1
|
Laux J, Martorelli M, Strass S, Schollmeyer D, Maier F, Burnet M, Laufer SA. Inherent Fluorescence Demonstrates Immunotropic Properties for Novel Janus Kinase 3 Inhibitors. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:1433-1452. [PMID: 37854620 PMCID: PMC10580734 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
There is a general question in small molecule pharmacology about how apparent compound concentrations in blood, plasma, and organs actually relate to actual amounts at the target site of a compound. In this study, we used inherently fluorescent JAK3 ligands and their macrolide conjugates to investigate the relationship between physical properties, apparent bulk concentration, and organ and subcellular distribution. In vitro uptake into immune cells suggested that much of the substance was associated with granules or organelles. Samples from murine pharmacokinetic studies were analyzed by both conventional mass spectrometry and cryofluorescence microscopy methods to show the distribution of a compound within organs and cells without artifacts of fixation. These observations confirm the uptake of granules observed in vitro. Data from macrolides carrying either a coumarin fluorophore or a JAK3 inhibitor were similar, suggesting that the distribution is directed by the properties of the larger macrolide. These data show a propensity for azalide macrolides to concentrate in the lung and gut epithelia and suggest that the plasma- or whole-blood-derived estimates of drug levels almost certainly underestimate concentrations of macrolides in the mucous membranes. Thus, their apparent efficacy at sub-bacteriostatic doses may reflect their higher levels in barrier layers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Laux
- Synovo GmbH,
Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 15, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry,
Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der
Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Mariella Martorelli
- Synovo GmbH,
Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 15, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry,
Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der
Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Simon Strass
- Synovo GmbH,
Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 15, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Johannes
Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz 55099,
Germany
| | - Florian Maier
- Synovo GmbH,
Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 15, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Michael Burnet
- Synovo GmbH,
Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 15, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Stefan A. Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry,
Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der
Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180)
“Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”,
University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076,
Germany
- Tübingen Center for Academic Drug
Discovery & Development (TüCAD2), Tübingen 72076,
Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rousou C, van Kronenburg N, Sonnen AFP, van Dijk M, Moonen C, Storm G, Mastrobattista E, Deckers R. Microbubble-Assisted Ultrasound for Drug Delivery to the Retina in an Ex Vivo Eye Model. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041220. [PMID: 37111705 PMCID: PMC10141545 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery to the retina is one of the major challenges in ophthalmology due to the biological barriers that protect it from harmful substances in the body. Despite the advancement in ocular therapeutics, there are many unmet needs for the treatment of retinal diseases. Ultrasound combined with microbubbles (USMB) was proposed as a minimally invasive method for improving delivery of drugs in the retina from the blood circulation. This study aimed to investigate the applicability of USMB for the delivery of model drugs (molecular weight varying from 600 Da to 20 kDa) in the retina of ex vivo porcine eyes. A clinical ultrasound system, in combination with microbubbles approved for clinical ultrasound imaging, was used for the treatment. Intracellular accumulation of model drugs was observed in the cells lining blood vessels in the retina and choroid of eyes treated with USMB but not in eyes that received ultrasound only. Specifically, 25.6 ± 2.9% of cells had intracellular uptake at mechanical index (MI) 0.2 and 34.5 ± 6.0% at MI 0.4. Histological examination of retinal and choroid tissues revealed that at these USMB conditions, no irreversible alterations were induced at the USMB conditions used. These results indicate that USMB can be used as a minimally invasive targeted means to induce intracellular accumulation of drugs for the treatment of retinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charis Rousou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 8, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Imaging and Oncology Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicky van Kronenburg
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas F P Sonnen
- Department of Pathology, Division of Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke van Dijk
- Department of Pathology, Division of Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chrit Moonen
- Imaging and Oncology Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 8, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico Mastrobattista
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 8, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Deckers
- Imaging and Oncology Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
El-Kadiry AEH, Beaudoin S, Plouffe S, Rafei M. Accum™ Technology: A Novel Conjugable Primer for Onco-Immunotherapy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123807. [PMID: 35744930 PMCID: PMC9227040 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Compromised activity is a common impediment for biologics requiring endosome trafficking into target cells. In cancer cells, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are trapped in endosomes or subsequently pumped extracellularly, leading to a reduction in intracellular accumulation. In subsets of dendritic cells (DCs), endosome-engulfed antigens face non-specific proteolysis and collateral damage to epitope immunogenicity before proteasomal processing and subsequent surface presentation. To bypass these shortcomings, we devised Accum™, a conjugable biotechnology harboring cholic acid (ChAc) and a nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequence for endosome escape and prompt nuclear targeting. Combined, these mechanisms culminate in enhanced intracellular accumulation and functionalization of coupled biologics. As proof-of-principle, we have biochemically characterized Accum, demonstrating its adaptability to ADCs or antigens in different cancer settings. Additionally, we have validated that endosome escape and nuclear routing are indispensable for effective intracellular accumulation and guaranteed target cell selectivity. Importantly, we have demonstrated that the unique mechanism of action of Accum translates into enhanced tumor cytotoxicity when coupled to ADCs, and durable therapeutic and prophylactic anti-cancer immunogenicity when coupled to tumor antigens. As more pre-clinical evidence accumulates, the adaptability, unique mechanism of action, and high therapeutic potency of Accum signal a promising transition into clinical investigations in the context of onco-immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abed El-Hakim El-Kadiry
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
| | - Simon Beaudoin
- Defence Therapeutics Inc., Research and Development Branch, Vancouver, BC V6C 3L6, Canada; (S.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Sebastien Plouffe
- Defence Therapeutics Inc., Research and Development Branch, Vancouver, BC V6C 3L6, Canada; (S.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Moutih Rafei
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Molecular Biology Program, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(514)-343-6931
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kupryushkin MS, Filatov AV, Mironova NL, Patutina OA, Chernikov IV, Chernolovskaya EL, Zenkova MA, Pyshnyi DV, Stetsenko DA, Altman S, Vlassov VV. Antisense oligonucleotide gapmers containing phosphoryl guanidine groups reverse MDR1-mediated multiple drug resistance of tumor cells. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2022; 27:211-226. [PMID: 34976439 PMCID: PMC8693280 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Antisense gapmer oligonucleotides containing phosphoryl guanidine (PG) groups, e.g., 1,3-dimethylimidazolidin-2-imine, at three to five internucleotidic positions adjacent to the 3' and 5' ends were prepared via the Staudinger chemistry, which is compatible with conditions of standard automated solid-phase phosphoramidite synthesis for phosphodiester and, notably, phosphorothioate linkages, and allows one to design a variety of gapmeric structures with alternating linkages, and deoxyribose or 2'-O-methylribose backbone. PG modifications increased nuclease resistance in serum-containing medium for more than 21 days. Replacing two internucleotidic phosphates by PG groups in phosphorothioate-modified oligonucleotides did not decrease their cellular uptake in the absence of lipid carriers. Increasing the number of PG groups from two to seven per oligonucleotide reduced their ability to enter the cells in the carrier-free mode. Cationic liposomes provided similar delivery efficiency of both partially PG-modified and unmodified oligonucleotides. PG-gapmers were designed containing three to four PG groups at both wings and a central "window" of seven deoxynucleotides with either phosphodiester or phosphorothioate linkages targeted to MDR1 mRNA providing multiple drug resistance of tumor cells. Gapmers efficiently silenced MDR1 mRNA and restored the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapeutics. Thus, PG-gapmers can be considered as novel, promising types of antisense oligonucleotides for targeting biologically relevant RNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim S Kupryushkin
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave., 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Anton V Filatov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave., 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Nadezhda L Mironova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave., 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Olga A Patutina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave., 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Ivan V Chernikov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave., 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Elena L Chernolovskaya
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave., 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Marina A Zenkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave., 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitrii V Pyshnyi
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave., 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Stetsenko
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov Str. 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.,Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave. 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Sidney Altman
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.,Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Valentin V Vlassov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave., 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tanner L, Mashabela GT, Omollo CC, de Wet TJ, Parkinson CJ, Warner DF, Haynes RK, Wiesner L. Intracellular Accumulation of Novel and Clinically Used TB Drugs Potentiates Intracellular Synergy. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0043421. [PMID: 34585951 PMCID: PMC8557888 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00434-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic repertoire for tuberculosis (TB) remains limited despite the existence of many TB drugs that are highly active in in vitro models and possess clinical utility. Underlying the lack of efficacy in vivo is the inability of TB drugs to penetrate microenvironments inhabited by the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including host alveolar macrophages. Here, we determined the ability of the phenoxazine PhX1 previously shown to be active against M. tuberculosis in vitro to differentially penetrate murine compartments, including plasma, epithelial lining fluid, and isolated epithelial lining fluid cells. We also investigated the extent of permeation into uninfected and M. tuberculosis-infected human macrophage-like Tamm-Horsfall protein 1 (THP-1) cells directly and by comparing to results obtained in vitro in synergy assays. Our data indicate that PhX1 (4,750 ± 127.2 ng/ml) penetrates more effectively into THP-1 cells than do the clinically used anti-TB agents, rifampin (3,050 ± 62.9 ng/ml), moxifloxacin (3,374 ± 48.7 ng/ml), bedaquiline (4,410 ± 190.9 ng/ml), and linezolid (770 ± 14.1 ng/ml). Compound efficacy in infected cells correlated with intracellular accumulation, reinforcing the perceived importance of intracellular penetration as a key drug property. Moreover, we detected synergies deriving from redox-stimulatory combinations of PhX1 or clofazimine with the novel prenylated amino-artemisinin WHN296. Finally, we used compound synergies to elucidate the relationship between compound intracellular accumulation and efficacy, with PhX1/WHN296 synergy levels shown to predict drug efficacy. Collectively, our data support the utility of the applied assays in identifying in vitro active compounds with the potential for clinical development. IMPORTANCE This study addresses the development of novel therapeutic compounds for the eventual treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Tuberculosis continues to progress, with cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) resistance to first-line medications increasing. We assess new combinations of drugs with both oxidant and redox properties coupled with a third partner drug, with the focus here being on the potentiation of M. tuberculosis-active combinations of compounds in the intracellular macrophage environment. Thus, we determined the ability of the phenoxazine PhX1, previously shown to be active against M. tuberculosis in vitro, to differentially penetrate murine compartments, including plasma, epithelial lining fluid, and isolated epithelial lining fluid cells. In addition, the extent of permeation into human macrophage-like THP-1 cells and H37Rv-infected THP-1 cells was measured via mass spectrometry and compared to in vitro two-dimensional synergy and subsequent intracellular efficacy. Collectively, our data indicate that development of new drugs will be facilitated using the methods described herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Tanner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gabriel T. Mashabela
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charles C. Omollo
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Timothy J. de Wet
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Digby F. Warner
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard K. Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wu C, Wang X, Xu M, Liu Y, Di X. Intracellular Accumulation as an Indicator of Cytotoxicity to Screen Hepatotoxic Components of Chelidonium majus L. by LC-MS/MS. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132410. [PMID: 31261913 PMCID: PMC6651743 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel strategy was developed to identify hepatotoxic compounds in traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). It is based on the exposure of HL-7702 cells to a TCM extract, followed by the identification and further determination of potential hepatotoxic compounds accumulated in the cells by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). As a case study, potential hepatotoxic components in Chelidonium majus L. were screened out. Five alkaloids (sanguinarine, coptisine, chelerythrine, protopine, and chelidonine) were identified by LC–MS/MS within 10 min, and their intracellular concentrations were first simultaneously measured by LC–MS/MS with a run time of 4 min. A cell viability assay was performed to assess the cytotoxicity of each alkaloid. With their higher intracellular concentrations, sanguinarine, coptisine, and chelerythrine were identified as the main hepatotoxic constituents in Ch. majus. The study provides a powerful tool for the fast prediction of cytotoxic components in complex natural mixtures on a high-throughput basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiting Wu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Shenyang Analytical Application Center, Shimadzu (China) Co. Ltd., 167 Qingnian Street, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Youping Liu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xin Di
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Beaudoin S, Rondeau A, Martel O, Bonin MA, van Lier JE, Leyton JV. ChAcNLS, a Novel Modification to Antibody-Conjugates Permitting Target Cell-Specific Endosomal Escape, Localization to the Nucleus, and Enhanced Total Intracellular Accumulation. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1915-26. [PMID: 27112376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The design of antibody-conjugates (ACs) for delivering molecules for targeted applications in humans has sufficiently progressed to demonstrate clinical efficacy in certain malignancies and reduced systemic toxicity that occurs with standard nontargeted therapies. One area that can advance clinical success for ACs will be to increase their intracellular accumulation. However, entrapment and degradation in the endosomal-lysosomal pathway, on which ACs are reliant for the depositing of their molecular payload inside target cells, leads to reduced intracellular accumulation. Innovative approaches that can manipulate this pathway may provide a strategy for increasing accumulation. We hypothesized that escape from entrapment inside the endosomal-lysosomal pathway and redirected trafficking to the nucleus could be an effective approach to increase intracellular AC accumulation in target cells. Cholic acid (ChAc) was coupled to the peptide CGYGPKKKRKVGG containing the nuclear localization sequence (NLS) from SV-40 large T-antigen, which is termed ChAcNLS. ChAcNLS was conjugated to the mAb 7G3 (7G3-ChAcNLS), which has nanomolar affinity for the cell-surface leukemic antigen interleukin-3 receptor-α (IL-3Rα). Our aim was to determine whether 7G3-ChAcNLS increased intracellular accumulation while retaining nanomolar affinity and IL-3Rα-positive cell selectivity. Competition ELISA and cell treatment assays were performed. Cell fractionation, confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and Western blot techniques were used to determine the level of antibody accumulation inside cells and in corresponding nuclei. In addition, the radioisotope copper-64 ((64)Cu) was also utilized as a surrogate molecular cargo to evaluate nuclear and intracellular accumulation by radioactivity counting. 7G3-ChAcNLS effectively escaped endosome entrapment and degradation resulting in a unique intracellular distribution pattern. mAb modification with ChAcNLS maintained 7G3 nM affinity and produced high selectivity for IL-3Rα-positive cells. In contrast, 7G3 ACs with the ability to either escape endosome entrapment or traffic to the nucleus was not superior to 7G3-ChAcNLS for increasing intracellular accumulation. Transportation of (64)Cu when complexed to 7G3-ChAcNLS also resulted in increased nuclear and intracellular radioactivity accumulation. Thus, ChAcNLS is a novel mAb functionalizing technology that demonstrates its ability to increase AC intracellular accumulation in target cells through escaping endosome entrapment coupled to nuclear trafficking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Beaudoin
- Departément de médecine nucléaire et radiobiologie, ‡Plateforme de synthèse de peptides et de sondes d'imageries, Faculté de médecine et sciences de la santé, and §Centre d'imagerie moléculaire de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Andreanne Rondeau
- Departément de médecine nucléaire et radiobiologie, ‡Plateforme de synthèse de peptides et de sondes d'imageries, Faculté de médecine et sciences de la santé, and §Centre d'imagerie moléculaire de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Olivier Martel
- Departément de médecine nucléaire et radiobiologie, ‡Plateforme de synthèse de peptides et de sondes d'imageries, Faculté de médecine et sciences de la santé, and §Centre d'imagerie moléculaire de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Marc-Andre Bonin
- Departément de médecine nucléaire et radiobiologie, ‡Plateforme de synthèse de peptides et de sondes d'imageries, Faculté de médecine et sciences de la santé, and §Centre d'imagerie moléculaire de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Johan E van Lier
- Departément de médecine nucléaire et radiobiologie, ‡Plateforme de synthèse de peptides et de sondes d'imageries, Faculté de médecine et sciences de la santé, and §Centre d'imagerie moléculaire de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Jeffrey V Leyton
- Departément de médecine nucléaire et radiobiologie, ‡Plateforme de synthèse de peptides et de sondes d'imageries, Faculté de médecine et sciences de la santé, and §Centre d'imagerie moléculaire de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H5N4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Loryan I, Sinha V, Mackie C, Van Peer A, Drinkenburg WH, Vermeulen A, Heald D, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Wassvik CM. Molecular properties determining unbound intracellular and extracellular brain exposure of CNS drug candidates. Mol Pharm 2014; 12:520-32. [PMID: 25496026 DOI: 10.1021/mp5005965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the present work we sought to gain a mechanistic understanding of the physicochemical properties that influence the transport of unbound drug across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) as well as the intra- and extracellular drug exposure in the brain. Interpretable molecular descriptors that significantly contribute to the three key neuropharmacokinetic properties related to BBB drug transport (Kp,uu,brain), intracellular accumulation (Kp,uu,cell), and binding and distribution in the brain (Vu,brain) for a set of 40 compounds were identified using partial least-squares (PLS) analysis. The tailoring of drug properties for improved brain exposure includes decreasing the polarity and/or hydrogen bonding capacity. The design of CNS drug candidates with intracellular targets may benefit from an increase in basicity and/or the number of hydrogen bond donors. Applying this knowledge in drug discovery chemistry programs will allow designing compounds with more desirable CNS pharmacokinetic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irena Loryan
- Translational PKPD Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Associate Member of SciLife Lab, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jones K, Hoggard PG, Khoo S, Maher B, Back DJ. Effect of alpha1-acid glycoprotein on the intracellular accumulation of the HIV protease inhibitors saquinavir, ritonavir and indinavir in vitro. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 51:99-102. [PMID: 11167671 PMCID: PMC2014422 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2001.01324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Since alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) levels may be raised during HIV infection, we have examined in vitro the effect of increasing the concentration of AGP on the intracellular accumulation of the HIV protease inhibitors saquinavir (SQV), ritonavir (RTV) and indinavir (IDV). METHODS U937 cells (5 x 10(6) cells in 5 ml RPMI growth medium) were incubated at 37 degrees C for 18 h with [14C]-SQV (0.1 microCi), [3H]-RTV and [3H]-IDV (0.135 microCi) to a final concentration of 1 microM in the presence of 0, 0.5 and 2.0 mg x ml(-1) AGP. Following extraction in 60% methanol the intracellular drug concentration was determined by liquid scintillation counting. RESULTS Binding to AGP (2.0 mg x ml(-1)) reduced the mean intracellular concentration of SQV from 31.5 microM to 7.4 microM (P < 0.0001; 95% CI 19.4-28.8). RTV concentration was also reduced (8.8 microM to 1.6 microM; P < 0.0001; 95% CI 5.4-9.0) as was the concentration of IDV (3.0 microM to 1.5 microM; P < 0.0001; 95% CI 1.1-1.9). CONCLUSIONS Reduced intracellular protease inhibitor concentrations in the presence of increasing concentrations of AGP will certainly impact on the antiviral activity in vitro. However, since protease inhibitors are high clearance drugs, free drug concentration will likely remain unaffected in the presence of elevated AGP during chronic oral dosing although there will be an increase in total plasma drug concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, New Medical Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|