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Celia-Sanchez BN, Mangum B, Gómez Londoño LF, Wang C, Shuman B, Brewer MT, Momany M. Pan-azole- and multi-fungicide-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus is widespread in the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0178223. [PMID: 38557086 PMCID: PMC11022549 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01782-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is an important global fungal pathogen of humans. Azole drugs are among the most effective treatments for A. fumigatus infection. Azoles are also widely used in agriculture as fungicides against fungal pathogens of crops. Azole-resistant A. fumigatus has been increasing in Europe and Asia for two decades where clinical resistance is thought to be driven by agricultural use of azole fungicides. The most prevalent mechanisms of azole resistance in A. fumigatus are tandem repeats (TR) in the cyp51A promoter coupled with mutations in the coding region which result in resistance to multiple azole drugs (pan-azole resistance). Azole-resistant A. fumigatus has been isolated from patients in the United States (U.S.), but little is known about its environmental distribution. To better understand the distribution of azole-resistant A. fumigatus in the U.S., we collected isolates from agricultural sites in eight states and tested 202 isolates for sensitivity to azoles. We found azole-resistant A. fumigatus in agricultural environments in seven states showing that it is widespread in the U.S. We sequenced environmental isolates representing the range of U.S. sample sites and compared them with publicly available environmental worldwide isolates in phylogenetic, principal component, and ADMIXTURE analyses. We found worldwide isolates fell into three clades, and TR-based pan-azole resistance was largely in a single clade that was strongly associated with resistance to multiple agricultural fungicides. We also found high levels of gene flow indicating recombination between clades highlighting the potential for azole-resistance to continue spreading in the U.S.IMPORTANCEAspergillus fumigatus is a fungal pathogen of humans that causes over 250,000 invasive infections each year. It is found in soils, plant debris, and compost. Azoles are the first line of defense antifungal drugs against A. fumigatus. Azoles are also used as agricultural fungicides to combat other fungi that attack plants. Azole-resistant A. fumigatus has been a problem in Europe and Asia for 20 years and has recently been reported in patients in the United States (U.S.). Until this study, we did not know much about azole-resistant A. fumigatus in agricultural settings in the U.S. In this study, we isolated azole-resistant A. fumigatus from multiple states and compared it to isolates from around the world. We show that A. fumigatus which is resistant to azoles and to other strictly agricultural fungicides is widespread in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B. Mangum
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | - C. Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - B. Shuman
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - M. T. Brewer
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - M. Momany
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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do Nascimento FB, Valente Sá LG, de Andrade Neto JB, Cabral VP, Rodrigues DS, Barbosa AD, Moreira LE, Oliveira LC, Silva A, Lima IS, Silva J, Marinho ES, Santos HS, Cavalcanti BC, Morais MO, Júnior HV, Silva CR. Antifungal activity of cisatracurium against fluconazole-resistant Candida isolates and its antibiofilm effects. Future Microbiol 2023; 18:649-660. [PMID: 37522164 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2022-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the antifungal activity of cisatracurium against Candida spp. resistant to fluconazole strains in planktonic and biofilm forms, in addition to determining its mechanism of action. Materials & methods: Antifungal activity and pharmacological interactions were determined using broth microdilution methods and the mechanism of action was evaluated by flow cytometry and molecular docking. Results: Cisatracurium presented antifungal activity against Candida spp. planktonic cells due to alterations of mitochondrial transmembrane potential leading to cellular apoptosis in addition to interacting with important targets related to cellular respiration, membrane and cell wall evidenced by molecular docking. Furthermore, the drug both prevented biofilm formation and impaired mature biofilms. Conclusion: Cisatracurium exhibits potential antifungal activity against Candida spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Ba do Nascimento
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CEP, 60.430-372, Brazil
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, CE, CEP, 60.430-275, Brasil
| | - Lívia Ga Valente Sá
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CEP, 60.430-372, Brazil
- Christus University Center, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, CE, CEP, 60.430-275, Brasil
| | - João B de Andrade Neto
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CEP, 60.430-372, Brazil
- Christus University Center, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, CE, CEP, 60.430-275, Brasil
| | - Vitória Pf Cabral
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CEP, 60.430-372, Brazil
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, CE, CEP, 60.430-275, Brasil
| | - Daniel S Rodrigues
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CEP, 60.430-372, Brazil
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, CE, CEP, 60.430-275, Brasil
| | - Amanda D Barbosa
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CEP, 60.430-372, Brazil
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, CE, CEP, 60.430-275, Brasil
| | - Lara Ea Moreira
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CEP, 60.430-372, Brazil
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, CE, CEP, 60.430-275, Brasil
| | - Leilson C Oliveira
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CEP, 60.430-372, Brazil
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, CE, CEP, 60.430-275, Brasil
| | - Anderson Silva
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry, Higher Council for Scientific Research, Spain
| | - Iri Sp Lima
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Barbalha, 63048-080, CE, Brasil
| | - Jacilene Silva
- Theoretical Chemistry & Electrochemistry Group, State University of Ceará, Limoeiro do Norte, Ceará, 62.930-000, Brasil
| | - Emmanuel S Marinho
- Theoretical Chemistry & Electrochemistry Group, State University of Ceará, Limoeiro do Norte, Ceará, 62.930-000, Brasil
| | - Hélcio S Santos
- Science and Technology Centre, Course of Chemistry, State University Vale do Acaraú, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Bruno C Cavalcanti
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, CE, CEP, 60.430-275, Brasil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.CEP, 60.430-275, Brasil
| | - Manoel O Morais
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, CE, CEP, 60.430-275, Brasil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.CEP, 60.430-275, Brasil
| | - Hélio Vn Júnior
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CEP, 60.430-372, Brazil
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, CE, CEP, 60.430-275, Brasil
| | - Cecília R Silva
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CEP, 60.430-372, Brazil
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, CE, CEP, 60.430-275, Brasil
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Handa S, Villasis-Keever A, Shenoy M, Anandan S, Bhrushundi M, Garodia N, Fife D, De Doncker P, Shalayda K, Hu P, Fonseca S, Cure-bolt N. No evidence of resistance to itraconazole in a prospective real-world trial of dermatomycosis in India. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281514. [PMID: 36787305 PMCID: PMC9928099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of superficial fungal infections in India is believed to have increased substantially in the past decade. We evaluated the treatment outcomes and risk factors associated with clinical response to a treatment course of itraconazole for the management of dermatomycosis in India. METHODS In this real-world, prospective pilot study (August 2019 to March 2020), adult participants (18-60 years), diagnosed with T. cruris or T. corporis, received itraconazole 200 mg/day (any formulation) orally for 7 days, and were followed for an additional 7 days. RESULTS The study was terminated early due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Of 40 enrolled participants (mean [SD] age, 35.5 [12.73] years; {62.5%}] male; 37 received itraconazole and 20 (50%) completed the study. The median (range) Clinical Evaluation Tool Signs and Symptoms total score at baseline was 5.5 (2-10). Clinical response of "healed" or "markedly improved" based on the Investigator Global Evaluation Tool at day 7 (primary objective) was 42.9% (12/28; 95% CI: 24.53%, 61.19%). Itraconazole minimum inhibitory concentration for identified microorganisms, T. mentagrophytes species complex (91.7%) and T. rubrum (8.3%), was within the susceptibility range (0.015-0.25 mcg/mL). At day 14, 8/13 (61.5%) participants achieved a mycological response, 2/13 participants (15.4%) had a mycological failure and 90% showed a clinical response. CONCLUSION COVID-19 pandemic affected patient recruitment and follow-up, so the findings call for a careful interpretation. Nevertheless, this real-world study reconfirmed the clinical efficacy and microbial susceptibility to itraconazole for the fungi causing dermatophytosis in India. TRIAL REGISTRATION Trial registration number: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03923010.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Handa
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - A. Villasis-Keever
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - M. Shenoy
- Yenepoya Medical College Hospital, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - S. Anandan
- Sri Ramchandra Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M. Bhrushundi
- Lata Mangeshkar Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - N. Garodia
- Janssen Medical Affairs, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - D. Fife
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - P. De Doncker
- Janssen Infectious Diseases-Diagnostics, Beerse, Belgium
| | - K. Shalayda
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - P. Hu
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - S. Fonseca
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - N. Cure-bolt
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey, United States of America
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Lavergne RA, Albassier M, Hardouin JB, Alvarez-Moreno C, Pagniez F, Morio F, Le Pape P, Ourliac-Garnier I. Impact of TR 34/L98H, TR 46/Y121F/T289A and TR 53 Alterations in Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus on Sterol Composition and Modifications after In Vitro Exposure to Itraconazole and Voriconazole. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10010104. [PMID: 35056552 PMCID: PMC8778474 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sterols are the main components of fungal membranes. Inhibiting their biosynthesis is the mode of action of azole antifungal drugs that are widely used to treat fungal disease including aspergillosis. Azole resistance has emerged as a matter of concern but little is known about sterols biosynthesis in azole resistant Aspergillus fumigatus. METHODS We explored the sterol composition of 12 A. fumigatus isolates, including nine azole resistant isolates with TR34/L98H, TR46/Y121F/T289A or TR53 alterations in the cyp51A gene and its promoter conferring azole resistance. Modifications in sterol composition were also investigated after exposure to two azole drugs, itraconazole and voriconazole. RESULTS Overall, under basal conditions, sterol compositions were qualitatively equivalent, whatever the alterations in the target of azole drugs with ergosterol as the main sterol detected. Azole exposure reduced ergosterol composition and the qualitative composition of sterols was similar in both susceptible and resistant isolates. Interestingly TR53 strains behaved differently than other strains. CONCLUSIONS Elucidating sterol composition in azole-susceptible and resistant isolates is of interest for a better understanding of the mechanism of action of these drugs and the mechanism of resistance of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose-Anne Lavergne
- Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et de l’Immunité, IICiMed, UR 1155, F-44000 Nantes, France; (R.-A.L.); (F.M.); (P.L.P.)
| | - Marjorie Albassier
- Nantes Université, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et de l’Immunité, IICiMed, UR 1155, F-44000 Nantes, France; (M.A.); (F.P.)
| | - Jean-Benoît Hardouin
- Nantes Université, Univ Tours, INSERM, Methods in Patients-Centered Outcomes and Health Research, SPHERE, UMR 1246, F-44000 Nantes, France;
- Service de Santé Publique et Plateforme de Méthodologie et Biostatistique, CHU de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Carlos Alvarez-Moreno
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota 111176, Colombia;
- Clínica Colsanitas Groupo Keralty, Clínica Universitaria Colombia, Bogotá 111176, Colombia
| | - Fabrice Pagniez
- Nantes Université, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et de l’Immunité, IICiMed, UR 1155, F-44000 Nantes, France; (M.A.); (F.P.)
| | - Florent Morio
- Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et de l’Immunité, IICiMed, UR 1155, F-44000 Nantes, France; (R.-A.L.); (F.M.); (P.L.P.)
| | - Patrice Le Pape
- Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et de l’Immunité, IICiMed, UR 1155, F-44000 Nantes, France; (R.-A.L.); (F.M.); (P.L.P.)
| | - Isabelle Ourliac-Garnier
- Nantes Université, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et de l’Immunité, IICiMed, UR 1155, F-44000 Nantes, France; (M.A.); (F.P.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Chagovets VV, Starodubtseva NL, Frankevich VE. Complexes of fluconazole with alanine, lysine and threonine: mass spectrometry and theoretical modeling. BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2020.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of the triazole-derived drugs action mechanisms and understanding of their affinity and specificity molecular basis may contribute to the new drugs development. The study was aimed to investigate the triazoles class representative (fluconazole) complexes with amino acids using mass spectrometry, molecular dynamics and ab initio quantum chemistry calculations. During the experimental study, the fluconazole, alanine, lysine and threonine solutions were analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. The molecular dynamics modeling of the fluconazole–amino acid complexes was performed using the CHARMM force field. The quantum chemistry calculations of the complexes structure and energy parameters were carried out using the density-functional theory by B3LYP calculations (3-21G and 6-311++G** basis sets). Mass spectra indicated that fluconazole formed stable complexes with amino acids in the 1 : 1 stoichiometric ratio. In accordance with the tandem mass spectrometry with varying fluconazole–amino acid associates ion fragmentation energy, the following sequence was obtained: [Fluc + Ala + H]+ < [Fluc + Lys + H]+ < [Fluc + Thr + H]+. The fluconazole–amino acid interaction energy values resulting from the quantum chemistry calculations formed the sequence similar to that obtained by experiment. Thus, as seen in the case of fluconazole–amino acid complexes, it is possible to combine the experimental mass spectrometry studies with quantum chemical modeling for the complexes properties assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- VV Chagovets
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V. I. Kulakov, Moscow, Russia
| | - NL Starodubtseva
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V. I. Kulakov, Moscow, Russia
| | - VE Frankevich
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V. I. Kulakov, Moscow, Russia
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Bencova A, Goffa E, Morvova M, Valachovic M, Griač P, Toth Hervay N, Gbelska Y. The Absence of PDR16 Gene Restricts the Overexpression of CaSNQ2 Gene in the Presence of Fluconazole in Candida albicans. Mycopathologia 2020; 185:455-465. [PMID: 32451851 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-020-00459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In yeast, the PDR16 gene encodes one of the PITP proteins involved in lipid metabolism and is regarded as a factor involved in clinical azole resistance of fungal pathogens. In this study, we prepared Candida albicans CaPDR16/pdr16Δ and Capdr16Δ/Δ heterozygous and homozygous mutant strains and assessed their responses to different stresses. The CaPDR16 deletion strains exhibited increased susceptibility to antifungal azoles and acetic acid. The addition of Tween80 restored the growth of Capdr16 mutants in the presence of azoles. However, the PDR16 gene deletion has not remarkable influence on sterol profile or membrane properties (membrane potential, anisotropy) of Capdr16Δ and Capdr16Δ/Δ mutant cells. Changes in halotolerance of C. albicans pdr16 deletion mutants were not observed. Fluconazole treatment leads to increased expression of ERG genes both in the wild-type and Capdr16Δ and Capdr16Δ/Δ mutant cells, and the amount of ergosterol and its precursors remain comparable in all three strains tested. Fluconazole treatment induced the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter gene CaSNQ2 and MFS transporter gene CaTPO3 in the wild-type strain but not in the Capdr16Δ and Capdr16Δ/Δ mutants. The expression of CaSNQ2 gene markedly increased also in cells treated with hydrogen peroxide irrespective of the presence of CaPdr16p. CaPDR16 gene thus belongs to genes whose presence is required for full induction of CaSNQ2 and CaTPO3 genes in the presence of fluconazole in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bencova
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava 4, Slovak Republic
| | - Eduard Goffa
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava 4, Slovak Republic.,Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84505, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Marcela Morvova
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina F1, 842 48, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Valachovic
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics CBS SAS, Dúbravská cesta 9, 840 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Griač
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics CBS SAS, Dúbravská cesta 9, 840 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Nora Toth Hervay
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava 4, Slovak Republic
| | - Yvetta Gbelska
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava 4, Slovak Republic.
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Arbizzani F, Rincon SA, Paoletti A. Increasing ergosterol levels delays formin-dependent assembly of F-actin cables and disrupts division plane positioning in fission yeast. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.227447. [PMID: 31217286 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.227447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In most eukaryotes, cytokinesis is mediated by the constriction of a contractile acto-myosin ring (CR), which promotes the ingression of the cleavage furrow. Many components of the CR interact with plasma membrane lipids suggesting that lipids may regulate CR assembly and function. Although there is clear evidence that phosphoinositides play an important role in cytokinesis, much less is known about the role of sterols in this process. Here, we studied how sterols influence division plane positioning and CR assembly in fission yeast. We show that increasing ergosterol levels in the plasma membrane blocks the assembly of F-actin cables from cytokinetic precursor nodes, preventing their compaction into a ring. Abnormal F-actin cables form after a delay, leading to randomly placed septa. Since the formin Cdc12 was detected on cytokinetic precursors and the phenotype can be partially rescued by inhibiting the Arp2/3 complex, which competes with formins for F-actin nucleation, we propose that ergosterol may inhibit formin dependent assembly of F-actin cables from cytokinetic precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio A Rincon
- Institut Curie, PSL University, CNRS UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France .,Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Anne Paoletti
- Institut Curie, PSL University, CNRS UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France
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Honorato Siqueira T, Martínez L. Molecular simulations of fluconazole-mediated inhibition of sterol biosynthesis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:1659-1669. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1614998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tayane Honorato Siqueira
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Computing in Engineering & Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Leandro Martínez
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Computing in Engineering & Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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High-throughput screening identified selective inhibitors of exosome biogenesis and secretion: A drug repurposing strategy for advanced cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8161. [PMID: 29802284 PMCID: PMC5970137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26411-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting exosome biogenesis and release may have potential clinical implications for cancer therapy. Herein, we have optimized a quantitative high throughput screen (qHTS) assay to identify compounds that modulate exosome biogenesis and/or release by aggressive prostate cancer (PCa) CD63-GFP-expressing C4-2B cells. A total of 4,580 compounds were screened from the LOPAC library (a collection of 1,280 pharmacologically active compounds) and the NPC library (NCGC collection of 3,300 compounds approved for clinical use). Twenty-two compounds were found to be either potent activators or inhibitors of intracellular GFP signal in the CD63-GFP-expressing C4-2B cells. The activity of lead compounds in modulating the secretion of exosomes was validated by a tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) system (qNano-IZON) and flow cytometry. The mechanism of action of the lead compounds in modulating exosome biogenesis and/or secretion were delineated by immunoblot analysis of protein markers of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-dependent and ESCRT-independent pathways. The lead compounds tipifarnib, neticonazole, climbazole, ketoconazole, and triademenol were validated as potent inhibitors and sitafloxacin, forskolin, SB218795, fenoterol, nitrefazole and pentetrazol as activators of exosome biogenesis and/or secretion in PC cells. Our findings implicate the potential utility of drug-repurposing as novel adjunct therapeutic strategies in advanced cancer.
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10
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Azole sensitivity in Leptosphaeria pathogens of oilseed rape: the role of lanosterol 14α-demethylase. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15849. [PMID: 29158527 PMCID: PMC5696480 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lanosterol 14-α demethylase is a key enzyme intermediating the biosynthesis of ergosterol in fungi, and the target of azole fungicides. Studies have suggested that Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa, the causal agents of phoma stem canker on oilseed rape, differ in their sensitivity to some azoles, which could be driving pathogen frequency change in crops. Here we used CYP51 protein modelling and heterologous expression to determine whether there are interspecific differences at the target-site level. Moreover, we provide an example of intrinsic sensitivity differences exhibited by both Leptosphaeria spp. in vitro and in planta. Comparison of homologous protein models identified highly conserved residues, particularly at the azole binding site, and heterologous expression of LmCYP51B and LbCYP51B, with fungicide sensitivity testing of the transformants, suggests that both proteins are similarly sensitive to azole fungicides flusilazole, prothioconazole-desthio and tebuconazole. Fungicide sensitivity testing on isolates shows that they sometimes have a minor difference in sensitivity in vitro and in planta. These results suggest that azole fungicides remain a useful component of integrated phoma stem canker control in the UK due to their effectiveness on both Leptosphaeria spp. Other factors, such as varietal resistance or climate, may be driving observed frequency changes between species.
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11
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Roberts CA, Miller JH, Atkinson PH. The genetic architecture in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that contributes to variation in drug response to the antifungals benomyl and ketoconazole. FEMS Yeast Res 2017; 17:3787663. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fox027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Bromley M, Johns A, Davies E, Fraczek M, Mabey Gilsenan J, Kurbatova N, Keays M, Kapushesky M, Gut M, Gut I, Denning DW, Bowyer P. Mitochondrial Complex I Is a Global Regulator of Secondary Metabolism, Virulence and Azole Sensitivity in Fungi. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158724. [PMID: 27438017 PMCID: PMC4954691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent estimates of the global burden of fungal disease suggest that that their incidence has been drastically underestimated and that mortality may rival that of malaria or tuberculosis. Azoles are the principal class of antifungal drug and the only available oral treatment for fungal disease. Recent occurrence and increase in azole resistance is a major concern worldwide. Known azole resistance mechanisms include over—expression of efflux pumps and mutation of the gene encoding the target protein cyp51a, however, for one of the most important fungal pathogens of humans, Aspergillus fumigatus, much of the observed azole resistance does not appear to involve such mechanisms. Here we present evidence that azole resistance in A. fumigatus can arise through mutation of components of mitochondrial complex I. Gene deletions of the 29.9KD subunit of this complex are azole resistant, less virulent and exhibit dysregulation of secondary metabolite gene clusters in a manner analogous to deletion mutants of the secondary metabolism regulator, LaeA. Additionally we observe that a mutation leading to an E180D amino acid change in the 29.9 KD subunit is strongly associated with clinical azole resistant A. fumigatus isolates. Evidence presented in this paper suggests that complex I may play a role in the hypoxic response and that one possible mechanism for cell death during azole treatment is a dysfunctional hypoxic response that may be restored by dysregulation of complex I. Both deletion of the 29.9 KD subunit of complex I and azole treatment alone profoundly change expression of gene clusters involved in secondary metabolism and immunotoxin production raising potential concerns about long term azole therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Bromley
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, 2.24 Core technology Building, Grafton St., Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Johns
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, 2.24 Core technology Building, Grafton St., Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Davies
- National Aspergillosis Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, University of Manchester, School of Translational Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, 2nd Floor Education & Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M23 9LT, United Kingdom
| | - Marcin Fraczek
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, 2.24 Core technology Building, Grafton St., Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Mabey Gilsenan
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, 2.24 Core technology Building, Grafton St., Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Natalya Kurbatova
- The EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Keays
- The EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Misha Kapushesky
- The EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Gut
- Centro Nacional de Analisis Genomico, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, 4, PCB - Tower I, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivo Gut
- Centro Nacional de Analisis Genomico, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, 4, PCB - Tower I, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David W. Denning
- National Aspergillosis Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, University of Manchester, School of Translational Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, 2nd Floor Education & Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M23 9LT, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Bowyer
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, 2.24 Core technology Building, Grafton St., Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom
- National Aspergillosis Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, University of Manchester, School of Translational Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, 2nd Floor Education & Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M23 9LT, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Borba-Santos LP, Visbal G, Gagini T, Rodrigues AM, de Camargo ZP, Lopes-Bezerra LM, Ishida K, de Souza W, Rozental S. Δ(24)-Sterol Methyltransferase Plays an Important Role in the Growth and Development of Sporothrix schenckii and Sporothrix brasiliensis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:311. [PMID: 27014234 PMCID: PMC4786573 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of Δ24-sterol methyltransferase (24-SMT) in Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto and Sporothrix brasiliensis was investigated in vitro. The effects on fungal growth and sterol composition of the 24-SMT inhibitor 22-hydrazone-imidazolin-2-yl-chol-5-ene-3β-ol (H3) were compared to those of itraconazole. MIC and MFC analysis showed that H3 was more effective than itraconazole against both species in both their filamentous and yeast forms. H3 showed fungistatic activity in a time-kill assay, with inhibitory activity stronger than that of itraconazole. GC analysis of cell sterol composition showed that sterols present in control cells (ergosterol and precursors) were completely replaced by 14α-methylated sterols after H3 exposure. Itraconazole only partially inhibited ergosterol synthesis but completely arrested synthesis of other sterols found in control cells, promoting accumulation of nine 14α-methyl sterols. Based on these results, we propose a schematic model of sterol biosynthesis pathways in S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis. Effects on cell morphology due to 24-SMT inhibition by H3 as analyzed by SEM and TEM included irregular cell shape, reduced cytoplasmic electron-density, and reduced thickness of the microfibrillar cell wall layer. Moreover, 24-SMT inhibition by H3 promoted mitochondrial disturbance, as demonstrated by alterations in MitoTracker® Red CMXRos fluorescence intensity evaluated by flow cytometry. When used in conjunction with itraconazole, H3 enhanced the effectiveness of itraconazole against all tested strains, reducing at least half (or more) the MIC values of itraconazole. In addition, cytotoxicity assays revealed that H3 was more selective toward these fungi than was itraconazole. Thus, 24-SMT inhibition by H3 was an effective antifungal strategy against S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis. Inhibition of the methylation reaction catalyzed by 24-SMT has a strong antiproliferative effect via disruption of ergosterol homeostasis, suggesting that this enzyme is a promising target for novel antifungal therapies against sporotrichosis, either as sole treatments or in combination with itraconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana P Borba-Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Visbal
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e TecnologiaDuque de Caxias, Brazil; Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones CientíficasCaracas, Venezuela
| | - Thalita Gagini
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anderson M Rodrigues
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zoilo P de Camargo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leila M Lopes-Bezerra
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kelly Ishida
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sonia Rozental
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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An overview about the medical use of antifungals in Portugal in the last years. J Public Health Policy 2016; 37:200-15. [PMID: 26865319 DOI: 10.1057/jphp.2016.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the introduction of new antifungal agents, the frequency of invasive and mucocutaneous fungal infections as well as resistance to antifungal drugs continues to increase. Over 300 million persons are infected annually with fungi. Resistance to antimicrobials is one of today's major health threats. Can the possible causes of fungal antimicrobial resistance be understood and prevented to minimize risks to public health. We provide an overview of antifungal drug use in European countries, particularly Portugal. We reviewed prescriptions for and over-the-counter sales (OTC) of azoles in Portuguese pharmacies and in alternative shops. We conclude that in Portugal, azole antifungal sales, as well as medical prescribed azoles are very high. The Portuguese population consumes more antifungal drugs per capita than others in Europe.
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Briguglio I, Piras S, Corona P, Gavini E, Nieddu M, Boatto G, Carta A. Benzotriazole: An overview on its versatile biological behavior. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 97:612-48. [PMID: 25293580 PMCID: PMC7115563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Discovered in late 1960, azoles are heterocyclic compounds class which constitute the largest group of available antifungal drugs. Particularly, the imidazole ring is the chemical component that confers activity to azoles. Triazoles are obtained by a slight modification of this ring and similar or improved activities as well as less adverse effects are reported for triazole derivatives. Consequently, it is not surprising that benzimidazole/benzotriazole derivatives have been found to be biologically active. Since benzimidazole has been widely investigated, this review is focused on defining the place of benzotriazole derivatives in biomedical research, highlighting their versatile biological properties, the mode of action and Structure Activity Relationship (SAR) studies for a variety of antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and even antitumor, choleretic, cholesterol-lowering agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Briguglio
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - S Piras
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - P Corona
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - E Gavini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - M Nieddu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - G Boatto
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - A Carta
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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16
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17
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Hardy BM, Pope KL, Piovia-Scott J, Brown RN, Foley JE. Itraconazole treatment reduces Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis prevalence and increases overwinter field survival in juvenile Cascades frogs. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2015; 112:243-250. [PMID: 25590775 DOI: 10.3354/dao02813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The global spread of the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has led to widespread extirpation of amphibian populations. During an intervention aimed at stabilizing at-risk populations, we treated wild-caught Cascades frogs Rana cascadae with the antifungal drug itraconazole. In fall 2012, we collected 60 recently metamorphosed R. cascadae from 1 of the 11 remnant populations in the Cascades Mountains (CA, USA). Of these, 30 randomly selected frogs were treated with itraconazole and the other 30 frogs served as experimental controls; all were released at the capture site. Bd prevalence was low at the time of treatment and did not differ between treated frogs and controls immediately following treatment. Following release, Bd prevalence gradually increased in controls but not in treated frogs, with noticeable (but still non-significant) differences 3 wk after treatment (27% [4/15] vs. 0% [0/13]) and strong differences 5 wk after treatment (67% [8/12] vs. 13% [1/8]). We did not detect any differences in Bd prevalence and load between experimental controls and untreated wild frogs during this time period. In spring 2013, we recaptured 7 treated frogs but none of the experimental control frogs, suggesting that over-winter survival was higher for treated frogs. The itraconazole treatment did appear to reduce growth rates: treated frogs weighed 22% less than control frogs 3 wk after treatment (0.7 vs. 0.9 g) and were 9% shorter than control frogs 5 wk after treatment (18.4 vs. 20.2 mm). However, for critically small populations, increased survival of the most at-risk life stage could prevent or delay extinction. Our results show that itraconazole treatment can be effective against Bd infection in wild amphibians, and therefore the beneficial effects on survivorship may outweigh the detrimental effects on growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett M Hardy
- Department of Wildlife, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California 95521, USA
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18
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Parker JE, Warrilow AGS, Price CL, Mullins JGL, Kelly DE, Kelly SL. Resistance to antifungals that target CYP51. J Chem Biol 2014; 7:143-61. [PMID: 25320648 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-014-0121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal diseases are an increasing global burden. Fungi are now recognised to kill more people annually than malaria, whilst in agriculture, fungi threaten crop yields and food security. Azole resistance, mediated by several mechanisms including point mutations in the target enzyme (CYP51), is increasing through selection pressure as a result of widespread use of triazole fungicides in agriculture and triazole antifungal drugs in the clinic. Mutations similar to those seen in clinical isolates as long ago as the 1990s in Candida albicans and later in Aspergillus fumigatus have been identified in agriculturally important fungal species and also wider combinations of point mutations. Recently, evidence that mutations originate in the field and now appear in clinical infections has been suggested. This situation is likely to increase in prevalence as triazole fungicide use continues to rise. Here, we review the progress made in understanding azole resistance found amongst clinically and agriculturally important fungal species focussing on resistance mechanisms associated with CYP51. Biochemical characterisation of wild-type and mutant CYP51 enzymes through ligand binding studies and azole IC50 determinations is an important tool for understanding azole susceptibility and can be used in conjunction with microbiological methods (MIC50 values), molecular biological studies (site-directed mutagenesis) and protein modelling studies to inform future antifungal development with increased specificity for the target enzyme over the host homologue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie E Parker
- Centre for Cytochrome P450 Biodiversity, Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP UK
| | - Andrew G S Warrilow
- Centre for Cytochrome P450 Biodiversity, Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP UK
| | - Claire L Price
- Centre for Cytochrome P450 Biodiversity, Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP UK
| | - Jonathan G L Mullins
- Centre for Cytochrome P450 Biodiversity, Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP UK
| | - Diane E Kelly
- Centre for Cytochrome P450 Biodiversity, Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP UK
| | - Steven L Kelly
- Centre for Cytochrome P450 Biodiversity, Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP UK
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19
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Keum YS, Kim JH. Metabolic Differentiation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Ketoconazole Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3839/jabc.2013.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Borecká S, Pinjon E, Sullivan DJ, Kuchler K, Blaško J, Kulková N, Bujdáková H. Cdr2p contributes to fluconazole resistance in Candida dubliniensis clinical isolates. Can J Microbiol 2011; 57:416-26. [PMID: 21542785 DOI: 10.1139/w11-025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The development of resistance to azole antifungals used in the treatment of fungal infections can be a serious medical problem. Here, we investigate the molecular mechanisms associated with reduced susceptibility to fluconazole in clinical isolates of Candida dubliniensis , showing evidence of the trailing growth phenomenon. The changes in membrane sterol composition were studied in the presence of subinhibitory fluconazole concentrations. Despite lanosterol and eburicol accumulating as the most prevalent sterols after fluconazole treatment, these ergosterol precursors still support growth of Candida isolates. The overexpression of ABC transporters was demonstrated by immunoblotting employing specific antibodies against Cdr1p and Cdr2p. The presence of a full-length 170 kDa protein Cdr1p was detected in two isolates, while a truncated form of Cdr1p with the molecular mass of 85 kDa was observed in isolate 966/3(2). Notably, Cdr2p was detected in this isolate, and the expression of this transporter was modulated by subinhibitory concentrations of fluconazole. These results suggest that C. dubliniensis can display the trailing growth phenomenon, and such isolates express similar molecular mechanisms like that of fluconazole-resistant isolates and can therefore be associated with recurrent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Borecká
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Department of Microbiology and Virology, Mlynská dolina, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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21
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Sun LM, Lv BB, Cheng AX, Wu XZ, Lou HX. The effect of plagiochin E alone and in combination with fluconazole on the ergosterol biosynthesis of Candida albicans. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:36-40. [PMID: 19122277 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plagiochin E (PLE), a macrocyclic bis(bibenzyl) isolated from the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, has been reported to have antifungal activity and resistance reversal effects on Candida albicans. In order to understand the underlying mechanisms, we studied the effects of PLE alone and in combination with fluconazole (FLC) on the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway against both FLC-sensitive and FLC-resistant strains by analyzing the sterol content and the ergosterol pathway gene (ERG) expression. Relative quantitative analysis of different ergosterol precursors was carried out by employing the hyphenated technique of gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HR-MS). We observed that for FLC-resistant strain PLE itself can cause the accumulation of lanosterol and the decrease of 14alpha-methylfecosterol. When it combined with FLC, a significant decrease was observed in ergosterol formation and corresponding accumulation of 14alpha-methylated sterols was also found. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed that the transcription level of ERG11 was decreased in FLC-resistant strain when exposed to PLE alone or PLE plus FLC. These results suggest that PLE potentiates FLC antifungal activity by interfering with the FLC-targeted ergosterol biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Mei Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
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22
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Parker JE, Merkamm M, Manning NJ, Pompon D, Kelly SL, Kelly DE. Differential azole antifungal efficacies contrasted using a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain humanized for sterol 14 alpha-demethylase at the homologous locus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:3597-603. [PMID: 18694951 PMCID: PMC2565906 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00517-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of sterol-14 alpha-demethylase, a cytochrome P450 (CYP51, Erg11p), is the mode of action of azole antifungal drugs, and with high frequencies of fungal infections new agents are required. New drugs that target fungal CYP51 should not inhibit human CYP51, although selective inhibitors of the human target are also of interest as anticholesterol agents. A strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that was humanized with respect to the amino acids encoded at the CYP51 (ERG11) yeast locus (BY4741:huCYP51) was produced. The strain was validated with respect to gene expression, protein localization, growth characteristics, and sterol content. The MIC was determined and compared to that for the wild-type parental strain (BY4741), using clotrimazole, econazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, and voriconazole. The humanized strain showed up to >1,000-fold-reduced susceptibility to the orally active azole drugs, while the topical agents showed no difference. Data from growth kinetic measurements substantiated this finding but also revealed reduced effectiveness against the humanized strain for the topical drugs. Cellular sterol profiles reflected the decreased susceptibility of BY4741:huCYP51 and showed a smaller depletion of ergosterol and accumulation of 14 alpha-methyl-ergosta-8, 24(28)-dien-3beta-6 alpha-diol than the parental strain under the same treatment conditions. This strain provides a useful tool for initial specificity testing for new drugs targeting CYP51 and clearly differentiates azole antifungals in a side-by-side comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Parker
- Institute of Life Science and School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
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23
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Chow ED, Liu OW, O'Brien S, Madhani HD. Exploration of whole-genome responses of the human AIDS-associated yeast pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans var grubii: nitric oxide stress and body temperature. Curr Genet 2007; 52:137-48. [PMID: 17661046 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-007-0147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans var grubii is an opportunistic basidiomycete yeast pathogen that is a significant cause of HIV/AIDS-related deaths worldwide. We describe a whole-genome oligonucleotide microarray for this pathogen. These arrays have been used to elucidate the transcriptional responses of the genome to heat shock as well as to two conditions relevant to human infections: body temperature and nitric oxide (NO) stress produced by the NO donor DPTA-NONOate. This analysis revealed an NO-inducible C. neoformans-specific four-gene family that showed a highly similar transcriptional profile to that of FHB1, a previously described NO dioxygenase/flavohemoglobin required for virulence. NO treatment also induced genes involved in the synthesis of the antioxidant mannitol, a polyol that accumulates in the cerebrospinal fluid of infected patients. Exposure to NO also caused increased expression of the sole C. neoformans var grubii protein with HHE/hemerythrin cation binding motifs. Notably, a similar gene in E. coli, ytfE, has been shown to be NO-inducible and protects bacterial cells from killing by NO. Genes induced by NO were highly enriched for those repressed at 37 degrees C, indicating an unexpected interplay between temperature and NO regulation in this basidiomycete. Resources described here should facilitate future investigations of this lethal human yeast pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Chow
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California-San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158-2200, USA
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24
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Mysyakina IS, Funtikova NS. The role of sterols in morphogenetic processes and dimorphism in fungi. Microbiology (Reading) 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261707010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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25
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Munayyer HK, Mann PA, Chau AS, Yarosh-Tomaine T, Greene JR, Hare RS, Heimark L, Palermo RE, Loebenberg D, McNicholas PM. Posaconazole is a potent inhibitor of sterol 14alpha-demethylation in yeasts and molds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:3690-6. [PMID: 15388421 PMCID: PMC521889 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.10.3690-3696.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Posaconazole (POS; SCH 56592) is a novel triazole that is active against a wide variety of fungi, including fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolates and fungi that are inherently less susceptible to approved azoles, such as Candida glabrata. In this study, we compared the effects of POS, itraconazole (ITZ), fluconazole (FLZ), and voriconazole (VOR) on sterol biosynthesis in strains of C. albicans (both azole-sensitive and azole-resistant strains), C. glabrata, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Aspergillus flavus. Following exposure to azoles, nonsaponifiable sterols were extracted and resolved by liquid chromatography and sterol identity was confirmed by mass spectroscopy. Ergosterol was the major sterol in all but one of the strains; C. glabrata strain C110 synthesized an unusual sterol in place of ergosterol. Exposure to POS led to a decrease in the total sterol content of all the strains tested. The decrease was accompanied by the accumulation of 14alpha-methylated sterols, supporting the contention that POS inhibits the cytochrome P450 14alpha-demethylase enzyme. The degree of sterol inhibition was dependent on both dose and the susceptibility of the strain tested. POS retained activity against C. albicans isolates with mutated forms of the 14alpha-demethylase that rendered these strains resistant to FLZ, ITZ, and VOR. In addition, POS was a more potent inhibitor of sterol synthesis in A. fumigatus and A. flavus than either ITZ or VOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan K Munayyer
- Mailing address: Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd., K15-4-4700, Kenilworth, NJ 07033.
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26
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Vanden Bossche H, Ausma J, Bohets H, Vermuyten K, Willemsens G, Marichal P, Meerpoel L, Odds F, Borgers M. The novel azole R126638 is a selective inhibitor of ergosterol synthesis in Candida albicans, Trichophyton spp., and Microsporum canis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:3272-8. [PMID: 15328084 PMCID: PMC514767 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.9.3272-3278.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
R126638 is a novel triazole with in vitro activity similar to that of itraconazole against dermatophytes, Candida spp., and Malassezia spp. In animal models of dermatophyte infections, R126638 showed superior antifungal activity. R126638 inhibits ergosterol synthesis in Candida albicans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, and Microsporum canis at nanomolar concentrations, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)s) similar to those of itraconazole. The decreased synthesis of ergosterol and the concomitant accumulation of 14 alpha-methylsterols provide indirect evidence that R126638 inhibits the activity of CYP51 that catalyzes the oxidative removal of the 14 alpha-methyl group of lanosterol or eburicol. The IC(50)s for cholesterol synthesis from acetate in human hepatoma cells were 1.4 microM for itraconazole and 3.1 microM for R126638. Compared to itraconazole (IC(50) = 3.5 microM), R126638 is a poor inhibitor of the 1 alpha-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (IC(50) > 10 microM). Micromolar concentrations of R126638 and itraconazole inhibited the 24-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) and the conversion of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) into polar metabolites. At concentrations up to 10 microM, R126638 had almost no effect on cholesterol side chain cleavage (CYP11A1), 11 beta-hydroxylase (CYP11B1), 17-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase (CYP17), aromatase (CYP19), or 4-hydroxylation of all-trans retinoic acid (CYP26). At 10 microM, R126638 did not show clear inhibition of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2D6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C10, CYP2C19, or CYP2E1. Compared to itraconazole, R126638 had a lower interaction potential with testosterone 6 beta hydroxylation and cyclosporine hydroxylation, both of which are catalyzed by CYP3A4, whereas both antifungals inhibited the CYP3A4-catalyzed hydroxylation of midazolam similarly. The results suggest that R126638 has promising properties and merits further in vivo investigations for the treatment of dermatophyte and yeast infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Vanden Bossche
- Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
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27
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Vanden Bossche H, Engelen M, Rochette F. Antifungal agents of use in animal health--chemical, biochemical and pharmacological aspects. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2003; 26:5-29. [PMID: 12603774 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2885.2003.00456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A limited number of antifungal agents is licensed for use in animals, however, many of those available for the treatment of mycoses in humans are used by veterinary practitioners. This review includes chemical aspects, spectra of activity, mechanisms of action and resistance, adverse reactions and drug interactions of the antifungals in current use.
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28
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Debieu D, Bach J, Hugon M, Malosse C, Leroux P. The hydroxyanilide fenhexamid, a new sterol biosynthesis inhibitor fungicide efficient against the plant pathogenic fungus Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2001; 57:1060-1067. [PMID: 11721524 DOI: 10.1002/ps.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fenhexamid, a recently developed botryticide, is shown here to inhibit sterol biosynthesis. When the fungus Botryotinia fuckeliana was grown in the presence of fenhexamid, the ergosterol content was reduced, and three 3-keto compounds, 4 alpha-methylfecosterone, fecosterone and episterone, accumulated, suggesting an inhibition of the 3-keto reductase involved in C-4 demethylation. Thus, fenhexamid belongs to a new, promising class of sterol biosynthesis inhibitors not previously used in agriculture or in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Debieu
- INRA, Unité de Phytopharmacie et Médiateurs Chimiques, 78026 Versailles, France.
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29
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De Backer MD, Ilyina T, Ma XJ, Vandoninck S, Luyten WH, Vanden Bossche H. Genomic profiling of the response of Candida albicans to itraconazole treatment using a DNA microarray. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:1660-70. [PMID: 11353609 PMCID: PMC90529 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.6.1660-1670.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of genome-wide expression profiling to determine how drugs achieve their therapeutic effect has provided the pharmaceutical industry with an exciting new tool for drug mode-of-action studies. We used DNA chip technology to study cellular responses to perturbations of ergosterol biosynthesis caused by the broad-spectrum antifungal agent itraconazole. Simultaneous examination of over 6,600 Candida albicans gene transcript levels, representing the entire genome, upon treatment of cells with 10 microM itraconazole revealed that 296 genes were responsive. For 116 genes transcript levels were decreased at least 2.5-fold, while for 180 transcript levels were similarly increased. A global upregulation of ERG genes in response to azole treatment was observed. ERG11 and ERG5 were found to be upregulated approximately 12-fold. In addition, a significant upregulation was observed for ERG6, ERG1, ERG3, ERG4, ERG10, ERG9, ERG26, ERG25, ERG2, IDII, HMGS, NCP1, and FEN2, all of which are genes known to be involved in ergosterol biosynthesis. The effects of itraconazole on a wide variety of known metabolic processes are discussed. As over 140 proteins with unknown function were responsive to itraconazole, our analysis might provide-in combination with phenotypic data-first hints of their potential function. The present report is the first to describe the application of DNA chip technology to study the response of a major human fungal pathogen to drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D De Backer
- Department of Advanced Bio-Technologies, Janssen Research Foundation, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium.
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30
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Saha AK, Liu L, Marichal P, Odds F. Novel antifungals based on 4-substituted imidazole: solid-phase synthesis of substituted aryl sulfonamides towards optimization of in vitro activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:2735-9. [PMID: 11133080 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro activity of novel 4-substituted imidazole antifungals was optimized by solid-phase chemistry and parallel synthesis. Potent yeast-selective as well as broad-spectrum antifungal compounds (32 and 20) were discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Saha
- Drug Discovery, Janssen Research Foundation, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
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31
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Saha AK, Liu L, Simoneaux RL, Kukla MJ, Marichal P, Odds F. Novel antifungals based on 4-substituted imidazole: a combinatorial chemistry approach to lead discovery and optimization. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:2175-8. [PMID: 11012023 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-substituted imidazole sulfonamides has been prepared by solid-phase chemistry. These compounds were found to have good in vitro antifungal activity and constitute the first examples of C-linked azoles with such activity. The most potent inhibitor (30) demonstrated inhibition of key Candida strains at an in vitro concentration of < 100nM and compared favorably with in vitro potency of itraconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Saha
- Drug Discovery, Janssen Research Foundation, Spring House, PA 19477, USA.
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32
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Lamb D, Kelly D, Kelly S. Molecular aspects of azole antifungal action and resistance. Drug Resist Updat 1999; 2:390-402. [PMID: 11498355 DOI: 10.1054/drup.1999.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During the past three decades azole compounds have been developed as medical and agricultural agents to combat fungal diseases. During the 1980s they were introduced as orally active compounds in medicine and the number of such azole drugs is likely to expand in the near future. They represent a successful strategy for antifungal development, but as the incidence of fungal infection has increased coupled to prolonged use of the drugs, the (almost) inevitable emergence of resistance has occurred. This was after resistance had already been encountered as a serious problem in the field, where a larger number of azole fungicides had been employed commercially. In this review the molecular basis of how azoles work is discussed together with how fungi overcome the inhibitory effect of these compounds: through alterations in the primary target molecule (cytochrome P45051; Erg11p; sterol 14alpha-demethylase); through drug efflux mechanisms and through a suppressor mechanism allowing growth on 14-methylated sterols. Copyright 1999 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lamb
- Cytochrome P450 Research Group, AberBiocentre, Edward Llwyd Building, University of Wales Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, Wales, UK
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