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Cuny C, Layer-Nicolaou F, Werner G, Witte W. A look at staphylococci from the one health perspective. Int J Med Microbiol 2024; 314:151604. [PMID: 38367509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2024.151604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and other staphylococcal species are resident and transient multihost colonizers as well as conditional pathogens. Especially S. aureus represents an excellent model bacterium for the "One Health" concept because of its dynamics at the human-animal interface and versatility with respect to host adaptation. The development of antimicrobial resistance plays another integral part. This overview will focus on studies at the human-animal interface with respect to livestock farming and to companion animals, as well as on staphylococci in wildlife. In this context transmissions of staphylococci and of antimicrobial resistance genes between animals and humans are of particular significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Cuny
- Division of Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, National Reference Centre for Staphylococci and Enterococci, Wernigerode Branch, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany.
| | - Franziska Layer-Nicolaou
- Division of Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, National Reference Centre for Staphylococci and Enterococci, Wernigerode Branch, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Guido Werner
- Division of Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, National Reference Centre for Staphylococci and Enterococci, Wernigerode Branch, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany
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Shoaib M, Xu J, Meng X, Wu Z, Hou X, He Z, Shang R, Zhang H, Pu W. Molecular epidemiology and characterization of antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus strains isolated from dairy cattle milk in Northwest, China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1183390. [PMID: 37265496 PMCID: PMC10230075 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1183390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Non-aureus Staphylococcus (NAS) species are currently the most commonly identified microbial agents causing sub-clinical infections of the udder and are also deemed as opportunistic pathogens of clinical mastitis in dairy cattle. More than 10 NAS species have been identified and studied but little is known about S. haemolyticus in accordance with dairy mastitis. The present study focused on the molecular epidemiology and genotypic characterization of S. haemolyticus isolated from dairy cattle milk in Northwest, China. Methods In this study, a total of 356 milk samples were collected from large dairy farms in three provinces in Northwest, China. The bacterial isolation and presumptive identification were done by microbiological and biochemical methods following the molecular confirmation by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was done by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) were identified by PCR. The phylogenetic grouping and sequence typing was done by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) respectively. Results In total, 39/356 (11.0%) were identified as positive for S. haemolyticus. The overall prevalence of other Staphylococcus species was noted to be 39.6% (141/356), while the species distribution was as follows: S. aureus 14.9%, S. sciuri 10.4%, S. saprophyticus 7.6%, S. chromogenes 4.2%, S. simulans 1.4%, and S. epidermidis 1.1%. The antimicrobial susceptibility of 39 S. haemolyticus strains exhibited higher resistance to erythromycin (92.3%) followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (51.3%), ciprofloxacin (43.6%), florfenicol (30.8%), cefoxitin (28.2%), and gentamicin (23.1%). All of the S. haemolyticus strains were susceptible to tetracycline, vancomycin, and linezolid. The overall percentage of multi-drug resistant (MDR) S. haemolyticus strains was noted to be 46.15% (18/39). Among ARGs, mphC was identified as predominant (82.05%), followed by ermB (33.33%), floR (30.77%), gyrA (30.77%), sul1 (28.21%), ermA (23.08%), aadD (12.82%), grlA (12.82%), aacA-aphD (10.26%), sul2 (10.26%), dfrA (7.69%), and dfrG (5.13%). The PFGE categorized 39 S. haemolyticus strains into A-H phylogenetic groups while the MLST categorized strains into eight STs with ST8 being the most predominant while other STs identified were ST3, ST11, ST22, ST32, ST19, ST16, and ST7. Conclusion These findings provided new insights into our understanding of the epidemiology and genetic characteristics of S. haemolyticus in dairy farms to inform interventions limiting the spread of AMR in dairy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shoaib
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqin Meng
- Lanzhou Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhongyong Wu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiao Hou
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhuolin He
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruofeng Shang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongjuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, China
| | - Wanxia Pu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, China
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Singhal L, Gupta V, Sharma S, Agarwal A, Gupta P. Mucoid Staphylococcus haemolyticus: an unheeded multidrug-resistant pathogen. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:191-198. [PMID: 36680660 PMCID: PMC9943796 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00901-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) are among the most abundant members of human skin microbiome. CoNS have lately been recognized as substantial agents in plethora of infections, especially nosocomial infections in preterm infants and immunocompromised patients. Staphylococcus haemolyticus is the second most common species isolated from blood, and identification is further hindered when there is a deviation in morphology from the classical one. Here, we report an uncommon case of multidrug resistant mucoid S. hemolyticus isolated from blood in a patient of polytrauma. The patient was managed with ceftriaxone-sulbactam, gentamicin, and meropenem as empirical therapy, which was subsequently changed to intravenous vancomycin. The patient showed favorable response to treatment. Mucoid isolates are known to be more virulent and multi-drug resistant than the classical morphotypes. We also conducted systematic review to decipher the prevalence of mucoid S. hemolyticus and linezolid (LZD) resistance in the same. This case highlights the significance of awareness of mucoid phenotypes of Gram-positive cocci for clinical microbiologists to reach accurate identification. Resistance to LZD further underscores the need of restriction policies in hospitals and to roll out antimicrobial stewardship program stringently, so that the growing resistance could be contained.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Varsha Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, GMCH-32 Chandigarh, India
| | - Swati Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, GMCH-32 Chandigarh, India
| | - Aditi Agarwal
- Department of Microbiology, GMCH-32 Chandigarh, India
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Li G, Walker MJ, De Oliveira DMP. Vancomycin Resistance in Enterococcus and Staphylococcus aureus. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010024. [PMID: 36677316 PMCID: PMC9866002 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium and Staphylococcus aureus are both common commensals and major opportunistic human pathogens. In recent decades, these bacteria have acquired broad resistance to several major classes of antibiotics, including commonly employed glycopeptides. Exemplified by resistance to vancomycin, glycopeptide resistance is mediated through intrinsic gene mutations, and/or transferrable van resistance gene cassette-carrying mobile genetic elements. Here, this review will discuss the epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus and S. aureus in healthcare, community, and agricultural settings, explore vancomycin resistance in the context of van and non-van mediated resistance development and provide insights into alternative therapeutic approaches aimed at treating drug-resistant Enterococcus and S. aureus infections.
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5
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Schouls LM, Veldman K, Brouwer MSM, Dierikx C, Witteveen S, van Santen-Verheuvel M, Hendrickx APA, Landman F, Hengeveld P, Wullings B, Rapallini M, Wit B, van Duijkeren E. cfr and fexA genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from humans and livestock in the Netherlands. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2022; 2:135. [PMID: 36317053 PMCID: PMC9616846 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-022-00200-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the Netherlands is a country with a low endemic level of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a national MRSA surveillance has been in place since 1989. In 2003 livestock emerged as a major reservoir of MRSA and currently livestock-associated MRSA (clonal complex CC398) make up 25% of all surveillance isolates. To assess possible transfer of resistant strains or resistance genes, MRSA obtained from humans and animals were characterized in detail. Methods The sequenced genomes of 6327 MRSA surveillance isolates from humans and from 332 CC398 isolates from livestock-related samples were analyzed and resistance genes were identified. Several isolates were subjected to long-read sequencing to reconstruct chromosomes and plasmids. Results Here we show the presence of the multi-resistance gene cfr in seven CC398 isolates obtained from humans and in one CC398 isolate from a pig-farm dust sample. Cfr induces resistance against five antibiotic classes, which is true for all but two isolates. The isolates are genetically unrelated, and in seven of the isolates cfr are located on distinct plasmids. The fexA gene is found in 3.9% surveillance isolates and in 7.5% of the samples from livestock. There is considerable sequence variation of fexA and geographic origin of the fexA alleles. Conclusions The rare cfr and fexA resistance genes are found in MRSA from humans and animals in the Netherlands, but there is no evidence for spread of resistant strains or resistance plasmids. The proportion of cfr-positive MRSA is low, but its presence is worrying and should be closely monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo M. Schouls
- grid.31147.300000 0001 2208 0118National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and laboratory Surveillance (IDS), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Veldman
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Michael S. M. Brouwer
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Cindy Dierikx
- grid.31147.300000 0001 2208 0118National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology (Z&O), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Witteveen
- grid.31147.300000 0001 2208 0118National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and laboratory Surveillance (IDS), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marga van Santen-Verheuvel
- grid.31147.300000 0001 2208 0118National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and laboratory Surveillance (IDS), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Antoni P. A. Hendrickx
- grid.31147.300000 0001 2208 0118National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and laboratory Surveillance (IDS), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Landman
- grid.31147.300000 0001 2208 0118National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and laboratory Surveillance (IDS), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Hengeveld
- grid.31147.300000 0001 2208 0118National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology (Z&O), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Wullings
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wageningen Food Safety Research, Team Bacteriology, Molecular Biology & AMR, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Rapallini
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wageningen Food Safety Research, Team Bacteriology, Molecular Biology & AMR, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Wit
- grid.435742.30000 0001 0726 7822Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Food safety, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
| | - Engeline van Duijkeren
- grid.31147.300000 0001 2208 0118National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology (Z&O), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Brenciani A, Morroni G, Schwarz S, Giovanetti E. Oxazolidinones: mechanisms of resistance and mobile genetic elements involved. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:2596-2621. [PMID: 35989417 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxazolidinones (linezolid and tedizolid) are last-resort antimicrobial agents used for the treatment of severe infections in humans caused by MDR Gram-positive bacteria. They bind to the peptidyl transferase centre of the bacterial ribosome inhibiting protein synthesis. Even if the majority of Gram-positive bacteria remain susceptible to oxazolidinones, resistant isolates have been reported worldwide. Apart from mutations, affecting mostly the 23S rDNA genes and selected ribosomal proteins, acquisition of resistance genes (cfr and cfr-like, optrA and poxtA), often associated with mobile genetic elements [such as non-conjugative and conjugative plasmids, transposons, integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), prophages and translocatable units], plays a critical role in oxazolidinone resistance. In this review, we briefly summarize the current knowledge on oxazolidinone resistance mechanisms and provide an overview on the diversity of the mobile genetic elements carrying oxazolidinone resistance genes in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Brenciani
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche Medical School, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gianluca Morroni
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche Medical School, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eleonora Giovanetti
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Zhang F, Wu S, Lei T, Wu Q, Zhang J, Huang J, Dai J, Chen M, Ding Y, Wang J, Wei X, Zhang Y. Presence and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus co-carrying the multidrug resistance genes cfr and lsa(E) in retail food in China. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 363:109512. [PMID: 34971878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important food-related pathogen associated with bacterial poisoning that is difficult to treat due to its multidrug resistance. The cfr and lsa(E) genes both cause multiple drug resistance and have been identified in numerous Staphylococcus species, respectively. In this study, we found that a methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain, 2868B2, which was isolated from a sample of frozen dumplings in Hangzhou in 2015, co-carried these two different multidrug resistance genes. Further analysis showed that this strain was resistant to more than 18 antibiotics and expressed high-level resistance to florfenicol, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, tiamulin, erythromycin, ampicillin, cefepime, ceftazidime, kanamycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and linezolid (MIC = 8 μg/mL). Whole genome sequencing was performed to characterize the genetic environment of these resistance genes and other genomic features. The cfr gene was located on the single plasmid p2868B2 (39,159 bp), which demonstrated considerable similarity to many plasmids previously identified in humans and animals. p2868B2 contained the insertion sequence (IS) element IS21-558, which allowed the insertion of cfr into Tn558 and played an important role in the mobility of cfr. Additionally, a novel multidrug resistance region (36.9 kb) harbouring lsa(E) along with nine additional antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) (aadD, aadE, aacA-aphD, spc, lnu(B), lsa(E), tetL, ermC and blaZ) was identified. The multidrug resistance region harboured four copies of IS257 that were active and can mediate the formation of four circular structures containing ARGs and ISs. In addition, genes encoding various virulence factors and affecting multiple cell adhesion properties were identified in the genome of MRSA 2868B2. This study confirmed that the cfr and lsa(E) genes coexist in one MRSA strain and the presence of plasmid and IS257 in the multi-ARG cluster can promote both ARG transfer and dissemination. Furthermore, the presence of so many ARGs and virulence genes in food-related pathogens may seriously compromise the effectiveness of clinical therapy and threaten public health, its occurrence should pay public attention and the traceability of these genes in food-related samples needs further surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shi Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Tao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jingsha Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xianhu Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Youxiong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
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Gostev V, Leyn S, Kruglov A, Likholetova D, Kalinogorskaya O, Baykina M, Dmitrieva N, Grigorievskaya Z, Priputnevich T, Lyubasovskaya L, Gordeev A, Sidorenko S. Global Expansion of Linezolid-Resistant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:661798. [PMID: 34589061 PMCID: PMC8473885 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.661798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) for a long time were considered avirulent constituents of the human and warm-blooded animal microbiota. However, at present, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, and S. hominis are recognized as opportunistic pathogens. Although linezolid is not registered for the treatment of CoNS infections, it is widely used off-label, promoting emergence of resistance. Bioinformatic analysis based on maximum-likelihood phylogeny and Bayesian clustering of the CoNS genomes obtained in the current study and downloaded from public databases revealed the existence of international linezolid-resistant lineages, each of which probably had a common predecessor. Linezolid-resistant S. epidermidis sequence-type (ST) 2 from Russia, France, and Germany formed a compact group of closely related genomes with a median pairwise single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) difference of fewer than 53 SNPs, and a common ancestor of this lineage appeared in 1998 (1986-2006) before introduction of linezolid in practice. Another compact group of linezolid-resistant S. epidermidis was represented by ST22 isolates from France and Russia with a median pairwise SNP difference of 40; a common ancestor of this lineage appeared in 2011 (2008-2013). Linezolid-resistant S. hominis ST2 from Russia, Germany, and Brazil also formed a group with a high-level genome identity with median 25.5 core-SNP differences; the appearance of the common progenitor dates to 2003 (1996-2012). Linezolid-resistant S. hominis isolates from Russia demonstrated associated resistance to teicoplanin. Analysis of a midpoint-rooted phylogenetic tree of the group confirmed the genetic proximity of Russian and German isolates; Brazilian isolates were phylogenetically distant. repUS5-like plasmids harboring cfr were detected in S. hominis and S. haemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gostev
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Molecular Epidemiology, Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Medical Microbiology, North-Western State Medical University Named After I. I. Mechnikov, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Semen Leyn
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alexander Kruglov
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, National Agency for Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria Likholetova
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Molecular Epidemiology, Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga Kalinogorskaya
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Molecular Epidemiology, Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina Baykina
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, National Agency for Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Dmitrieva
- Department of Microbiology, N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zlata Grigorievskaya
- Department of Microbiology, N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Priputnevich
- Department of Microbiology, Clinical Pharmacology and Epidemiology, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyudmila Lyubasovskaya
- Department of Microbiology, Clinical Pharmacology and Epidemiology, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Gordeev
- Department of Microbiology, Clinical Pharmacology and Epidemiology, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Sidorenko
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Molecular Epidemiology, Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Medical Microbiology, North-Western State Medical University Named After I. I. Mechnikov, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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9
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Mobile Oxazolidinone Resistance Genes in Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e0018820. [PMID: 34076490 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00188-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven mobile oxazolidinone resistance genes, including cfr, cfr(B), cfr(C), cfr(D), cfr(E), optrA, and poxtA, have been identified to date. The cfr genes code for 23S rRNA methylases, which confer a multiresistance phenotype that includes resistance to phenicols, lincosamides, oxazolidinones, pleuromutilins, and streptogramin A compounds. The optrA and poxtA genes code for ABC-F proteins that protect the bacterial ribosomes from the inhibitory effects of oxazolidinones. The optrA gene confers resistance to oxazolidinones and phenicols, while the poxtA gene confers elevated MICs or resistance to oxazolidinones, phenicols, and tetracycline. These oxazolidinone resistance genes are most frequently found on plasmids, but they are also located on transposons, integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), genomic islands, and prophages. In these mobile genetic elements (MGEs), insertion sequences (IS) most often flanked the cfr, optrA, and poxtA genes and were able to generate translocatable units (TUs) that comprise the oxazolidinone resistance genes and occasionally also other genes. MGEs and TUs play an important role in the dissemination of oxazolidinone resistance genes across strain, species, and genus boundaries. Most frequently, these MGEs also harbor genes that mediate resistance not only to antimicrobial agents of other classes, but also to metals and biocides. Direct selection pressure by the use of antimicrobial agents to which the oxazolidinone resistance genes confer resistance, but also indirect selection pressure by the use of antimicrobial agents, metals, or biocides (the respective resistance genes against which are colocated on cfr-, optrA-, or poxtA-carrying MGEs) may play a role in the coselection and persistence of oxazolidinone resistance genes.
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Zhang F, Wu S, Huang J, Yang R, Zhang J, Lei T, Dai J, Ding Y, Xue L, Wang J, Chen M, Wu Q. Presence and Characterization of a Novel cfr-Carrying Tn 558 Transposon Derivative in Staphylococcus delphini Isolated From Retail Food. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:598990. [PMID: 33519738 PMCID: PMC7843796 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.598990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has become a major public health threat. Food-related Staphylococcus species have received much attention due to their multidrug resistance. The cfr gene associated with multidrug resistance has been consistently detected in food-derived Staphylococcus species. In this retrospective study, we examined the prevalence of cfr-positive Staphylococcus strains isolated from poultry meat in different geographical areas of China from 2011 to 2016. Two cfr-positive Staphylococcus delphini strains were identified from poultry meat in China. Comparative and whole-genome analyses were performed to characterize the genetic features and overall antimicrobial resistance genes in the two S. delphini isolates 245-1 and 2794-1. Whole-genome sequencing showed that they both harbored a novel 20,258-bp cfr-carrying Tn558 transposon derivative on their chromosomes. The Tn558 derivative harbors multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including the transferable multiresistance gene cfr, chloramphenicol resistance gene fexA, aminoglycoside resistance genes aacA-aphD and aadD, and bleomycin resistance gene ble. Surprisingly, within the Tn558 derivative, an active unconventional circularizable structure containing various resistance genes and a copy of a direct repeat sequence was identified by two-step PCR. Furthermore, core genome phylogenetic analysis revealed that the cfr-positive S. delphini strains were most closely related to S. delphini 14S03313-1 isolated from Japan in 2017 and 14S03319-1 isolated from Switzerland in 2017. This study is the first report of S. delphini harboring a novel cfr-carrying Tn558 derivative isolated from retail food. This finding raises further concerns regarding the potential threat to food safety and public health safety. The occurrence and dissemination of similar cfr-carrying transposons from diverse Staphylococcus species need further surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Runshi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingsha Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Wu C, Zhang X, Liang J, Li Q, Lin H, Lin C, Liu H, Zhou D, Lu W, Sun Z, Lin X, Zhang H, Li K, Xu T, Bao Q, Lu J. Characterization of florfenicol resistance genes in the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) isolates and genomic features of a multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus lentus strain H29. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2021; 10:9. [PMID: 33413633 PMCID: PMC7791814 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-020-00869-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background With the wide use of florfenicol to prevent and treat the bacterial infection of domestic animals, the emergence of the florfenicol resistance bacteria is increasingly serious. It is very important to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the bacteria’s resistance to florfenicol. Methods The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels were determined by the agar dilution method, and polymerase chain reaction was conducted to analyze the distribution of florfenicol resistance genes in 39 CoNS strains isolated from poultry and livestock animals and seafood. The whole genome sequence of one multidrug resistant strain, Staphylococcus lentus H29, was characterized, and comparative genomics analysis of the resistance gene-related sequences was also performed. Results As a result, the isolates from the animals showed a higher resistance rate (23/28, 82.1%) and much higher MIC levels to florfenicol than those from seafood. Twenty-seven animal isolates carried 37 florfenicol resistance genes (including 26 fexA, 6 cfr and 5 fexB genes) with one carrying a cfr gene, 16 each harboring a fexA gene, 5 with both a fexA gene and a fexB gene and the other 5 with both a fexA gene and a cfr gene. On the other hand, all 11 isolates from seafood were sensitive to florfenicol, and only 3 carried a fexA gene each. The whole genome sequence of S. lentus H29 was composed of a chromosome and two plasmids (pH29-46, pH29-26) and harbored 11 resistance genes, including 6 genes [cfr, fexA, ant(6)-Ia, aacA-aphD, mecA and mph(C)] encoded on the chromosome, 4 genes [cfr, fexA, aacA-aphD and tcaA] on pH29-46 and 1 gene (fosD) on pH29-26. We found that the S. lentus H29 genome carried two identical copies of the gene arrays of radC-tnpABC-hp-fexA (5671 bp) and IS256-cfr (2690 bp), of which one copy of the two gene arrays was encoded on plasmid pH29-46, while the other was encoded on the chromosome. Conclusions The current study revealed the wide distribution of florfenicol resistance genes (cfr, fexA and fexB) in animal bacteria, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that one S. lentus strain carried two identical copies of florfenicol resistance-related gene arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Wu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science/Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xueya Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science/Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jialei Liang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiaoling Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science/Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hailong Lin
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science/Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chaoqin Lin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongmao Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danying Zhou
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science/Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Lu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science/Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhewei Sun
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science/Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xi Lin
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science/Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kewei Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science/Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Teng Xu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, 014040, China.
| | - Qiyu Bao
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science/Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Junwan Lu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science/Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
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12
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Donkor ES, Kotey FCN. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Oral Cavity: Implications for Antibiotic Prophylaxis and Surveillance. Infect Dis (Lond) 2020; 13:1178633720976581. [PMID: 33402829 PMCID: PMC7739134 DOI: 10.1177/1178633720976581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity harbors a multitude of commensal flora, which may constitute a repository of antibiotic resistance determinants. In the oral cavity, bacteria form biofilms, and this facilitates the acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer. Recent reports indicate high methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage rates in the oral cavity. Establishment of MRSA in the mouth could be enhanced by the wide usage of antibiotic prophylaxis among at-risk dental procedure candidates. These changes in MRSA epidemiology have important implications for MRSA preventive strategies, clinical practice, as well as the methodological approaches to carriage studies of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Donkor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Fleischer CN Kotey
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- FleRhoLife Research Consult, Teshie, Accra, Ghana
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13
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Appiah VA, Pesewu GA, Kotey FCN, Boakye AN, Duodu S, Tette EMA, Nyarko MY, Donkor ES. Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Colonization among Children with Sickle Cell Disease at the Children's Hospital, Accra: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Antibiotic Resistance. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050329. [PMID: 32354004 PMCID: PMC7280972 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate S. aureus carriage among children with sickle cell disease (SCD), including the prevalence, risk factors, and antibiotic resistance. The study was cross-sectional, and involved 120 children with SCD recruited at the Princess Marie Louise Children’s Hospital (PML) in Accra and 100 apparently healthy children from environs of the hospital. Nasal swab samples were collected from the study participants and cultured for bacteria. Confirmation of S. aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates were done using the tube coagulase test and mecA polymerase chain reaction, respectively. All the S. aureus isolates were tested against standard antimicrobial agents using the Kirby-Bauer method. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain the socio-demographic and clinical data of the study participants. Binary logistic regression was used to identify determinants of S. aureus and MRSA carriage among the study participants. The nasal carriage prevalence of S. aureus was 33.3% (n = 40) and 10% (n = 10) among the participants of the SCD and control groups, respectively. As regards MRSA nasal carriage prevalence, the respective values were 3.33% (n = 4) and 0.00% (n = 0). SCD was significantly associated with S. aureus colonization (p < 0.0001, OR = 4.045), but not MRSA colonization (p = 0.128). In the SCD group, the significant predictors of S. aureus carriage were increasing age (p = 0.003; OR = 1.275) and living in self-contained apartments (p = 0.033; OR = 3.632), whereas male gender (p = 0.018; OR = 0.344) and the practice of self-medication (p = 0.039; OR = 0.233) were protective of S. aureus carriage. In the control group, a history of hospitalization in the past year was a risk factor for the carriage of S. aureus (p = 0.048; OR = 14.333). Among the participants of the SCD and control groups, respectively, the resistance prevalence recorded by S. aureus against the various antibiotics investigated were penicillin (100% each), cotrimoxazole (27.5% vs. 20%), tetracycline (25% vs. 50%), rifampicin (82.5% vs. 50%), erythromycin (30% vs. 20%), clindamycin (32.5% vs. 50%), gentamicin (7.5% vs. 20%), cefoxitin (27.5% vs. 20%), linezolid (30% vs. 40%), and fusidic acid (95% vs. 80%). The proportion of S. aureus isolates that were multidrug resistant (MDR) was 92.5% (37/40) in the SCD group and 100% (10/10) in the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera A. Appiah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon P. O. Box LG 54, Accra, Ghana
| | - George A. Pesewu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon P. O. Box LG 54, Accra, Ghana
| | - Fleischer C. N. Kotey
- FleRhoLife Research Consult, Teshie P. O. Box TS 853, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra P. O. Box 4236, Ghana
| | - Alahaman Nana Boakye
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon P. O. Box LG 54, Accra, Ghana
- FleRhoLife Research Consult, Teshie P. O. Box TS 853, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Duodu
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon P. O. Box LG 54, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon P. O. Box LG 54, Accra, Ghana
| | - Edem M. A. Tette
- Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra P. O. Box 4236, Ghana
| | - Mame Y. Nyarko
- Princess Marie Louise Children’s Hospital, Accra P. O. Box GP 122, Ghana
| | - Eric S. Donkor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra P. O. Box 4236, Ghana
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +233-553-527-140
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14
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Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Purulent Subcutaneous Lesions of Farm Rabbits. Foods 2020; 9:foods9040439. [PMID: 32268528 PMCID: PMC7231059 DOI: 10.3390/foods9040439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are one of the main pathogens associated with purulent infections. MRSA clonal complex 97 (CC97) has been identified in a wide diversity of livestock animals. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance profiles of MRSA strains isolated from purulent lesions of food-producing rabbits. Samples from purulent lesions of 66 rabbits were collected in a slaughterhouse in Portugal. Samples were seeded onto ORSAB plates with 2 mg/L of oxacillin for MRSA isolation. Susceptibility to antibiotics was tested by the disk diffusion method against 14 antimicrobial agents. The presence of resistance genes, virulence factors and the immune evasion cluster (IEC) system was studied by polymerase chain reaction. All isolates were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), agr and spa typing. From the 66 samples analyzed, 16 (24.2%) MRSA were detected. All strains were classified as multidrug-resistant as they were resistant to at least three classes of antibiotics. All isolates showed resistance to penicillin, erythromycin and clindamycin. Seven isolates were resistant to gentamicin and harbored the aac(6′)-Ie-aph (2″)-Ia gene. Resistance to tetracycline was detected in 10 isolates harboring the tet(K) gene. The IEC genes were detected in three isolates. MRSA strains belonged to CC97, CC1, CC5, CC15 or CC22. The isolates were assigned to six different spa types. In this study we found a moderate prevalence of multidrug-resistant MRSA strains in food-producing rabbits. This may represent concern for food safety and public health, since cross-contamination may occur, leading to the spread of MRSA and, eventually, the possibility of ingestion of contaminated meat.
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15
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Wu D, Wang H, Zhu F, Jiang S, Sun L, Zhao F, Yu Y, Chen Y. Characterization of an ST5-SCCmec II-t311 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain with a widespread cfr-positive plasmid. J Infect Chemother 2020; 26:699-705. [PMID: 32245640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2020.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the genetic characteristics of the Chinese epidemic ST5-SCCmec II-t311 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clone and to investigate the transmission characteristics of the cfr-positive plasmid. METHODS The complete genome of SR153 was sequenced. Genomic comparison with MRSA strains of other lineages was performed. The cfr-positive plasmid was investigated and compared with other cfr-positive plasmids from different origins and different areas. RESULTS The cfr-positive MRSA strain SR153 was a Chinese epidemic ST5-SCCmec II-t311 strain. It clustered much closer to the Japanese ST5-SCCmec II clone than to the European and American ST5-SCCmec II clones. The genome of SR153 contains one circular chromosome and three plasmids. It harbors the genomic islands νSaα, νSaβ, νSaγ, ΦSa1 and ΦSa3, the pathogenicity island νSa4, and genes encoding virulence factors such as tst and many enterotoxins. The SR153 genome also contains several resistance genes and mutations, such as ermA, aadD, spc, aacA-aphD, lnuA, tetK, blaZ and mutations in grlA and gyrA. SR153 harbors a cfr-positive plasmid, pSR01, which is highly similar to pSX01 from a Staphylococcus xylosus of pig origin from Henan Province. pSR01 was also highly similar to pXWZ from a Staphylococcus capitis and pLRSA417 from S. aureus. Both were obtained from geographically separated hospitals in Zhejiang Province. CONCLUSIONS SR153, which clustered closely to the Japanese ST5-SCCmec II clone, is more resistant than N315. A pSR01-like cfr-positive plasmid was widespread among different Staphylococcus species of both human and animal origin in different hospitals and areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Haiping Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Feiteng Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Shengnan Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Yunsong Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China; Department of Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
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Abstract
Strains of Staphylococcus aureus, and to a lesser extent other staphylococcal species, are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. An important factor in the notoriety of these organisms stems from their frequent resistance to many antimicrobial agents used for chemotherapy. This review catalogues the variety of mobile genetic elements that have been identified in staphylococci, with a primary focus on those associated with the recruitment and spread of antimicrobial resistance genes. These include plasmids, transposable elements such as insertion sequences and transposons, and integrative elements including ICE and SCC elements. In concert, these diverse entities facilitate the intra- and inter-cellular gene mobility that enables horizontal genetic exchange, and have also been found to play additional roles in modulating gene expression and genome rearrangement.
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Abstract
During the past decades resistance to virtually all antimicrobial agents has been observed in bacteria of animal origin. This chapter describes in detail the mechanisms so far encountered for the various classes of antimicrobial agents. The main mechanisms include enzymatic inactivation by either disintegration or chemical modification of antimicrobial agents, reduced intracellular accumulation by either decreased influx or increased efflux of antimicrobial agents, and modifications at the cellular target sites (i.e., mutational changes, chemical modification, protection, or even replacement of the target sites). Often several mechanisms interact to enhance bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents. This is a completely revised version of the corresponding chapter in the book Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin published in 2006. New sections have been added for oxazolidinones, polypeptides, mupirocin, ansamycins, fosfomycin, fusidic acid, and streptomycins, and the chapters for the remaining classes of antimicrobial agents have been completely updated to cover the advances in knowledge gained since 2006.
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18
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Partridge SR, Kwong SM, Firth N, Jensen SO. Mobile Genetic Elements Associated with Antimicrobial Resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 2018; 31:e00088-17. [PMID: 30068738 PMCID: PMC6148190 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00088-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1130] [Impact Index Per Article: 188.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Strains of bacteria resistant to antibiotics, particularly those that are multiresistant, are an increasing major health care problem around the world. It is now abundantly clear that both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria are able to meet the evolutionary challenge of combating antimicrobial chemotherapy, often by acquiring preexisting resistance determinants from the bacterial gene pool. This is achieved through the concerted activities of mobile genetic elements able to move within or between DNA molecules, which include insertion sequences, transposons, and gene cassettes/integrons, and those that are able to transfer between bacterial cells, such as plasmids and integrative conjugative elements. Together these elements play a central role in facilitating horizontal genetic exchange and therefore promote the acquisition and spread of resistance genes. This review aims to outline the characteristics of the major types of mobile genetic elements involved in acquisition and spread of antibiotic resistance in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, focusing on the so-called ESKAPEE group of organisms (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp., and Escherichia coli), which have become the most problematic hospital pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally R Partridge
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen M Kwong
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Neville Firth
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Slade O Jensen
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Antibiotic Resistance & Mobile Elements Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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19
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Feßler AT, Wang Y, Wu C, Schwarz S. Mobile lincosamide resistance genes in staphylococci. Plasmid 2018; 99:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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20
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Lazaris A, Coleman DC, Kearns AM, Pichon B, Kinnevey PM, Earls MR, Boyle B, O'Connell B, Brennan GI, Shore AC. Novel multiresistance cfr plasmids in linezolid-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) from a hospital outbreak: co-location of cfr and optrA in VRE. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 72:3252-3257. [PMID: 28961986 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Linezolid is often the drug of last resort to treat infections caused by Gram-positive cocci. Linezolid resistance can be mutational (23S rRNA or L-protein) or, less commonly, acquired [predominantly cfr, conferring resistance to phenicols, lincosamides, oxazolidinones, pleuromutilins and streptogramin A compounds (PhLOPSA) or optrA, encoding oxazolidinone and phenicol resistance]. Objectives To investigate the clonality and genetic basis of linezolid resistance in 13 linezolid-resistant (LZDR) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) isolates recovered during a 2013/14 outbreak in an ICU in an Irish hospital and an LZDR vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) isolate from an LZDR-MRSE-positive patient. Methods All isolates underwent PhLOPSA susceptibility testing, 23S rRNA sequencing, DNA microarray profiling and WGS. Results All isolates exhibited the PhLOPSA phenotype. The VRE harboured cfr and optrA on a novel 73 kb plasmid (pEF12-0805) also encoding erm(A), erm(B), lnu(B), lnu(E), aphA3 and aadE. One MRSE (M13/0451, from the same patient as the VRE) harboured cfr on a novel 8.5 kb plasmid (pSEM13-0451). The remaining 12 MRSE lacked cfr but exhibited linezolid resistance-associated mutations and were closely related to (1-52 SNPs) but distinct from M13/0451 (202-223 SNPs). Conclusions Using WGS, novel and distinct cfr and cfr/optrA plasmids were identified in an MRSE and VRE isolate, respectively, as well as a cfr-negative LZDR-MRSE ICU outbreak and a distinct cfr-positive LZDR-MRSE from the same ICU. To our knowledge, this is the first report of cfr and optrA on a single VRE plasmid. Ongoing surveillance of linezolid resistance is essential to maintain its therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Lazaris
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David C Coleman
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Angela M Kearns
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Infections Reference Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Bruno Pichon
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Infections Reference Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Peter M Kinnevey
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Megan R Earls
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Breida Boyle
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian O'Connell
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,National MRSA Reference Laboratory, St James's Hospital, James's St, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gráinne I Brennan
- National MRSA Reference Laboratory, St James's Hospital, James's St, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anna C Shore
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Roberts MC, Joshi PR, Greninger AL, Melendez D, Paudel S, Acharya M, Bimali NK, Koju NP, No D, Chalise M, Kyes RC. The human clone ST22 SCCmec IV methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from swine herds and wild primates in Nepal: is man the common source? FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 94:4950395. [PMID: 29668933 PMCID: PMC5905596 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine nasal samples [n = 282] were collected from 12 randomly selected farms around Kathmandu, Nepal, from healthy animals. In addition, wild monkey (Macaca mulatta) saliva samples [n = 59] were collected near temples areas in Kathmandu using a non-invasive sampling technique. All samples were processed for MRSA using standardized selective media and conventional biochemical tests. MRSA verification was done and isolates characterized by SCCmec, multilocus sequence typing, whole genome sequencing [WGS] and antibiotic susceptibilities. Six (2.1%) swine MRSA were isolated from five of the different swine herds tested, five were ST22 type IV and one ST88 type V. Four (6.8%) macaques MRSA were isolated, with three ST22 SCCmec type IV and one ST239 type III. WGS sequencing showed that the eight ciprofloxacin resistant ST22 isolates carried gyrA mutation [S84L]. Six isolates carried the erm(C) genes, five isolates carried aacC-aphD genes and four isolates carried blaZ genes. The swine linezolid resistant ST22 did not carry any known acquired linezolid resistance genes but had a mutation in ribosomal protein L22 [A29V] and an insertion in L4 [68KG69], both previously associated with linezolid resistance. Multiple virulence factors were also identified. This is the first time MRSA ST22 SCCmec IV has been isolated from livestock or primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn C Roberts
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Prabhu Raj Joshi
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Daira Melendez
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Saroj Paudel
- Goldengate International College, Tribhuvan University, Battisputali, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Mahesh Acharya
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Nabin Kishor Bimali
- Goldengate International College, Tribhuvan University, Battisputali, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Narayan P Koju
- NAMI College, University of Northampton, Kathmandu, Nepal and Nepal Engineering College, Center for Postgraduate Studies, Pokhara University, Nepal
| | - David No
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mukesh Chalise
- Nepal Biodiversity Research Society and Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Randall C Kyes
- Departments of Psychology and Global Health, Center for Global Field Study, and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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22
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Foster TJ. Antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Current status and future prospects. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 41:430-449. [PMID: 28419231 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The major targets for antibiotics in staphylococci are (i) the cell envelope, (ii) the ribosome and (iii) nucleic acids. Several novel targets emerged from recent targeted drug discovery programmes including the ClpP protease and FtsZ from the cell division machinery. Resistance can either develop by horizontal transfer of resistance determinants encoded by mobile genetic elements viz plasmids, transposons and the staphylococcal cassette chromosome or by mutations in chromosomal genes. Horizontally acquired resistance can occur by one of the following mechanisms: (i) enzymatic drug modification and inactivation, (ii) enzymatic modification of the drug binding site, (iii) drug efflux, (iv) bypass mechanisms involving acquisition of a novel drug-resistant target, (v) displacement of the drug to protect the target. Acquisition of resistance by mutation can result from (i) alteration of the drug target that prevents the inhibitor from binding, (ii) derepression of chromosomally encoded multidrug resistance efflux pumps and (iii) multiple stepwise mutations that alter the structure and composition of the cell wall and/or membrane to reduce drug access to its target. This review focuses on development of resistance to currently used antibiotics and examines future prospects for new antibiotics and informed use of drug combinations.
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Lee SM, Huh HJ, Song DJ, Shim HJ, Park KS, Kang CI, Ki CS, Lee NY. Resistance mechanisms of linezolid-nonsusceptible enterococci in Korea: low rate of 23S rRNA mutations in Enterococcus faecium. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:1730-1735. [PMID: 29111969 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate linezolid-resistance mechanisms in linezolid-nonsusceptible enterococci (LNSE) isolated from a tertiary hospital in Korea. METHODOLOGY Enterococcal isolates exhibiting linezolid MICs ≥4 mg l-1 that were isolated between December 2011 and May 2016 were investigated by PCR and sequencing for mutations in 23S rRNA or ribosomal proteins (L3, L4 and L22) and for the presence of cfr, cfr(B) and optrA genes.Results/Key findings. Among 135 LNSE (87 Enterococcus faecium and 48 Enterococcus faecalis isolates), 39.1 % (34/87) of E. faecium and 18.8 % (9/48) of E. faecalis isolates were linezolid-resistant. The optrA carriage was the dominant mechanism in E. faecalis: 13 isolates, including 10 E. faecalis [70 % (7/10) linezolid-resistant and 30 % (3/10) linezolid-intermediate] and three E. faecium [33.3 % (1/3) linezolid-resistant and 66.7 % (2/3) linezolid-intermediate], contained the optrA gene. G2576T mutations in the 23S rRNA gene were detected only in E. faecium [14 isolates; 71.4 % (10/14) linezolid-resistant and 28.6 % (4/14) linezolid-intermediate]. One linezolid-intermediate E. faecium harboured a L22 protein alteration (Ser77Thr). No isolates contained cfr or cfr(B) genes and any L3 or L4 protein alterations. No genetic mechanism of resistance was identified for 67.6 % (23/34) of linezolid-resistant E. faecium. CONCLUSION A low rate of 23S rRNA mutations and the absence of known linezolid-resistance mechanisms in the majority of E. faecium isolates suggest regional differences in the mechanisms of linezolid resistance and the possibility of additional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae-Mi Lee
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jae Huh
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Joon Song
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang Jin Shim
- Center for Clinical Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Cheol-In Kang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Ki
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Yong Lee
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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24
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Karlowsky JA, Hackel MA, Bouchillon SK, Alder J, Sahm DF. In Vitro activities of Tedizolid and comparator antimicrobial agents against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus collected in 12 countries from 2014 to 2016. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 89:151-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Distribution of optrA and cfr in florfenicol-resistant Staphylococcus sciuri of pig origin. Vet Microbiol 2017; 210:43-48. [PMID: 29103695 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel transferable oxazolidinone-phenicol resistance gene, optrA, which confers resistance to linezolid, the next-generation oxazolidinone tedizolid, and also to chloramphenicol and florfenicol, has been identified in enterococcal and staphylococcal species. Here, we investigated the epidemiology of optrA in florfenicol-resistant Staphylococcus spp. isolates of pig origin, and characterized the genetic context of oxazolidinone resistance genes in 20 optrA-positive florfenicol- and methicillin-resistant S. sciuri isolates, 11 (55%) of which also harbored the multi-resistance gene cfr. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and direct repeat unit (dru) typing of the 20 optrA-positive S. sciuri isolates revealed 17 patterns and four distinct dru types, respectively. Nine and six different arrangements of the optrA and cfr gene regions, respectively, were identified among the isolates. The arrangements optrA-araC-Tn558 or optrA-ΔTn558 were present in all optrA-positive isolates, and in three of them, ISEnfa5 and cfr were located immediately downstream of optrA. The cfr-carrying segment in eight isolates was similar to the corresponding region of the staphylococcal plasmid pWo28-3, in which the coexistence of cfr and optrA was identified for the first time.
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26
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Argudín MA, Deplano A, Meghraoui A, Dodémont M, Heinrichs A, Denis O, Nonhoff C, Roisin S. Bacteria from Animals as a Pool of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2017; 6:antibiotics6020012. [PMID: 28587316 PMCID: PMC5485445 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics6020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial agents are used in both veterinary and human medicine. The intensive use of antimicrobials in animals may promote the fixation of antimicrobial resistance genes in bacteria, which may be zoonotic or capable to transfer these genes to human-adapted pathogens or to human gut microbiota via direct contact, food or the environment. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the use of antimicrobial agents in animal health and explores the role of bacteria from animals as a pool of antimicrobial resistance genes for human bacteria. This review focused in relevant examples within the ESC(K)APE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile (Klebsiella pneumoniae), Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacteriaceae) group of bacterial pathogens that are the leading cause of nosocomial infections throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angeles Argudín
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ariane Deplano
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Alaeddine Meghraoui
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Magali Dodémont
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Amelie Heinrichs
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Olivier Denis
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
- Ecole de Santé Publique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Claire Nonhoff
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sandrine Roisin
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
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Pérez-Parra S, Peña-Monje A, Recio JL, García-García F. Actividad comparativa de tedizolid frente a Staphylococcus coagulasa negativos resistentes a linezolid y Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a meticilina. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2017; 35:323-324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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28
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Earls MR, Kinnevey PM, Brennan GI, Lazaris A, Skally M, O’Connell B, Humphreys H, Shore AC, Coleman DC. The recent emergence in hospitals of multidrug-resistant community-associated sequence type 1 and spa type t127 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus investigated by whole-genome sequencing: Implications for screening. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175542. [PMID: 28399151 PMCID: PMC5388477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Community-associated spa type t127/t922 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) prevalence increased from 1%-7% in Ireland between 2010–2015. This study tracked the spread of 89 such isolates from June 2013-June 2016. These included 78 healthcare-associated and 11 community associated-MRSA isolates from a prolonged hospital outbreak (H1) (n = 46), 16 other hospitals (n = 28), four other healthcare facilities (n = 4) and community-associated sources (n = 11). Isolates underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing, DNA microarray profiling and whole-genome sequencing. Minimum spanning trees were generated following core-genome multilocus sequence typing and pairwise single nucleotide variation (SNV) analysis was performed. All isolates were sequence type 1 MRSA staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type IV (ST1-MRSA-IV) and 76/89 were multidrug-resistant. Fifty isolates, including 40/46 from H1, were high-level mupirocin-resistant, carrying a conjugative 39 kb iles2-encoding plasmid. Two closely related ST1-MRSA-IV strains (I and II) and multiple sporadic strains were identified. Strain I isolates (57/89), including 43/46 H1 and all high-level mupirocin-resistant isolates, exhibited ≤80 SNVs. Two strain I isolates from separate H1 healthcare workers differed from other H1/strain I isolates by 7–47 and 12–53 SNVs, respectively, indicating healthcare worker involvement in this outbreak. Strain II isolates (19/89), including the remaining H1 isolates, exhibited ≤127 SNVs. For each strain, the pairwise SNVs exhibited by healthcare-associated and community-associated isolates indicated recent transmission of ST1-MRSA-IV within and between multiple hospitals, healthcare facilities and communities in Ireland. Given the interchange between healthcare-associated and community-associated isolates in hospitals, the risk factors that inform screening for MRSA require revision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R. Earls
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter M. Kinnevey
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gráinne I. Brennan
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- National MRSA Reference Laboratory, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Alexandros Lazaris
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mairead Skally
- Department of Microbiology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian O’Connell
- National MRSA Reference Laboratory, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Hilary Humphreys
- Department of Microbiology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anna C. Shore
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David C. Coleman
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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29
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Paridaens H, Coussement J, Argudín MA, Delaere B, Huang TD, Glupczynski Y, Denis O. Clinical case of cfr-positive MRSA CC398 in Belgium. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 36:1527-1529. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-2953-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Paukner S, Riedl R. Pleuromutilins: Potent Drugs for Resistant Bugs-Mode of Action and Resistance. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:a027110. [PMID: 27742734 PMCID: PMC5204327 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pleuromutilins are antibiotics that selectively inhibit bacterial translation and are semisynthetic derivatives of the naturally occurring tricyclic diterpenoid pleuromutilin, which received its name from the pleuromutilin-producing fungus Pleurotus mutilus Tiamulin and valnemulin are two established derivatives in veterinary medicine for oral and intramuscular administration. As these early pleuromutilin drugs were developed at a time when companies focused on major antibacterial classes, such as the β-lactams, and resistance was not regarded as an issue, interest in antibiotic research including pleuromutilins was limited. Over the last decade or so, there has been a resurgence in interest to develop this class for human use. This has resulted in a topical derivative, retapamulin, and additional derivatives in clinical development. The most advanced compound is lefamulin, which is in late-stage development for the intravenous and oral treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and acute bacterial skin infections. Overall, pleuromutilins and, in particular, lefamulin are characterized by potent activity against Gram-positive and fastidious Gram-negative pathogens as well as against mycoplasmas and intracellular organisms, such as Chlamydia spp. and Legionella pneumophila Pleuromutilins are unaffected by resistance to other major antibiotic classes, such as macrolides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, β-lactam antibiotics, and others. Furthermore, pleuromutilins display very low spontaneous mutation frequencies and slow, stepwise resistance development at sub-MIC in vitro. The potential for resistance development in clinic is predicted to be slow as confirmed by extremely low resistance rates to this class despite the use of pleuromutilins in veterinary medicine for >30 years. Although rare, resistant strains have been identified in human- and livestock-associated environments and as with any antibiotic class, require close monitoring as well as prudent use in veterinary medicine. This review focuses on the structural characteristics, mode of action, antibacterial activity, and resistance development of this potent and novel antibacterial class for systemic use in humans.
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31
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Ramsay JP, Kwong SM, Murphy RJT, Yui Eto K, Price KJ, Nguyen QT, O'Brien FG, Grubb WB, Coombs GW, Firth N. An updated view of plasmid conjugation and mobilization in Staphylococcus. Mob Genet Elements 2016; 6:e1208317. [PMID: 27583185 PMCID: PMC4993578 DOI: 10.1080/2159256x.2016.1208317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The horizontal gene transfer facilitated by mobile genetic elements impacts almost all areas of bacterial evolution, including the accretion and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistance genes in the human and animal pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Genome surveys of staphylococcal plasmids have revealed an unexpected paucity of conjugation and mobilization loci, perhaps suggesting that conjugation plays only a minor role in the evolution of this genus. In this letter we present the DNA sequences of historically documented staphylococcal conjugative plasmids and highlight that at least 3 distinct and widely distributed families of conjugative plasmids currently contribute to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus. We also review the recently documented "relaxase-in trans" mechanism of conjugative mobilization facilitated by conjugative plasmids pWBG749 and pSK41, and discuss how this may facilitate the horizontal transmission of around 90% of plasmids that were previously considered non-mobilizable. Finally, we enumerate unique sequenced S. aureus plasmids with a potential mechanism of mobilization and predict that at least 80% of all non-conjugative S. aureus plasmids are mobilizable by at least one mechanism. We suggest that a greater research focus on the molecular biology of conjugation is essential if we are to recognize gene-transfer mechanisms from our increasingly in silico analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Ramsay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- ACCESS Typing and Research, School of Veterinary Sciences and Life Sciences, Murdoch University and School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Stephen M. Kwong
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Riley J. T. Murphy
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- ACCESS Typing and Research, School of Veterinary Sciences and Life Sciences, Murdoch University and School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Karina Yui Eto
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- ACCESS Typing and Research, School of Veterinary Sciences and Life Sciences, Murdoch University and School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Karina J. Price
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Quang T. Nguyen
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Frances G. O'Brien
- ACCESS Typing and Research, School of Veterinary Sciences and Life Sciences, Murdoch University and School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Warren B. Grubb
- ACCESS Typing and Research, School of Veterinary Sciences and Life Sciences, Murdoch University and School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W. Coombs
- ACCESS Typing and Research, School of Veterinary Sciences and Life Sciences, Murdoch University and School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine–WA, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Neville Firth
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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