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Schwarz C, Wimmer E, Holz F, Grehn C, Staab D, Eschenhagen PN. Antibiotic Therapy for Pulmonary Exacerbations in Cystic Fibrosis-A Single-Centre Prospective Observational Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040734. [PMID: 37107096 PMCID: PMC10135273 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
People with cystic fibrosis experience bronchopulmonary exacerbations, leading to lung damage, lung function decline, increased mortality, and a poor health-related quality of life. To date, there are still open questions regarding the rationale for antibiotic use and the optimal duration of antibiotic therapy. This prospective single-center study (DRKS00012924) analyzes exacerbation treatment over 28 days in 96 pediatric and adult people with cystic fibrosis who started oral and/or intravenous antibiotic therapy in an inpatient or outpatient setting after clinician diagnosis of bronchopulmonary exacerbation. Biomarkers of exacerbation were examined in terms of their ability to predict response to treatment and the need for antibiotic therapy. The mean duration of antibiotic therapy was 14 days. Inpatient treatment was associated with a poorer health status, but no significant difference was found in the modified Fuchs exacerbation score between inpatients and outpatients. A significant increase of in-hospital FEV1, home spirometry FEV1, and body-mass index and a significant decrease of the modified Fuchs symptom score, C-reactive protein, and 8 out of the 12 domain scores of the revised cystic fibrosis questionnaire were demonstrated after 28 days. However, a trend towards a FEV1 decline in the inpatient group on day 28 could be demonstrated, while FEV1 was maintained in the outpatient group. Correlation analyses of changes between baseline and day 28 show a strong positive correlation between home spirometry and in-hospital FEV1, strong negative correlations between FEV1 and the modified Fuchs exacerbation score and between FEV1 and C-reactive protein, and a moderately negative correlation between FEV1 and the three domains of the revised cystic fibrosis questionnaire. Responders and non-responders to antibiotic therapy were defined in terms of FEV1 improvement after therapy. A higher baseline C-reactive protein, a greater decrease in C-reactive protein, a higher baseline modified Fuchs exacerbation score, and a greater decrease in the score after 28 days could be found in the responder group, while other baseline and follow-up parameters like FEV1 showed no significant differences. Our data show that the modified Fuchs exacerbation score is applicable in a clinical setting and can detect acute exacerbations regardless of health status. Home spirometry is a useful tool for outpatient exacerbation management. A change in C-reactive protein and a modified Fuchs score change are suitable follow-up markers of exacerbation due to their strong correlation with FEV1. Further studies are needed to assess which patients would benefit from a longer duration of antibiotic therapy. C-reactive protein at exacerbation onset and C-reactive protein decline during and after therapy better predict antibiotic therapy success than FEV1 at therapy onset, while the modified Fuchs score indicates exacerbation regardless of the need for antibiotic therapy, suggesting that antibiotic therapy is only part of exacerbation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schwarz
- Cystic Fibrosis Center, Clinic Westbrandenburg, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Education and Research, HMU Health and Medical University Potsdam, 14471 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Eliana Wimmer
- Paediatric Practice at Traveplatz, Dr. Kilger, Dr. Kabelitz, Dr. Shetty, 10247 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederik Holz
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Grehn
- BIH Berlin Institute of Health, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Doris Staab
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patience Ndidi Eschenhagen
- Cystic Fibrosis Center, Clinic Westbrandenburg, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Education and Research, HMU Health and Medical University Potsdam, 14471 Potsdam, Germany
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Lackner M, Rössler A, Volland A, Stadtmüller MN, Müllauer B, Banki Z, Ströhle J, Luttick A, Fenner J, Sarg B, Kremser L, Tone P, Stoiber H, von Laer D, Wolff T, Schwarz C, Nagl M. N-chlorotaurine is highly active against respiratory viruses including SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in vitro. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1293-1307. [PMID: 35418279 PMCID: PMC9132425 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2065932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
N-chlorotaurine (NCT) a long-lived oxidant generated by leukocytes, can be synthesized chemically and applied topically as an anti-infective to different body sites, including the lung via inhalation. Here, we demonstrate the activity of NCT against viruses causing acute respiratory tract infections, namely severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza viruses, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Virucidal activity of NCT was tested in plaque assays, confirmed by RT-qPCR assays. Attack on virus proteins was investigated by mass spectrometry. NCT revealed broad virucidal activity against all viruses tested at 37°C and pH 7. A significant reduction in infectious particles of SARS-CoV-2 isolates from early 2020 by 1 log10 was detected after 15 min of incubation in 1% NCT. Proteinaceous material simulating body fluids enhanced this activity by transchlorination mechanisms (1 −2 log10 reduction within 1–10 min). Tested SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 (Alpha) und B.1.351 (Beta) showed a similar susceptibility. Influenza virus infectious particles were reduced by 3 log10 (H3N2) to 5 log10 (H1N1pdm), RSV by 4 log10 within a few min. Mass spectrometry of NCT-treated SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and 3C-like protease, influenza virus haemagglutinin and neuraminidase, and RSV fusion glycoprotein disclosed multiple sites of chlorination and oxidation as the molecular mechanism of action. Application of 1.0% NCT as a prophylactic and therapeutic strategy against acute viral respiratory tract infections deserves comprehensive clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Lackner
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Annika Rössler
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - André Volland
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Brigitte Müllauer
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zoltan Banki
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Ströhle
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Bettina Sarg
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Leopold Kremser
- Innovative Biomedical Concepts, Inc., Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Paul Tone
- Innovative Biomedical Concepts, Inc., Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Heribert Stoiber
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dorothee von Laer
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Unit 17-Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Schwarz
- CF Center Westbrandenburg, Division Cystic Fibrosis, Pediatric Clinic Westbrandenburg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Markus Nagl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Asghar AA, Akhlaq M, Jalil A, Azad AK, Asghar J, Adeel M, Albadrani GM, Al-Doaiss AA, Kamel M, Altyar AE, Abdel-Daim MM. Formulation of ciprofloxacin-loaded oral self-emulsifying drug delivery system to improve the pharmacokinetics and antibacterial activity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:967106. [PMID: 36267282 PMCID: PMC9577179 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.967106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to increase the aqueous solubility of ciprofloxacin (CPN) to improve oral bioavailability. This was carried out by formulating a stable formulation of the Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SEDDS) using various ratios of lipid/oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant. A pseudo-ternary phase diagram was designed to find an area of emulsification. Eight formulations (F1-CPN–F8-CPN) containing oleic acid oil, silicone oil, olive oil, castor oil, sunflower oil, myglol oil, polysorbate-80, polysorbate-20, PEO-200, PEO-400, PEO-600, and PG were formulated. The resultant SEDDS were subjected to thermodynamic study, size, and surface charge studies to improve preparation. Improved composition of SEDDS F5-CPN containing 40% oil, 60% polysorbate-80, and propylene glycol (Smix ratio 6: 1) were thermodynamically stable emulsions having droplet size 202.6 nm, charge surface -13.9 mV, and 0.226 polydispersity index (PDI). Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) studies revealed that the optimized formulation and drug showed no interactions. Scanning electron microscope tests showed the droplets have an even surface and spherical shape. It was observed that within 5 h, the concentration of released CPN from optimized formulations F5-CPN was 93%. F5-CPN also showed a higher antibacterial action against S. aurous than free CPN. It shows that F5-CPN is a better formulation with a good release and high antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Akhlaq
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Aamir Jalil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakaria University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Abul Kalam Azad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Abul Kalam Azad, ; Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim,
| | - Junaid Asghar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adeel
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Ghadeer M. Albadrani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amin A. Al-Doaiss
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Kamel
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E. Altyar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Abul Kalam Azad, ; Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim,
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Comparative Fungicidal Activities of N-Chlorotaurine and Conventional Antiseptics against Candida spp. Isolated from Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070682. [PMID: 35887439 PMCID: PMC9322802 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
N-chlorotaurine (NCT), the N-chloro derivative of the amino acid taurine, is a long-lived oxidant produced by stimulated human leucocytes. NCT has antimicrobial activities which are generally enhanced in the presence of organic material. The aim of this study was to investigate fungicidal effects of NCT and conventional antiseptics against Candida isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Chlorhexidine (CHX, 1.6%), octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT, 0.08%), povidone iodine (PVP-I, 8%), boric acid (8%), and NCT (0.1% (5.5 mM)) were evaluated against forty-four Candida isolates, according to European Standard methods, at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min and 24 h in the presence of skim milk as an organic material. CHX, OCT, and PVP-I showed rapid fungicidal activity against all Candida isolates with 5–6 log10 reduction of viable counts after 30 min, whereas boric acid and NCT needed 1 h against Candida albicans and 2 h against non-albicans Candida for a significant 3 log10 reduction. NCT showed fungicidal activity (defined as ≥4 log10 reduction) against C. albicans within 90 min and C. non–albicans within 24 h. Based upon all presently available data, including our results, NCT could be used as a new agent for treatment of local fungal infections such as VVC.
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Speth C, Rambach G, Windisch A, Neurauter M, Maier H, Nagl M. Efficacy of Inhaled N-Chlorotaurine in a Mouse Model of Lichtheimia corymbifera and Aspergillus fumigatus Pneumonia. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050535. [PMID: 35628790 PMCID: PMC9143854 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
N-chlorotaurine (NCT) can be used topically as a well-tolerated anti-infective at different body sites. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of inhaled NCT in a mouse model of fungal pneumonia. Specific pathogen-free female C57BL/6JRj seven-week-old mice were immune-suppressed with cyclophosphamide. After 4 days, the mice were inoculated intranasally with 1.5 × 10E7 spores of Lichtheimia corymbifera or 1.0 × 10E7 spores of Aspergillus fumigatus. They were randomized and treated three times daily for 10 min with aerosolized 1% NCT or 0.9% sodium chloride starting 1 h after the inoculation. The mice were observed for survival for two weeks, and fungal load, blood inflammation parameters, bronchoalveolar lavage, and histology of organs were evaluated upon their death or at the end of this period. Inhalations were well-tolerated. After challenge with L. corymbifera, seven out of the nine mice (77.8%) survived for 15 days in the test group, which was in strong contrast to one out of the nine mice (11.1%) in the control group (p = 0.0049). The count of colony-forming units in the homogenized lung tissues came to 1.60 (1.30; 1.99; median, quartiles) log10 in the test group and to 4.26 (2.17; 4.53) log10 in the control group (p = 0.0032). Body weight and temperature, white blood count, and haptoglobin significantly improved with NCT treatment. With A. fumigatus, all the mice except for one in the test group died within 4 days without a significant difference from the control group. Inhaled NCT applied early demonstrated a highly significant curative effect in L. corymbifera pneumonia, while this could not be shown in A. fumigatus pneumonia, probably due to a too high inoculum. Nevertheless, this study for the first time disclosed efficacy of NCT in pneumonia in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Speth
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (C.S.); (G.R.); (A.W.); (M.N.)
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Invasive Fungal Infections, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstraße 41, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Rambach
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (C.S.); (G.R.); (A.W.); (M.N.)
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Invasive Fungal Infections, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstraße 41, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Windisch
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (C.S.); (G.R.); (A.W.); (M.N.)
| | - Magdalena Neurauter
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (C.S.); (G.R.); (A.W.); (M.N.)
| | - Hans Maier
- INNPATH GmbH-Institute of Pathology, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Markus Nagl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (C.S.); (G.R.); (A.W.); (M.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-(0)512-9003-70708; Fax: +43-(0)512-9003-73700
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Grimus V, Coraça-Huber DC, Steixner SJM, Nagl M. Activity of N-Chlorotaurine against Long-Term Biofilms of Bacteria and Yeasts. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:891. [PMID: 34438941 PMCID: PMC8388722 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: N-chlorotaurine (NCT), an antiseptic that originates from the human defense system, has broad-spectrum microbicidal activity and is well tolerated by human tissue and applicable to sensitive body regions. Bacteria in short-term biofilms, too, have been shown to be killed by NCT. It was the aim of the present study to demonstrate the activity of NCT against bacteria and yeasts in longer-lasting biofilms, including their co-culture. Materials and methods: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella variicola biofilms were grown for 14 weeks in MBECTM inoculator with 96 well base. Some pegs were pinched off weekly and incubated in 1% NCT in PBS (PBS only for controls) at pH 7.1 and 37 °C, for 30 and 60 min. Subsequently, bacteria were resuspended by ultrasonication and subjected to quantitative cultures. Similar tests were conducted with C. albicans biofilms grown on metal (A2-steel) discs for 4 weeks. Mixed co-cultures of C. albicans plus each of the three bacterial strains on metal discs were grown for 5-7 weeks and weekly evaluated, as mentioned above. Results: Single biofilms of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and K. variicola grew to approximately 1 × 106 colony forming units (CFU)/mL and C. albicans to 1 × 105 CFU/mL. In combined biofilms, the CFU count was about 1 log10 lower. Viable counts of biofilms of single bacteria were reduced by 2.8 to 5.6 log10 in 1% NCT after 60 min (0.9 to 4.7 log10 after 30 min) with Gram-negative bacteria being more susceptible than S. aureus. Significant reduction of C. albicans by 2.0 to 2.9 log10 occurred after 4 h incubation. In combined biofilms, viable counts of C. albicans were reduced by 1.1 to 2.4 log10 after 4 h, while they reached the detection limit after 1 to 2 h with bacteria (2.0 to > 3.5 log10 reduction). Remarkably, older biofilms demonstrated no increase in resistance but constant susceptibility to NCT. This was valid for all tested pathogens. In electron microscopy, morphological differences between NCT-treated and non-treated biofilms could be found. Conclusions: NCT is active against long-term biofilms of up to several months irrespective of their age. Combined biofilm cultures of yeasts and bacteria show a similar susceptibility pattern to NCT as single ones. These results contribute to the explanation of the clinical efficacy of NCT, for instance, in infected chronic wounds and purulently coated crural ulcerations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Markus Nagl
- Research Laboratory for Biofilms and Implant Associated Infections (BIOFILM LAB), Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, University Hospital for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.G.); (D.C.C.-H.); (S.J.M.S.)
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Murina MA, Roshchupkin DI, Sergienko VI. The Antiplatelet Effect and Chemical Activity of N6-Chloroadenosine Phosphate. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350921040151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Anich C, Orth-Höller D, Lackner M, Nagl M. N-chlorotaurine, a potent weapon against multiresistant bacteria. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1742-1748. [PMID: 33638897 PMCID: PMC8518795 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aims N‐chlorotaurine (NCT) is a body‐own mild oxidizing antiseptic that can be applied topically as a well‐tolerated anti‐infective at many body sites. The objective of this study was to demonstrate its activity against representative nosocomial multidrug‐resistant bacteria. Methods and Results The bactericidal activity of NCT was tested in quantitative killing assays against a panel of multiresistant Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative clinical isolates. N‐chlorotaurine (1%, 55 mmol l−1) reduced the number of CFU of strains of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, linezolid‐resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, vancomycin‐resistant, and linezolid‐ and vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus faecium, 3MRGN and 4MRGN Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae by at least 2 log10 steps after 15 min and completely or nearly to the detection limit after 30 min at pH 7·1 and 37°C. Conclusion The activity of NCT against these clinical isolates is similar to that against non‐resistant ATCC strains and therefore not influenced by antibiotic resistance. This can be explained by the oxidizing and chlorinating mechanism of action of NCT, which leads to an attack of multiple targets in the microorganisms. Significance and Impact of the Study The bactericidal spectrum of NCT is not restricted by resistance against antibiotics. Therefore, it can be used against resistant strains, too.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Anich
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - D Orth-Höller
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Lackner
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Nagl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Mello TP, Lackner M, Branquinha MH, Santos ALS. Impact of biofilm formation and azoles' susceptibility in Scedosporium/Lomentospora species using an in vitro model that mimics the cystic fibrosis patients' airway environment. J Cyst Fibros 2020; 20:303-309. [PMID: 33334714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scedosporium species are the second most isolated filamentous fungi from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients; however, little is known about their virulence aspects in a CF environment. In this context, the current study aimed to evaluate the (i) antifungal susceptibility profiles, (ii) ability to form biofilm and (iii) impact of biofilm formation on the susceptibility to azoles in 21 clinical isolates of Scedosporium recovered from CF patients. METHODS Scedosporium apiospermum (n=6), S. aurantiacum (n=6), S. minutisporum (n=3) and Lomentospora prolificans (n=6) were firstly used to compare the antifungal susceptibility profile using a standard culture broth (RPMI-1640) and a mucin (M)-containing synthetic CF sputum medium (SCFM). The ability to form biofilms was investigated in polystyrene microtiter plates containing Sabouraud-dextrose (a classical medium), SCFM and SCFM+M. Mature biofilms were tested for their susceptibility to azoles by microdilution assay. RESULTS Our results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for planktonic conidia ranged from 0.25 to >16.0 mg/L for voriconazole and 1.0 to >16.0 mg/L for posaconazole. Overall, the MICs for azoles increased from 2- to 8-folds when the susceptibility tests were performed using SCFM+M compared to RPMI-1640. All fungi formed robust biofilms on polystyrene surface at 72 h, with a significant increase in the MICs (ranging from 128- to 1024-times) against both azoles compared to the planktonic cells. CONCLUSION These findings confirm the challenge of antifungal treatment of CF patients infected with Scedosporium/Lomentospora and also demonstrated a strong biofilm formation, with extensive increase in antifungal resistance, triggered underconditions mimicking the CF patient airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís P Mello
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michaela Lackner
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Schöpfstrasse 41, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marta H Branquinha
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André L S Santos
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica (PPGBq), Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Baecker D, Sesli Ö, Knabl L, Huber S, Orth-Höller D, Gust R. Investigating the antibacterial activity of salen/salophene metal complexes: Induction of ferroptosis as part of the mode of action. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 209:112907. [PMID: 33069056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The continuous increase of resistant bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus and its methicillin-resistant phenotype (MRSA) is currently one of the major challenges in medicine. Therefore, the discovery of novel lead structures for the design of drugs to fight against infections caused by these bacteria is urgently needed. In this structure-activity relationship study, metal-based drugs were investigated for the treatment of resistant pathogens. The selected Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Mn(III), and Fe(II/III) complexes differ in their salen- and salophene-type Schiff base ligands. The in vitro activity was evaluated using gram-positive (S. aureus and MRSA) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Especially the iron(III) complexes displayed promising antimicrobial effects against gram-positive bacteria, with MIC90 values ranging from 0.781 to 50 μg/mL. Among them, chlorido[(N,N'-bis(salicylidene)-1,2-phenylenediamine]iron(III) (6) showed the best MIC90 value (0.781 μg/mL = 1.93 μmol/L) against S. aureus and MRSA. Complex 6 was comparably potent as ciprofloxacin against S. aureus (0.391 μg/mL = 1.18 μmol/L) and only marginally less active than tetracycline against MRSA (0.391 μg/mL = 0.88 μmol/L). As part of the mode of action, ferroptosis was identified. Applying compound 6 (10 μg/mL), both gram-positive strains grown in PBS were killed within 20 min. This efficacy basically documents that salophene iron(III) complexes represent possible lead structures for the further development of antibacterial metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Baecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, CMBI - Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, CCB - Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Özcan Sesli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, CMBI - Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, CCB - Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstraße 41, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ludwig Knabl
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Straße 4b, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Silke Huber
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstraße 41, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dorothea Orth-Höller
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstraße 41, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, CMBI - Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, CCB - Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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11
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Leiter H, Toepfer S, Messner P, Rabensteiner M, Gostner JM, Lackner M, Hermann M, Nagl M. Microbicidal activity of N-chlorotaurine can be enhanced in the presence of lung epithelial cells. J Cyst Fibros 2020; 19:1011-1017. [PMID: 32201161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-chlorotaurine (NCT) is an endogenous active chlorine compound that can be used as an antiseptic and anti-infective in different body regions. Recently, tolerability of inhaled NCT has been demonstrated in humans so that it is of interest for future treatment of cystic fibrosis. In the present study, we tested the bactericidal and fungicidal activity of NCT in different lung cell culture models. METHODS Bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungi (Candida albicans, Exophiala dermatitidis) were co-incubated with lung epithelial cell cultures, and after 4 h NCT was added. After different incubation times, aliquots were removed and quantitative cultures were performed. RESULTS NCT at the therapeutically applied concentration of 1% (55 mM) completely killed the test pathogens within 15 - 30 min at 20 °C and at 37 °C. Killing by 0.3% NCT lasted up to 4 h dependent on the pathogen at 20 °C and up to 1 h at 37 °C. 0.1% NCT was the threshold concentration for killing since this amount of oxidation capacity was consumed by reactions with the organic compounds of the medium within 3 h (20 °C) and 0.5 h (37 °C). CONCLUSIONS NCT in therapeutic concentration demonstrated its microbicidal activity in the presence of lung epithelial cells. Remarkably, particularly the fungicidal activity was higher under these conditions than in phosphate buffer. This can be explained by formation of the stronger microbicidal monochloramine in equilibrium by transchlorination. The results suggest the suitability of NCT as inhalation medication in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Leiter
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstr. 41, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephanie Toepfer
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstr. 41, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Petra Messner
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstr. 41, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marion Rabensteiner
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstr. 41, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johanna M Gostner
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michaela Lackner
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstr. 41, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Hermann
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Nagl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstr. 41, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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12
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Nematollahi S, Shoham S. Updates on the Treatment of Non-Aspergillus Hyaline Mold Infections. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-019-00364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Kirchhoff L, Olsowski M, Rath PM, Steinmann J. Exophiala dermatitidis: Key issues of an opportunistic fungal pathogen. Virulence 2019; 10:984-998. [PMID: 30887863 PMCID: PMC8647849 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1596504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis is an opportunistic pathogen, causing phaeohyphomycosis in immunosuppressed patients, chromoblastomycosis and fatal infections of the central nervous system in otherwise healthy Asian patients. In addition, it is also regularly isolated from respiratory samples from cystic fibrosis patients, with rates varying between 1% and 19%.Melanin, as part of the cell wall of black yeasts, is one major factor known contributing to the pathogenicity of E. dermatitidis and increased resistance against host defense and anti-infective therapeutics. Further virulence factors, e.g. the capability to adhere to surfaces and to form biofilm were reported. A better understanding of the pathogenicity of E. dermatitidis is essential for the development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies. In this review, the current knowledge of E. dermatitidis prevalence, clinical importance, diagnosis, microbiological characteristics, virulence attributes, susceptibility, and resistances as well as therapeutically strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kirchhoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center of Excellence in Clinical and Laboratory Mycology and Clinical Studies, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Maike Olsowski
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center of Excellence in Clinical and Laboratory Mycology and Clinical Studies, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter-Michael Rath
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center of Excellence in Clinical and Laboratory Mycology and Clinical Studies, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Joerg Steinmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center of Excellence in Clinical and Laboratory Mycology and Clinical Studies, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Hygiene, Medical Microbiology and Infectiology, Klinikum Nürnberg, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
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14
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Kyriakopoulos AM, Grapsa E, Marcinkiewicz J, Nagl M. Swift Cure of a Chronic Wound Infected With Multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus in an Elderly Patient With Stage 5 Renal Disease. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2019; 18:192-196. [PMID: 30929522 DOI: 10.1177/1534734619834746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a case of a 91-year-old female with stage 5 renal disease, diabetes type 2, and considerable weakness, suffering from a 2-month-old wound infected by a multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus. The wound measured 7 cm in length, 5 cm in width, and 1.5 cm in depth, having purulent white edges and exudates exceeding the size of the wound. The systemic antibiotic use was opposing to improve the patient's clinical condition due to underlying nephrotoxicity that may have deteriorated renal failure and resistance of the infecting pathogen. The halogenated taurine (Tau) derivatives N-chlorotaurine (NCT) and N-bromotaurine (NBrT) with potent anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial efficacy were alternatively employed as combination topical treatment to provide a therapeutic solution. Each agent was applied separately with an interval of 5 minutes as a 1% spray in aqueous solution every 30 minutes during the day for 3 days. This treatment was very well tolerated and led to rapid disappearance of the purulent exudate, rapid epithelialization, and complete healing. To avoid relapse, the application was continued 4 times daily for a further 4 days. No complications occurred in the course of treatment. This case report confirms the therapeutic efficacy of NCT in chronic purulent wounds. NBrT is well tolerated, too, and can be used in combination with NCT in emergency clinical settings. Its potential as a single agent should be investigated in further studies. Advancement of wound closure by these agents proved to be life-saving for this patient. Further molecular research is needed to identify mechanisms that promote wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eirini Grapsa
- 2 Areteio Medical Hospital, Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Markus Nagl
- 4 Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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15
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Teuchner B, Wibmer ID, Schaumann P, Seifarth C, Walochnik J, Nagl M. N-chlorotaurine Inactivates Acanthamoeba and Candida albicans in the Porcine Ex Vivo Corneal Infection Model. Cornea 2019; 38:1011-1016. [DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000001927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Roshchupkin DI, Sorokin VL, Semenkova GN, Buravleva KV, Murina MA. The Properties of Biologically Significant Chloramine Oxidants: Reactivity and Its Dependence on the Structure of the Functional Atom Group. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350919020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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17
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Mello TP, Bittencourt VCB, Liporagi-Lopes LC, Aor AC, Branquinha MH, Santos AL. Insights into the social life and obscure side of Scedosporium/Lomentospora species: ubiquitous, emerging and multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogens. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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18
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Sheehan G, Nagl M, Kavanagh K. Exposure to N-chlorotaurine induces oxidative stress responses in Aspergillus fumigatus. J Med Microbiol 2018; 68:279-288. [PMID: 30543319 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The neutrophil-derived oxidant N-chlorotaurine (NCT) displays remarkable in vivo tolerability and efficacy against a range of pathogens. The aim of this study was to characterize the response of the pulmonary pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus to NCT. METHODOLOGY The effect of NCT on the growth and viability of A. fumigatus was characterized. NCT-induced alteration of amino acids and gliotoxin from A. fumigatus mycelium was assessed. Label-free shotgun quantitative proteomic analysis was performed on A. fumigatus exposed to NCT for 24 h. RESULTS Incubation of A. fumigatus with NCT at concentrations ranging from 6.8 to 55 mM decreased conidial growth and viability, and mycelium biomass relative to the controls. Exposure to NCT (13.77 mM) resulted in increased amino acids and gliotoxin levels from A. fumigatus mycelium. Exposure of A. fumigatus mycelium to NCT (6.8 mM) revealed an enrichment in proteins associated with the ribosome, transcription and translation and non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis (e.g. Pes1, Pes3), which play an essential role in oxidative stress resistance in A. fumigatus. A decrease in the abundance of proteins associated with fumagillin and pseurotin biosynthesis highlighted the anti-virulence activity of NCT. CONCLUSION These results indicate that NCT induces an oxidative stress response in A. fumigatus as evidenced by alterations in the proteome and inhibits conidial and mycelial growth. Clinical investigations of topical application of NCT to treat Aspergillus infections are encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Sheehan
- 1Medical Mycology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Markus Nagl
- 2Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kevin Kavanagh
- 1Medical Mycology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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19
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Ramirez-Garcia A, Pellon A, Rementeria A, Buldain I, Barreto-Bergter E, Rollin-Pinheiro R, de Meirelles JV, Xisto MIDS, Ranque S, Havlicek V, Vandeputte P, Govic YL, Bouchara JP, Giraud S, Chen S, Rainer J, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Martin-Gomez MT, López-Soria LM, Peman J, Schwarz C, Bernhardt A, Tintelnot K, Capilla J, Martin-Vicente A, Cano-Lira J, Nagl M, Lackner M, Irinyi L, Meyer W, de Hoog S, Hernando FL. Scedosporium and Lomentospora: an updated overview of underrated opportunists. Med Mycol 2018. [PMID: 29538735 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of Scedosporium and Lomentospora are considered as emerging opportunists, affecting immunosuppressed and otherwise debilitated patients, although classically they are known from causing trauma-associated infections in healthy individuals. Clinical manifestations range from local infection to pulmonary colonization and severe invasive disease, in which mortality rates may be over 80%. These unacceptably high rates are due to the clinical status of patients, diagnostic difficulties, and to intrinsic antifungal resistance of these fungi. In consequence, several consortia have been founded to increase research efforts on these orphan fungi. The current review presents recent findings and summarizes the most relevant points, including the Scedosporium/Lomentospora taxonomy, environmental distribution, epidemiology, pathology, virulence factors, immunology, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andoni Ramirez-Garcia
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Aize Pellon
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Aitor Rementeria
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Idoia Buldain
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephane Ranque
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, AP-HM / CHU Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Vladimir Havlicek
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Patrick Vandeputte
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU, Angers, France.,Host-Pathogen Interaction Study Group (EA 3142), UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Angers, France
| | - Yohann Le Govic
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU, Angers, France.,Host-Pathogen Interaction Study Group (EA 3142), UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Angers, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Bouchara
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU, Angers, France.,Host-Pathogen Interaction Study Group (EA 3142), UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Angers, France
| | - Sandrine Giraud
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Study Group (EA 3142), UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Angers, France
| | - Sharon Chen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Johannes Rainer
- Institute of Microbiology, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ana Alastruey-Izquierdo
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology. Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Javier Peman
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carsten Schwarz
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre Berlin/Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Bernhardt
- Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathrin Tintelnot
- Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Javier Capilla
- Mycology Unit, Medical School and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Adela Martin-Vicente
- Mycology Unit, Medical School and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Jose Cano-Lira
- Mycology Unit, Medical School and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Markus Nagl
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michaela Lackner
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Laszlo Irinyi
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School, Sydney Medical School - Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School, Sydney Medical School - Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando L Hernando
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
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20
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Bellmann-Weiler R, Maass V, Arnitz R, Weiss G, Maass M, Nagl M. The endogenous antiseptic N-chlorotaurine irreversibly inactivates Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:1410-1415. [PMID: 30074473 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The antimicrobial activity of N-chlorotaurine (NCT), an endogenous long-lived oxidant applied topically, was tested against Chlamydiae in vitro. METHODOLOGY Elementary bodies of Chlamydia pneumoniae strain CV-6 and Chlamydia trachomatis serovars A and D were incubated in 0.01, 0.1 and 1 % (w/v) NCT solution at pH 7.1 and 37 °C. After different incubation times, aliquots were removed and grown in cell culture. The number of inclusion forming units was quantified by immunofluorescence and real-time qPCR.Results/Key findings.Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis were inactivated by 1 and 0.1 % NCT within 1 min. Moreover, 0.025-0.1 % NCT significantly reduced the number of intracellularly growing C. pneumoniae within 30 min. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study demonstrating the antimicrobial activity of NCT against Chlamydiae. Clinical implications of these findings have to be investigated in further trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Bellmann-Weiler
- 1Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Viola Maass
- 2Labor Dr. Heidrich & Kollegen, Stuvkamp 22, D-22081 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roland Arnitz
- 3Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Hospital Vöcklabruck, Dr. Wilhelm-Bock-Strasse 1, A-4840, Vöcklabruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- 1Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Maass
- 2Labor Dr. Heidrich & Kollegen, Stuvkamp 22, D-22081 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Nagl
- 4Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstr. 41, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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21
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Zaichik S, Steinbring C, Menzel C, Knabl L, Orth-Höller D, Ellemunter H, Niedermayr K, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Development of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) for ciprofloxacin with improved mucus permeating properties. Int J Pharm 2018; 547:282-290. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Recent Advances in the Treatment of Scedosporiosis and Fusariosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4020073. [PMID: 29912161 PMCID: PMC6023441 DOI: 10.3390/jof4020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of Scedosporium and Fusarium are considered emerging opportunistic pathogens, causing invasive fungal diseases in humans that are known as scedosporiosis and fusariosis, respectively. These mold infections typically affect patients with immune impairment; however, cases have been reported in otherwise healthy individuals. Clinical manifestations vary considerably, ranging from isolated superficial infection to deep-seated invasive infection—affecting multiple organs—which is often lethal. While there have been a number of advances in the detection of these infections, including the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), diagnosis is often delayed, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality. Although the optimal therapy is controversial, there have also been notable advances in the treatment of these diseases, which often depend on a combination of antifungal therapy, reversal of immunosuppression, and in some cases, surgical resection. In this paper, we review these advances and examine how the management of scedosporiosis and fusariosis may change in the near future.
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23
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Kim W, Kim SH, Jang JH, Kim C, Kim K, Suh YG, Joe Y, Chung HT, Cha YN, Surh YJ. Role of heme oxygenase-1 in potentiation of phagocytic activity of macrophages by taurine chloramine: Implications for the resolution of zymosan A-induced murine peritonitis. Cell Immunol 2018; 327:36-46. [PMID: 29477410 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis of pathogens by macrophages is crucial for the successful resolution of inflammation induced by microbial infection. Taurine chloramine (TauCl), an endogenous anti-inflammatory and antioxidative substance, is produced by reaction between taurine and hypochlorous acid by myeloperoxidase activity in neutrophils under inflammatory conditions. In the present study, we investigated the effect of TauCl on resolution of acute inflammation caused by fungal infection using a zymosan A-induced murine peritonitis model. TauCl administration reduced the number of the total peritoneal leukocytes, while it increased the number of peritoneal monocytes. Furthermore, TauCl promoted clearance of pathogens remaining in the inflammatory environment by macrophages. When the macrophages isolated from thioglycollate-treated mice were treated with TauCl, their phagocytic capability was enhanced. In the murine macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells treated with TauCl, the proportion of macrophages clearing the zymosan A particles was also increased. TauCl administration resulted in elevated expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the peritoneal macrophages. Pharmacologic inhibition of HO-1 activity or knockdown of HO-1 in the murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells abolished the TauCl-induced phagocytosis, whereas the overexpression of HO-1 augmented the phagocytic ability of macrophages. Moreover, peritoneal macrophages isolated from HO-1 null mice failed to mediate TauCl-induced phagocytosis. Our results suggest that TauCl potentiates phagocytic activity of macrophages through upregulation of HO-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonki Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyeon Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Jang
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaekyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeojin Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ger Suh
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cha University, Pocheon 11160, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsoo Joe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Taeg Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Nam Cha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03087, Republic of Korea.
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Mustedanagic J, Ximenes VF, Nagl M. Microbicidal activity of N-chlorotaurine in combination with hydrogen peroxide. AMB Express 2017; 7:102. [PMID: 28545261 PMCID: PMC5442072 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
N-chlorotaurine (NCT) and hydrogen peroxide are powerful endogenous antiseptics. In vivo, the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and metal ions leads to the formation of free hydroxyl radicals, which have an increased bactericidal activity. This study examined whether there is an additive antimicrobial effect of NCT combined with hydrogen peroxide. Additionally, it was tested if the additive effect is based on the formation of free radicals. We found by luminometry that, in the presence of H2O2, NCT caused a slow and long-lasting production of singlet oxygen in contrast to HOCl, where this burst occurred instantaneously. Both NCT and hydrogen peroxide (1.0 and 0.1%) demonstrated bactericidal and fungicidal activity. At pH 7.1 and 37 °C, hydrogen peroxide (1%, 294 mM) showed a stronger bactericidal and particularly fungicidal activity than NCT (1%, 55 mM), whereas at pH 4.0 and also in the presence of 5.0% peptone NCT revealed a stronger bactericidal activity. A combination of NCT and hydrogen peroxide led to an increased bactericidal but no increased fungicidal activity compared to both substances alone. The additive effect against bacteria was not removed in the presence of the radical scavengers NaN3, DMSO, or peptone. As a conclusion, NCT and hydrogen peroxide used concurrently interact additive against a range of microorganisms. However, the results of this study suggest that the additive effect of NCT combined with hydrogen peroxide is rather not based on the formation of free radicals.
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Progress in Definition, Prevention and Treatment of Fungal Infections in Cystic Fibrosis. Mycopathologia 2017; 183:21-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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N-Chlorotaurine, a Promising Future Candidate for Topical Therapy of Fungal Infections. Mycopathologia 2017; 183:161-170. [PMID: 28702855 PMCID: PMC5773618 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
N-Chlorotaurine (NCT) is a mild long-lived oxidant that can be applied to sensitive body regions as an endogenous antiseptic. Enhancement of its microbicidal activity in the presence of proteinaceous material because of transchlorination, a postantibiotic/postantifungal effect and antitoxic activity renders it interesting for treatment of fungal infections, too. This is confirmed by first case applications in skin and mucous membranes of different body sites. Recent findings of good tolerability of inhaled NCT suggest further investigations of this substance for treatment of bronchopulmonary diseases, where microorganisms play a role, particularly multi-resistant ones. The availability of a well-tolerated and effective inhaled antiseptic with anti-inflammatory properties could be a significant progress, in particular for chronic pulmonary diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cystic fibrosis.
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McCarthy MW, Petraitis V, Walsh TJ. Combination therapy for the treatment of pulmonary mold infections. Expert Rev Respir Med 2017; 11:481-489. [PMID: 28467730 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2017.1325322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary mold infections are caused by ubiquitous organisms found in soil, water, and decaying vegetation, including Aspergillus spp., the Mucormycetes, hyaline molds, and dematiaceous (black) molds. Areas covered: These infections are often a challenge to diagnose and even more difficult to treat. Recently, antifungal combination therapy has emerged as a promising strategy to treat some forms of invasive mycoses, including pulmonary mold infections. Historically, this approach has been limited due to non-uniform interpretation criteria, variations in pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic properties of antifungals used in combination, and an inability to predict clinical success based on in vitro data and animal models. However, recent advances have helped mitigate some of these challenges. Expert commentary: In this paper, we explore what is known about the antifungal combination therapy in the treatment of pulmonary mold infections and explore how it may impact clinical practice. We pay particular attention to novel combinations and the challenges associated with the development of new antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew William McCarthy
- a Hospital Medicine , Joan and Sanford I Weill Medical College of Cornell University , New York , NY , USA
| | - Vidmantas Petraitis
- b Transplantation-Oncology, Infectious Diseases Program , Weill Cornell Medical Center of Cornell University , New York , NY , USA
| | - Thomas J Walsh
- c Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program , Weill Cornell Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
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