Maroli M, Ciufolini MG, Verani P. Vertical transmission of Toscana virus in the sandfly, Phlebotomus perniciosus, via the second gonotrophic cycle. Med Vet Entomol 1993; 7:283-286. [PMID: 8369564 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.1993.tb00689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Maroli
- Department of Parasitology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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32
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Tesh RB, Lubroth J, Guzman H. Simulation of arbovirus overwintering: survival of Toscana virus (Bunyaviridae:Phlebovirus) in its natural sand fly vector Phlebotomus perniciosus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1992; 47:574-81. [PMID: 1449197 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1992.47.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of experiments were done to study the effect of simulated summer and winter temperatures on the development of Phlebotomus perniciosus (Diptera:Psychodidae) and on the survival of Toscana virus in transovarially infected insects. Sand flies maintained at 28 degrees C developed relatively fast, with adults emerging from 40 to 55 days after initial oviposition. Similar results were obtained with insects reared at 25 degrees C. In contrast, sand flies maintained at 15 degrees C developed slowly up to the fourth larval instar; at that point, further development ceased and the insects entered diapause. Diapause could be terminated by increasing the ambient temperature to 25 degrees C. The ambient temperatures at which the immature forms were reared (15 degrees C, 25 degrees C, and 28 degrees C) had no effect on the subsequent F1 adult filial infection rates with Toscana virus (49.1%, 47.5%, and 46.5%, respectively). The results of these experiments provide a model of how Toscana virus survives the winter in endemic areas by maintenance in diapausing P. perniciosus larvae. In another experiment, venereal transmission of Toscana virus was shown from transovarially infected males to non-infected virgin females. This is the first demonstration of sexual transmission of a phlebovirus by sand flies. If venereal transmission occurs in nature, it would provide an alternative method of virus amplification in the vector population, in the absence of viremic vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Tesh
- Yale Arbovirus Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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33
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Comer JA, Tesh RB. Phlebotomine sand flies as vectors of vesiculoviruses: a review. Parassitologia 1991; 33 Suppl:143-50. [PMID: 1668680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies appear to be involved in the epizootiology of 10 of the 16 currently recognized vesiculoviruses. Evidence in support of this includes isolation of viruses from wild-caught male and female sand flies; demonstration of oral infection, replication, and bite transmission of viruses by sand flies; the temporal and/or spatial association between infected sand flies and infected vertebrates; and demonstration of transovarial virus transmission. The present review summarizes the known sand fly-vesiculovirus relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Comer
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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34
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Marchais R, Bouchet F, Bouchet P. Laboratory rearing of Phlebotomus perniciosus (Diptera: Psychodidae) and fungal growth problems. Parassitologia 1991; 33 Suppl:393-7. [PMID: 1841234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
One of the difficulties of growing sandflies in the laboratory is fungal contamination. This study of the laboratory rearing of Phlebotomus perniciosus reports on the nature and circumstances of fungal contamination. Fungal growth is favoured during winter and diapause. The harmful effects vary with the fungal species and the larval stages. The solution to the problem lies on the use of aseptic techniques and the avoidance of overfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Marchais
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, UFR Pharmacie, Reims
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35
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Verani P, Nicoletti L, Ciufolini MG, Balducci M. Viruses transmitted by sandflies in Italy. Parassitologia 1991; 33 Suppl:513-8. [PMID: 1841253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Five different phlebotomus-transmitted viruses have been isolated in Italy. Four of them belong to the Bunyaviridae family (genus Phlebovirus). Sandfly fever Sicilian and Sandfly fever Naples viruses were isolated from sick persons during World War II, Toscana and Arbia viruses have been isolated more recently from Phlebotomus perniciosus and P. perfiliewi. Radi virus is the only phlebotomus-transmitted virus isolated in Italy from P. perfiliewi, which belongs to the Rhabdoviridae family (genus Vesiculovirus). The circulation and the natural cycle of these viruses on the basis of seroepidemiological investigations and ecological studies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Verani
- Department of Virology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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36
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Abstract
The susceptibility of different geographical strains of Phlebotomus papatasi to a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV) was determined experimentally by feeding polyhedra to larvae. Of the Indian P. papatasi, 15.6% became infected, whereas Egyptian P. papatasi were mostly refractory. Infection rates were not augmented in colony flies from the Jordan Valley, 23.8% of which were naturally infected with CPV. The infectivity of Serratia marcescens and Beauvaria bassiana to P. papatasi were determined experimentally. A suspension of B. bassiana spores or S. marcescens bacteria, ingested by P. papatasi in sucrose solution, did not significantly augment mortality rates or reduce the number of eggs oviposited. However, B. bassiana spores smeared on a filter paper constituting 1 or 5% of the surface area available to flies induced 100% mortality of P. papatasi on days 5 and 4, respectively. Mortality in Lutzomyia longipalpis reached 100% on day 4. There were markedly lower mortality rates in the control groups and more eggs were produced by these females (P. papatasi: control = 48.5; experimental = 0.9-1.6 eggs/female; L. longipalpis; control = 17.1; experimental = 0 eggs/female). From wild-caught Colombian Lutzomyia spp., a nonfluorescent pseudomonas, an Entomophthorales fungus, and a Trypanosomatid protozoon (probably Leptomonas) were isolated in culture media. Gregarines (Ascogregarina saraviae) and nematodes (Tylenchida and Spirurida) were also recorded. In laboratory-reared flies, an ectoparasitic fungus was associated with high mortality rates of first instar Lutzomyia spp. larvae. Opportunistic ectoparasitic aggregates of bacteria, yeast, and fungi on the tarsi of colonized L. longipalpis and P. papatasi hindered their mobility and were associated with reduced colony vigor. Aspergillus flavus, B. bassiana, and S. marcescens were isolated from laboratory-bred P. papatasi adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Warburg
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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37
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Abstract
Studies were conducted to determine if the sand fly Phlebotomus duboscqi could serve as a vector of Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus. When 145 P. duboscqi were fed on a hamster with RVF viremia (approximately 10(9) PFU/ml of blood), 72 (50%) became infected. Of 5 with disseminated infections (i.e., virus recovered from their legs) 4 transmitted virus to hamsters by bite. Sand flies were uniformly infected when RVF virus was inoculated by the intrathoracic route, and each of 31 sand flies so inoculated that fed on a hamster transmitted virus. None of 331 progeny of inoculated sand flies or 230 progeny of orally exposed sand flies contained virus. Sand flies could serve as vectors of RVF virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Turell
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
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Ciufolini MG, Maroli M, Guandalini E, Marchi A, Verani P. Experimental studies on the maintenance of Toscana and Arbia viruses (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus). Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989; 40:669-75. [PMID: 2545100 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1989.40.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transovarial transmission (TOT) of Toscana (TOS) and Arbia (ARB) viruses in a laboratory colony of Phlebotomus perniciosus is reported. Toscana and ARB viruses were maintained in P. perniciosus females, initially infected by intrathoracic inoculation, for 2 and 3 consecutive generations respectively. TOT was demonstrated in F1 (75%) and F2 (67%) generation adults for TOS and F1 (47%), F2 (37%), and F3 (34%) generation adults for ARB virus. The progressive decline of virus infection rates in each generation suggests that these agents cannot be maintained indefinitely by TOT. No infection was observed in F1 progeny after female parents were fed through membranes with either virus. Transovarially infected females were able to transmit TOS virus by bite to a susceptible vertebrate. Venereal infection of P. perniciosus females mated to males transovarially infected with TOS virus was seen.
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Watts DM, MacDonald C, Bailey CL, Meegan JM, Peters CJ, McKee KT. Experimental infection of Phlebotomus papatasi with sand fly fever Sicilian virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988; 39:611-6. [PMID: 2849886 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1988.39.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies were conducted to evaluate humans as hosts infecting the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi with sand fly fever Sicilian (SFS) virus. Viral antigen and infectious virus circulated in the blood of infected volunteers on days 4 and 5 after intravenous inoculation with SFS virus. Viremia levels during the latter period were high enough to infect feeding sand flies, but only 13% (9/69) of the flies became infected. One out of every 3 infected sand flies that survived to feed a second time transmitted SFS to a hamster. These results confirm a vertebrate-sand fly-vertebrate transmission cycle for SFS virus, and demonstrate that horizontal transmission may contribute to the maintenance of this virus in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Watts
- Disease Assessment Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21701
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40
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Balducci M. [Virus transmission to man from Phlebotomus flies: role of the Tuscany virus (Bunyaviridae, Phlebovirus) in the etiology of infections of the central nervous system]. Parassitologia 1988; 30:179-85. [PMID: 3152279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
During field studies on the ecology of arboviruses in Italy, strains of a new virus were isolated from sand flies, mostly females, of a pure colony of Phlebotomus perniciosus collected in a central Italian region (Tuscany). The prototype was named Toscana (TOS) virus, assigned to the Phlebotomus fever serogroup of arboviruses (family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus) and registered in 1980 in the International Catalogue of Arboviruses. Neutralizing antibodies to TOS virus were detected in human sera. Serologic surveys were carried out to estimate the natural distribution of TOS virus in Italy and it was shown that antibodies to this virus could be detected in humans mainly of the Tuscany region. In particular, a high infection rate (24.8%) was observed among residents of the province of Florence. Furthermore, several patients with a diagnosis of aseptic meningitis presented a serologic response which reflected a recent infection with TOS virus in the Tuscany and Marche regions. Consequently, between 1980 and 1986 studies were conducted at selected sites of the Tuscany region to determine the possible occurrence of vectors and presence of foci of TOS virus and to assess its public health importance. As a result of these investigations, several virus strains were isolated from pools of wild caught Ph. perniciosus and Ph. perfiliewi. Of the virus isolates obtained, 37 were identified as TOS virus and 47 as a new serotype, member of the Phlebotomus fever group. For this virus we suggested the name of Arbia (ARB) virus, Arbia being the river flowing across both Florence and Siena provinces from which the isolates originated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M Balducci
- Unità Epidemiologica di Ricerca sui Virus Neurotropi della Regione Toscana
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41
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Verani P, Ciufolini MG, Caciolli S, Renzi A, Nicoletti L, Sabatinelli G, Bartolozzi D, Volpi G, Amaducci L, Coluzzi M. Ecology of viruses isolated from sand flies in Italy and characterized of a new Phlebovirus (Arabia virus). Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988; 38:433-9. [PMID: 3128131 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1988.38.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 84 virus strains was obtained from 16,374 male and female sand flies (Phlebotomus perniciosus and P. perfiliewi) collected in two localities of Tuscany region in Italy between 1980 and 1985. Thirty-seven (44%) were identified as Toscana virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus) and 47 (56%) as a new member of the Phlebotomus fever serogroup, Arbia virus. The characteristics of this new serotype are described. The overall virus isolation rate from sand flies was 0.5 per 100 insects processed. Virus isolation rates for both viruses were similar in different years and in the two localities, suggesting that the two virus types were active in the sand fly population simultaneously. Each year, the largest number of isolates were obtained during July, corresponding to the period of maximal sand fly population density. Both viruses were repeatedly isolated from male sand flies, suggesting transovarial transmission in nature. Serologic data showed no evidence of infection among domestic and wild animals. However, a strain of Toscana virus was isolated from the brain of a bat (Pipistrellus kuhli), indicating a possible involvement of this species in the ecology of the virus. Serologic tests did not provide definitive evidence for human infection by Arbia virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Verani
- Laboratory of Virology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Warburg A, Ostrovska K. Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses in Phlebotomus papatasi inhibit development of Leishmania major. J Parasitol 1987; 73:578-83. [PMID: 3298600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses (CPV's) were observed in wild-caught and laboratory-reared Phlebotomus papatasi. Chronic CPV pathology of the midgut, characterized by structural aberrations in the epithelium and the peritrophic membrane, interfered with blood digestion and rendered the sand flies refractory to Leishmania major infections. Rates of natural and artificial L. major infections were inversely correlated to the incidence of CPV infections. The interaction between viruses and protozoan parasites in an insect host is of basic biological interest and in this case may be of significance in the epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Abstract
Toscana virus was maintained in a laboratory colony of Phlebotomus perniciosus by vertical (transovarial) transmission for 13 consecutive generations over a 23-month period. No significant biological changes were noted in the virus after prolonged vertical passage in the sand flies, and transovarially infected females were able to transmit the agent by bite to susceptible animals. Chronic infection of Ph. perniciosus with Toscana virus had no apparent effect on the insects' rate of eclosion. In the absence of selection and with random matings, the virus infection rates in each subsequent generation of the colony decreased, suggesting that Toscana virus cannot be maintained in Ph. perniciosus by transovarial transmission alone. Alternative mechanisms for virus maintenance are discussed.
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Schlein Y, Polacheck I, Yuval B. Mycoses, bacterial infections and antibacterial activity in sandflies (Psychodidae) and their possible role in the transmission of leishmaniasis. Parasitology 1985; 90 ( Pt 1):57-66. [PMID: 3982854 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000049015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
High incidence of mycoses were found in the guts and malpighian tubes of Phlebotomus papatasi from the Jordan Valley and P. tobbi from Zakinthos, Greece. Infections with several different bacteria were also found in the guts of female P. tobbi. Fungi cultured from guts of laboratory reared P. papatasi that had similar mycoses were identified as Aspergillus sclerotiorum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Fungi-infected laboratory reared P. papatasi were refractory to artificial infections with a Leishmania major strain specific to them. The crop contents of P. papatasi, where sugar meals are stored, demonstrated antibacterial activity against the following bacterial species in culture: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella sonnei, Streptococcus group A and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is postulated that the bacteria-free gut normal to sandflies is effected by the bacterial inhibitor present in the crop.
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Ciufolini MG, Maroli M, Verani P. Growth of two phleboviruses after experimental infection of their suspected sand fly vector, Phlebotomus perniciosus (Diptera: Psychodidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg 1985; 34:174-9. [PMID: 3918472 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1985.34.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phlebotomus perniciosus were infected by intrathoracic inoculation and membrane feeding techniques with two phleboviruses (Toscana and Arbia) isolated in Italy from this sand fly species. Low levels of multiplication of both viruses were detected after intrathoracic inoculation of the sand flies. Only some insects were found infected after oral ingestion of the two viruses. The percentage of flies infected orally was related to the amount of virus ingested. Toscana virus was transovarially transmitted to two larvae of the F1 progeny of orally infected sand flies. No signs of infection were observed after oral infection when unnatural virus-vector combinations were tested, e.g., Toscana virus-P. papatasi or Naples sand fly fever virus-P. perniciosus. The virus concentrations recorded in P. perniciosus experimentally infected with both Toscana and Arbia viruses were similar to those found in naturally-infected sand flies.
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Tesh RB, Modi GB. Studies on the biology of phleboviruses in sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae). I. Experimental infection of the vector. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1984; 33:1007-16. [PMID: 6091466 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1984.33.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper describes a series of experiments which were done to determine the behavior of 14 different phleboviruses in laboratory-reared sand flies (Phlebotomus papatasi, P. perniciosus and Lutzomyia longipalpis) after oral and parenteral infection. Most of the viruses replicated in the sand flies after intrathoracic inoculation; however, the insects were quite refractory to oral infection. Six of 11 phleboviruses tested were transovarially transmitted in one or more sand fly species. The percentage of infected F1 offspring produced by parenterally infected female parents ranged from 1.5-60%, depending on the virus type used. These data support the hypothesis that some of the phleboviruses are maintained in sand flies by transovarial transmission.
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Standfast HA, Dyce AL, St George TD, Muller MJ, Doherty RL, Carley JG, Filippich C. Isolation of arboviruses from insects collected at Beatrice Hill, Northern Territory of Australia, 1974-1976. Aust J Biol Sci 1984; 37:351-66. [PMID: 6152599 DOI: 10.1071/bi9840351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Between October 1974 and May 1976, 57 596 mosquitoes, 169 957 Culicoides, 5923 Lasiohelea and 1043 phlebotomines were collected for virus isolation at Beatrice Hill (lat. 12 degrees 39'S.,long. 131 degrees 20'E.) in the Northern Territory of Australia. A total of 94 viruses belonging to 22 different serological groupings was isolated. The following species of insect yielded viruses which were identified and those viruses marked with an asterisk represent a new record of insect host: Culex annulirostris: Ross River, Kokobera, Barmah Forest, Corriparta, Eubenangee*, Wongorr; Anopheles amictus: Mapputta*; An bancroftii: bovine ephemeral fever*; An farauti: Eubenangee*; An annulipes: Mapputta; Culicoides marksi: Barmah Forest*, Belmont, Eubenangee*, Wallal, Warrego, Leanyer*, Parker's Farm*, Humpty Doo*; C. peregrinus: Beatrice Hill*; C. oxystoma: Bunyip Creek*, Marrakai*; C. pallidothorax: Wongorr*; C. histrio: Thimiri*; Lasiohelea spp.: Humpty Doo*. Pools of mixed species of Culicoides yielded bluetongue, Belmont, CSIRO Village, Warrego and Facey's Paddock viruses. Filter-passing agents not yet identified, were isolated from Cx annulirostris and An bancroftii. As well as providing new locality records for all but one of the 22 viruses isolated, the study yielded five new viruses (bluetongue serotype 20, CSIRO Village, Marrakai, Beatrice Hill and Humpty Doo viruses) and a new record for Thimiri virus which had not been recorded previously in Australia nor had it been isolated from an arthropod. Nine of the viruses isolated occur in more than one family of Diptera.
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Verani P, Nicoletti L, Ciufolini MG. Antigenic and biological characterization of Toscana virus, a new Phlebotomus fever group virus isolated in Italy. Acta Virol 1984; 28:39-47. [PMID: 6143496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Toscana (TOS) virus, a new member of the Phlebotomus fever serogroup of arboviruses, was isolated from sandflies collected in Italy. It was shown to be closely related to Sandfly fever Naples (SFN) virus. The antigenic relationships between the two viruses were analysed in the complement fixation (CF), plaque reduction neutralization (PRN) and indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) tests. TOS virus multiplied to high titres with a cytopathic effect (CPE) in several vertebrate cell cultures (e.g. Vero, BHK-21, etc.), whereas it failed to replicate in mosquito cell cultures. Plaque formation by TOS virus in Vero cells was not affected by incorporating dimethyl sulphoxide in the overlay, which is known to enhance plaque formation by SFN virus. Some biological characteristics in cell cultures and in mice of a mouse-adapted and a cell-adapted TOS virus strain were studied. After 4-6 passages in the two different systems, changes in plaque size, in the amount of autointerfering activity and of virulence for mice were observed.
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Tesh RB, Modi GB. Growth and transovarial transmission of Chandipura virus (Rhabdoviridae: Vesiculovirus) in phlebotomus papatasi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1983; 32:621-3. [PMID: 6683084 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1983.32.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chandipura virus multipled in sand flies (Phlebotomus papatasi) following intrathoracic inoculation. Within 24 hours, mean virus titers in infected flies increased approximately 4 logs. Experimentally infected P. papatasi transmitted the virus by bite to newborn mice and by transovarial transmission to their progeny. Eight percent of the F1 offspring of experimentally infected female parents were infected with Chandipura virus.
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