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Ji XY, Wang BY, Zhang YF, Zhang YJ, Lai YJ, Yang Y, Wang XC, Wang SY, Laborda P, Shi XC. Dipicolinic acid reduces Epicoccum sorghinum symptoms on maize and inhibits tenuazonic acid biosynthesis. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 39189553 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epicoccum sorghinum is a pathogenic fungus that causes leaf spot in a wide range of plants, including maize, and synthesizes the mycotoxin tenuazonic acid (TEA), which is carcinogenic. Despite the relevant economic and yield losses caused by E. sorghinum worldwide, methods for the control of this pathogen are lacking. RESULTS In this work, the efficacy of Bacillus-produced dipicolinic acid (DPA) for control of E. sorghinum was evaluated using in vitro and in vivo assays, and compared with the efficacy of three commercial fungicides, including carbendazim, prochloraz, and thiram. DPA inhibited E. sorghinum mycelial growth, and conidia germination, and produced important alterations in E. sorghinum hyphae. Interestingly, 10 mM DPA reduced TEA biosynthesis by 86.6%. Although DPA rapidly degraded on maize leaves, 10 mM DPA showed higher preventive (67.4% lesion length inhibition) and inhibitory (89.5% lesion length inhibition) efficacies for the control of E. sorghinum on maize leaves compared to the commercial fungicides. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, this study presents the first method for the control of E. sorghinum on maize and demonstrates that DPA application is a suitable approach to inhibit E. sorghinum symptoms in plants and TEA biosynthesis. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Ji
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Bing-Yi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yi-Feng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yu-Jing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ya-Jie Lai
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | | | - Su-Yan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Pedro Laborda
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xin-Chi Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Roberts D, Salmon J, Cubeta MA, Gilger BC. Phase-Dependent Differential In Vitro and Ex Vivo Susceptibility of Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium keratoplasticum to Azole Antifungals. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:966. [PMID: 37888221 PMCID: PMC10608098 DOI: 10.3390/jof9100966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal keratitis (FK) is an invasive infection of the cornea primarily associated with Aspergillus and Fusarium species. FK is treated empirically with a limited selection of topical antifungals with varying levels of success. Though clinical infections are typically characterized by a dense network of mature mycelium, traditional models used to test antifungal susceptibility of FK isolates exclusively evaluate susceptibility in fungal cultures derived from asexual spores known as conidia. The purpose of this study was to characterize differences in fungal response when topical antifungal treatment is initiated at progressive phases of fungal development. We compared the efficacy of voriconazole and luliconazole against in vitro cultures of A. flavus and F. keratoplasticum at 0, 24, and 48 h of fungal development. A porcine cadaver corneal model was used to compare antifungal efficacy of voriconazole and luliconazole in ex vivo tissue cultures of A. flavus and F. keratoplasticum at 0, 24, and 48 h of fungal development. Our results demonstrate phase-dependent susceptibility of both A. flavus and F. keratoplasticum to both azoles in vitro as well as ex vivo. We conclude that traditional antifungal susceptibility testing with conidial suspensions does not correlate with fungal susceptibility in cultures of a more advanced developmental phase. A revised method of antifungal susceptibility testing that evaluates hyphal susceptibility may better predict fungal response in the clinical setting where treatment is often delayed until days after the initial insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darby Roberts
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (D.R.)
| | - Jacklyn Salmon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (D.R.)
| | - Marc A. Cubeta
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA;
| | - Brian C. Gilger
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (D.R.)
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Lukubye B, Ajayi CO, Wangalwa R, Kagoro-Rugunda G. Phytochemical profile and antimicrobial activity of the leaves and stem bark of Symphonia globulifera L.f. and Allophylus abyssinicus (Hochst.) Radlk. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:223. [PMID: 35999537 PMCID: PMC9396842 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03692-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Symphonia globulifera and Allophylus abyssinicus are used in the management of skin rashes and sores, cough, malaria, digestive diseases, stomach ache, wounds and helminthic infections among others in Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, Cameroon. This study aimed at determining the phytochemical profile and antimicrobial activity of these two plants. Methods The stem bark and leaves of both plants were collected from Bwindi Impenetrable National Park and air-dried under shade at room temperature. Cold maceration, decoction and infusion with methanol, water and ethyl acetate as solvents were used in phytochemical extraction. Preliminary qualitative screening and thin layer chromatography were used for phytochemical profiling. Antimicrobial activity was analysed by agar well diffusion assay, broth macro-dilution assay and fractional inhibition concentration index (FICI). Results The leaves and stem bark of both plants have a diverse set of phytochemical compounds of variable polarity including, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, quinones and anthraquinones among others. Generally, methanol and water extracts of S. globulifera and A. abyssinicus had in-vitro bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa but weak fungistatic activity against Candida albicans. Allophylus abyssinicus leaf water and S. globulifera leaf methanol extract combination had a synergistic activity (ΣFICI = 0.37) against S. aureus. Similarly, A. abyssinicus stem bark water extract and A. abyssinicus leaf water extract combination had an additive effect (ΣFICI = 1) against P. aeruginosa. Conclusion The leaves and stem bark crude extracts of S. globulifera and A. abyssinicus possess a wide range of bioactive phytochemical compounds but have weak antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans.
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Dolatabadi S, Najafzadeh MJ, Houbraken J, Vicente V, de Hoog S, Meis JF. In vitro activity of eight antifungal drugs against Chaetomiaceae. Med Mycol 2021; 60:6427364. [PMID: 34791380 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myab074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of infections caused by uncommon Chaetomiaceae (Chaetomium and related species) in humans has increased in the recent years. The in vitro activity of eight antifungal drugs (amphotericin B, five azoles, two echinocandins) against 42 morphologically identified Chaetomium strains was determined according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guideline. The strains were subsequently identified based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 including the intervening 5.8S nrDNA region (ITS) and the partial β tubulin gene (tub2). Chaetomium globosum (n = 24), was the most frequently isolated species, followed by Amesia atrobrunnea (syn. Chaetomium atrobrunnea, n = 6), Dichotomopilus dolichotrichus (syn. Chaetomium dolichotrichum, n = 2) and Acrophialophora jodhpurensis, Chaetomium coarctatum, C. elatum, C. gracile, C. subaffine, C. tarraconense, C. unguicola, Dichotomopilus sp., Dichotomopilus variostiolatus, Ovatospora brasiliensis (all represented by a single strain). The geometric means of the minimum inhibitory concentrations/minimum effective concentrations (MICs/MECs) of the antifungals across all strains were (in increasing order): micafungin 0.12 µg/ml, itraconazole and posaconazole 0.21 µg/ml, amphotericin B 0.25 µg/ml, voriconazole 0.45 µg/ml, isavuconazole 0.54 µg/ml, caspofungin 2.57 µg/ml, and fluconazole 45.25 µg/ml. Micafungin had the lowest geometric mean followed by amphotericin B which had the largest range against tested isolates. All examined C. globosum strains had similar antifungal susceptibility patterns. Fluconazole and caspofungin could not be considered as an option for treatment of infections caused by Chaetomium and chaetomium-like species. LAY SUMMARY Infections caused by uncommon fungi such as Chaetomium have increased in the recent years. Chaetomium globosum has been reported from onychomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis. This species often induces superficial infections in immunocompetent patients. The taxonomy of Chaetomium spp. has changed dramatically in the last years. Antifungal treatment is a crucial step for managing these kinds of infections. Therefore, the in vitro activity of eight antifungal drugs against Chaetomium strains was determined and β-tubulin (tub2) sequencing was applied to identify the strains. Chaetomium globosum was the most frequent species in our dataset. Based on the results of susceptibility testing, micafungin had the lowest geometric mean followed by amphotericin B. Fluconazole and caspofungin cannot be considered a proper treatment option for infections caused by Chaetomium and chaetomium-like species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Dolatabadi
- Department of Biology, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, 9617976487, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Najafzadeh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 91871 45785, Iran
| | - Jos Houbraken
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vania Vicente
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Graduate Program; Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-Graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, 82650145, Brazil
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Graduate Program; Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-Graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, 82650145, Brazil.,Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboudumc/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacques F Meis
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Graduate Program; Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-Graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, 82650145, Brazil.,Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboudumc/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Akpinar I, Unal M, Sar T. Potential antifungal effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of different sizes against phytopathogenic Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL) strains. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04524-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractFusarium species are the primary fungal pathogen affecting agricultural foodstuffs both in crop yield and economic loss. Due to these problems, control of phytopathogenic fungi has become one of the critical problems around the World. Nanotechnology is a new technology with potential in many fields, including agriculture. This study focused on determining potential effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with different nanosizes (3, 5, 8 and 10 nm) and at different concentrations (12.5–100 ppm) against phytopathogenic Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL) strains. The maximum antifungal activity was achieved by decreasing nanosize and increasing concentration of AgNPs. Mycelium growth abilities were decreased about 50%, 75% and 90% by AgNPs treatment with 3 nm sizes at 25 ppm, 37.5 ppm and 50 ppm concentrations, respectively. The productivity of fungal biomass in the liquid growth media was found to be too limited at the 25–37.5 ppm of AgNPs concentrations with all sizes. In addition, both septation number and dimensions of micro- and macroconidia were found to be gradually decreased with the application of silver nanoparticles. This work showed that the low concentration of AgNPs could be used as potential antifungal agents and applied for control of phytopathogens.
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Piochon M, Coulon PML, Caulet A, Groleau MC, Déziel E, Gauthier C. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Burkholderia-Related 4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-alkenylquinolines (HMAQs) and Their N-Oxide Counterparts. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:2145-2154. [PMID: 32631063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Burkholderia genus offers a promising potential in medicine because of the diversity of biologically active natural products encoded in its genome. Some pathogenic Burkholderia spp. biosynthesize a specific class of antimicrobial 2-alkyl-4(1H)-quinolones, i.e., 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-alkenylquinolines (HMAQs) and their N-oxide derivatives (HMAQNOs). Herein, we report the synthesis of a series of six HMAQs and HMAQNOs featuring a trans-Δ2 double bond at the C2-alkyl chain. The quinolone scaffold was obtained via the Conrad-Limpach approach, while the (E)-2-alkenyl chain was inserted through Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling under microwave radiation without noticeable isomerization according to the optimized conditions. Subsequent oxidation of enolate-protected HMAQs cleanly led to the formation of HMAQNOs following cleavage of the ethyl carbonate group. Synthetic HMAQs and HMAQNOs were evaluated in vitro for their antimicrobial activity against different Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as against molds and yeasts. The biological results support and extend the potential of HMAQs and HMAQNOs as antimicrobials, especially against Gram-positive bacteria. We also confirm the involvement of HMAQs in the autoregulation of the Hmq system in Burkholderia ambifaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Piochon
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531, Boulevard des Prairies, Laval (Québec), Canada, H7V 1B7
| | - Pauline M L Coulon
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531, Boulevard des Prairies, Laval (Québec), Canada, H7V 1B7
| | - Armand Caulet
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531, Boulevard des Prairies, Laval (Québec), Canada, H7V 1B7
| | - Marie-Christine Groleau
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531, Boulevard des Prairies, Laval (Québec), Canada, H7V 1B7
| | - Eric Déziel
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531, Boulevard des Prairies, Laval (Québec), Canada, H7V 1B7
| | - Charles Gauthier
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531, Boulevard des Prairies, Laval (Québec), Canada, H7V 1B7
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Lu X, Wang X, Zhang L, Li X, Qi X. Rare Fungal Keratitis Caused by Coprinellus Radians. Mycopathologia 2020; 185:389-394. [PMID: 31915988 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00414-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A case of fungal keratitis due to Coprinellus radians is reported. To our knowledge, fungal keratitis caused by this species was rare. Fungal hyphae were detected in corneal scrapings, and isolates were identified by morphology and by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA. The patient was treated with systemic and local antifungal therapy for 5 days, and lamellar keratoplasty was performed after no obvious improvement in symptoms. The in vitro antifungal susceptibilities of the case strain were tested for six antifungal agents. The results showed that 5-fluorouracil was resistant, fluconazole was moderately sensitive, and the other drugs assayed (amphotericin B, posaconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole) were highly effective against this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhai Lu
- Shandong Eye Hospital, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 372 Jingsi Road, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shandong Eye Hospital, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 372 Jingsi Road, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Shandong Eye Hospital, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 372 Jingsi Road, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Shandong Eye Hospital, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 372 Jingsi Road, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Xiaolin Qi
- Shandong Eye Hospital, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 372 Jingsi Road, Jinan, 250000, China.
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Sun L, Wan Z, Li R, Yu J. In vitro activities of nine antifungal agents against rare pathogenic fungi. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:1664-1670. [PMID: 31553302 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To assess in vitro activities of nine antifungal agents (amphotericin B, fluconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, caspofungin, micafungin, terbinafine and 5-flucytosine) against 93 strains of rare pathogenic fungi and the combined effects of drug combinations against several multidrug-resistant fungi.Methodology. The broth microdilution method M38-A3 and M27-A4 from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute and the checkerboard method were performed in this study.Results. Low MICs for fluconazole were observed in moulds including Tritirachium oryzae, Exophiala attenuata and yeasts. MICs for amphotericin B>2 µg ml-1 were found among Aspergillus nidulans, Fusarium napiforme, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Tritirachium oryzae, Cunninghamella bertholletiae, Cunninghamella phaeospora, Conidiobolus coronatus, Exophiala attenuata, Ochroconis mirabilis and Rhinocladiella basitona. Multidrug resistance was observed in Microascus spp., Lomentospora prolificans and Pythium insidiosum.Conclusion. Our study illustrated in vitro drug susceptibilities of some rare pathogenic fungi, which provide data to guide clinical treatment of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyue Sun
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhe Wan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, PR China
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Sun L, Wan Z, Li R, Yu J. In vitro activities of six antifungal agents and their combinations against Chaetomium spp. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:1042-1046. [PMID: 31140972 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess in vitro activities of six antifungal agents (amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, caspofungin and terbinafine) and the combined effects of eight pairs of them (caspofungin or terbinafine with amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole or posaconazole) against 22 isolates of Chaetomium spp. METHODOLOGY The broth microdilution method drafted by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute and the checkerboard method were used in this study to evaluate in vitro activities of antifungal drugs both alone and in combination against Chaetomium spp. RESULTS Amphotericin B and triazoles exhibited lower geometric mean, MIC50 and MIC90 than caspofungin and terbinafine. Besides, all the paired drugs displayed varying degrees of synergism, with the interactions between caspofungin and itraconazole ranking first (86.36 %). CONCLUSION Our study illustrated varying degrees of synergism between caspofungin or terbinafine and itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole or amphotericin B towards Chaetomium spp., which could be a reference for the clinical treatment of Chaetomium spp. infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyue Sun
- Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhe Wan
- Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jin Yu
- Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, PR China
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Sollepura Boregowda R, Murali N, C Udayashankar A, R Niranjana S, S Lund O, S Prakash H. Antifungal Activity of Eclipta alba Metabolites against Sorghum Pathogens. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8030072. [PMID: 30909408 PMCID: PMC6473702 DOI: 10.3390/plants8030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Unscientific use of synthetic fungicides in plant disease management has environmental ramifications, such as disease resurgence and serious health problems due to their carcinogenicity. This has prompted the identification and development of eco-friendly greener alternatives. Eclipta alba extract was evaluated for its antifungal activity in in vitro and in vivo against sorghum fungal pathogens Fusarium thapsinum, Alternaria alternata, Epicoccum sorghinum, and Curvularia lunata. The column purified methanolic extract of E. alba exhibited good antifungal activity against the target pathogens. The MIC was observed at 80 mg/mL for all tested pathogenic fungi, whereas MFC was 80 mg/mL for E. sorghinum, 100 mg/mL for F. thapsinum, A. alternata, and C. lunata. In vitro germination percentage was significantly high in seeds treated with E. alba extract (98%) over untreated control (91%). Significant disease protection of 95% was observed in greenhouse and 66% disease protection was noticed in field experiments. The efficacy of E. alba extract in field conditions was improved with the use of E. alba extract formulation. The profile of phytochemicals in E. alba methanol fractions was obtained by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) mass spectroscopy. The [M-H]− at m/z 313.3, m/z 797.9, and m/z 269.0 revealed the presence of wedelolactone, eclalbasaponin II, and apigenin, respectively. The H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) chemical shift value supported the findings of the mass spectrometry. The results highlighted the possible use of E. alba methanolic extract as alternative to chemical fungicide in sorghum disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nandhini Murali
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570006, India.
| | - Arakere C Udayashankar
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570006, India.
| | - Siddapura R Niranjana
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570006, India.
| | - Ole S Lund
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, HøjbakkegårdAllé 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark.
| | - Harischandra S Prakash
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570006, India.
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Vinayarani G, Prakash HS. Fungal endophytes of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and their biocontrol potential against pathogens Pythium aphanidermatum and Rhizoctonia solani. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2431-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Hajare SN, Gautam S, Sharma A. A novel strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens displaying broad spectrum antifungal activity and its underlying mechanism. ANN MICROBIOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-015-1123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Araujo R, Oliveira M, Amorim A, Sampaio-Maia B. Unpredictable susceptibility of emerging clinical moulds to tri-azoles: review of the literature and upcoming challenges for mould identification. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34:1289-301. [PMID: 25894985 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tri-azoles represent the front-line drugs for the treatment of mould diseases; nevertheless, some emerging moulds, such as Fusarium spp., Scedosporium spp., Mucorales and others, may be less susceptible or resistant to these antifungals. A review of the literature was conducted on the susceptibility of rare moulds to the tri-azoles itraconazole, posaconazole and voriconazole. Particular attention was paid to isolates identified by molecular analyses. The range of susceptibility values described for the three tri-azoles was frequently large (from 0.06 to >16), and a high variability was found within each species; isolates were rarely reported as entirely susceptible to all tri-azoles. In addition, the susceptibility of 76 emerging moulds from our collection (including Hypocreales, Dothideomycetes, Scedosporium spp., Mucorales and rare Aspergillus spp.) to itraconazole and voriconazole was determined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M38-A2 and European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) methods. Susceptibility discrepancies (of two dilutions) were found comparing CLSI and EUCAST for Dothideomycetes; the values for the remaining moulds were similar. More practical, faster and inexpensive susceptibility tools are welcome for testing emerging moulds, as these tests still represent a critical tool to support clinicians on the selection of proper antifungal treatment. The susceptibility of emerging moulds to tri-azoles cannot be predicted exclusively following mould identification, as the isolates' susceptibilities showed highly variable values. Some emerging moulds still remain very difficult to identity, even following standard molecular analyses which result in complex fungal collections. This fact limits the definition of epidemiological cut-offs and clinical breakpoints that are still imperative for emerging moulds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Araujo
- IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal,
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Characterization of Edenia gomezpompae Isolated from a Patient with Keratitis. Mycopathologia 2013; 176:75-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-013-9667-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Nayak N, Satpathy G, Prasad S, Titiyal JS, Pandey RM, Vajpayee RB. Molecular characterization of drug-resistant and drug-sensitive Aspergillus isolates causing infectious keratitis. Indian J Ophthalmol 2012; 59:373-7. [PMID: 21836343 PMCID: PMC3159319 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.83614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the susceptibilities of Aspergillus species against amphotericin B in infectious keratitis and to find out if drug resistance had any association with the molecular characteristics of the fungi. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and sixty Aspergillus isolates from the corneal scrapings of patients with keratitis were tested for susceptibilities to amphotericin B by broth microdilution method. These included Aspergillus flavus (64 isolates), A. fumigatus (43) and A. niger (53). Fungal DNA was extracted by glass bead vertexing technique. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was standardized and used to amplify the 28S rRNA gene. Single-stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) of the PCR product was performed by the standard protocol. RESULTS Of the 160 isolates, 84 (52.5%) showed low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (≤ 1.56 μg/ml) and were designated as amphotercin B-sensitive. Similarly, 76 (47.5%) had high MICs (≥ 3.12 μg/ml) and were categorized as amphotericin B-resistant. MIC 50 and MIC 90 values ranged between 3.12-6.25 μg/ml and 3.12-12.5 μg/ml respectively. A. flavus and A. niger showed higher MIC 50 and MIC 90 values than A. fumigatus. The SSCP pattern exhibited three extra bands (150 bp, 200 bp and 250 bp each) in addition to the 260 bp amplicon. Strains (lanes 1 and 7) lacking the 150 bp band showed low MIC values (≤ 1.56 μg/ml). CONCLUSION A. niger and A. flavus isolates had higher MICs compared to A. fumigatus, suggesting a high index of suspicion for amphotericin B resistance. PCR-SSCP was a good molecular tool to characterize Aspergillus phenotypes in fungal keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Nayak
- Department of Ocular Microbiology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Science, New Delhi-110 029, India.
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Amri M, Gorcii M, Essabbah N, Belhajali H, Letscher-Bru V, Zili J, Azaiez R, Babba H. Aspergillus sclerotiorum : à propos d’un cas d’onychomycose en Tunisie. J Mycol Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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do Nascimento AM, Salvador MJ, Candido RC, de Albuquerque S, de Oliveira DCR. Trypanocidal and antifungal activities of p-hydroxyacetophenone derivatives from Calea uniflora (Heliantheae, Asteraceae). J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 56:663-9. [PMID: 15142345 DOI: 10.1211/0022357023231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The dichloromethane extract of underground parts of Calea uniflora (Heliantheae, Asteraceae) exhibited trypanocidal and antifungal activities. Four p-hydroxyacetophenone derivatives were isolated as the main compounds: 2-senecioyl-4-(hydroxyethyl)-phenol (1), 2-senecioyl-4-(angeloyloxy-ethyl)-phenol (2), and two new derivatives, 2-senecioyl-4-(methoxyethyl)-phenol (3) and 2-senecioyl-4-(pentadecanoyloxyethyl)-phenol (4). 1 and 4 were active towards Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes, reducing their number by 70 and 71% at 500 μg mL−1, whereas 2 and 3 were inactive. All the compounds tested showed antifungal activity with minimal inhibitory concentration values between 500 and 1000 μg mL−1 against pathogenic Candida spp. and dermatophytes. The isolation, structure elucidation, NMR spectral assignments and bioactivity results of these compounds are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Mendes do Nascimento
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, 14040-903, Ribeiráo Preto, SP, Brazil
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Kantarcioğlu AS, Celkan T, Yücel A, Mikami Y, Kurugoglu S, Mitani H, Altas K. Fatal Trichoderma harzianum infection in a leukemic pediatric patient. Med Mycol 2009; 47:207-15. [PMID: 19169948 DOI: 10.1080/13693780802406225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the repeated isolation for Trichoderma.harzianum, a rare opportunistic pathogen from three sets of each of the following clinical samples; blood serum, skin lesions, sputum and throat of a pediatric ALL patient with neutropenia. The definition of invasive fungal infection requires evidence of the presence of fungal elements in tissue samples, in addition to the isolation of suspected etiologic agent in culture. However, invasive procedures are not always applicable due to several factors, as for example in our case, the poor general status of the individual patient or thrombocytopenia. The present paper also emphasizes the problems encountered in obtaining appropriate samples and diagnosing invasive fungal disease in immunocompromised patient populations, including those with hematological malignancy. Three cases involving T. harzianum, including this one, have been described thus far in the literature. All were fatal and the fungus was resistant to antifungal therapy. A critical review of the other two cases of Trichoderma infections in humans is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Serda Kantarcioğlu
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Duddy NE, Moore CB, Howard SJ, Denning DW. In vitro susceptibility of non-Aspergillus allergenic fungal species to azoles. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 63:834-6. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Vitale RG, Perez-Blanco M, Hoog GSD. In vitroactivity of antifungal drugs againstCladophialophoraspecies associated with human chromoblastomycosis. Med Mycol 2009; 47:35-40. [DOI: 10.1080/13693780802566333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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21
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Guarro J, Mayayo E, Tapiol J, Aguilar C, Cano J. Microsphaeropsis olivacea as an etiological agent of human skin infection. Med Mycol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-280x.1999.00188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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22
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Caligiorne RB, Resende MA, Melillo PHC, Peluso CP, Carmo FHS, Azevedo V. In vitro susceptibility of chromoblastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis agents to antifungal drugs. Med Mycol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-280x.1999.00245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Barros MEDS, Santos DDA, Hamdan JS. Evaluation of susceptibility of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum clinical isolates to antifungal drugs using a modified CLSI microdilution method (M38-A). J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:514-518. [PMID: 17374893 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46542-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Onychomycosis is a common adult human mycosis, and dermatophytes of the Trichophyton genera are the most common causative agent. Many antimycotic agents are safe and highly effective for the treatment of dermatophytosis, and are available for clinical practice. Successful treatment depends on the ability of antifungal drugs to eradicate the fungal isolates. The aim of this work was to determine the MICs of four antifungal drugs (fluconazole, itraconazole, terbinafine and griseofulvin) recognized for ungual dermatophytosis treatment caused by Trichophyton species, especially Trichophyton
mentagrophytes and Trichophyton
rubrum. MICs were determined using a broth microdilution method in accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute approved standard M38-A with some modifications, such as an incubation temperature of 28 °C, an incubation time of 7 days and inocula constituted of only microconidia. The results showed that the activities of terbinafine and itraconazole were significantly higher (MICs of <0.007–0.031 and 0.015–0.25 μg ml−1, respectively) than other tested agents. All isolates had reduced susceptibility to fluconazole (1–64 μg ml−1). The MIC of griseofulvin varied among strains (MICs of 0.062–1 μg ml−1). The parameters adopted to perform susceptibility testing of T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes to antifungal agents appeared to be suitable and reliable, and could contribute to the possible development of a standard protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisabete da Silva Barros
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Assis Santos
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Júnia Soares Hamdan
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Barros MEDS, Santos DDA, Hamdan JS. In vitro methods for antifungal susceptibility testing of Trichophyton spp. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 110:1355-60. [PMID: 17070026 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In general, methods to test the susceptibility of fungi to antifungal drugs require standardized techniques, but so far there is no methodology that is widely applicable to dermatophytes. Here we introduced modifications to the protocols from documents of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (CLSI) M38-A and the Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Subcommittee of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) that are usually applied to moulds and fermentative yeasts, in order to adjust the conditions for the growth of dermatophytes. The modifications included: growth on potato dextrose agar supplemented with 2% in-house rice flour to encourage sporulation, the addition of 2% glucose to the culture media (RPMI-1640), and an incubation temperature of 28 degrees C. In addition, the incubation period was 7d, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was defined as 80% growth inhibition endpoints for azole agents, and the inocula only contained microconidia. Results obtained by both tested methodologies were very similar to the ones reported by other researchers. MIC90 (MIC at which 90% of isolates tested were inhibited) values were identical for four out of five antifungal drugs tested and there was only a difference of one or two dilutions when MIC50 values were compared. Although the modifications introduced did not interfere with the results, more studies are necessary to establish a standard technique to test susceptibility of dermatophytes to antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisabete da Silva Barros
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 PO Box 486 CEP: 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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25
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Betbeze CM, Wu CC, Krohne SG, Stiles J. In vitro fungistatic and fungicidal activities of silver sulfadiazine and natamycin on pathogenic fungi isolated from horses with keratomycosis. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:1788-93. [PMID: 17014335 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.10.1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the in vitro antifungal properties of silver sulfadiazine (SSD) and natamycin against filamentous fungi isolated from eyes of horses with keratomycosis. SAMPLE POPULATION Filamentous fungal isolates obtained from eyes of keratomycosis-affected horses. PROCEDURES Fungal culture of ocular samples yielded 6 Fusarium spp; 7 Aspergillus spp; and 1 isolate each of Curvularia, Scopulariopsis, Penicillium, and Chrysosporium. For each fungal isolate, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of SSD and natamycin were determined. RESULTS For all 17 fungal isolates, SSD MIC distribution ranged from < or = 1 to > 64 microg/mL; MIC50 and MIC90 (MICs at which 50% and 90% of organisms were inhibited) were 4 and 32 microg/mL, respectively. The SSD MFC distribution for all isolates was < or = 1 to > 64 microg/mL; MFC50 and MFC90 (MFCs at which 50% and 90% of organisms were killed) were 8 and > 64 microg/mL, respectively. For all fungal isolates, natamycin MIC distribution ranged from 256 to > 1,000 microg/mL; MIC50 and MIC90 were 512 and > 1,000 microg/mL, respectively. The natamycin MFC distribution for all isolates ranged from 512 to > 1,000 microg/mL; MFC(50) and MFC(90) were each > 1,000 microg/mL. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These in vitro data suggest that SSD is fungicidal against the fungal isolates that were obtained from eyes of horses with keratomycosis and that natamycin is fungicidal against some of the isolates at the drug concentrations evaluated. Silver sulfadiazine may be a therapeutic option for equine keratomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Betbeze
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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26
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Ha YS, Covert SF, Momany M. FsFKS1, the 1,3-beta-glucan synthase from the caspofungin-resistant fungus Fusarium solani. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2006; 5:1036-42. [PMID: 16835448 PMCID: PMC1489279 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00030-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cell wall, a mesh of carbohydrates and proteins, shapes and protects the fungal cell. The enzyme responsible for the synthesis of one of the main components of the fungal wall, 1,3-beta-glucan synthase, is targeted by the antifungal caspofungin acetate (CFA). Clinical isolates of Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus are much more sensitive to CFA than clinical isolates of Fusarium species. To better understand CFA resistance in Fusarium species, we cloned and sequenced FsFKS1, which encodes the Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi beta(1,3)-D-glucan synthase, used RNA interference to reduce its expression and complemented deletion of the essential fks gene of the CFA-sensitive fungus A. fumigatus with FsFKS1. Reduction of the FsFKS1 message in F. solani f. sp. pisi reduced spore viability and caused lysis of spores and hyphae, consistent with cell wall defects. Compensating for the loss of A. fumigatus fks1 with FsFKS1 caused only a modest increase in the tolerance of A. fumigatus for CFA. Our results suggest that FsFKS1 is required for the proper construction of F. solani cell walls and that the resistance of F. solani to CFA is at best only partially due to resistance of the FsFKS1 enzyme to this antifungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-sil Ha
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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27
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Barros MEDS, Hamdan JS. Determination of susceptibility/resistance to antifungal drugs of Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates by a macrodilution method. Can J Microbiol 2006; 51:983-7. [PMID: 16333338 DOI: 10.1139/w05-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Onychomycosis is a common adult human mycosis, and dermatophytes of the Trichophyton genera are the most frequently isolated microorganism. Globally, from 3% to 10% of the human population is attacked by ony cho mycosis, and many cases involve toenails. The aim of this work was to determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antifungal drugs (fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, terbinafine, and griseofulvin) often used for the treatment of ungueal dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The MICs were determined by the broth medium macrodilution method. The results showed that activities of terbinafine and itraconazole were significantly higher (MIC <0.007-0.015 microg.mL -1 and MIC = 0.062-1.000 microg.mL -1, respectively). All isolates had reduced susceptibility to fluconazole (MIC = 16 to >64 microg.mL -1). The MICs of ketoconazole and griseofulvin varied among strains, ranging from 0.125 to 2.000 microg.mL -1 for ketoconazole and from 0.25 to 2.00 microg.mL -1 for griseofulvin. These MICs were higher than those of other studies cited, possibly because of differences in culture medium used in the other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisabete da Silva Barros
- Dept. of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, PO Box 486, CEP: 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Nakashima T, Kato Y, Yamaguchi K, Oda T. Evaluation of the anti-Trichophyton activity of a prodigiosin analogue produced by gamma-proteobacterium, using stratum corneum epidermis of the Yucatan micropig. J Infect Chemother 2005; 11:123-8. [PMID: 15990975 DOI: 10.1007/s10156-005-0376-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2004] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Prodigiosins (PGs) are known to be a family of natural red pigments, characterized by a common pyrrolydipyrrolylmethane skeleton structure with a C-4 methoxy group, and some of these pigments have been isolated from some microorganisms. Members of the PG family have been reported to show several biological activities, such as immunosuppressive and cytotoxic activities. Recently, we discovered a bacterial strain (MS-02-063), from our microbial library, that produces large amounts of a PG analogue (PG-L-1). In this study, we examined the anti-Trichophyton activity of PG-L-1 (produced by strain MS-02-063) against clinically isolated Trichophyton spp., by a method using stratum corneum epidermis (SCE) of the Yucatan micropig, which is suitable for estimating the antifungal activity of drugs in vitro. In the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) method, PG-L-1 showed potent antifungal activity against nine clinically isolated strains of Trichophyton spp., although the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were slightly higher than those of bifonazole. In spite of the lower efficiency of PG-L-1 transfer into SCE from medium than that of bifonazole, PG-L-1 transferred into SCE showed more potent antifungal activity than bifonazole, at lower concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Nakashima
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
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Brilhante RSN, Cordeiro RA, Medrano DJA, Monteiro AJ, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. Antifungal susceptibility and genotypical pattern ofMicrosporum canisstrains. Can J Microbiol 2005; 51:507-10. [PMID: 16121230 DOI: 10.1139/w05-024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytes are a group of fungi that are capable of invading keratinized tissues of humans and other animals. Antifungal susceptibility analysis and genetic studies by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD), have been used to detect polymorphism as well as determining the possible resistance of dermatophytes to antifungals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible correlation between the antifungal susceptibility and genotypical pattern of Microsporum canis strains isolated in dogs and cats with dermatophytosis in Northeast Brazil. The antifungal susceptibility study was conducted using the broth microdilution test with griseofulvine, ketoconazole, itraconazole, and fluconazole. The genotypical analysis was performed using the RAPD method. The antifungal susceptibility analysis showed that all the strains of M. canis analyzed (n = 22) were sensitive to griseofulvine (0.25 µg/mL ≤ minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≤ 1 µg/mL), ketoconazole (0.25 µg/mL ≤ MIC ≤ 2 µg/mL), itraconazole (0.25 µg/mL ≤ MIC ≤ 1 µg/mL), and fluconazole (1 µg/mL ≤ MIC ≤ 16 µg/mL). The RAPD results showed that all analyzed strains are genetically similar. Thus, based on antifungal susceptibility analysis and RAPD data, a possible correlation can be shown between the antifungal susceptibility and the genotypical pattern of the strains of M. canis from Northeast Brazil.Key words: Microsporum canis, antifungal susceptibility testing, RAPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S N Brilhante
- Faculty of Veterinary, Post-Graduation Program in Veterinary Science, State University of Ceara, Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil.
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Carrillo-Muñoz AJ, Cárdenes CD, Carrillo-Orive B, Rodríguez V, Del Valle O, Casals JB, Ezkurra PA, Quindós G. Actividad antifúngica in vitro de voriconazol contra dermatofitos y aislamientos superficiales de Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. Rev Iberoam Micol 2005; 22:110-3. [PMID: 16107170 DOI: 10.1016/s1130-1406(05)70019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the in vitro antifungal activity of voriconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole against 252 clinical isolates of dermatophytes and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis by a standardized agar diffusion method (NeoSensitabs). Several important factors such as temperature (28 degrees C vs. 35 degrees C) and incubation time (2-10 days vs. 18-74 h) were adapted to dermatophytes and Scopulariopsis requirements. Voriconazole showed an excellent activity against most species of dermatophytes, higher than itraconazole and fluconazole. However, S. brevicaulis isolates were highly resistant to all azoles used in this study. Voriconazole might be an interesting antifungal alternative to refractory superficial mycoses.
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Serena C, Ortoneda M, Capilla J, Pastor FJ, Sutton DA, Rinaldi MG, Guarro J. In vitro activities of new antifungal agents against Chaetomium spp. and inoculum standardization. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 47:3161-4. [PMID: 14506025 PMCID: PMC201166 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.10.3161-3164.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chaetomium is an unusual etiological agent of human infections, but the mortality rate among immunocompromised patients is considerably greater than that among nonimmunocompromised individuals. We investigated the in vitro antifungal susceptibilities to novel antifungal agents of 19 strains belonging to three species of Chaetomium which have been involved in human infections, i.e., Chaetomium globosum, C. atrobrunneum, and C. nigricolor, and one strain of the closely related species Achaetomium strumarium. A modification of the NCCLS reference microdilution method (M38-A) was used to evaluate the in vitro activities of ravuconazole, voriconazole, albaconazole, and micafungin. Micafungin was not active at all, while the geometric mean MICs and minimum effective concentrations of the three triazoles were less than 0.5 and 0.4 micro g/ml, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Serena
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciencies de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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Guarro J, Rubio C, Gené J, Cano J, Gil J, Benito R, Moranderia MJ, Miguez E. Case of keratitis caused by an uncommon Fusarium species. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 41:5823-6. [PMID: 14662993 PMCID: PMC308973 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.12.5823-5826.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium polyphialidicum caused a corneal ulcer in a Spanish man. Diagnosis was established by a histopathological study and repeated cultures. The isolate was clearly resistant in vitro to the antifungal agents tested. This is the first case of human or animal mycosis by this rare fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Guarro
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
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Kredics L, Antal Z, Dóczi I, Manczinger L, Kevei F, Nagy E. Clinical importance of the genus Trichoderma. A review. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2003; 50:105-17. [PMID: 12894482 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.50.2003.2-3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Opportunistic fungal infections have been observed with increasing frequency in recent years in immunocompromised patients. Several data were published in the last decade about the clinical importance of the filamentous fungal genus Trichoderma, indicating that Trichoderma strains--besides their agricultural and biotechnological importance--may be potential opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised hosts as well. This review is going to summarize the clinical case reports about Trichoderma infections, and to discuss the information available on the antifungal susceptibility and on the ecophysiological, enzymological and systematic aspects of clinical Trichoderma isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kredics
- Microbiological Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, P.O. Box 533, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
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Gené J, Blanco JL, Cano J, García ME, Guarro J. New filamentous fungus Sagenomella chlamydospora responsible for a disseminated infection in a dog. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:1722-5. [PMID: 12682169 PMCID: PMC153912 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.4.1722-1725.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A filamentous fungus that caused a fatal systemic infection in a dog has been identified as the new species Sagenomella chlamydospora. When the case was initially reported, the fungus was identified as Paecilomyces sp. This study emphasizes how difficult can be the identification of the causative agent of an infection when an uncommon microorganism is involved. This is the first time that this genus has been involved in animal infections, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josepa Gené
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain.
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Nakashima T, Nozawa A, Majima T. A novel method using micropig stratum corneum in vitro for the evaluation of anti-Trichophyton mentagrophytes activity. Microbiol Immunol 2003; 46:521-5. [PMID: 12363015 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2002.tb02729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Antifungal susceptibility testing under conditions close to clinical status is expected to provide more helpful information than that obtained by a conventional microdilution method. For this purpose, we developed a novel method to evaluate anti-Trichophyton mentagrophytes activity of antifungal agents in vitro by using disks of micropig stratum corneum epidermis (SCE). Basal agar medium containing K2HPO4, MgSO4, CaCl2 and three kinds of antibiotics. Bifonazole (BFZ), lanoconazole (LCZ) or terbinafine (TBF) was added to the basal agar medium to give serially doubling dilutions ranging from 0.0006 to 10 microg/ml. Five-hundred-microl portions of the agar media thus prepared were solidified in wells of flat-bottomed plates. SCE disks (6 mm in diameter) were placed on surfaces of the agar medium and 10(4) conidia of T. mentagrophytes were inoculated on each SCE disk. There was very good correlation between the initial concentration of the antifungal agents added to the basal agar medium (microg/ml) and the concentration of the agents impregnated into the SCE disks (microg/g) (r2>0.99). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of BFZ, LCZ and TBF were respectively 26-, 10- and 78-times higher than those measured by the standard microdilution method. From the correlation between the concentration of the agents in the basal medium and that in the SCE disks, the above MIC values corresponded to the concentrations in SCE disks (microg/g), 832.95 for BFZ, 1.42 for LCZ and 8.87 for TBF. This novel method of antidermatophytic susceptibility testing using SCE would be useful as an in vitro screening of proper antimycotics for topical treatment of dermatophytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Nakashima
- Pharmaceutical R&D Laboratories, POLA Chemical Industries, Inc, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Guarro J, Alves SH, Gené J, Grazziotin NA, Mazzuco R, Dalmagro C, Capilla J, Zaror L, Mayayo E. Two cases of subcutaneous infection due to Phaeoacremonium spp. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:1332-6. [PMID: 12624080 PMCID: PMC150290 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.3.1332-1336.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2002] [Revised: 11/01/2002] [Accepted: 12/05/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe two cases in Brazil of human subcutaneous infections due to Phaeoacremonium spp. The first case was caused by Phaeoacremonium aleophilum. The patient presented with a unique fistulized nodule on the left ankle. The fungus was detected by direct microscopic examination and was isolated repeatedly from material collected from the lesion. This is the first reported case of human infection caused by this fungus. The second case was caused by Phaeoacremonium rubrigenum. The patient presented with multiple nodules around the left ankle and foot. The fungus was detected by direct examination of pus and histological sections of the nodules. It was repeatedly isolated from the clinical specimens. This is the second reported case of human infection caused by this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Guarro
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201-Reus. Servei de Patologia, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain.
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37
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Guarro J, Kallas EG, Godoy P, Karenina A, Gené J, Stchigel A, Colombo AL. Cerebral aspergillosis caused by Neosartorya hiratsukae, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2002; 8:989-91. [PMID: 12194781 PMCID: PMC2732550 DOI: 10.3201/eid0809.020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first case of infection by Neosartorya hiratsukae, an ascomycete in which the conidial state resembles Aspergillus fumigatus. The fungus caused a brain infection in a Brazilian woman, who died despite itraconazole treatment. Diagnosis was established by direct microscopic examination, computed tomographic scan, and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, and repeated cultures from the lesions. The in vitro antifungal susceptibility of the isolate is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Guarro
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Depatment de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciènies de la Salut, Universitat Rovia i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, Spain.
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Guarro J, Höfling-Lima AL, Gené J, De Freitas D, Godoy P, Zorat-Yu ML, Zaror L, Fischman O. Corneal ulcer caused by the new fungal species Sarcopodium oculorum. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:3071-5. [PMID: 12149384 PMCID: PMC120633 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.8.3071-3075.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of keratitis caused by a new species of the hyphomycetous genus Sarcopodium, S. oculorum. The corneal ulcer developed after 5 months of treatment with corticosteroids in a Brazilian boy diagnosed with allergic conjunctivitis. Fungal hyphae and conidia were detected in corneal scrapings, and repeated cultures were positive for this fungus. The infection was resolved with natamycin and ketoconazole. Eleven antifungals were tested against this fungus, and all except flucytosine and fluconazole showed in vitro activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Guarro
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain.
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Methodological issues related to antifungal drug interaction modelling for filamentous fungi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1097/00013542-200207000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rex JH, Pfaller MA, Walsh TJ, Chaturvedi V, Espinel-Ingroff A, Ghannoum MA, Gosey LL, Odds FC, Rinaldi MG, Sheehan DJ, Warnock DW. Antifungal susceptibility testing: practical aspects and current challenges. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14:643-58, table of contents. [PMID: 11585779 PMCID: PMC88997 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.14.4.643-658.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of standardized antifungal susceptibility testing methods has been the focus of intensive research for the last 15 years. Reference methods for yeasts (NCCLS M27-A) and molds (M38-P) are now available. The development of these methods provides researchers not only with standardized methods for testing but also with an understanding of the variables that affect interlaboratory reproducibility. With this knowledge, we have now moved into the phase of (i) demonstrating the clinical value (or lack thereof) of standardized methods, (ii) developing modifications to these reference methods that address specific problems, and (iii) developing reliable commercial test kits. Clinically relevant testing is now available for selected fungi and drugs: Candida spp. against fluconazole, itraconazole, flucytosine, and (perhaps) amphotericin B; Cryptococcus neoformans against (perhaps) fluconazole and amphotericin B; and Aspergillus spp. against (perhaps) itraconazole. Expanding the range of useful testing procedures is the current focus of research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Rex
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for the Study of Emerging and Reemerging Pathogens, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Capilla J, Ortoneda M, Pastor FJ, Guarro J. In vitro antifungal activities of the new triazole UR-9825 against clinically important filamentous fungi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:2635-7. [PMID: 11502542 PMCID: PMC90705 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.9.2635-2637.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a modified reference microdilution method (the M-38P method) to evaluate the in vitro activities of the new triazole UR-9825 in comparison with those of amphotericin B against 77 strains of opportunistic filamentous fungi. UR-9825 was clearly more active than amphotericin B against all fungi except Fusarium solani and Scytalidium spp. Notably, UR-9825 had low MICs for Aspergillus fumigatus and Paecilomyces lilacinus (MICs at which 90% of isolates are inhibited, 0.125 microg/ml for both species).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Capilla
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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Castro LG, da Silva Lacaz C, Guarro J, Gené J, Heins-Vaccari EM, de Freitas Leite RS, Arriagada GL, Reguera MM, Ito EM, Valente NY, Nunes R. Phaeohyphomycotic cyst caused by Colletotrichum crassipes. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:2321-4. [PMID: 11376082 PMCID: PMC88136 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.6.2321-2324.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of phaeohyphomycosis is reported in a male renal transplant recipient with a nodular lesion in the right leg who was treated with immunosuppressing drugs. The lesion consisted of a purulent cyst with thick walls. The cyst was excised surgically, and the patient did not receive any antifungal therapy. One year later he remains well. Histological study of the lesion showed a granulomatous reaction of epithelioid and multinucleate giant cells, with a central area of necrosis and pus. Fontana-Masson staining demonstrated the presence of pigmented hyphal elements. The fungus Colletotrichum crassipes was grown in different cultures from the cyst. The in vitro inhibitory activities of eight antifungal drugs against the isolate were tested. Clotrimazole and UR-9825 were the most active drugs. This case represents the first known reported infection caused by this rare species.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Castro
- Serviço de Dermatologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Carrillo AJ, Guarro J. In vitro activities of four novel triazoles against Scedosporium spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:2151-3. [PMID: 11408242 PMCID: PMC90619 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.7.2151-2153.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to develop new approaches to the treatment of the severe and usually fatal infections caused by Scedosporium spp., the in vitro antifungal activities of four novel triazoles (posaconazole, ravuconazole, voriconazole, and UR-9825) and some current antifungals (amphotericin B, ketoconazole, itraconazole, and nystatin) were determined. The latter group was clearly ineffective against the two species tested. The four new antifungals showed activity against Scedosporium apiospermum, and UR-9825 and voriconazole were active against S. prolificans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Carrillo
- Department of Microbiology, Asesoría Científica y de Investigación Aplicada, 08037 Barcelona, Spain
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Gené J, Azón-Masoliver A, Guarro J, De Febrer G, Martínez A, Grau C, Ortoneda M, Ballester F. Cutaneous infection caused by Aspergillus ustus, an emerging opportunistic fungus in immunosuppressed patients. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:1134-6. [PMID: 11230441 PMCID: PMC87887 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.3.1134-1136.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of primary cutaneous infection by the emerging fungus Aspergillus ustus in an immunosuppressed patient after a domestic accident. The patient failed to respond to itraconazole and died before receiving a new treatment with amphotericin B. There have been eight other cases reported since 1973, and only two patients survived the infection. In vitro susceptibility testing of seven antifungal drugs showed that terbinafine and the new azole derivative UR-9825 were the most active against this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gené
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, 43201-Reus, Tarragona, Spain.
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45
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Llop C, Sala J, Riba MD, Guarro J. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of dematiaceous filamentous fungi: effect of medium composition at different temperatures and times of reading. Mycopathologia 2001; 148:25-31. [PMID: 11086482 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007104010295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of the composition of five media on the MICs of three antifungal agents (amphotericin B, flucytosine and ketoconazole) against 24 dematiaceous fungi at different temperatures and times of reading. Media studied were RPMI 1640, tryptic soy broth (TSB), yeast nitrogen broth (YNB), casein-yeast-glucose broth (CYG) and high-resolution medium (HR). The degree of reproducibility was determined with ketoconazole and 5-fluorocytosine and the media TSB and RPMI showed the best results with ketoconazole, while the best results for flucytosine were in CYG. Reproducibility was higher at 25 degrees than at 30 degrees C. The media and incubation time were shown to have a significant influence on the MICs of the three antifungals, but there were no interactions between these variables and temperature, except in the case of ketoconazole, where media-temperature and media-incubation time interactions were significant. There were noteworthy differences between the MICs obtained with the different media.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Llop
- Unitat de Microbiologìa, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, Spain
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46
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Perea S, Fothergill AW, Sutton DA, Rinaldi MG. Comparison of in vitro activities of voriconazole and five established antifungal agents against different species of dermatophytes using a broth macrodilution method. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:385-8. [PMID: 11136808 PMCID: PMC87739 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.1.385-388.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro activities of voriconazole against 19 different species of dermatophytes were compared with those of terbinafine, itraconazole, ketoconazole, griseofulvin, and fluconazole. MICs were determined according to a National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards broth macrodilution method. Voriconazole appeared more active than ketoconazole, griseofulvin, and fluconazole and less active than itraconazole and terbinafine. Based on these results, voriconazole merits further investigation as a potentially useful agent for the treatment of dermatophytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Perea
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78284-7881, USA.
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Meletiadis J, Meis JF, Mouton JW, Donnelly JP, Verweij PE. Comparison of NCCLS and 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-Thiazyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) methods of in vitro susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi and development of a new simplified method. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:2949-54. [PMID: 10921957 PMCID: PMC87156 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.8.2949-2954.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The susceptibility of 30 clinical isolates belonging to six different species of filamentous fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Scedosporium prolificans, Scedosporium apiospermum, Fusarium solani, and Fusarium oxysporum) was tested against six antifungal drugs (miconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole, UR9825, terbinafine, and amphotericin B) with the microdilution method recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) (M38-P). The MICs were compared with the MICs obtained by a colorimetric method measuring the reduction of the dye 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) to formazan by viable fungi. The levels of agreement between the two methods were 96 and 92% for MIC-0 (clear wells) and MIC-1 (75% growth reduction), respectively. The levels of agreement were always higher for Aspergillus spp. (97% +/- 2.5%), followed by Scedosporium spp. (87% +/- 10.3%) and Fusarium spp. (78% +/- 7.8%). The NCCLS method was more reproducible than the MTT method: 98 versus 95% for MIC-0 and 97 versus 90% for MIC-1. However, the percentage of hyphal growth as determined visually by the NCCLS method showed several discrepancies when they were compared with the percentages of MTT reduction. A new simplified assay that incorporates the dye MTT with the initial inoculum and in which the fungi are incubated with the dye for 48 h or more was developed, showing comparable levels of agreement and reproducibility with the other two methods. Furthermore, the new assay was easier to perform and more sensitive than the MTT method.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Meletiadis
- Departments of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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48
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Guarro J, Vieira LA, De Freitas D, Gené J, Zaror L, Hofling-Lima AL, Fischman O, Zorat-Yu C, Figueras MJ. Phaeoisaria clematidis as a cause of keratomycosis. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:2434-7. [PMID: 10835025 PMCID: PMC86834 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.6.2434-2437.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first case of human infection by Phaeoisaria clematidis. This fungus caused a corneal ulcer in a Brazilian man who had previously suffered an eye injury. Diagnosis was established by positive direct examination and repeated cultures. The isolate was clearly resistant in vitro to the six antifungal agents tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guarro
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201-Reus, Spain
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49
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Llop C, Pujol I, Aguilar C, Sala J, Riba D, Guarro J. Comparison of three methods of determining MICs for filamentous fungi using different end point criteria and incubation periods. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:239-42. [PMID: 10639343 PMCID: PMC89664 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.2.239-242.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three different methods were used to determine the in vitro activities of amphotericin B, ketoconazole, itraconazole, and flucytosine against 30 isolates of different genera of filamentous fungi. MICs were determined visually, with or without agitation, and spectrophotometrically by using a broth microdilution method. For amphotericin B, there was one end point reading criterion (the minimum concentration of antifungal that inhibited 100% of growth), but for azoles and flucytosine there were two (the minimum concentrations that inhibited 50 and 75% of fungal growth, respectively) after 48 and 72 h of incubation. All tests were performed in triplicate. An intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate the reproducibility of each of the methods and the correlation among them. The reproducibility of the three methods was very high (ICC of 0.808 to 0.992), particularly in the case of azoles and flucytosine. In general, the degree of reproducibility was highest for azoles and amphotericin B after 72 h of incubation and for flucytosine after 48 h of incubation. The degree of correlation among the three methods was very high (ICC of >0.98) with all of the antifungals under all the conditions tested. The end point reading criteria and the time of incubation affected neither the reproducibility of the methods nor their correlation, and their effect on MICs was statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Llop
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Bellaterra, Spain
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50
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Guarro J, Nucci M, Akiti T, Gené J, Barreiro MD, Gonçalves RT. Fungemia due to Fusarium sacchari in an immunosuppressed patient. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:419-21. [PMID: 10618130 PMCID: PMC88738 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.1.419-421.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Fusarium sacchari was isolated repeatedly from the blood of an immunosuppressed host. The infection was treated successfully with a small dose of amphotericin B. The strain was resistant to this antifungal in vitro. MICs and minimum fungicidal concentrations of six antifungals for the clinical isolate are provided. To our knowledge, this is the first report involving this fungus in a case of fungemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guarro
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201-Reus, Tarragona, Spain.
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