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Bonnett S, Jee JA, Chettiar S, Ovechkina Y, Korkegian A, Greve E, Odingo J, Parish T. Identification of 2-Amino Benzothiazoles with Bactericidal Activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0497422. [PMID: 36688635 PMCID: PMC9927457 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04974-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified an amino-benzothiazole scaffold from a whole-cell screen against recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis under expressing the essential signal peptidase LepB. The seed molecule had 2-fold higher activity against the LepB hypomorph. Through a combination of purchase and chemical synthesis, we explored the structure-activity relationship for this series; 34 analogs were tested for antitubercular activity and for cytotoxicity against eukaryotic cells. We identified molecules with improved potency and reduced cytotoxicity. However, molecules did not appear to target LepB directly and did not inhibit protein secretion. Key compounds showed good permeability, low protein binding, and lack of CYP inhibition, but metabolic stability was poor with short half-lives. The seed molecule showed good bactericidal activity against both replicating and nonreplicating bacteria, as well as potency against intracellular M. tuberculosis in murine macrophages. Overall, the microbiological properties of the series are attractive if metabolic stability can be improved, and identification of the target could assist in the development of this series. IMPORTANCE Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, is a serious global health problem requiring the development of new therapeutics. We previously ran a high-throughput screen and identified a series of compounds with antitubercular activity. In this paper, we test analogs of our hit molecules for activity against M. tuberculosis, as well as for activity against eukaryotic cells. We identified molecules with improved selectivity. Our molecules killed both replicating and nonreplicating bacteria but did not work by targeting protein secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilah Bonnett
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jo-Ann Jee
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Somsundaram Chettiar
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yulia Ovechkina
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aaron Korkegian
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Eric Greve
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joshua Odingo
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tanya Parish
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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2
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Ganesan N, Ronsmans S, Vanoirbeek J, Hoet PHM. Assessment of Experimental Techniques That Facilitate Human Granuloma Formation in an In Vitro System: A Systematic Review. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050864. [PMID: 35269486 PMCID: PMC8909410 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of granuloma formation is complex, and due to species differences, the validity of animal studies is somewhat questioned. Moreover, the large number of animals needed to observe the different stages of development also raises ethical questions. Therefore, researchers have explored the use of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), a heterogeneous population of immune cells, in an in vitro model. This review included in vitro studies that focused on exposing PBMCs—from healthy, sensitized, or diseased individuals—to antigens derived from infectious agents—such as mycobacteria or Schistosoma spp.—or inorganic antigens—such as beryllium. The reviewed studies mainly explored how human in vitro granuloma models can contribute towards understanding the pathogenesis of granulomatous diseases, especially during the early stages of granuloma formation. The feasibility of granuloma modelling was thus largely assessed via experimental techniques including (1) granuloma scoring indices (GI), (2) cell surface markers and (3) cytokine secretion profiling. While granuloma scoring showed some similarities between studies, a large variability of culture conditions and endpoints measured have been identified. The lack of any standardization currently impedes the success of a human in vitro granuloma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirosha Ganesan
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (N.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Steven Ronsmans
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Jeroen Vanoirbeek
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (N.G.); (J.V.)
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Peter H. M. Hoet
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (N.G.); (J.V.)
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
- Correspondence:
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Yeware A, Akhtar S, Sarkar D. Probes and techniques used in active and the hypoxia-based dormant state of an antitubercular drug screening assay. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2021.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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4
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Iakobachvili N, Leon‐Icaza SA, Knoops K, Sachs N, Mazères S, Simeone R, Peixoto A, Bernard C, Murris‐Espin M, Mazières J, Cam K, Chalut C, Guilhot C, López‐Iglesias C, Ravelli RBG, Neyrolles O, Meunier E, Lugo‐Villarino G, Clevers H, Cougoule C, Peters P. Mycobacteria-host interactions in human bronchiolar airway organoids. Mol Microbiol 2022; 117:682-692. [PMID: 34605588 PMCID: PMC9298242 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory infections remain a major global health concern. Tuberculosis is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide, while infections with Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria are rising globally. Recent advances in human tissue modeling offer a unique opportunity to grow different human "organs" in vitro, including the human airway, that faithfully recapitulates lung architecture and function. Here, we have explored the potential of human airway organoids (AOs) as a novel system in which to assess the very early steps of mycobacterial infection. We reveal that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Mycobacterium abscessus (Mabs) mainly reside as extracellular bacteria and infect epithelial cells with very low efficiency. While the AO microenvironment was able to control, but not eliminate Mtb, Mabs thrives. We demonstrate that AOs responded to infection by modulating cytokine, antimicrobial peptide, and mucin gene expression. Given the importance of myeloid cells in mycobacterial infection, we co-cultured infected AOs with human monocyte-derived macrophages and found that these cells interact with the organoid epithelium. We conclude that adult stem cell (ASC)-derived AOs can be used to decipher very early events of mycobacteria infection in human settings thus offering new avenues for fundamental and therapeutic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Iakobachvili
- M4i Nanoscopy DivisionMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Stephen Adonai Leon‐Icaza
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
| | - Kèvin Knoops
- M4i Nanoscopy DivisionMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Norman Sachs
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht InstituteRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical CenterUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Serge Mazères
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
| | - Roxane Simeone
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial PathogenomicsCNRS UMR3525ParisFrance
| | - Antonio Peixoto
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
| | - Célia Bernard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
| | | | - Julien Mazières
- Service de PneumologieHôpital Larrey, CHU de ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Kaymeuang Cam
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
| | - Christian Chalut
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
| | - Christophe Guilhot
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
| | | | | | - Olivier Neyrolles
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS “IM‐TB/HIV” (1167)ToulouseFrance
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS “IM‐TB/HIV” (1167)Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - Etienne Meunier
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
| | - Geanncarlo Lugo‐Villarino
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS “IM‐TB/HIV” (1167)ToulouseFrance
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS “IM‐TB/HIV” (1167)Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - Hans Clevers
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht InstituteRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical CenterUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Céline Cougoule
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS “IM‐TB/HIV” (1167)ToulouseFrance
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS “IM‐TB/HIV” (1167)Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - Peter J. Peters
- M4i Nanoscopy DivisionMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
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Perveen S, Sharma R. Screening approaches and therapeutic targets: The two driving wheels of tuberculosis drug discovery. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 197:114906. [PMID: 34990594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease, infecting a quarter of world's population. Drug resistant TB further exacerbates the grim scenario of the drying TB drug discovery pipeline. The limited arsenal to fight TB presses the need for thorough efforts for identifying promising hits to combat the disease. The review highlights the efforts in the field of tuberculosis drug discovery, with an emphasis on massive drug screening campaigns for identifying novel hits against Mtb in both industry and academia. As an intracellular pathogen, mycobacteria reside in a complicated intracellular environment with multiple factors at play. Here, we outline various strategies employed in an effort to mimic the intracellular milieu for bringing the screening models closer to the actual settings. The review also focuses on the novel targets and pathways that could aid in target-based drug discovery in TB. The recent high throughput screening efforts resulting in the identification of potent hits against Mtb has been summarized in this article. There is a pressing need for effective screening strategies and approaches employing innovative tools and recent technologies; including nanotechnology, gene-editing tools such as CRISPR-cas system, host-directed bacterial killing and high content screening to augment the TB drug discovery pipeline with safer and shorter drug regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summaya Perveen
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Rashmi Sharma
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Evolution of Antibacterial Drug Screening Methods: Current Prospects for Mycobacteria. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122562. [PMID: 34946162 PMCID: PMC8708102 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing resistance of infectious agents to available drugs urges the continuous and rapid development of new and more efficient treatment options. This process, in turn, requires accurate and high-throughput techniques for antimicrobials’ testing. Conventional methods of drug susceptibility testing (DST) are reliable and standardized by competent entities and have been thoroughly applied to a wide range of microorganisms. However, they require much manual work and time, especially in the case of slow-growing organisms, such as mycobacteria. Aiming at a better prediction of the clinical efficacy of new drugs, in vitro infection models have evolved to closely mimic the environment that microorganisms experience inside the host. Automated methods allow in vitro DST on a big scale, and they can integrate models that recreate the interactions that the bacteria establish with host cells in vivo. Nonetheless, they are expensive and require a high level of expertise, which makes them still not applicable to routine laboratory work. In this review, we discuss conventional DST methods and how they should be used as a first screen to select active compounds. We also highlight their limitations and how they can be overcome by more complex and sophisticated in vitro models that reflect the dynamics present in the host during infection. Special attention is given to mycobacteria, which are simultaneously difficult to treat and especially challenging to study in the context of DST.
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Tanner L, Mashabela GT, Omollo CC, de Wet TJ, Parkinson CJ, Warner DF, Haynes RK, Wiesner L. Intracellular Accumulation of Novel and Clinically Used TB Drugs Potentiates Intracellular Synergy. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0043421. [PMID: 34585951 PMCID: PMC8557888 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00434-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic repertoire for tuberculosis (TB) remains limited despite the existence of many TB drugs that are highly active in in vitro models and possess clinical utility. Underlying the lack of efficacy in vivo is the inability of TB drugs to penetrate microenvironments inhabited by the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including host alveolar macrophages. Here, we determined the ability of the phenoxazine PhX1 previously shown to be active against M. tuberculosis in vitro to differentially penetrate murine compartments, including plasma, epithelial lining fluid, and isolated epithelial lining fluid cells. We also investigated the extent of permeation into uninfected and M. tuberculosis-infected human macrophage-like Tamm-Horsfall protein 1 (THP-1) cells directly and by comparing to results obtained in vitro in synergy assays. Our data indicate that PhX1 (4,750 ± 127.2 ng/ml) penetrates more effectively into THP-1 cells than do the clinically used anti-TB agents, rifampin (3,050 ± 62.9 ng/ml), moxifloxacin (3,374 ± 48.7 ng/ml), bedaquiline (4,410 ± 190.9 ng/ml), and linezolid (770 ± 14.1 ng/ml). Compound efficacy in infected cells correlated with intracellular accumulation, reinforcing the perceived importance of intracellular penetration as a key drug property. Moreover, we detected synergies deriving from redox-stimulatory combinations of PhX1 or clofazimine with the novel prenylated amino-artemisinin WHN296. Finally, we used compound synergies to elucidate the relationship between compound intracellular accumulation and efficacy, with PhX1/WHN296 synergy levels shown to predict drug efficacy. Collectively, our data support the utility of the applied assays in identifying in vitro active compounds with the potential for clinical development. IMPORTANCE This study addresses the development of novel therapeutic compounds for the eventual treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Tuberculosis continues to progress, with cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) resistance to first-line medications increasing. We assess new combinations of drugs with both oxidant and redox properties coupled with a third partner drug, with the focus here being on the potentiation of M. tuberculosis-active combinations of compounds in the intracellular macrophage environment. Thus, we determined the ability of the phenoxazine PhX1, previously shown to be active against M. tuberculosis in vitro, to differentially penetrate murine compartments, including plasma, epithelial lining fluid, and isolated epithelial lining fluid cells. In addition, the extent of permeation into human macrophage-like THP-1 cells and H37Rv-infected THP-1 cells was measured via mass spectrometry and compared to in vitro two-dimensional synergy and subsequent intracellular efficacy. Collectively, our data indicate that development of new drugs will be facilitated using the methods described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Tanner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gabriel T. Mashabela
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charles C. Omollo
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Timothy J. de Wet
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Digby F. Warner
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard K. Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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8
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Arbués A, Schmidiger S, Kammüller M, Portevin D. Extracellular Matrix-Induced GM-CSF and Hypoxia Promote Immune Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Human In Vitro Granulomas. Front Immunol 2021; 12:727508. [PMID: 34603299 PMCID: PMC8486295 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.727508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Several in vitro cellular models have been developed with the aim to reproduce and dissect human granulomatous responses, the hallmark of tuberculosis (TB) immunopathogenesis. In that context, we compared two- (2D) versus three-dimensional (3D) granuloma models resulting from infection of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with M. tuberculosis (Mtb) in the absence or presence of a collagen-based extracellular matrix (ECM). Granuloma formation was found to be significantly enhanced in the 2D model. This feature was associated with an earlier chemokine production and lymphocyte activation, but also a significantly increased bacterial burden. Remarkably, the reduction in Mtb burden in the 3D model correlated with an increase in GM-CSF production. GM-CSF, which is known to promote macrophage survival, was found to be inherently induced by the ECM. We observed that only 3D in vitro granulomas led to the accumulation of lipid inclusions within Mtb. Our data suggest that a hypoxic environment within the ECM could be responsible for this dormant-like Mtb phenotype. Furthermore, exposure to a TNF-α antagonist reverted Mtb dormancy, thereby mimicking the reactivation of TB observed in rheumatic patients receiving this therapy. To conclude, we showed that only in vitro granulomas generated in the presence of an ECM could recapitulate some clinically relevant features of granulomatous responses in TB. As such, this model constitutes a highly valuable tool to study the interplay between immunity and Mtb stress responses as well as to evaluate novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Arbués
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Schmidiger
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kammüller
- Translational Medicine-Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Damien Portevin
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Mukundan S, Bhatt R, Lucas J, Tereyek M, Chang TL, Subbian S, Parekkadan B. 3D host cell and pathogen-based bioassay development for testing anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug response and modeling immunodeficiency. Biomol Concepts 2021; 12:117-128. [PMID: 34473918 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2021-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health threat that affects 10 million people worldwide. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains one of the major contributors to the reactivation of asymptomatic latent tuberculosis (LTBI). Over the recent years, there has been a significant focus in developing in-vitro 3D models mimicking early events of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) pathogenesis, especially formation of the granuloma. However, these models are low throughput and require extracellular matrix. In this article, we report the generation of a matrix-free 3D model, using THP-1 human monocyte/macrophage cells and mCherry-expressing Mycobacterium bovis BCG (Bacilli Camille Guérin), henceforth referred as 3D spheroids, to study the host cell-bacterial interactions. Using mCherry-intensity-based tracking, we monitored the kinetics of BCG growth in the 3D spheroids. We also demonstrate the application of the 3D spheroids for testing anti-TB compounds such as isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), as well as a host-directed drug, everolimus (EVR) as single and combinational treatments. We further established a dual infection 3D spheroid model by coinfecting THP-1 macrophages with BCG mCherry and pseudotype HIV. In this HIV-TB co-infection model, we found an increase in BCG mCherry growth within the 3D spheroids infected with HIV pseudotype. The degree of disruption of the granuloma was proportional to the virus titers used for co-infection. In summary, this 3D spheroid assay is an useful tool to screen anti-TB response of potential candidate drugs and can be adopted to model HIV-TB interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpaa Mukundan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854
| | - Rachana Bhatt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854
| | - John Lucas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854
| | - Matthew Tereyek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854
| | - Theresa L Chang
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 07103
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 07103
| | - Biju Parekkadan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854; Department of Medicine, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854
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Parish T. In vitro drug discovery models for Mycobacterium tuberculosis relevant for host infection. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:349-358. [PMID: 31899974 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1707801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death from infectious disease. Current drug therapy requires a combination of antibiotics taken over >6 months. An urgent need for new agents that can shorten therapy is required. In order to develop new drugs, simple in vitro assays are required that can identify efficacious compounds rapidly and predict in vivo activity in the human.Areas covered: This review focusses on the most relevant in vitro assays that can be utilized in a drug discovery program and which mimic different aspects of infection or disease. The focus is largely on assays used to test >1000s of compounds reliably and robustly. However, some assays used for 10s to 100s of compounds are included where the utility outweighs the low capacity. Literature searches for high throughput screening, models and in vitro assays were undertaken.Expert opinion: Drug discovery and development in tuberculosis is extremely challenging due to the requirement for predicting drug efficacy in a disease with complex pathology in which bacteria exist in heterogeneous states in inaccesible locations. A combination of assays can be used to determine profiles against replicating, non-replicating, intracellular and tolerant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Parish
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, USA
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11
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Yeware A, Agrawal S, Sarkar D. A high content screening assay for identifying inhibitors against active and dormant state intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 164:105687. [PMID: 31415793 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The antitubercular drug development pipeline could start with an in vitro investigation of several compounds to examine their effect on active and dormant state Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, in vitro screening of dormant state bacilli cannot provide enough information on the simultaneous effect of a compound on the host. Therefore, we developed a live cell fluorescence based screening protocol by utilizing the high content system for determining the effect of inhibitors against active and dormant state intracellular mycobacteria. THP-1 macrophages infected with an actively growing and hypoxia derived dormant Mtb culture were standardized to develop the screening protocol. The signal to noise ratio and the Z' factor of this assay were found to be 7.5-29 and 0.6-0.8, respectively, which confirm the robustness of the protocol. The protocol was then validated with standard inhibitors. This newly developed drug screening assay offers an easy, safe, image based high content screening tool to search for novel antitubercular inhibitors against both active and dormant state intracellular mycobacteria. Therefore, this assay could fill in the gap between in vitro and in vivo latent tuberculosis drug screening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Yeware
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Combi Chem-Bio Resource Center, Organic Chemistry Division, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sonia Agrawal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Combi Chem-Bio Resource Center, Organic Chemistry Division, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dhiman Sarkar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Combi Chem-Bio Resource Center, Organic Chemistry Division, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India.
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Echeverría-Valencia G, Silva-Miranda M, Ekaza E, Vallecillo AJ, Parada C, Sada-Ovalle I, Altare F, Espitia C. Interaction of mycobacteria with Plasmin(ogen) affects phagocytosis and granuloma development. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 117:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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J Libardo MD, Boshoff HI, Barry CE. The present state of the tuberculosis drug development pipeline. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 42:81-94. [PMID: 30144650 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis now ranks as the leading cause of death in the world due to a single infectious agent. Current standard of care treatment can achieve very high cure rates for drug-sensitive disease but requires a 6-month duration of chemotherapy. Drug-resistant disease requires significantly longer treatment durations with drugs associated with a higher risk of adverse events. Thus, there is a pressing need for a drug regimen that is safer, shorter in duration and superior to current front-line chemotherapy in terms of efficacy. The TB drug pipeline contains several candidates that address one or more of the required attributes of chemotherapeutic regimens that may redefine the standard of care of this disease. Several new drugs have been reported and novel targets have been identified allowing regimens containing new compounds to trickle into clinical studies. Furthermore, a recent paradigm-shift in understanding the pharmacokinetics of anti-tubercular drugs is revolutionizing the way we select compounds for clinical progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Daben J Libardo
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Helena Im Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Clifton E Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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14
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Huang L, Kushner NL, Theriault ME, Pisu D, Tan S, McNamara CW, Petrassi HM, Russell DG, Brown AC. The Deconstructed Granuloma: A Complex High-Throughput Drug Screening Platform for the Discovery of Host-Directed Therapeutics Against Tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:275. [PMID: 30155446 PMCID: PMC6102409 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) continues to be a threat to Global Public Health, and its control will require an array of therapeutic strategies. It has been appreciated that high-throughput screens using cell-based assays to identify compounds targeting Mtb within macrophages represent a valuable tool for drug discovery. However, the host immune environment, in the form of lymphocytes and cytokines, is completely absent in a chemical screening platform based on infected macrophages alone. The absence of these players unnecessarily limits the breadth of novel host target pathways to be interrogated. In this study, we detail a new drug screening platform based on dissociated murine TB granulomas, named the Deconstructed Granuloma (DGr), that utilizes fluorescent Mtb reporter strains screened in the host immune environment of the infection site. The platform has been used to screen a collection of known drug candidates. Data from a representative 384-well plate containing known anti-bacterial compounds are shown, illustrating the robustness of the screening platform. The novel deconstructed granuloma platform represents an accessible, sensitive and robust high-throughput screen suitable for the inclusive interrogation of immune targets for Host-Directed Therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Nicole L Kushner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Monique E Theriault
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Davide Pisu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Shumin Tan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Case W McNamara
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - H Mike Petrassi
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - David G Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Amanda C Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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15
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Bielecka MK, Elkington P. Advanced cellular systems to study tuberculosis treatment. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 42:16-21. [PMID: 29990957 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) kills more humans than any other infection and drug resistant strains are progressively emerging. Whilst the successful development of new agents for multi-drug resistant Mtb represents a major step forward, this progress must be balanced against recent disappointments in treatment-shortening trials. Consequently, there is a pressing need to strengthen the pipeline of drugs to treat tuberculosis (TB) and develop innovative therapeutic regimes. Approaches that bridge diverse disciplines are likely to be required to provide systems that address the limitations of current experimental models. Mtb is an obligate human pathogen that has undergone extensive co-evolution, resulting in a complex interplay between the host and pathogen. This chronic interaction involves multiple micro-environments, which may underlie some of the challenges in developing new drugs. The authors propose that advanced cell culture models of TB are likely to be an important addition to the experimental armamentarium in developing new approaches to TB, and here we review recent progress in this area and discuss the principal challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena K Bielecka
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
| | - Paul Elkington
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK.
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16
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Abstract
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Current tuberculosis
(TB) drug development efforts are not sufficient
to end the global TB epidemic. Recent efforts have focused on the
development of whole-cell screening assays because biochemical, target-based
inhibitor screens during the last two decades have not delivered new
TB drugs. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative
agent of TB, encounters diverse microenvironments and can be found
in a variety of metabolic states in the human host. Due to the complexity
and heterogeneity of Mtb infection, no single model can fully recapitulate
the in vivo conditions in which Mtb is found in TB patients, and there
is no single “standard” screening condition to generate
hit compounds for TB drug development. However, current screening
assays have become more sophisticated as researchers attempt to mirror
the complexity of TB disease in the laboratory. In this review, we
describe efforts using surrogates and engineered strains of Mtb to
focus screens on specific targets. We explain model culture systems
ranging from carbon starvation to hypoxia, and combinations thereof,
designed to represent the microenvironment which Mtb encounters in
the human body. We outline ongoing efforts to model Mtb infection
in the lung granuloma. We assess these different models, their ability
to generate hit compounds, and needs for further TB drug development,
to provide direction for future TB drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianao Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Nicole S Sampson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States.,Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS), Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University , Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
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17
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Trofimov V, Costa-Gouveia J, Hoffmann E, Brodin P. Host-pathogen systems for early drug discovery against tuberculosis. Curr Opin Microbiol 2017; 39:143-151. [PMID: 29179041 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global disease causing 1.8 million deaths each year. The appearance of drug-resistant strains raised the demand for new anti-mycobacterial drugs and therapies, because previously discovered antibiotics are shown to be inefficient. Moreover, the number of newly discovered drugs is not increasing in proportion to the emergence of drug resistance, which suggests that more optimized methodology and screening procedures are required including the incorporation of in vivo properties of TB infection. A way to improve efficacy of screening approaches is by introducing the use of different host-pathogen systems into primary screenings. These include whole cell-based screenings, zebrafish larvae-based screenings and the impact of artificial granuloma research on the drug discovery process. This review highlights current screening attempts and the identified molecular targets and summarizes findings of alternative, not fully explored host-pathogen systems for the characterization of anti-mycobacterial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Trofimov
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1019 - UMR8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University Lille, Lille, France
| | - Joana Costa-Gouveia
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1019 - UMR8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University Lille, Lille, France
| | - Eik Hoffmann
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1019 - UMR8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University Lille, Lille, France
| | - Priscille Brodin
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1019 - UMR8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University Lille, Lille, France.
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18
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Abstract
The label "translational research" (TR) has become ever more popular in the biomedical domain in recent years. It is usually presented as an attempt to bridge a supposed gap between knowledge produced at the laboratory bench and its use at the clinical bedside. This is claimed to help society harvest the benefits of its investments in scientific research. The past decade has witnessed a remarkable acceleration in the pace of translational cancer medicine - genome sequencing of various human cancers has been broadly deployed in drug discovery programs, diagnostic tests have been developed to predict molecularly targeted anticancer agents, advent of cancer immunotherapies, an enhanced appreciation of the complex interactions that exist between tumor cells and their microenvironment have revolutionized the management of cancers. Treatment for cancer and palliative care (PC) go hand in hand and the role of TR in PC can no longer be ignored. This paper discusses about the scientific discourse of TR in cancer care and its implications for the practice of PC. It starts with a brief reconstruction of the history of the concept and subsequently unravels how the label is used in clinical/research practice. In conclusion, TR seems to be driven by a changed relationship between science and society. "Translation" has become important because society is thought to deserve a tangible return in terms of health and quality of life on its investment in basic biomedical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunangshu Ghoshal
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.,Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, UK
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19
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Mukherjee R, Chandra Pal A, Banerjee M. Enabling faster Go/No-Go decisions through secondary screens in anti-mycobacterial drug discovery. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 106:44-52. [PMID: 28802404 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Management of tuberculosis, already a global health emergency, is becoming increasingly challenging with extensive misuse of second line drugs and their inaccessibility to eighty percent of the eligible patients. Rising statistics of antimicrobial resistance underscores the need for a set of completely new and more effective class of compounds with novel mechanisms of action that can be administered in combination to replace and shorten the present intensive six months regimen. In this review, we stress on the importance and the successes of phenotypic screening for discovery of anti-mycobacterial compound and discuss the importance of performing secondary screens and counter screens to get early estimate on compound's potentials for a successful development. We also highlight the recent advances and the related caveats in the assays that have been developed and discuss new screening modalities that can be incorporated during hit-selection to gain a quick insight into the mechanism of action, thus enabling quicker decisions in a hit triage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Mukherjee
- Division of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Karakambadi Road, Tirupati, 517507, India.
| | - Anup Chandra Pal
- Division of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Karakambadi Road, Tirupati, 517507, India
| | - Mousumi Banerjee
- Indian Institute of Technology, Tirupati, Renigunta Road, Tirupati, 517506, India
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20
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Host-directed therapies offer novel opportunities for the fight against tuberculosis. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1250-1257. [PMID: 28533187 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading global health problem that is exacerbated by the emergence of multidrug and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Control of the disease requires novel therapeutic strategies. Modulating host homeostasis appears to be a promising approach, and recent studies have identified novel potential host targets and compounds that could be investigated for host-directed therapies (HDTs). Moreover, the recent development of intracellular high-throughput phenotypic assays makes it possible to screen large libraries of compounds to identify more rapidly new effectors for mycobacterial elimination. Technological advances combined with the novel HDT concept opens an interesting and promising research area that could ultimately deliver personalized TB treatment.
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21
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Manning AJ, Ovechkina Y, McGillivray A, Flint L, Roberts DM, Parish T. A high content microscopy assay to determine drug activity against intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Methods 2017; 127:3-11. [PMID: 28366666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the infectious diseases with the greatest global burden, affecting millions of people. The rise of multi- and extensively-drug resistant forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis over the last few decades has highlighted the urgent need for development of new drugs to treat the disease. Many drug development pipelines are based on in vitro assays examining a compound's effect on M. tuberculosis alone. These do not account for the effect of a compound on mammalian cells nor the interaction between host and pathogen. We therefore developed a live-cell fluorescence-based screen utilizing high content microscopy of mammalian macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis to screen for compounds with both substantial inhibition of M. tuberculosis growth and low cytotoxicity. Isoniazid, a first line tuberculosis drug, and staurosporine, a compound with well documented cytotoxic activity, were used to validate the assay. These and other control compounds showed results for M. tuberculosis growth consistent with the field. Together, this method of screening allows for high throughput testing of potential tuberculosis drugs while capturing more information per compound in a physiologically relevant context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa J Manning
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Yulia Ovechkina
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Amanda McGillivray
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Lindsay Flint
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - David M Roberts
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Tanya Parish
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
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22
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Zheng X, Av-Gay Y. New Era of TB Drug Discovery and Its Impact on Disease Management. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40506-016-0098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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23
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Alingrin J, Coiffard B, Textoris J, Belenotti P, Daumas A, Leone M, Mege JL. Impaired Granuloma Formation in Sepsis: Impact of Monocytopenia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158528. [PMID: 27441846 PMCID: PMC4956217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulomas are a collection of immune cells considered to be protective in infectious diseases. The in vitro generation of granulomas is an interesting substitution to invasive approaches of granuloma study. The monitoring of immune response through the determination of in vitro granuloma formation in patients with severe sepsis may be critical to individualize treatments. We compared the in vitro generation of granulomas by co-culturing circulating mononuclear cells from 19 patients with severe sepsis, 9 patients cured from Q fever and 12 healthy subjects as controls, and Sepharose beads coated either with BCG or Coxiella burnetii extracts to analyze both immune and innate granulomas, respectively. We showed that the great majority of patients with severe sepsis were unable to form granulomas in response to BCG and C. burnetii extracts whereas more than 80% of healthy controls and patients cured from Q fever formed granulomas. We also found that monocytopenia and defective production of tumor necrosis factor were associated with reduced formation of granulomas in patients with severe sepsis even if TNF did not seem to be involved in the defective granuloma formation. Taken together, these results suggest that the deficiency of granuloma formation may be a measurement of altered recruitment and activation of monocytes and lymphocytes in patients with severe sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Alingrin
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales et Emergentes, UMR 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Service d’Anesthésie et de Réanimation, Hôpital Nord, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Benjamin Coiffard
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales et Emergentes, UMR 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Service d’Anesthésie et de Réanimation, Hôpital Nord, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Textoris
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales et Emergentes, UMR 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Pauline Belenotti
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales et Emergentes, UMR 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Aurélie Daumas
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales et Emergentes, UMR 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Service de Médecine Interne, Gériatrie et Thérapeutique, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Leone
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales et Emergentes, UMR 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Service d’Anesthésie et de Réanimation, Hôpital Nord, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mege
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales et Emergentes, UMR 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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24
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O'Connor G, Gleeson LE, Fagan-Murphy A, Cryan SA, O'Sullivan MP, Keane J. Sharpening nature's tools for efficient tuberculosis control: A review of the potential role and development of host-directed therapies and strategies for targeted respiratory delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 102:33-54. [PMID: 27151307 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Centuries since it was first described, tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global public health issue. Despite ongoing holistic measures implemented by health authorities and a number of new oral treatments reaching the market, there is still a need for an advanced, efficient TB treatment. An adjunctive, host-directed therapy designed to enhance endogenous pathways and hence compliment current regimens could be the answer. The integration of drug repurposing, including synthetic and naturally occurring compounds, with a targeted drug delivery platform is an attractive development option. In order for a new anti-tubercular treatment to be produced in a timely manner, a multidisciplinary approach should be taken from the outset including stakeholders from academia, the pharmaceutical industry, and regulatory bodies keeping the patient as the key focus. Pre-clinical considerations for the development of a targeted host-directed therapy are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma O'Connor
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, D08 W9RT, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Laura E Gleeson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, D08 W9RT, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Aidan Fagan-Murphy
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Sally-Ann Cryan
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Mary P O'Sullivan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, D08 W9RT, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Joseph Keane
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, D08 W9RT, Dublin, Ireland.
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25
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Schaaf K, Hayley V, Speer A, Wolschendorf F, Niederweis M, Kutsch O, Sun J. A Macrophage Infection Model to Predict Drug Efficacy Against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2016; 14:345-54. [PMID: 27327048 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2016.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last 40 years, only a single new antituberculosis drug was FDA approved. New tools that improve the drug development process will be essential to accelerate the development of next-generation antituberculosis drugs. The drug development process seems to be hampered by the inefficient transition of initially promising hits to candidate compounds that are effective in vivo. In this study, we introduce an inexpensive, rapid, and BSL-2 compatible infection model using macrophage-passaged Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) that forms densely packed Mtb/macrophage aggregate structures suitable for drug efficacy testing. Susceptibility to antituberculosis drugs determined with this Mtb/macrophage aggregate model differed from commonly used in vitro broth-grown single-cell Mtb cultures. Importantly, altered drug susceptibility correlated well with the reported ability of the respective drugs to generate high tissue and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations relative to their serum concentrations, which seems to be the best predictors of in vivo efficacy. Production of these Mtb/macrophage aggregates could be easily scaled up to support throughput efforts. Overall, its simplicity and scalability should make this Mtb/macrophage aggregate model a valuable addition to the currently available Mtb drug discovery tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Schaaf
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Virginia Hayley
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Alexander Speer
- 2 Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.,3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank Wolschendorf
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Michael Niederweis
- 2 Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Olaf Kutsch
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jim Sun
- 2 Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
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26
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Fraietta I, Gasparri F. The development of high-content screening (HCS) technology and its importance to drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:501-14. [PMID: 26971542 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2016.1165203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-content screening (HCS) was introduced about twenty years ago as a promising analytical approach to facilitate some critical aspects of drug discovery. Its application has spread progressively within the pharmaceutical industry and academia to the point that it today represents a fundamental tool in supporting drug discovery and development. AREAS COVERED Here, the authors review some of significant progress in the HCS field in terms of biological models and assay readouts. They highlight the importance of high-content screening in drug discovery, as testified by its numerous applications in a variety of therapeutic areas: oncology, infective diseases, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. They also dissect the role of HCS technology in different phases of the drug discovery pipeline: target identification, primary compound screening, secondary assays, mechanism of action studies and in vitro toxicology. EXPERT OPINION Recent advances in cellular assay technologies, such as the introduction of three-dimensional (3D) cultures, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and genome editing technologies (e.g., CRISPR/Cas9), have tremendously expanded the potential of high-content assays to contribute to the drug discovery process. Increasingly predictive cellular models and readouts, together with the development of more sophisticated and affordable HCS readers, will further consolidate the role of HCS technology in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Fraietta
- a Department of Biology , Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l ., Nerviano , Milano , Italy
| | - Fabio Gasparri
- a Department of Biology , Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l ., Nerviano , Milano , Italy
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27
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Development of an Intracellular Screen for New Compounds Able To Inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis Growth in Human Macrophages. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:640-5. [PMID: 26503663 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01920-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe the development and validation of an intracellular high-throughput screening assay for finding new antituberculosis compounds active in human macrophages. The assay consists of a luciferase-based primary identification assay, followed by a green fluorescent protein-based secondary profiling assay. Standard tuberculosis drugs and 158 previously recognized active antimycobacterial compounds were used to evaluate assay robustness. Data show that the assay developed is a short and valuable tool for the discovery of new antimycobacterial compounds.
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28
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Katsuno K, Burrows JN, Duncan K, van Huijsduijnen RH, Kaneko T, Kita K, Mowbray CE, Schmatz D, Warner P, Slingsby BT. Hit and lead criteria in drug discovery for infectious diseases of the developing world. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:751-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd4683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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